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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">H44jD77gNPrTdzp3GsRb8HQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000500354</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160078</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Current Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: An Alert for the Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Lesions</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mauricio Scanavacca</bold>, Av. Joaquim C. A. Marques, 1205, Morumbi. Postal Code 05688-021, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mibrahim@cardiol.br</email>, <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>354</fpage>
      <lpage>357</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Arrhythmia Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is recognized as the most frequent cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice, and is responsible for the highest number of hospital admissions. In the general population, its prevalence is lower than 0.1% in individuals younger than 50 years, but increases exponentially with age, affecting about 8% of elderly individuals older than 80 years. Therefore, with the increase in the population's life expectancy, a growing number of patients is or will be exposed to the risks of AF in the coming years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The recent introduction of new anticoagulants has brought considerable advances in the prevention of cerebral embolism, the most severe complication of AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, the development of more effective antiarrhythmic drugs failed to show progress during this period. Therefore, a large number of patients still live with the limitations imposed by AF, including decreased quality of life due to symptoms such as palpitations, reduced functional capacity, or manifestations of cardiac insufficiency, in addition to the psychological problems proper of these conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this context, catheter ablation has emerged as the most effective treatment for rhythm control in patients with AF, and has been used in a growing number of patients worldwide over the last decade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Most studies have confirmed the need to achieve electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins (PV) for a successful procedure since the electrophysiological triggering mechanism of this arrhythmia is located predominantly within these veins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The technique originally conceived for AF ablation aimed at identifying the muscular fibers within the PV with a circular multipolar catheter, followed by their disconnection from the left atrium (LA) in specific points with the application of radiofrequency (RF) to the internal portion of the veins ostia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Although the procedure was technically very objective in terms of demonstrating the isolation of the PV, subsequent studies have identified a significant risk of venous stenosis and high recurrence rate during clinical follow-up due to reconnections and supposedly persistent arrhythmogenic foci located outside the isolated area, in the PV antra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>These observations have motivated a change in strategy toward the current technique, which aims at (a broader, extraostial) isolation of the PV antra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> For this purpose, mapping systems have been developed and progressively improved. These maps allow a precise three-dimensional virtual construction and real-time visualization of the LA anatomy and its venous drainage. In addition, more effective RF discharging systems have been introduced to achieve transmural atrial lesions (catheters with 8-mm tips, followed by catheters with 3.5-mm irrigated tips and, currently, with a contact sensor). Comparative studies have shown a clear progress in success rates during clinical follow-up and a significant reduction in the risk of PV stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, these technical changes have created conditions for a new complication, that despite rare, is highly lethal: atrial-esophageal fistula (AEF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The posterior wall of the LA maintains an intimate anatomical relationship with the anterior esophageal wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Therefore, displacement of the ablation lines from the PV ostia to the posterior wall of the LA moves the isolation lines toward the esophagus, whose walls may be thermally damaged by contiguity. This damage, in turn, may evolve to a transmural lesion and mucosal erosion, which eventually progresses to an ulcer (due to gastroesophageal acid reflux) and, more rarely, fistulization to the LA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The initial symptoms of AEF develop classically between 2 to 4 weeks after the ablation (there are rare late cases between 5 and 6 weeks).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> These symptoms appear nonthreatening and include mild retrosternal discomfort, fever, and leukocytosis without an apparent cause. If the process is not diagnosed and interrupted, it evolves rapidly to hematemesis and manifestations of septicemia due to systemic and cerebral septic embolism. At this stage, complete recovery, even after reconstructive surgery of the fistula, is rare; approximately 80% of the patients persist with severe neurological impairments or are unable to survive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Therefore, clinicians who follow up patients after AF ablation must be aware of these facts and make quick decisions to identify the diagnosis and start treatment.</p>
