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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8ZL4cmgW9jXXnCht6PHJHtM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000500358</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160046</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005010101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effect of Nebivolol on MIBG Parameters and Exercise in Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Messias</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Aryanne Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Marina Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Messias</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Nader Vasconcelos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#243;stica</surname>
            <given-names>Elisabeth</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Procard&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Procard&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Leandro Rocha Messias</bold>, Universidade Federal Fluminense. Rua Noronha Torrez&#227;o, 46 - Apto 805, Santa Rosa. Postal Code 24240182, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lmessias@cardiol.br</email>, <email>leandromess@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Messias LR, Miranda SMR, Mesquita CT; Acquisition of data: Messias LR, Ferreira AG, Miranda SMR, Teixeira JAC, Azevedo JC, Mar&#243;stica E; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Messias LR, Teixeira JAC, Mesquita CT; Statistical analysis: Messias LR, Mesquita CT; Obtaining financing: Mesquita CT; Writing of the manuscript: Messias LR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Messias LR, Messias ACNV, Mesquita CT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>4</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>358</fpage>
      <lpage>366</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>More than 50% of the patients with heart failure have normal ejection fraction (HFNEF). Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) are prognostic markers in HFNEF. Nebivolol is a beta-blocker with vasodilating properties.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the impact of nebivolol therapy on CPET and123I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters in patients with HFNEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Twenty-five patients underwent 123I-MIBG scintigraphy to determine the washout rate and early and late heart-to-mediastinum ratios. During the CPET, we analyzed the systolic blood pressure (SBP) response, heart rate (HR) during effort and recovery (HRR), and oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>). After the initial evaluation, we divided our cohort into control and intervention groups. We then started nebivolol and repeated the tests after 3 months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>After treatment, the intervention group showed improvement in rest SBP (149 mmHg [143.5-171 mmHg] versus 135 mmHg [125-151 mmHg, p = 0.016]), rest HR (78 bpm [65.5-84 bpm] versus 64.5 bpm [57.5-75.5 bpm, p = 0.028]), peak SBP (235 mmHg [216.5-249 mmHg] versus 198 mmHg [191-220.5 mmHg], p = 0.001), peak HR (124.5 bpm [115-142 bpm] versus 115 bpm [103.7-124 bpm], p= 0.043), HRR on the 1st minute (6.5 bpm [4.75-12.75 bpm] versus 14.5 bpm [6.7-22 bpm], p = 0.025) and HRR on the 2nd minute (15.5 bpm [13-21.75 bpm] versus 23.5 bpm [16-31.7 bpm], p = 0.005), but no change in peak VO<sub>2</sub> and 123I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Despite a better control in SBP, HR during rest and exercise, and improvement in HRR, nebivolol failed to show a positive effect on peak VO2 and 123I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters. The lack of effect on adrenergic activity may be the cause of the lack of effect on functional capacity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise testing</kwd>
        <kwd>MIBG</kwd>
        <kwd>nebivolol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Approximately 50% of the patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF) have normal ejection fraction (HFNEF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Compared with patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF), those with HFNEF have a few different characteristics such as a higher frequency in women, elderly, and diabetics, and a greater prevalence of atrial fibrillation, obesity, and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nebivolol, a 3rd generation beta-1-selective beta-blocker with vasodilating properties mediated by L-arginine/nitric oxide (NO), is associated with improvement in endothelial function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and evidence of improvement in diastolic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Results from the SENIORS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> study have shown that nebivolol is well tolerated by elderly patients with HF and has similar effects in both HFREF and HFNEF.</p>
      <p>Cardiac imaging with metaiodobenzylguanidine labeled with iodine 123 (123I-MIBG) is a noninvasive method in nuclear medicine to evaluate the adrenergic activity and sympathetic innervation of the heart, including the uptake, reuptake, storage, and release of noradrenaline in presynaptic nerve terminals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The early heart-to-mediastinum (H/M) ratio evaluates the integrity of the sympathetic nerve terminal, whereas the late H/M ratio evaluates its physiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The washout (WR) rate assesses the degree of adrenergic activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> According to some studies, <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters are prognostic markers in HFNEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) may be used in HF to detect ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and assess symptoms,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> chronotropic response,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> heart rate (HR) during recovery (HRR),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and functional capacity (FC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Patients with HFNEF may have chronotropic incompetence,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> low FC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> increase in the minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) slope<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and inadequate HRR response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> These findings are similar to those in HFREF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> but their physiopathology has not been entirely clarified.</p>
      <p>Based on the limited knowledge about the effect of beta-blocker therapy on the cardiac adrenergic function in HFNEF, we designed this study to assess if nebivolol would modify, in the short-term, the abnormalities in cardiac sympathetic function and affect the FC and other exercise variables positively.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>We conducted a prospective study with 25 consecutive patients attending our HF clinic. The inclusion criteria were: age &gt; 18 years, signs and symptoms of HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8805; 50% with echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> in addition to the patient's consent on a signed consent form. We excluded patients with diabetes, atrial fibrillation, pacemaker, or any other contraindication to CPET. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee at our institution.</p>
      <p>To classify the HF according to its etiology, we used the following criteria: ischemic (previous infarction, inactive area detected by electrocardiography, or coronary cineangiography showing a left coronary trunk lesion &#8805; 50% or a &#8805; 70% lesion in one of the three main systems),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> hypertensive (history of hypertension and absence of criteria of ischemic HF), and others (including patients who were not classified as ischemic or hypertensive).</p>
      <p>In patients without criteria for ischemic HF but with ischemic manifestations during the CPET, we expanded the investigation with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and coronary cineangiography, if necessary, to evaluate the occurrence of coronary artery disease. If the patient showed no signs of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia, we then maintained the etiological classification as nonischemic.</p>
      <p>All patients underwent 123I-MIBG scintigraphy and CPET. After this initial phase, we divided the sample into two groups: the first 14 volunteers received treatment with nebivolol (nebivolol group) and the last 11 volunteers composed the control group. We started the treatment with nebivolol at the dose of 1.25 mg/day with weekly dose increases (doubling the previous dose), aiming to achieve a target dose of 10 mg/day, or an HR between 50-60 bpm, or a systolic blood pressure (SBP) between 90-100 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> If the patient was already using another beta-blocker, we suspended this beta-blocker and started nebivolol following the same described protocol. After 3 months of therapeutic optimization, we repeated the evaluations with 123I-MIBG scintigraphy and CPET.</p>
      <p>The purpose of the 123I-MIBG scintigraphy was to evaluate the integrity of the sympathetic nerve terminal through quantification of early (30 min after injection of the radiotracer) and late H/M (4 h after the injection) ratios by anterior planar image of the thorax.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The sympathetic activity was estimated with the WR rate, calculated with the formula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> WR (%) = (H - M) 30 min - (H - M) 4 h x 100 / (H - M) 30 min. All scintigraphic tests were performed on a Siemens&#174; digital tomographic Anger-like scintillation camera (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), model E-cam with dual detector and low-energy and high-resolution collimator.</p>
      <p>The CPET was symptom-limited and conducted on a Centurion 300&#174; treadmill using an individualized ramp protocol for better evaluation of the kinetics of oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> We started the test at a speed of 1.6 km/h, individualized the exercise to obtain an effort duration of 8-12 minutes, and conducted an active recovery at a speed of 1.6 km/h during the first 2 minutes and passive recovery in the orthostatic position for an additional 6 minutes. We used the software Ergo PC Elite version 13/2.2 (Micromed&#174;).</p>
      <p>To evaluate the respiratory gases, we used the metabolic analyzer MedGraphics&#174; VO2000. Using a medium-flow pneumotachograph, we measured a gas sample every 10 seconds using a mask for patient-equipment adaptation. The peak VO<sub>2</sub> was defined as the highest VO<sub>2</sub> measured during the last 30 seconds of the exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> To determine the VO<sub>2</sub> in the anaerobic threshold, we used the ventilatory equivalents method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope was calculated with the inclination model of the software.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We measured the HR using the R-R interval at rest, peak effort, and recovery. We analyzed the chronotropic response with the chronotropic response index (CRI):<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> CRI (%) = (peak HR - rest HR) x 100 / (220 - age - rest HR). HRR was determined at the 1st and 2nd minutes by subtracting the peak HR by the HRR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Blood pressure was measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer (Wan Ross&#174;). We evaluated the SBP at rest and peak effort, and the variation during the effort (peak SBP - rest SBP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We conducted a pilot study to calculate the sample size. According to the obtained data, nine patients would be required per group for a &#946; error of 80% and an &#945; error of 5%. The sample power calculated at the end of the study showed that 25 patients met a statistical power of 80% to identify 12.8% of difference in peak SBP.</p>