    <p>The occurrence of AEF as a consequence of AF catheter ablation was described for the first time in 2004, soon after the technical changes mentioned above.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> This occurrence was initially interpreted as a transitory problem that could be prevented with recognition of the anatomical associations of the esophagus with the LA and PV during the procedure and by reducing the RF energy output during ablation of the posterior LA wall close to the esophagus. However, after more than 10 years, the occurrence of AEF persists as one of the most concerning complications of AF ablation, due to its unpredictability and severity.</p>
    <p>Currently, AEF post-ablation of AF is described in about 0.1% of the procedures, even those performed in experienced centers, without a convincing demonstration that a specific strategy may prevent it for sure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A recent study gathering experience from eight Brazilian centers with 8,500 performed procedures identified 10 cases of AEF (0.116%), all occurring after the introduction of the technique of circumferential PV ablation. The first two cases occurred in 2004 and 2005 when the risk of AEF was still unknown, yielding an incidence of approximately 1%. The other eight cases occurred between 2008 and 2015, yielding an incidence of 0.1% after introduction of several preventive measures such as monitoring of the position of the esophagus, decrease in RF power for applications in the posterior wall of the LA, esophageal temperature monitoring during the ablation, use of electroanatomic mapping to direct the applications, intracardiac echocardiography, and monitoring of the pressure of the ablation catheter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The increased number of cases in the last period was probably related to the increased number of procedures performed in our country. However, it is worth pointing out that the improvement of the devices to increase the effectiveness of the ablation and reduce PV reconnections (the most frequent cause of recurrence after ablation) may also increase the rates of esophageal lesions if more effective measures to protect the esophagus are not taken.</p>
    <p>The most used method among us to prevent thermal esophageal lesions is esophageal temperature monitoring with power adjustments during RF application in the posterior LA wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> With irrigated-tip catheters, the usual RF application output is 30 to 40 W during the creation of the anterior lines. When the applications are directed to the posterior lines close to the esophagus (identified by a radiopaque thermometer on X-ray), the operator must reduce the power (to 20 W) and application time (20 sec), and avoid high contact force (10 g). In general, an increase in esophageal temperature determines prompt interruption of the application. However, different centers disagree about the limit of the temperature to interrupt the application, ranging from an increase in 1&#176;C from the initial temperature (our approach) or increase to the limit of 38.5&#176;C or 41&#176;C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Depending on the circumstances, the power is reduced to 15 or 10 W, and the application is repeated when the temperature decreases. Low power, on the one hand, hinders the creation of contiguous transmural lesions in slightly thicker tissues and do not always prevent the increase in esophageal temperature. On the other hand, they often decrease the success rates of the procedure. The rate of esophageal erosion varies between 5 and 40% when upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is systematically performed in the first days after the ablation and depends on the techniques and limits to interrupt the application used during the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The use of esophageal temperature monitoring has some limitations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The most used thermometer has a single distal electrode on a linear, inflexible catheter that is moved toward the upper and lower esophageal portions to be positioned as close as possible to the location of the ablation in the posterior LA wall. Due to that, an assigned professional must move the thermometer at each movement of the ablation catheter. Another important limitation is that the absence of a critical elevation in esophageal temperature does not necessarily mean that the esophagus is distant, since due to its anatomical characteristics, it may be compressed (thus, not tubular) and the thermometer may occupy only one part of its lumen (which will be well monitored), failing to measure the actual temperature of the contralateral margin.</p>
    <p>In order to overcome these two limitations, another esophageal thermometer has been developed, in which multiple electrodes are distributed along the catheter in a sinusoidal format to occupy the flat surface of the esophagus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The clinical use of this second system has shown higher sensitivity and readiness to detect increases in esophageal temperature. However, there are no randomized studies comparing the efficacy of both systems or the ability of this device in maintaining the esophagus distended, moving it closer to the LA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Another problem also not yet resolved is how to produce effective and safe lesions in areas of the LA clearly close to the esophagus. Considering that the esophagus is free in the thoracic cavity, the most recent promising proposal, which is under evaluation, is the mobilization of the esophagus with a mechanical system dedicated to this purpose. Once the relationship of the esophagus with the ablation area in the LA is documented, this system moves the esophagus from the area at risk, allowing safe and more effective applications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
		</p>
    <p>There are no defined guidelines for the management of patients with esophageal lesions after AF ablation, just as there are no clinical studies proving the efficacy and safety of the procedures that have been used. In our unit, we regularly use esophageal monitoring with one of the systems mentioned above, and we currently perform in all patients upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 24-72 hours after the ablation, regardless of the elevation in esophageal temperature. Our objective with this approach is to identify the actual incidence of esophageal lesions and establish the circumstances in which the endoscopy is absolutely necessary.</p>
    <p>High doses of proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole or pantoprazole, 40 mg twice a day) for 30 days have been recommended to reduce the reflux of acid to the esophagus after ablation, independent of the findings of the esophageal temperature monitoring during the procedure. In patients with esophageal lesions (erythema, erosion, and hematoma), we add sucralfate 2.0 g between meals and recommend a pureed light diet. Patients with evidence of some degree of gastroparesis in the endoscopy or with clinical manifestations also receive bromopride (10 mg three to four times a day) for 30 days. With these measures, most acute lesions disappear on endoscopic evaluations performed 7 to 10 days later. However, there are cases in which the lesions progress and acquire features of an active ulcer. The situation becomes more concerning if the patient presents fever. In this condition, the patient must be admitted, remain fasting, and undergo monitoring with leukogram and biochemical markers of inflammatory response (C-reactive protein and procalcitonin). Chest computed tomography (CT) with oral contrast should be performed to investigate a possible fistula formation. Esophagoscopy should be avoided in this situation due to the risk of gas embolization if a fistula is present.</p>
    <p>Classical signs found on CT are the presence of gas images or infiltration of contrast in the mediastinum or pericardium. Patients without evidence of infection and normal CT are maintained in the hospital for monitoring while receiving clinical treatment for the ulcer. Patients with an infectious response but without defined fistulization must start prolonged fasting along with hydration and parenteral nutrition, and receive atropine to reduce salivary secretion and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. A gastric surgery team must be called to follow up the patient because an emergency intervention may be required.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is repeated 1 week later to evaluate the progress. In the event of clinical evidence of fistulization (systemic or cerebral embolism, or hematemesis) the patient must be operated on immediately. When the procedure is performed within a few hours from the initial manifestation, a good clinical recovery is expected; otherwise, the rates of death or definitive impairments are high.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
		</p>
    <p>New technologies for isolation of the PV have been incorporated into clinical practice. Among these, balloon cryoablation has been the most studied. In an initial experience with first-generation balloons (23 mm), AEF was not reported because the lesions were located in the ostia. But with second generation balloons (mainly 28-mm) and more powerful cooling involving the entire anterior face of the balloon, AEF has been reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, so some groups have already started to monitor the esophageal temperature during use of these balloons. In contrast, there are systems in which the RF is applied simultaneously by multiple electrodes mounted on a catheter with a circular tip positioned around the ostia of the PV. These systems allow the operator to apply the RF in all electrodes simultaneously to shorten the procedure. The occurrence of AEF has been already reported with the use of irrigated electrodes (nMARQ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> There are still no reports of AEF occurring with the other system (PVAC), recently introduced in Brazil, in which the electrodes are not irrigated, and the applications are intermittent. However, endoscopies performed after the ablation have shown esophageal lesions in up to 40% of the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In an editorial we wrote in 2005 for the Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology (JCE) regarding one of the measures to prevent AEF after the three initial cases were published in the literature, we warned: "Every time a new intervention technique is proposed, a new complication or adverse effect is expected to occur. It is just a matter of time! In that situation, our efforts have to be focused on how to identify, to minimize, to avoid it!".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The perception is that this message remains current and that the physicians involved in the treatment of patients with AF should be informed and alert, because the occurrence of AEF still persists, despite the intense technological progress that has occurred in AF ablation during this period.