      <p>Our data had a nonparametric distribution and are presented as median/interquartile range when the variables are quantitative and percentage when they are qualitative. The statistical analysis was performed with the software SPSS<italic>,</italic> version 15. We used the chi-square test to compare qualitative variables and the Mann-Whitney U test to compare quantitative variables in a first analysis between the control and intervention groups before the intervention. In a second analysis, we used the paired Wilcoxon test to compare the values at baseline with those obtained at 3 months in the control group and the values at baseline with those obtained 3 months after the intervention with nebivolol in the intervention group. We considered a p value &lt; 0.05 as significant.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics, echocardiographic parameters, and medications used by the participants. There were no significant differences in the variables age, gender, and body mass index (BMI), or in echocardiographic parameters. All patients were hypertensive and showed no significant differences in the incidence of dyslipidemia, smoking, or in the etiology of the HF. Most patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes II and III. There were no significant differences in the medications used by the participants.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the cohort</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Intervention</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Control</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">n = 25</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">56.5 (50.75 - 62.25)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (52 - 71)</td>
              <td align="center">0.291<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender %</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.452<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">71.42</td>
              <td align="center">81.81</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">28.58</td>
              <td align="center">18.19</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">31.51 (26.62 - 34.77)</td>
              <td align="center">33.32 (26.34 - 37.18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.647<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension %</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dysllpldemla %</td>
              <td align="center">71.42</td>
              <td align="center">72.72</td>
              <td align="center">0.649<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking %</td>
              <td align="center">35.71</td>
              <td align="center">18.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.305<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Etlology %</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.697<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">7.14</td>
              <td align="center">9.09</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">92.86</td>
              <td align="center">90.91</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Echocardiography</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF %</td>
              <td align="center">63.5 (60.75 - 72.25)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (54 - 71)</td>
              <td align="center">0.979<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/E'</td>
              <td align="center">16.15 (15.35 - 17.25)</td>
              <td align="center">15.2 (13.88 - 16.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.183<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">0.41 (0.32 - 0.74)</td>
              <td align="center">0.38 (0.22 - 0.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.244<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAVI (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">45.26 (41.98 - 48.72)</td>
              <td align="center">40.58 (36.6 - 45.54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.107<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVMI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">124,05(113,5-131,35)</td>
              <td align="center">124 (97.36 - 130)</td>
              <td align="center">0.609<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FC /NYHA%</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.444<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">7.15</td>
              <td align="center">18.18</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">42.85</td>
              <td align="center">54.54</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">27.28</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IV</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Medications in use %</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">42.85</td>
              <td align="center">63.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.265<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atenolol</td>
              <td align="center">66.66</td>
              <td align="center">42.85</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carvedilol</td>
              <td align="center">33.34</td>
              <td align="center">42.85</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Propranolol</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">14.3</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI/ARA II</td>
              <td align="center">85.71</td>
              <td align="center">81.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.604<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hydralazine</td>
              <td align="center">14.28</td>
              <td align="center">18.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.604<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nitrate</td>
              <td align="center">14.28</td>
              <td align="center">36.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.209<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Spironolactone</td>
              <td align="center">14.28</td>
              <td align="center">27.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.378<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretic</td>
              <td align="center">71.42</td>
              <td align="center">54.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.325<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ca channel blocker</td>
              <td align="center">64.28</td>
              <td align="center">36.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.163<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clonidine</td>
              <td align="center">42.85</td>
              <td align="center">27.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.352<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">28.57</td>
              <td align="center">45.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.325<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">35.71</td>
              <td align="center">63.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.163<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U Test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Chi-square test; N: number of patients; BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; E/E&#8217;: ratio of the mitral peak velocity of early filling to the early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E/A: ratio of the mitral peak velocity of early filling to the mitral peak velocity of late filling; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; FC: functional class; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACEI: angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibitor; AAR II: angiotensin II receptor antagonist; Ca: calcium.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The CPET and 123I-MIBG scintigraphic variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. On initial analysis, we observed that there were no significant differences in the CPET variables. Both groups started the test hypertensive and responded to the effort with hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> chronotropic incompetence,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> low FC,11,18,20 and oxygen pulse (O<sub>2</sub>) below the expected level,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> but had a good prognosis according to the VE/VCO slope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> According to the median respiratory coefficient (R), all patients performed a maximum test (R &gt; 1.05)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and managed to reach the anaerobic threshold, demonstrating that the CPET was adequate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The intervention group (the group which was later allocated to nebivolol) presented a worse HRR in the 1st and 2nd minutes, but the differences were not significant. The control group had lower median early and late H/M ratios and 123I-MIBG WR, but these results were also not significantly different.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of CPET and 123I-MIBG scintigraphic variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Intervention</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Control</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ISBP mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">149 (143.5 - 171)</td>
              <td align="center">162 (132 - 170)</td>
              <td align="center">0.851</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IDBP mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">91 (80.5 - 106.5)</td>
              <td align="center">90 (78 - 104)</td>
              <td align="center">0.727</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IHR bpm</td>
              <td align="center">78 (65.5 - 84)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (55 - 72)</td>
              <td align="center">0.066</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PSBP mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">235 (216.5 - 249)</td>
              <td align="center">230 (216 - 238)</td>
              <td align="center">0.467</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PDBP mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">111 (102.5 - 120)</td>
              <td align="center">104 (82 - 110)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PHR bpm</td>
              <td align="center">124.5 (115 - 142.75)</td>
              <td align="center">117 (104 - 146)</td>
              <td align="center">0.501</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBPDE mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">69 (52 - 102.5)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (52 - 96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.647</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRI%</td>
              <td align="center">60.11 (43.59 - 81.57)</td>
              <td align="center">58.7 (40.74 - 91.36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.851</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HRRIst bpm</td>
              <td align="center">6.5 (4.75 - 12.75)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (7 - 21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.085</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HRR2nd bpm</td>
              <td align="center">15.5 (13 - 21.75)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (19 -33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.058</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> AT ml.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup></td>
              <td align="center">10.89 (7.97 - 12.58)</td>
              <td align="center">10.62 (7.89 - 14.29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.886</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Percent VO<sub>2</sub> peak at AT %</td>
              <td align="center">72.9 (66.6 - 86.4)</td>
              <td align="center">77.7 (72.52 - 85.12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.508</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">R</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (1.03 - 1.16)</td>
              <td align="center">1.18 (1.07 - 1.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.202</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak VO<sub>2</sub> ml.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup></td>
              <td align="center">14.07 (10.71 - 18.03)</td>
              <td align="center">12.75 (8.48 - 16.77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.851</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
              <td align="center">22.73 (20.02 - 26.61)</td>
              <td align="center">23.37 (22.53 - 26.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.467</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">O<sub>2</sub> pulse ml.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>/bpm</td>
              <td align="center">8.6 (7.12 - 11.6)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (6.6 - 10.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.893</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Percent O<sub>2</sub> pulse predicted %</td>