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, a better refinement of the technology is still necessary not only to make catheter AF ablation more effective but also safer. Electrophysiologists should be attentive to technical details that may prevent esophageal lesions, and the clinicians who follow up the patients must be alert to identify early eventual lesions that should be treated promptly.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zellerhoff</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lenze</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ullerich</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wasmer</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>K&#246;be</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Esophageal and mediastinal lesions following multielectrode duty-cycled radiofrequency pulmonary vein isolation: simple equals safe?</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>316</fpage>
          <lpage>320</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Sosa E, Scanavacca M. Left atrial-esophageal fistula complicating catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16(3):249-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left atrial-esophageal fistula complicating catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>249</fpage>
          <lpage>250</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial na Atualidade: Alerta para Preven&#231;&#227;o e Tratamento das Les&#245;es Esof&#225;gicas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio Scanavacca</bold>, Av. Joaquim C. A. Marques, 1205, Morumbi. CEP 05688-021, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mibrahim@cardiol.br</email>, <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Antiarr&#237;tmicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; reconhecidamente a arritmia card&#237;aca mais frequente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e respons&#225;vel pelo maior n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; menor de 0,1% em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 50 anos, mas aumenta exponencialmente com o envelhecimento, atingindo cerca de 8% dos idosos com mais de 80 anos. Portanto, com o aumento da expectativa de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o, um n&#250;mero crescente de pacientes est&#225; ou ficar&#225; exposto aos riscos da FA nos pr&#243;ximos anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A introdu&#231;&#227;o recente de novos anticoagulantes trouxe um avan&#231;o consider&#225;vel na preven&#231;&#227;o da embolia cerebral, a complica&#231;&#227;o mais grave da FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos mais eficazes n&#227;o apresentou progresso no mesmo per&#237;odo. Assim, um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes ainda convive com as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224; FA, devido ao comprometimento da qualidade de vida por sintomas como palpita&#231;&#245;es, diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional ou manifesta&#231;&#245;es de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acrescidos de problemas psicol&#243;gicos inerentes a essas condi&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Neste contexto, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter surgiu como o tratamento mais efetivo para controle do ritmo em pacientes com FA, sendo utilizada em n&#250;mero crescente de pacientes em todo o mundo ao longo da &#250;ltima d&#233;cada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A grande maioria dos trabalhos confirmaram a necessidade da obten&#231;&#227;o do isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares (VPs) para sucesso do procedimento, uma vez que o mecanismo eletrofisiol&#243;gico deflagrador desta arritmia localiza-se predominantemente no interior dessas veias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A t&#233;cnica inicialmente idealizada para abla&#231;&#227;o da FA visava identificar as fibras musculares no interior das VPs com um cateter circular multipolar, seguida de suas desconex&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) em pontos espec&#237;ficos, com aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) na por&#231;&#227;o interna do &#243;stio das respectivas veias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Embora o procedimento fosse tecnicamente muito objetivo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; demonstra&#231;&#227;o do isolamento das VPs, estudos subsequentes identificaram risco significativo de estenose venosa e alta taxa de recorr&#234;ncia ao longo do seguimento cl&#237;nico, por reconex&#245;es e, supostamente, pela persist&#234;ncia de focos deflagradores localizados fora da &#225;rea de isolamento, nos antros das VPs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Estas observa&#231;&#245;es motivaram a mudan&#231;a da estrat&#233;gia para a t&#233;cnica atual, que visa o isolamento (extraostial amplo) dos antros das VPs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Para isso, foram desenvolvidos e progressivamente aprimorados sistemas de mapeamento que permitem a constru&#231;&#227;o virtual precisa da anatomia do AE e de sua respectiva drenagem venosa em tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es e sua visualiza&#231;&#227;o em tempo real. Al&#233;m disso, foram introduzidos sistemas mais efetivos para liberar a RF e obter les&#245;es atriais transmurais (cateteres com ponta de 8 mm, posteriormente com 3,5 mm e irrigada e, atualmente, com sensor de contato). Estudos comparativos mostraram claro progresso na taxa de sucesso no seguimento cl&#237;nico e redu&#231;&#227;o importante do risco de estenose das VPs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Entretanto, essas mudan&#231;as t&#233;cnicas criaram condi&#231;&#245;es para uma nova complica&#231;&#227;o que, embora rara, &#233; altamente letal: a f&#237;stula &#225;trio-esof&#225;gica (FAE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A parede posterior do AE mant&#233;m &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica com a parede anterior do es&#244;fago.