              <td align="center">61.2 (41.75 - 83.17)</td>
              <td align="center">60.8 (45.4 - 85.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.893</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">H/M30min</td>
              <td align="center">1.89 (1.65 - 1.97)</td>
              <td align="center">1.6 (1.56 - 1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.134</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">H/M4h</td>
              <td align="center">1.77 (1.57 - 1.94)</td>
              <td align="center">1.58 (1.22 - 2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.344</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WR%</td>
              <td align="center">29.5 (21.85 - 51)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (14.3 - 30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.222</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>ISBP: initial systolic blood pressure; IDBP: initial diastolic blood pressure; IHR: initial heart rate; PSBP: systolic blood pressure at peak effort; PDBP: diastolic blood pressure at peak effort; PHR: heart rate at peak effort; SBPDE: systolic blood pressure variation during effort; CRI: chronotropic reserve index; HRR1st: heart rate variation at the first minute of recovery; HRR2nd: heart rate variation at the second minute of recovery; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen uptake; AT: anaerobic threshold; R: respiratory coefficient; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output slope; O<sub>2</sub>: oxygen; H/M30min: heart to mediastinum ratio 30 minutes after injection of the radiotracer (early); H/M4h: heart to mediastinum ratio 4 hours after injection of the radiotracer (late); WR: washout rate.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After this initial evaluation, we started the treatment with nebivolol in the intervention group. The average administered dose of nebivolol was 9.29 &#177; 1.81 mg/day. After 3 months, we repeated the CPET and 123I-MIBG scintigraphy and compared the results in each group with their respective baseline results (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of cardiopulmonary exercise test and 123I-MIBG scintigraphic variables after treatment with nebivolol</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Intervention</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Control</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Baseline</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>3 months</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Baseline</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>3 months</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ISBP mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">149(143.5-171)</td>
              <td align="center">135(125-151)</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
              <td align="center">162 (132 -170)</td>
              <td align="center">148 (132-160)</td>
              <td align="center">0.213</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IDBP mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">91 (80.5-106.5)</td>
              <td align="center">91(87.5-107.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.179</td>
              <td align="center">90 (78 - 104)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (70-102)</td>
              <td align="center">0.682</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IHR bpm</td>
              <td align="center">78 (65.5 - 84)</td>
              <td align="center">64.5(57.5-75.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.028</td>
              <td align="center">66 (55 - 72)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (61-77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.656</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PSBP mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">235(216.5-249)</td>
              <td align="center">198(191-220.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">230 (216 -238)</td>
              <td align="center">222 (210-240)</td>
              <td align="center">0.683</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PDBP mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">111(102.5-120)</td>
              <td align="center">113 (91.5-118)</td>
              <td align="center">0.441</td>
              <td align="center">104 (82 - 110)</td>
              <td align="center">110(78-120)</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PHR bpm</td>
              <td align="center">124.5(115-142)</td>
              <td align="center">115(103.7-124)</td>
              <td align="center">0.043</td>
              <td align="center">117 (104 -146)</td>
              <td align="center">123(106-138)</td>
              <td align="center">0.919</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBPDE mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">69 (52 - 102.5)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (38-86)</td>
              <td align="center">0.116</td>
              <td align="center">76 (52 - 96)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (60-108)</td>
              <td align="center">0.447</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRI %</td>
              <td align="center">60.1(43.5-81.5)</td>
              <td align="center">51.5(32.9-70.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.124</td>
              <td align="center">58.7(40.7-91.3)</td>
              <td align="center">65.2(40.2-89.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.929</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HRR 1st bpm</td>
              <td align="center">6.5(4.75-12.75)</td>
              <td align="center">14.5(6.7-22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.025</td>
              <td align="center">18 (7 - 21)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (11-29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.285</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HRR 2&#176; bpm</td>
              <td align="center">15.5(13- 21.75)</td>
              <td align="center">23.5(16-31.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">26 (19 -33)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (14-41)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> AT ml.(kgml)<sup>-1</sup></td>
              <td align="center">10.89(7.9-12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">10.5(7.8-13.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.917</td>
              <td align="center">10.6(7.8-14.2)</td>
              <td align="center">9.8(5.9-13.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.169</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Percent O<sub>2</sub> peak at AT %</td>
              <td align="center">72.9(66.6-86.4)</td>
              <td align="center">78.1(65.5-90.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.422</td>
              <td align="center">77.7(72.5-85.1)</td>
              <td align="center">77.4(65.3-82)</td>
              <td align="center">0.333</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">R</td>
              <td align="center">1.1(1.03 - 1.16)</td>
              <td align="center">1.16(1.02-1.35)</td>
              <td align="center">0.158</td>
              <td align="center">1.18(1.07-1.23)</td>
              <td align="center">1.25(1.1-1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.203</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak VO<sub>2</sub> ml.(kgml)<sup>-1</sup></td>
              <td align="center">14.07(10.7- 18)</td>
              <td align="center">14.18(9.3-17.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.551</td>
              <td align="center">12.75(8.4-16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">13.02(7.4-17.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.155</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
              <td align="center">22.73(20-26.6)</td>
              <td align="center">21.7(19.3-28.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.363</td>
              <td align="center">23.3(22.5-26.9)</td>
              <td align="center">22.5(20.6-27.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">O<sub>2</sub> pulse ml.(kgml)<sup>-1</sup>/bpm</td>
              <td align="center">8.6(7.12 - 11.6)</td>
              <td align="center">8,9(7.1-12.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.421</td>
              <td align="center">9 (6.6 - 10.8)</td>
              <td align="center">8.1 (6.1-10.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Percent O<sub>2</sub> pulse predicted %</td>
              <td align="center">61.2(41.7-83.1)</td>
              <td align="center">65.1(46.8-80.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
              <td align="center">60.8(45.4-85.1)</td>
              <td align="center">63.6(43.5-84.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.131</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">H/M30min</td>
              <td align="center">1.89(1.65-1.97)</td>
              <td align="center">1.85(1.61-1.97)</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
              <td align="center">1.6 (1.56 - 1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1.63(1.47-1.77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.398</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">H/M 4 h</td>
              <td align="center">1.77(1.57-1.94)</td>
              <td align="center">1.68(1.58-1.88)</td>
              <td align="center">0.263</td>
              <td align="center">1.58 (1.22 - 2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.52(1.45-1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.423</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WR(%)</td>
              <td align="center">29.5(21.85-51)</td>
              <td align="center">31(28.2-35)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">27 (14.3 - 30)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (15 - 42)</td>
              <td align="center">0.722</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>ISBP: initial systolic blood pressure; IDBP: initial diastolic blood pressure; IHR: initial heart rate; PSBP: systolic blood pressure at peak effort; PDBP: diastolic blood pressure at peak effort; PHR: heart rate at peak effort; SBPDE: systolic blood pressure variation during effort; CRI: chronotropic reserve index; HRR1st: heart rate variation at the first minute of recovery; HRR2nd: heart rate variation at the second minute of recovery; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen uptake; AT: anaerobic threshold; R: respiratory coefficient; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output slope; O<sub>2</sub>: oxygen; H/M30min: heart to mediastinum ratio 30 minutes after injection of the radiotracer (early); H/M4h: Heart to mediastinum ratio 4 hours after injection of the radiotracer (late); WR: washout rate.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The nebivolol group presented better control in SBP and HR at rest and peak effort but had no significant differences in SBP variation during effort and CRI. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> illustrate the patterns of SBP and HR. Patients treated with nebivolol also showed improvement in HRR in the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> minutes. However, nebivolol showed no positive impact on VO<sub>2</sub> and 123I-MIBG scintigraphic variables, <italic>i.e.</italic>, the therapy was ineffective in improving the FC and the abnormalities in cardiac adrenergic activity.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of blood pressure responses during exercise. ISBP: initial systolic blood pressure; Peak SBP: systolic blood pressure at peak effort; SBP EFF: systolic blood pressure variation during effort; 3m: 3 months.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0358-60046-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of heart rate responses during exercise. IHR: Initial heart rate; Peak HR: heart rate at peak effort; CRI: chronotropic response index; 3m: 3 months.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0358-60046-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>After 3 months of treatment, nebivolol failed to achieve a positive effect on innervation and cardiac adrenergic activity parameters, detected with 123I-MIBG, or on peak VO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, even though it led to better control in SBP and HR at rest and peak effort in association with an improvement in HRR.</p>
      <p>According to Katoh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> as the deterioration in NYHA functional class, there is a decrease in late H/M ratio and increase in MIBG WR rate. These parameters were associated with a worse prognosis in HFNEF, including increased rates of adverse events associated with a WR rate greater than 26.5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In our study, both the nebivolol and control groups presented a WR rate greater than the cutoff point in the study of Katoh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> suggesting a more reserved prognosis in our cohort in general, in addition to an inefficacy of nebivolol to improve the WR rate and the H/M ratio. The lack of a positive impact in 123I-MIBG scintigraphic variables indicates that the drug was unable to act consistently on the adrenergic hyperactivity since clinically effective therapies are consistently associated with improvements in 123I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters in HFREF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Since our results showed no positive effect on scintigraphic parameters, we can infer that the therapy with nebivolol had no impact on the adrenergic hyperactivity, one of the physiopathologic pathways in HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Sugiura et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> evaluated the 123I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters in HFNEF and demonstrated that the adrenergic activity increases proportionally to the HF severity. These authors have also reported a correlation between the WR rate with the NYHA functional class, FC (assessed with the Specific Activity Scale) and neurohumoral markers,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> in addition to a correlation between the WR rate and H/M ratio</p>
      <p>with the ratio of the mitral peak velocity of early filling to the mitral peak velocity of late filling (E/A), evaluated with the transmitral flow, suggesting an association between diastolic dysfunction and cardiac adrenergic activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In our study, we sought to assess the impact of the therapy with nebivolol on CPET and 123I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters, but even with better control in SBP and HR, nebivolol failed to improve the FC and the cardiac adrenergic activity.</p>
      <p>The ADMIRE-HF<sup>26</sup> study has validated the 123I-MIBG scintigraphy as a prognostic marker in HFREF, demonstrating that this method is able to quantify the cardiac adrenergic innervation. In agreement with the findings by Kato et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and Sugiura et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the test may be used to assess patients with HFNEF.</p>
      <p>Phan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> observed that patients with HFNEF show a lower HR at peak effort, worse chronotropic reserve during exercise, and an inadequate HRR in the 1st minute. The authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> attributed the low FC in HFNEF to chronotropic incompetence. Borlaug et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> observed that the functional limitation in patients with HFNEF cannot be attributed exclusively to abnormalities in diastolic function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and described as limiting factors for the exercise the chronotropic incompetence, an abnormal vasodilating response, and lower cardiac output during exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In another study, Dhakal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> reported that patients with HFNEF present abnormal peripheral O<sub>2</sub> uptake, another limiting factor of VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
      <p>Since the abnormal HR response to exercise is due to changes in the autonomic nervous system, we can affirm that patients with HFNEF have autonomic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> This fact can be attributed to an abnormal arterial baroreflex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> It may be possible that patients with HFNEF reach their maximum contractile reserve at an earlier stage of the exercise due to refractoriness to sympathetic stimulation, rather than ineffective stimulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Since the chronotropic incompetence would be a limiting factor for the exercise, the therapy with nebivolol would not be suitable for its beta-blocking purpose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> However, the positive effect of beta-blocker therapy on the 123I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters in HFREF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> could improve the FC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Our group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> evaluated patients with HREF and observed that those with a low WR rate, even while on beta-blocker, presented a better FC and chronotropic response when compared with patients with a high WR rate. The current literature has limited data about beta-blocker therapy in HFNEF. In the present study, we did not observe a significant worsening in CRI to justify completely the lack of effect of nebivolol on VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
      <p>Another limiting factor of FC in HFNEF would be an impaired vasodilating reserve that could lead to reduced cardiac output during exercise and reduced muscle perfusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The vasodilating reserve is impaired in part by an inadequate production of NO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> which lead us to believe that even with beta-blocking effects the therapy with nebivolol could be promising,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> but the results were not satisfactory.</p>
      <p>Patients with HFNEF may present lower cardiac output during exercise, caused by an improper systolic volume due in large part to an impaired ventricular compliance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Peripheral O<sub>2</sub> uptake is impaired in HFNEF, maybe due to intrinsic abnormalities in skeletal muscle cells or peripheral microcirculation function, compromising the patient's performance during the exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Therefore, all these factors leading to functional limitation in HFNEF should be therapeutic targets in this syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Conraads et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> evaluated the therapy with nebivolol in HFNEF. They observed after 6 months with nebivolol a better control in SBP and HR at rest and peak effort but did not observe a positive impact in VO<sub>2</sub>, findings that are similar to those in our study. The authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> attributed the lack of improvement in FC to chronotropic incompetence. In our study, we did not observe significant worsening in CRI after therapy, which justifies the chronotropic incompetence as the only factor responsible for the lack of nebivolol effect on the VO<sub>2</sub>. With 123I-MIBG scintigraphy, we can speculate that the factor responsible for the lack of a positive impact of nebivolol on FC is the absence of an effect on cardiac adrenergic activity, <italic>i.e.,</italic> the drug may not have acted effectively in one of the physiopathological pathways in HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> An adrenergic hyperactivity at rest can cause chronotropic incompetence during the exercise and, consequently, low FC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The main limitation of our study was the small number of patients. However, a calculation of the sample power showed that 25 patients would give sufficient statistical power to the study.</p>
        <p>The lack of a placebo group and randomization were other limitations. The study was not randomized because we started the data collection from another study that was already in progress at our institution, but we respected the criterion for administration of the drug, in which the first 14 patients received treatment with nebivolol and the last 11 composed our control group.</p>
        <p>Lack of a more detailed assessment of the occurrence of coronary disease was yet another limitation. However, in the absence of criteria to classify the HR etiology as ischemic and during the CPET, the absence of criteria do diagnose the patient with myocardial ischemia, we chose not to continue the investigation.</p>
        <p>Finally, we can also cite as limitations the large number of obese individuals and short treatment duration. Obesity may have influenced our findings because obese patients may have low FC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> and adrenergic hypertonia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Despite the short treatment duration in our study, another study with HFREF published by Miranda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> showed a positive response of carvedilol on 123I-MIBG uptake parameters after 3 months.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our findings suggest that even with a better control in SBP and HR at rest and peak effort and improvement in HRR, therapy with nebivolol was unable to promote a positive effect on FC and 123I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters. New studies using other strategies to improve cardiac adrenergic activity without impairing the HR response during exercise may be promising in patients with HFNEF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by FAPERJ and CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Leandro Rocha Messias, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgment</title>
      <p>We are thankful to FAPERJ and CNPq for supporting our group and other research groups at our institution.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito do Nebivolol sobre Par&#226;metros do MIBG e Exerc&#237;cio na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Normal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Messias</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Aryanne Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Marina Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Messias</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Nader Vasconcelos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#243;stica</surname>
            <given-names>Elisabeth</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Procard&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Procard&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leandro Rocha Messias</bold>, Universidade Federal Fluminense. Rua Noronha Torrez&#227;o, 46 - Apto 805, Santa Rosa. CEP 24240182, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>lmessias@cardiol.br</email>, <email>leandromess@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Messias LR, Miranda SMR, Mesquita CT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Messias LR, Ferreira AG, Miranda SMR, Teixeira JAC, Azevedo JC, Mar&#243;stica E; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Messias LR, Teixeira JAC, Mesquita CT; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Messias LR, Mesquita CT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Mesquita CT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Messias LR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Messias LR, Messias ACNV, Mesquita CT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Mais de 50% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca t&#234;m fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEN). A cintilografia marcada com iodo 123 com metaiodobenzilguanidina (123I-MIBG) e o teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) s&#227;o marcadores de progn&#243;stico da ICFEN. O nebivolol &#233; um betabloqueador com propriedade vasodilatadora.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o impacto da terapia com nebivolol sobre as vari&#225;veis da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG e do TCPE em pacientes com ICFEN.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Vinte e cinco pacientes realizaram cintilografia com 123I-MIBG para avaliar a taxa de <italic>washout</italic> e a rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino precoce e tardia. Durante o TCPE, foi analisado o comportamento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) durante o esfor&#231;o e a recupera&#231;&#227;o (FCR) e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>). Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, separamos nossa amostra em grupos controle <italic>versus</italic> interven&#231;&#227;o, iniciamos o nebivolol e repetimos os exames ap&#243;s 3 meses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o tratamento, o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentou melhora na PAS (149 mmHg [143,5-171 mmHg] <italic>versus</italic> 135 mmHg [125-151 mmHg, p = 0,016]), FC em repouso (78 bpm [65,5-84 bpm] <italic>versus</italic> 64,5 bpm [57,5-75,5 bpm, p = 0,028]), PAS no pico do esfor&#231;o (235 mmHg [216,5-249 mmHg] <italic>versus</italic> 198 mmHg [191-220,5 mmHg], p = 0,001), FC no pico do esfor&#231;o (124,5 bpm [115-142 bpm] <italic>versus</italic> 115 bpm [103,7-124 bpm], p = 0,043) e FCR no 1&#186; minuto (6,5 bpm [4,75-12,75 bpm] <italic>versus</italic> 14,5 bpm [6,7-22 bpm], p = 0,025) e no 2&#186; minuto (15,5 bpm [13-21,75 bpm] <italic>versus</italic> 23,5 bpm [16-31,7 bpm], p = 0,005), por&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou mudan&#231;a no VO<sub>2</sub> de pico e nos par&#226;metros da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Apesar de um melhor controle da PAS e na FC em repouso e durante o esfor&#231;o e uma melhora na FCR, o nebivolol n&#227;o ocasionou efeito positivo sobre o VO<sub>2</sub> de pico e nos par&#226;metros da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG. A aus&#234;ncia de efeito sobre a atividade adren&#233;rgica pode ser a causa da falta de efeito sobre a capacidade funcional.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>MIBG</kwd>