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Consequentemente, o deslocamento das linhas de abla&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;stios das VPs para a parede posterior do AE aproxima as linhas de isolamento em dire&#231;&#227;o ao es&#244;fago, cuja parede pode sofrer les&#227;o t&#233;rmica por contiguidade. Essa les&#227;o, por sua vez, pode evoluir para uma les&#227;o transmural e eros&#227;o de mucosa, que eventualmente progride para &#250;lcera (por refluxo &#225;cido gastroesof&#225;gico) e, mais raramente, fistuliza&#231;&#227;o para o AE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Os sintomas iniciais da FAE surgem classicamente entre 2 a 4 semanas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o (h&#225; raros casos tardios entre 5 e 6 semanas).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> S&#227;o aparentemente inocentes, como desconforto retroesternal leve, febre e leucocitose, e sem uma causa aparente. Se o processo n&#227;o for diagnosticado e interrompido, evolui rapidamente para hemat&#234;mese e manifesta&#231;&#245;es de septicemia por embolia s&#233;ptica sist&#234;mica e cerebral. Nesta fase, a recupera&#231;&#227;o completa, mesmo ap&#243;s cirurgia reparadora da f&#237;stula, &#233; rara; aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes n&#227;o sobrevivem ou persistem com sequelas neurol&#243;gicas graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Portanto, &#233; fundamental que os cl&#237;nicos que acompanham os pacientes no per&#237;odo posterior &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o da FA tenham conhecimento destes fatos e tomem decis&#245;es r&#225;pidas para esclarecimento do diagn&#243;stico e in&#237;cio do tratamento.</p>
      <p>A FAE como consequ&#234;ncia da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter da FA foi descrita pela primeira vez em 2004, logo ap&#243;s as referidas mudan&#231;as da t&#233;cnica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Sua ocorr&#234;ncia foi inicialmente interpretada como um problema transit&#243;rio que poderia ser prevenido pelo reconhecimento das rela&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas do es&#244;fago com o AE e VPs durante o procedimento e pela redu&#231;&#227;o da energia de RF durante a abla&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior do AE em proximidade com o es&#244;fago. No entanto, passados mais de 10 anos, a ocorr&#234;ncia da FAE ainda persiste como uma das mais preocupantes complica&#231;&#245;es da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA pela sua imprevisibilidade e gravidade.</p>
      <p>Na atualidade, a FAE ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de FA tem sido descrita em torno de 0,1% dos procedimentos, mesmo quando realizados em centros experientes, sem uma convincente demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que uma estrat&#233;gia espec&#237;fica possa evit&#225;-la com certeza.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Estudo recente, reunindo a experi&#234;ncia de oito centros brasileiros com 8.500 procedimentos realizados identificou 10 casos de FAE (0,116%), todos ocorridos ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial das VPs. Os dois primeiros casos ocorreram em 2004 e 2005 quando o risco da complica&#231;&#227;o de FAE ainda n&#227;o era conhecido, com uma incid&#234;ncia em torno de 1%; os outros oito casos ocorreram entre 2008 e 2015 com incid&#234;ncia de 0,1%, ap&#243;s introdu&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;rias medidas preventivas, como monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago, redu&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia da aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF na parede posterior do AE, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica durante a abla&#231;&#227;o, uso de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico para dirigir as aplica&#231;&#245;es, ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O aumento do n&#250;mero de casos no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo provavelmente est&#225; relacionado com o aumento do n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados em nosso pa&#237;s. Mas vale salientar que o aprimoramento dos dispositivos para tornar a abla&#231;&#227;o mais efetiva e reduzir as reconex&#245;es das VPs (motivo mais frequente de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o) tamb&#233;m pode elevar a taxa de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas se medidas mais efetivas para proteger o es&#244;fago n&#227;o forem tomadas.</p>