        <kwd>nebivolol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes internados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) tem fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (ICFEN).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Pacientes com ICFEN t&#234;m algumas caracter&#237;sticas diferentes dos pacientes com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER), como uma maior frequ&#234;ncia em mulheres, idosos e diab&#233;ticos, e maior preval&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, obesidade e hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O nebivolol, um betabloqueador beta-1 seletivo de 3&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o com propriedade vasodilatadora mediada pela L-arginina/&#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO), est&#225; associado a uma melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e evid&#234;ncia de melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Resultados do estudo SENIORS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> demonstraram que o f&#225;rmaco foi bem tolerado por pacientes idosos com IC e demonstrou efeitos similares tanto na ICFER quanto na ICFEN.</p>
        <p>Na medicina nuclear, a imagem card&#237;aca com metaiodobenzilguanidina marcada com iodo 123 (123I-MIBG) avalia de forma n&#227;o invasiva a atividade adren&#233;rgica e a inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o, incluindo a capta&#231;&#227;o, recapta&#231;&#227;o, armazenamento e libera&#231;&#227;o de noradrenalina em terminais nervosos pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino (C/M) precoce avalia a integridade do terminal nervoso simp&#225;tico, enquanto que a rela&#231;&#227;o C/M tardia avalia a fisiologia do mesmo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A taxa de <italic>washout</italic> (WO) avalia o grau de atividade adren&#233;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> De acordo com alguns estudos, os par&#226;metros da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG se mostraram preditores de progn&#243;stico na ICFEN.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) pode ser utilizado na IC para detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e avalia&#231;&#227;o de sintomas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> resposta cronotr&#243;pica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) na fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o (FCR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e capacidade funcional (CF).<sup>15,16</sup> Pacientes com ICFEN podem apresentar d&#233;ficit cronotr&#243;pico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> baixa CF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> aumento da inclina&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto pela produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e uma resposta inadequada da FCR.<sup>12</sup> Estes achados s&#227;o semelhantes aos encontrados na ICFER,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> por&#233;m sua fisiopatologia ainda n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente esclarecida.</p>
        <p>Baseado no pouco conhecimento existente sobre o efeito da terapia betabloqueadora sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca na ICFEN, desenhamos este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar se o nebivolol modificaria a curto prazo as anormalidades na fun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca e se afetaria de modo positivo a CF e outras vari&#225;veis do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo prospectivo, selecionando 25 pacientes consecutivos que frequentavam nosso ambulat&#243;rio de IC. Foram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: idade &gt; 18 anos, sinais e sintomas de IC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) &#8805; 50% com evid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pelo ecocardiograma,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> al&#233;m de autoriza&#231;&#227;o do paciente obtida atrav&#233;s de assinatura do termo de consentimento. N&#243;s exclu&#237;mos pacientes com diabetes, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, marcapasso, ou com qualquer outra condi&#231;&#227;o que contraindicasse o TCPE. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Para classifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica da IC, utilizamos os seguintes crit&#233;rios: isqu&#234;mica (infarto pr&#233;vio, zona inativa no eletrocardiograma, ou cineangiocoronariografia evidenciando les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda &#8805; 50% ou les&#227;o &#8805; 70% em um dos tr&#234;s sistemas principais),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> hipertensiva (hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o e aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios para IC isqu&#234;mica) e outras (incluindo pacientes que n&#227;o foram classificados como isqu&#234;micos ou hipertensivos).</p>
        <p>Se um paciente n&#227;o apresentasse crit&#233;rios para que a etiologia da IC fosse classificada como isqu&#234;mica, mas apresentasse altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas durante o TCPE, n&#243;s realiz&#225;vamos investiga&#231;&#227;o complementar com cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e cineangiocoronariografia, se necess&#225;rio, para determinar a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Por&#233;m se o paciente em quest&#227;o n&#227;o apresentasse nenhum sinal de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida por esfor&#231;o, mant&#237;nhamos a classifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica como n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cintilografia com 123I-MIBG e TCPE. Ap&#243;s esta fase inicial, n&#243;s dividimos a amostra em dois grupos: os 14 primeiros volunt&#225;rios receberam tratamento com nebivolol (grupo nebivolol) e os 11 &#250;ltimos fizeram parte do grupo controle. Iniciamos o tratamento com nebivolol na dose de 1,25 mg/dia com aumentos semanais (dobrando a dose anterior) objetivando atingir uma dose alvo de 10 mg/dia, ou FC entre 50-60 bpm, ou press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) entre 90-100 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Se o paciente j&#225; fazia uso de outro betabloqueador, suspend&#237;amos o mesmo e inici&#225;vamos o nebivolol seguindo o mesmo protocolo descrito. Ap&#243;s 3 meses da otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, repetimos os exames de cintilografia com 123I-MIBG e TCPE.</p>
        <p>Com a cintilografia com 123I-MIBG, avaliamos a integridade do terminal nervoso simp&#225;tico atrav&#233;s da quantifica&#231;&#227;o da C/M precoce (30 min ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador) e da C/M tardia (4 h ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador) por imagem tor&#225;cica planar anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A estimativa da atividade simp&#225;tica foi feita pelo c&#225;lculo da taxa de WO atrav&#233;s da formula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> WO (%) = (C - M) 30 min - (C - M) 4 h x 100 / (C - M) 30 min. Todos os exames cintilogr&#225;ficos foram realizados em c&#226;mara de cintila&#231;&#227;o tipo <italic>Anger</italic> tomogr&#225;fica digital (<italic>Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography</italic>) da marca Siemens<sup>&#174;</sup>, modelo E-Cam de detector duplo, com colimador de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O TCPE foi sintoma-limitado e realizado em esteira Centurion 300<sup>&#174;</sup> utilizando protocolo individualizado de rampa para melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o da cin&#233;tica do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Iniciamos os exames com uma velocidade de 1,6 km/h, individualizamos o exerc&#237;cio para obter uma dura&#231;&#227;o de 8-12 minutos de esfor&#231;o e realizamos recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa, com velocidade de 1,6 km/h durante os primeiros 2 minutos, e passiva em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica por mais 6 minutos. Utilizamos o <italic>software</italic> Ergo PC Elite vers&#227;o 13/2.2 da Micromed<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise dos gases respirat&#243;rios, utilizamos o analisador metab&#243;lico MedGraphics<sup>&#174;</sup> VO2000. Empregando um pneumotac&#243;grafo de fluxo m&#233;dio, mensuramos a amostra dos gases a cada 10 segundos usando m&#225;scara para adapta&#231;&#227;o paciente-aparelho. O VO<sub>2</sub> de pico foi definido como o maior VO<sub>2</sub> medido durante os &#250;ltimos 30 segundos do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Para determinar o VO<sub>2</sub> no liminar anaer&#243;bio, empregamos o m&#233;todo de equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> foi calculado atrav&#233;s do modelo de inclina&#231;&#227;o do pr&#243;prio <italic>software</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Medimos a FC atrav&#233;s do intervalo R-R em repouso, no pico do esfor&#231;o e na recupera&#231;&#227;o. Analisamos a reposta cronotr&#243;pica atrav&#233;s do &#237;ndice de reserva cronotr&#243;pica (IRC):<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> IRC (%) = (FCpico - FCrepouso) x 100 / (220 - idade - FCrepouso). A FCR foi determinada no 1&#186; e no 2&#186; minutos, subtraindo a FC de pico pela FCR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida com esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio da marca Wan Ross&#174;. Avaliamos a PAS em repouso e no pico do esfor&#231;o e a varia&#231;&#227;o intraesfor&#231;o (PASpico - PASrepouso).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para calcular do tamanho da amostra, realizamos um estudo piloto. Os dados obtidos mostraram que seriam necess&#225;rios nove pacientes por grupo para obtermos um erro &#946; de 80% e &#945; de 5%. Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do estudo, calculamos o poder da amostra que mostrou que 25 pacientes reuniram um poder estat&#237;stico de 80% para identificar 12,8% de diferen&#231;a na PAS de pico.</p>
        <p>Nossos dados t&#234;m distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-param&#233;trica, portanto est&#227;o apresentados como mediana/amplitude interquartil quando a vari&#225;vel &#233; quantitativa e como percentual quando a vari&#225;vel &#233; qualitativa. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada atrav&#233;s do programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 15. Para comparar as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, empregamos o teste do qui-quadrado. Para comparar as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, utilizamos o teste U de Mann-Whitney para comparar o grupo controle com o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o em uma primeira an&#225;lise quando ainda n&#227;o hav&#237;amos realizado a interven&#231;&#227;o. Em uma segunda an&#225;lise, empregamos o teste de Wilcoxon pareado para comparar no grupo controle os valores basais com os obtidos ap&#243;s 3 meses de observa&#231;&#227;o e no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, os valores basais com os obtidos 3 meses ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o com nebivolol. Consideramos significativo um valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas pelos participantes. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nas vari&#225;veis: idade, g&#234;nero, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Todos os pacientes eram hipertensos e n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas na incid&#234;ncia de dislipidemia, tabagismo e na etiologia da IC. A maioria encontrava-se nas classes funcionais II e III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA). N&#227;o existiram diferen&#231;as significativas nas medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas pelos participantes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controle</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>P</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">n = 25</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">56,5 (50,75 - 62,25)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (52 - 71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,291<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero %</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,452<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">71,42</td>
                <td align="center">81,81</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">28,58</td>
                <td align="center">18,19</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">31,51 (26,62 - 34,77)</td>
                <td align="center">33,32 (26,34 - 37,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,647<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS %</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia %</td>
                <td align="center">71,42</td>
                <td align="center">72,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,649<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo %</td>
                <td align="center">35,71</td>
                <td align="center">18,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,305<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etiologia %</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,697<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">7,14</td>
                <td align="center">9,09</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">92,86</td>
                <td align="center">90,91</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outras</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ecocardiograma</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE %</td>
                <td align="center">63,5 (60,75 - 72,25)</td>
                <td align="center">67(54 - 71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,979<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">16,15 (15,35 - 17,25)</td>
                <td align="center">15,2 (13,88 - 16,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,183<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 (0,32 - 0,74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38 (0,22 - 0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,244<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VAE-I (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">45,26 (41,98 - 48,72)</td>
                <td align="center">40,58 (36,6 - 45,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,107<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa VE-I (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">124,05 (113,5 - 131,35)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (97,36 - 130)</td>
                <td align="center">0,609<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CF/NYHA%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,444<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">7,15</td>
                <td align="center">18,18</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">42,85</td>
                <td align="center">54,54</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">27,28</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso %</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">42,85</td>
                <td align="center">63,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,265<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atenolol</td>
                <td align="center">66,66</td>
                <td align="center">42,85</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carvedilol</td>
                <td align="center">33,34</td>
                <td align="center">42,85</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Propranolol</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/ARA II</td>
                <td align="center">85,71</td>
                <td align="center">81,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,604<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hidralazina</td>
                <td align="center">14,28</td>
                <td align="center">18,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,604<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitrato</td>
                <td align="center">14,28</td>
                <td align="center">36,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,209<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">14,28</td>
                <td align="center">27,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,378<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;tico</td>
                <td align="center">71,42</td>
                <td align="center">54,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,325<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueador do canal Ca</td>
                <td align="center">64,28</td>
                <td align="center">36,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,163<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clonidina</td>
                <td align="center">42,85</td>
                <td align="center">27,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,352<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AAS</td>
                <td align="center">28,57</td>
                <td align="center">45,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,325<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">35,71</td>
                <td align="center">63,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,163<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste U de Mann-Whitney;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste do qui quadrado; N: n&#250;mero de pacientes; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; E/E&#8217;: raz&#227;o entre a velocidade precoce do fluxo sangu&#237;neo pela v&#225;lvula mitral com a velocidade de estiramento no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole; E/A: &#237;ndice de velocidade do fluxo mitral inicial e tardio; VAE-I: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; Massa VE-I: massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexada; CF: classe funcional; NYHA: New York Heart Association; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina II; ARA II: antagonista do receptor de angiotensina II; Ca: c&#225;lcio; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis do TCPE e da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG est&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>. Em uma an&#225;lise inicial, observamos que n&#227;o havia diferen&#231;as significativas nas vari&#225;veis do TCPE. Os pacientes em ambos os grupos iniciaram o exame hipertensos, apresentaram ao esfor&#231;o uma resposta hipertensiva,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> d&#233;ficit cronotr&#243;pico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> baixa CF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e pulso de oxig&#234;nio (O<sub>2</sub>) abaixo do previsto,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> por&#233;m com bom progn&#243;stico pelo VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Pela mediana do coeficiente respirat&#243;rio (R), todos realizaram teste m&#225;ximo (R &gt; 1,05)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e conseguiram atingir o limiar anaer&#243;bio, demonstrando que o TCPE foi adequado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (grupo posteriormente alocado para uso do nebivolol) apresentou uma pior FCR tanto no 1&#186; quanto no 2&#186; minuto, por&#233;m as diferen&#231;as n&#227;o foram significativas. O grupo controle apresentou uma menor mediana para a C/M precoce e tardia e para a taxa de WO da 123I-MIBG, mas tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do TCPE e da cintilografia com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controle</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>P</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PASIN mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">149 (143,5 - 171)</td>
                <td align="center">162 (132 - 170)</td>
                <td align="center">0,851</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PADIN mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">91 (80,5 - 106,5)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (78 - 104)</td>
                <td align="center">0,727</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCIN bpm</td>
                <td align="center">78 (65,5 - 84)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (55 - 72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PASP mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">235 (216,5 - 249)</td>
                <td align="center">230 (216 - 238)</td>
                <td align="center">0,467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PADP mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">111 (102,5 - 120)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (82 - 110)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCP bpm</td>
                <td align="center">124,5 (115 - 142,75)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (104 - 146)</td>
                <td align="center">0,501</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PASPIN mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">69 (52 - 102,5)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (52 - 96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,647</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IRC %</td>
                <td align="center">60,11 (43,59 - 81,57)</td>
                <td align="center">58,7 (40,74 - 91,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,851</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCR1&#176; bpm</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 (4,75 - 12,75)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (7 - 21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCR2&#176; bpm</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 (13 - 21,75)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (19 -33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> LA ml.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">10,89 (7,97 - 12,58)</td>
                <td align="center">10,62 (7,89 - 14,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,886</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percentual do VO<sub>2</sub> Pico no LA %</td>
                <td align="center">72,9 (66,6 - 86,4)</td>
                <td align="center">77,7 (72,52 - 85,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,508</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (1,03 - 1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 (1,07 - 1,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,202</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> Pico ml.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">14,07 (10,71 - 18,03)</td>
                <td align="center">12,75 (8,48 - 16,77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,851</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>
									<italic>slope</italic></td>
                <td align="center">22,73 (20,02 - 26,61)</td>
                <td align="center">23,37 (22,53 - 26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulso de O<sub>2</sub> ml.(kg.min)<sup>-1</sup>/bpm</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 (7,12 - 11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,6 - 10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,893</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percentual pulso O<sub>2</sub> previsto %</td>
                <td align="center">61,2 (41,75 - 83,17)</td>
                <td align="center">60,8 (45,4 - 85,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,893</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C/M30min</td>
                <td align="center">1,89 (1,65 - 1,97)</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (1,56 - 1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C/M4h</td>
                <td align="center">1,77 (1,57 - 1,94)</td>
                <td align="center">1,58 (1,22 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,344</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WO %</td>