      <p>Em nosso meio, o m&#233;todo mais utilizado para evitar as les&#245;es t&#233;rmicas do es&#244;fago &#233; a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica com ajustes da pot&#234;ncia durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF na parede posterior do AE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Habitualmente, a pot&#234;ncia da aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF &#233; de 30 a 40 W com os cateteres com ponta irrigada, durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o das linhas anteriores. Quando as aplica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o dirigidas para as linhas posteriores e em proximidade com o es&#244;fago (identificado pelo term&#244;metro radiopaco ao raio X), reduz-se a pot&#234;ncia para 20 W e o tempo de aplica&#231;&#227;o (20 seg), evitando-se alta press&#227;o de contato (10 g). A eleva&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica determina, em geral, a pronta interrup&#231;&#227;o da aplica&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, h&#225; controv&#233;rsia entre diferentes servi&#231;os sobre o limite da temperatura para determinar a interrup&#231;&#227;o da aplica&#231;&#227;o, variando da eleva&#231;&#227;o de 1&#186;C da temperatura inicial (nossa conduta) ou quando atinge o limite de 38,5&#186;C ou 41&#186;C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Dependendo da condi&#231;&#227;o, a pot&#234;ncia &#233; reduzida para 15 ou 10 W e a aplica&#231;&#227;o &#233; repetida ap&#243;s a redu&#231;&#227;o da temperatura. Estas baixas pot&#234;ncias por um lado dificultam a realiza&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es transmurais cont&#237;guas em tecido um pouco mais espesso e nem sempre evitam os aumentos de temperatura esof&#225;gica; por outro, frequentemente diminuem a taxa de sucesso do procedimento. A taxa de eros&#227;o do es&#244;fago varia entre 5% a 40% quando a endoscopia digestiva &#233; realizada sistematicamente nos primeiros dias ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o e depende das t&#233;cnicas e limites para interrup&#231;&#227;o da aplica&#231;&#227;o utilizados durante o procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> O term&#244;metro mais utilizado disp&#245;e de apenas um eletrodo distal em um cateter linear n&#227;o flex&#237;vel que &#233; mobilizado no sentido inferior e superior do es&#244;fago para ser posicionado o mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel do local de abla&#231;&#227;o na parede posterior do AE. Para isso, &#233; necess&#225;rio que um profissional dedicado mobilize o term&#244;metro a cada movimento do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o importante &#233; que a falta de eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica da temperatura no es&#244;fago n&#227;o significa necessariamente que o es&#244;fago esteja afastado, pois pelas suas caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas, pode estar comprimido (e n&#227;o tubular) e o term&#244;metro ocupar apenas uma parte de sua luz (que ser&#225; bem monitorizada), deixando de mensurar a temperatura real da borda contralateral.</p>
      <p>Para sanar essas duas limita&#231;&#245;es, foi desenvolvido um outro term&#244;metro esof&#225;gico com m&#250;ltiplos eletrodos distribu&#237;dos ao longo do cateter em um formato sinusoidal para ocupar a superf&#237;cie achatada do es&#244;fago.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica deste segundo sistema tem mostrado maior sensibilidade e rapidez na detec&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica, mas n&#227;o h&#225; estudos randomizados comparando a efic&#225;cia dos dois sistemas ou a capacidade deste dispositivo em manter o es&#244;fago distendido, aproximando-o do AE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Outro problema tamb&#233;m ainda n&#227;o resolvido &#233; como conseguir produzir les&#245;es efetivas e com seguran&#231;a em &#225;reas do AE em clara proximidade com o es&#244;fago. Uma vez que o es&#244;fago est&#225; livre na cavidade tor&#225;cica, a proposta mais recente, promissora e em avalia&#231;&#227;o, &#233; a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago por um sistema mec&#226;nico dedicado para este fim. Uma vez documentada a rela&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago com a &#225;rea de abla&#231;&#227;o no AE, o deslocador afastaria o es&#244;fago da &#225;rea em risco, permitindo aplica&#231;&#245;es mais efetivas com seguran&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; diretrizes definidas sobre o manuseio do paciente com les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA, assim como n&#227;o h&#225; estudos cl&#237;nicos comprovando a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a dos procedimentos que t&#234;m sido utilizados. Em nosso servi&#231;o, utilizamos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica regularmente, com um dos sistemas citados e, atualmente, temos realizado endoscopia digestiva alta 24-72 horas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o em todos os pacientes, independente da eleva&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica. O nosso objetivo &#233; identificar a incid&#234;ncia real de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas e estabelecer as situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais a realiza&#231;&#227;o da endoscopia &#233; absolutamente necess&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>F&#225;rmacos bloqueadores de pr&#243;tons (omeprazol ou pantoprazol) t&#234;m sido recomendados em dose alta (40 mg duas vezes ao dia) ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por 30 dias, para reduzir o refluxo &#225;cido para o es&#244;fago, independente dos achados de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica durante o procedimento. Nos pacientes com les&#245;es esofagianas (eritema, eros&#227;o e hematoma) adicionamos sucralfato 2,0 g nos intervalos das refei&#231;&#245;es e orientamos dieta leve e pastosa. Pacientes com evid&#234;ncia de algum grau de gastroparesia na endoscopia ou com manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tamb&#233;m recebem bromoprida (10 mg tr&#234;s a quatro vezes ao dia) por 30 dias. Com estas medidas, as les&#245;es agudas desaparecem, em grande maioria, na avalia&#231;&#227;o endosc&#243;pica realizada ap&#243;s 7 a 10 dias. Entretanto, h&#225; casos nos quais a les&#227;o progride e adquire aspecto de &#250;lcera ativa. A situa&#231;&#227;o se torna mais preocupante se o paciente apresentar febre. Nesta condi&#231;&#227;o, o paciente deve ser internado e permanecer em jejum alimentar, com monitoramento do leucograma e marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de resposta inflamat&#243;ria (prote&#237;na C reativa e procalcitonina). A tomografia (TC) de t&#243;rax com contraste oral para investigar poss&#237;vel forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula deve ser realizada. A esofagoscopia deve ser evitada nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, pelo risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o gasosa no caso de f&#237;stula presente.</p>