                <td align="center">29,5 (21,85 - 51)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (14,3 - 30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,222</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>PASIN: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica in&#237;cio; PADIN: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica in&#237;cio; FCIN: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca in&#237;cio; PASP: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no pico do esfor&#231;o; PADP: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica no pico do esfor&#231;o; FCP: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no pico do esfor&#231;o; PASPIN: varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica intraesfor&#231;o; IRC: &#237;ndice de reserva cronotr&#243;pica; FCR1&#186;: varia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no 1&#186; minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o; FCR2&#186;: varia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no 2&#186; minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; LA: limiar anaer&#243;bio; R: coeficiente respirat&#243;rio; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: inclina&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto pela produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; O<sub>2</sub>: oxig&#234;nio; C/M30min: rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino 30 minutos ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador (precoce); C/M4h: rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino 4 horas ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador (tardia); WO: taxa de washout.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s esta avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, iniciamos o tratamento com nebivolol no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o. A dose m&#233;dia administrada de nebivolol foi de 9,29 &#177; 1,81 mg/dia. Os pacientes repetiram o TCPE e a cintilografia com 123I-MIBG ap&#243;s 3 meses e n&#243;s comparamos em cada grupo os resultados nesse momento com seus respectivos resultados basais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio e da cintilografia com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG ap&#243;s o tratamento com nebivolol</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Controle</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Basal</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>3 meses</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>P</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Basal</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>3 meses</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>P</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PASIN mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">149 (143,5 - 171)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (125 - 151)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">162 (132 -170)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (132-160)</td>
                <td align="center">0,213</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PADIN mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">91 (80,5 - 106,5)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (87,5 - 107,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,179</td>
                <td align="center">90 (78 - 104)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (70-102)</td>
                <td align="center">0,682</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCIN bpm</td>
                <td align="center">78 (65,5 - 84)</td>
                <td align="center">64,5 (57,5-75,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
                <td align="center">66 (55 - 72)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (61-77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,656</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PASP mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">235(216,5-249)</td>
                <td align="center">198(191-220,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">230 (216 -238)</td>
                <td align="center">222 (210-240)</td>
                <td align="center">0,683</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PADP mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">111(102,5-120)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (91,5-118)</td>
                <td align="center">0,441</td>
                <td align="center">104 (82 - 110)</td>
                <td align="center">110(78-120)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCP bpm</td>
                <td align="center">124,5(115-142)</td>
                <td align="center">115(103,7-124)</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
                <td align="center">117 (104 -146)</td>
                <td align="center">123(106-138)</td>
                <td align="center">0,919</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PASPIN mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">69 (52 - 102,5)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (38-86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,116</td>
                <td align="center">76 (52 - 96)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (60-108)</td>
                <td align="center">0,447</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IRC %</td>
                <td align="center">60,1(43,5-81,5)</td>
                <td align="center">51,5(32,9-70,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
                <td align="center">58,7(40,7-91,3)</td>
                <td align="center">65,2(40,2-89,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,929</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCR1&#176; bpm</td>
                <td align="center">6,5(4,75-12,75)</td>
                <td align="center">14,5(6,7-22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
                <td align="center">18 (7 - 21)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (11-29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,285</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCR2&#176; bpm</td>
                <td align="center">15,5(13- 21,75)</td>
                <td align="center">23,5(16-31,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">26 (19 -33)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (14-41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> LA ml.(kgml)<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">10,89(7,9-12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5(7,8-13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,917</td>
                <td align="center">10,6(7,8-14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9,8(5,9-13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percentual do VO<sub>2</sub> Pico no LA %</td>
                <td align="center">72,9(66,6-86,4)</td>
                <td align="center">78,1(65,5-90,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,422</td>
                <td align="center">77,7(72,5-85,1)</td>
                <td align="center">77,4(65,3-82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,333</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R</td>
                <td align="center">1,1(1,03 - 1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">1,16(1,02-1,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,158</td>
                <td align="center">1,18(1,07-1,23)</td>
                <td align="center">1,25(1,1-1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,203</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> Pico ml.(kgml)<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">14,07(10,7- 18)</td>
                <td align="center">14,18(9,3-17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,551</td>
                <td align="center">12,75(8,4-16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13,02(7,4-17,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>
									<italic>slope</italic></td>
                <td align="center">22,73(20-26,6)</td>
                <td align="center">21,7(19,3-28,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,363</td>
                <td align="center">23,3(22,5-26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">22,5(20,6-27,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulso de O<sub>2</sub> ml.(kgml)<sup>-1</sup>/bpm</td>
                <td align="center">8,6(7,12 - 11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 (7,1-12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,421</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,6 - 10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 (6,1-10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percentual pulso O<sub>2</sub> previsto %</td>
                <td align="center">61,2(41,7-83,1)</td>
                <td align="center">65,1(46,8-80,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
                <td align="center">60,8(45,4-85,1)</td>
                <td align="center">63,6(43,5-84,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,131</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C/M30min</td>
                <td align="center">1,89(1,65-1,97)</td>
                <td align="center">1,85(1,61-1,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (1,56 - 1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,63(1,47-1,77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,398</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C/M 4 h</td>
                <td align="center">1,77(1,57-1,94)</td>
                <td align="center">1,68(1,58-1,88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,263</td>
                <td align="center">1,58 (1,22 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,52(1,45-1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,423</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WO (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29,5(21,85-51)</td>
                <td align="center">31(28,2-35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">27 (14,3 - 30)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (15 - 42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,722</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>PASIN: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica in&#237;cio; PADIN: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica in&#237;cio; FCIN: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca in&#237;cio; PASP: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no pico do esfor&#231;o; PADP: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica no pico do esfor&#231;o; FCP: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no pico do esfor&#231;o; PASPIN: varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica intraesfor&#231;o; IRC: &#237;ndice de reserva cronotr&#243;pica; FCR1&#186;: varia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no 1&#186; minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o; FCR2&#186;: varia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no 2&#186; minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; LA: limiar anaer&#243;bio; R: coeficiente respirat&#243;rio; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: inclina&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto pela produ&#231;&#227;o do di&#243;xido de carbono; O<sub>2</sub>: oxig&#234;nio; C/M30min: rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino 30 minutos ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador (precoce); C/M4h: rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino 4 horas ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador (tardia); WO- taxa de washout.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O grupo nebivolol obteve um melhor controle da PAS e da FC em repouso e no pico do esfor&#231;o, por&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as significativas na varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS intraesfor&#231;o e no IRC. As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">2</xref> ilustram o comportamento da PAS e da FC. Os pacientes tratados com nebivolol tamb&#233;m apresentaram melhora na FCR tanto no 1&#186; quanto no 2&#186; minuto. Por&#233;m, o nebivolol n&#227;o apresentou impacto positivo no VO<sub>2</sub> e nas vari&#225;veis da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG, ou seja, a terapia n&#227;o foi eficaz na melhora da CF, nem nas anormalidades da atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das respostas da press&#227;o arterial durante o exerc&#237;cio. PASIN: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica in&#237;cio; PAS Pico: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no pico do esfor&#231;o; PAS PIN: varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica intraesfor&#231;o; 3m: 3 meses.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0358-60046-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das respostas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o exerc&#237;cio. FCIN: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca in&#237;cio; FCP: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no pico do esfor&#231;o; IRC: &#237;ndice de reserva cronotr&#243;pica; 3m: 3 meses.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-05-0358-60046-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 3 meses de tratamento, o nebivolol n&#227;o obteve efeito positivo sobre par&#226;metros da inerva&#231;&#227;o e atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca, diagnosticadas com a cintilografia com 123I-MIBG, ou sobre o VO<sub>2</sub> pico e VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>, mesmo com um melhor controle da PAS e da FC em repouso e no pico do esfor&#231;o e uma melhora da FCR.</p>