      <p>Os sinais cl&#225;ssicos encontrados na TC s&#227;o a presen&#231;a de imagens gasosas ou infiltra&#231;&#227;o de contraste no mediastino ou peric&#225;rdio. Os pacientes sem evid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o e TC normal s&#227;o mantidos internados sob monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, com manuten&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cl&#237;nico da &#250;lcera. Nos casos com resposta infecciosa mas sem fistuliza&#231;&#227;o definida, deve-se iniciar jejum prolongado com hidrata&#231;&#227;o e alimenta&#231;&#227;o parenteral, administrar atropina para reduzir a secre&#231;&#227;o salivar e antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro. Uma equipe de gastrocirurgia deve ser convocada para acompanhamento, pois uma interven&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia pode ser necess&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A TC ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RNM) &#233; repetida 1 semana ap&#243;s para avalia&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o. Em caso de evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de fistuliza&#231;&#227;o (embolia sist&#234;mica ou cerebral, ou hemat&#234;mese) o paciente deve ser operado imediatamente. Quando o procedimento &#233; realizado poucas horas ap&#243;s a manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial, h&#225; perspectiva de boa recupera&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica; caso contr&#225;rio, as taxas de mortalidade ou sequela definitiva s&#227;o elevadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Novas tecnologias para isolamento das VPs t&#234;m sido incorporadas no uso cl&#237;nico. Dentre essas, a crioabla&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o foi a mais estudada. Na experi&#234;ncia inicial com bal&#245;es de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o (23 mm), n&#227;o havia relatos de FAE, pois as les&#245;es eram mais ostiais. J&#225; nos de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o, principalmente com bal&#227;o de 28 mm, com o resfriamento mais potente envolvendo toda a face anterior do bal&#227;o, h&#225; relatos de ocorr&#234;ncia de FAE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e alguns grupos j&#225; iniciaram a monitora&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica durante seu uso. Do outro lado, est&#227;o os sistemas com uso de RF aplicada simultaneamente por v&#225;rios eletrodos montados em um cateter com ponta circular, posicionado ao redor dos &#243;stios das VPs. Esses sistemas permitem que o operador aplique RF em todos os eletrodos simultaneamente, com objetivo de encurtar o tempo de procedimento. A FAE j&#225; foi relatada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas que utilizam eletrodos irrigados (nMARQ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Ainda n&#227;o h&#225; relatos de FAE com uso do outro sistema (PVAC) recentemente introduzido no Brasil, no qual os eletrodos n&#227;o s&#227;o irrigados e as aplica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o intermitentes; entretanto, endoscopias realizadas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o revelaram les&#245;es esofagianas em at&#233; 40% dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em um editorial que escrevemos em 2005 para o <italic>Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology</italic> (JCE) a prop&#243;sito de uma das medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o da FAE ap&#243;s publica&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s casos iniciais na literatura, alertamos: "Toda vez que uma nova interven&#231;&#227;o, t&#233;cnica ou tecnologia &#233; proposta, uma nova complica&#231;&#227;o ou efeito adverso dever&#225; ocorrer ... &#201; apenas uma quest&#227;o de tempo! Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, nossos esfor&#231;os devem estar concentrados em como identific&#225;-la, minimiz&#225;-la e evit&#225;-la!".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Nossa percep&#231;&#227;o &#233; de que esta mensagem mant&#233;m-se atual e que os m&#233;dicos envolvidos no tratamento de pacientes com FA devam estar informados e alertas, pois as FAE ainda persistem, apesar da intensa evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica ocorrida na abla&#231;&#227;o de FA neste per&#237;odo.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, um maior refinamento da tecnologia continua sendo necess&#225;rio n&#227;o s&#243; para tornar a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA por cateter mais efetiva, mas tamb&#233;m mais segura. Os eletrofisiologistas devem estar atentos aos aspectos t&#233;cnicos que podem evitar as les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas e os cl&#237;nicos que acompanham os pacientes devem estar alertas para identificar precocemente as poss&#237;veis les&#245;es que devem ser tratadas o quanto antes.</p>
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