        <p>Katoh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> demonstraram que conforme h&#225; piora da classe funcional da NYHA, ocorre queda na C/M tardia e aumento na taxa de WO da 123I-MIBG. Estes par&#226;metros foram associados com pior progn&#243;stico na ICFEN, incluindo &#237;ndices aumentados de eventos adversos associados a uma taxa de WO maior que 26,5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Em nosso estudo, tanto o grupo nebivolol quanto o controle apresentaram uma taxa de WO maior que o ponto de corte do estudo de Katoh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> sugerindo um progn&#243;stico mais reservado para nossa amostra em geral, assim como, uma inefic&#225;cia do nebivolol em melhorar n&#227;o s&#243; a taxa de WO, mas tamb&#233;m a C/M. A falta de impacto positivo nas vari&#225;veis da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG indica que o f&#225;rmaco n&#227;o foi capaz de atuar de forma consistente sobre a hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica, j&#225; que na ICFER, terapias clinicamente efetivas s&#227;o consistentemente associadas com melhora no 123I-MIBG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Como nossos resultados n&#227;o demonstraram efeito positivo sobre os par&#226;metros da cintilografia, podemos inferir que a terapia com nebivolol n&#227;o obteve impacto em uma das vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas da IC, a hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sugiura et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> avaliaram par&#226;metros da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG na ICFEN e demonstraram que h&#225; uma aumento da atividade adren&#233;rgica em propor&#231;&#227;o &#224; severidade da IC. Estes autores relataram tamb&#233;m uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a taxa de WO com a classe funcional da NYHA, CF (avaliada atrav&#233;s da <italic>Specific Activity Scale</italic>) e marcadores neuro-humorais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> al&#233;m de uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a taxa de WO e C/M com o &#237;ndice de velocidade do fluxo mitral inicial e tardio (E/A) avaliado atrav&#233;s do fluxo transmitral, sugerindo uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em nosso estudo, buscamos avaliar o impacto da terapia com nebivolol sobre par&#226;metros do TCPE e da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG, por&#233;m mesmo com um melhor controle da PAS e da FC, essa terapia n&#227;o promoveu melhora na CF e na atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>O estudo ADMIRE-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> validou a cintilografia com 123I-MIBG como marcador de progn&#243;stico na ICFER, demonstrando que este m&#233;todo &#233; capaz de quantificar a inerva&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca. De acordo com os achados de Kato et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e Sugiura et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> o exame pode ser utilizado para avaliar pacientes com ICFEN.</p>
        <p>Phan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> observaram que pacientes com ICFEN apresentavam uma menor FC no pico do esfor&#231;o, pior reserva cronotr&#243;pica durante o exerc&#237;cio e uma inadequada FCR no 1&#186; minuto. Os autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> atribu&#237;ram a baixa CF na ICFEN &#224; incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica. Borlaug et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> observaram que a limita&#231;&#227;o funcional em pacientes com ICFEN n&#227;o pode ser atribu&#237;da somente a anormalidades da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>17</sup> e descreveram como fatores limitantes do exerc&#237;cio a incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica, uma reserva vasodilatadora alterada e menor d&#233;bito card&#237;aco durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Em outro estudo, Dhakal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> relataram que pacientes com ICFEN apresentam uma capta&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica anormal de O<sub>2</sub>, outro fator limitador do VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>Como a resposta anormal da FC ao exerc&#237;cio &#233; decorrente de altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico, pode-se dizer que pacientes com ICFEN apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Este fato pode ser atribu&#237;do a uma anormalidade no barorreflexo arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> &#201; poss&#237; vel que pacientes com ICFEN possam ter atingido sua reserva contr&#225;til m&#225;xima em um est&#225;gio mais precoce do exerc&#237;cio por refratariedade ao est&#237; mulo simp&#225;tico, e n&#227;o por est&#237; mulo ineficaz.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Como a incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica seria um fator limitador do exerc&#237;cio, a terapia com nebivolol poderia n&#227;o ser apropriada pelo seu efeito betabloqueador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Por&#233;m o efeito positivo da terapia betabloqueadora sobre os par&#226;metros da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG na ICFER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> poderia melhorar a CF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Ao avaliar pacientes com ICFER, nosso grupo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> observou que aqueles com taxa de WO baixa mesmo utilizando betabloqueador apresentavam uma melhor CF e resposta cronotr&#243;pica quando comparados com pacientes com taxa de WO alta. A literatura atual apresenta poucos dados sobre terapia betabloqueadora na ICFEN. No presente estudo, n&#227;o observamos uma piora significativa no IRC que possa justificar por completo a aus&#234;ncia de efeito do nebivolol sobre o VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>Outro fator limitante da CF na ICFEN seria uma reserva vasodilatadora alterada que poderia ocasionar uma redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco durante o esfor&#231;o, reduzindo assim a perfus&#227;o muscular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A reserva vasodilatadora est&#225; prejudicada em parte por produ&#231;&#227;o inadequada de NO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> o que nos fez acreditar que mesmo com o efeito betabloqueador, a terapia com nebivolol poderia ter sido promissora,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> por&#233;m os resultados n&#227;o foram satisfat&#243;rios.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com ICFEN podem apresentar um menor d&#233;bito card&#237;aco durante o exerc&#237;cio, causado por um volume sist&#243;lico inadequado decorrente em grande parte de uma complac&#234;ncia ventricular alterada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A capta&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de O<sub>2</sub> encontra-se alterada na ICFEN, o que pode refletir anormalidades intr&#237;nsecas na c&#233;lula muscular esquel&#233;tica ou na fun&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, prejudicando o desempenho do paciente durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Portanto, todos estes fatores que determinam limita&#231;&#227;o funcional na ICFEN devem ser alvos terap&#234;uticos nesta s&#237;ndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Conraads et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> avaliaram a terapia com nebivolol na ICFEN. Ap&#243;s 6 meses, observaram melhor controle da PAS e da FC em repouso e no pico do esfor&#231;o, por&#233;m n&#227;o notaram impacto positivo no VO<sub>2</sub>, achados semelhantes ao nosso estudo. Os autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> atribu&#237;ram a aus&#234;ncia de melhora da CF &#224; incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o observamos piora significativa no IRC ap&#243;s a terapia, o que justifica a incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica como o &#250;nico fator respons&#225;vel pela aus&#234;ncia de efeito do f&#225;rmaco sobre o VO<sub>2</sub>. Atrav&#233;s da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG, podemos especular que o fator respons&#225;vel pela falta de impacto positivo do nebivolol sobre a CF seja a aus&#234;ncia de efeito sobre a atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca, ou seja, o f&#225;rmaco pode n&#227;o ter atuado de forma eficaz em uma das vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas da IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Uma hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica em repouso pode causar incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica durante o exerc&#237;cio e, consequentemente, uma baixa CF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo foi o n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes. Por&#233;m, o c&#225;lculo do poder da amostra mostrou que 25 pacientes reuniriam poder estat&#237;stico necess&#225;rio para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
          <p>A falta de randomiza&#231;&#227;o e a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo placebo foram outras limita&#231;&#245;es. O estudo n&#227;o foi randomizado porque iniciamos a coleta de dados a partir de um outro estudo que j&#225; se encontrava em andamento em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, n&#243;s respeitamos o crit&#233;rio para administra&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco, no qual os 14 primeiros pacientes receberam o tratamento com nebivolol e os 11 &#250;ltimos formaram nosso grupo controle.</p>
          <p>A falta de uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada para doen&#231;a coronariana foi ainda outra limita&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, na aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios para classificar a etiologia da IC como isqu&#234;mica e se durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE o paciente n&#227;o apresentasse crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, n&#243;s opt&#225;vamos por n&#227;o prosseguir a investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Por &#250;ltimo, podemos citar tamb&#233;m como limita&#231;&#245;es o grande n&#250;mero de obesos e o curto per&#237;odo de tratamento. A obesidade pode ter influenciado nossos achados, pois pacientes obesos podem apresentar baixa CF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> e hipertonia adren&#233;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Apesar do curto per&#237;odo de tratamento em nosso estudo, outro estudo com ICFER publicado por Miranda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> mostrou uma resposta positiva ap&#243;s 3 meses de carvedilol sobre os par&#226;metros da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos achados sugerem que mesmo com um melhor controle da PAS e da FC em repouso e no pico do esfor&#231;o, al&#233;m de uma melhora na FCR, a terapia com nebivolol n&#227;o foi capaz de promover um efeito positivo na CF e nos par&#226;metros da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG. Novos estudos utilizando outras estrat&#233;gias que melhorem a atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca sem prejudicar a resposta da FC durante o exerc&#237;cio podem ser promissores em pacientes com ICFEN.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPERJ e CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Leandro Rocha Messias pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
