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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qXzz5GNpxt5TJnmFZwSj8Cg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000400345</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160059</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Platypnea-Orthodeoxia Syndrome Due to Venovenous Malformation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lee</surname>
            <given-names>Meng-Luen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chiu</surname>
            <given-names>Ing-Sh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Changhua Christian Children's Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Pediatric Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pediatrics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Changhua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TW">Taiwan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatrics - Division of Pediatric Cardiology - Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Changhua Christian Children's Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Changhua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TW">Taiwan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Surgery - Division of Cardiovascular Surgery - Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">National Taiwan University Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">College of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Taipei</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TW">Taiwan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Surgery - Division of Cardiovascular Surgery - College of Medicine - National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Meng-Luen Lee</bold>, Changhua Christian Hospital. No. 135 Nanhsiao St., Changhua. Postal Code 50050, Taiwan. E-mail: <email>ferdielee@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lee ML, Chiu IS</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>345</fpage>
      <lpage>348</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Dyspnea / etiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Arteriovenous Malformations / etiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Arteriovenous Malformations / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Septal Occluder Device</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) is a rare clinical condition characterized by dyspnea occurring in the upright position and relieved in the supine position (platypnea) associated with oxygen desaturation noted in the upright position (orthodeoxia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A diagnosis of POS requires two of the following criteria: 1) orthodeoxia, 2) platypnea, 3) presence of an interatrial communication, 4) right-to-left shunt, and 5) absence of pulmonary arterial hypertension or right atrial hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> POS can originate in the heart, lungs, abdomen, or elsewhere due to either an intracardiac (cardiac POS) or intrapulmonary shunt, or a ventilation-perfusion mismatch.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> However, a venovenous malformation (VVM) as a cause of cardiac POS has never been reported in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We report here the case of a 24-year-old female patient who presented with cardiac POS due to a VVM. The syndrome emerged insidiously 16 years after an extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) for a complex of congenital cardiovascular malformations and was successfully treated with percutaneous transvenous coil embolization.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 24-year-old female patient complained of frequent yawning over the past month while standing up at work. Her lips were occasionally cyanotic, as noticed by her mother. The patient had undergone extracardiac TCPC at the age of 8 years due to a complex of congenital cardiovascular malformations, including heterotaxy/asplenia/right atrial isomerism, bilateral superior vena cava, common atrium, common atrioventricular valve, double-inlet and double-outlet left ventricle, dextro-transposition of the great arteries, supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, left aortic arch, and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.</p>
      <p>During evaluation at the outpatient clinic, the patient presented orthodeoxia detected by pulse oximetry, with an oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) of 96% in the supine position and 88% in the upright position. Platypnea was not observed at that time. With a diagnostic suspicion of secondary pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) following the TCPC, the patient was admitted for further evaluation and treatment.</p>
      <p>On admission, she weighed 63 kg and her height was 166 cm. Her blood pressure was 120/71 mmHg, pulse rate was 88 beats/min, and respiratory rate was 20 breaths/min. Laboratory tests showed a hemoglobin level of 15.6 g/dL, and normal liver function and blood coagulation tests. No information regarding the underlying cause of the orthodeoxia could be obtained from plain chest radiograph and electrocardiogram evaluations.</p>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization, performed after the patient granted informed consent, showed an SpO<sub>2</sub> on the ascending aorta of 93%. Peak systolic pressure in the inferior vena cava, TCPC conduit, left superior vena cava, and branch pulmonary arteries were all 16 mmHg. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 13 mmHg, end-diastolic left ventricular pressure was 9 mmHg, and transpulmonary capillary gradient was 7 mmHg. An angiography showed three anomalous systemic veins corresponding to a VVM draining in sequence from the inferior vena cava, hepatic vein, pulmonary veins, and pulmonary venous atrium (functional left atrium) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1B</xref>). This VVM caused a right-to-left shunt, accounting for the oxygen desaturation.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A new cardiac platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome due to a venovenous malformation (1A and 1B). Angiography showing three anomalous systemic venous channels (venovenous malformations) draining in sequence from the inferior vena cava, hepatic vein, pulmonary veins, and pulmonary venous atrium (functional left atrium). The numbers with arrows point to the venovenous malformations, the empty star shows the total cavopulmonary connection, and the solid star shows the pulmonary venous atrium (1C and 1D). Angiography of the inferior vena cava after percutaneous transvenous coil embolization shows complete obliteration of the venovenous malformation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0345-60059-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A percutaneous transvenous coil occlusion was performed uneventfully. After the procedure, an angiography of the inferior vena cava showed complete occlusion of the VVM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1D</xref>). At a 12-month follow-up, the patient reported that the yawning-orthodeoxia had disappeared, and a postural change test showed no oxygen desaturation in the upright and supine positions, with SpO<sub>2</sub> measurements of ~92-96% (&gt; 90%).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the definition, mechanisms and etiologies, and diagnostic criteria of POS.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="3">Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Definition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Platypnea: dyspnea noted in the upright position and relieved in the supine positionOrthodeoxia: oxygen desaturation noted in the upright position</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Criteria<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">[1] IAC, [2] RA&#8211;LA shunt, [3] No PAH/RAH, [4] Platypnea, [5] Orthodeoxia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mechanisms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">[1] Intracardiac RA&#8211;LA shunt (PFO, ASD, ASA)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">a. RA&#8211;LA shunt without pressure gradient</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">&#8211; Etiologies:</td>
              <td align="left">Aortic aneurysm, cardiac tamponade, pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, pneumonectomy, decreased RAcompliance due to acute myocardial infarction, prominent Eustachian valve or large Chiari network, kyphosis, RA lipomatosis, RA myxoma, etc.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">b. RA&#8211;LA shunt with pressure gradient</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">&#8211; Etiologies:</td>
              <td align="left">PTE, idiopathic PAH, right hydrothorax, PAH in CLD, pneumonectomy, etc.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">[2] Intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">&#8211; Etiologies:</td>
              <td align="left">PAVM, HPS, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, etc.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">[3] Ventilation/perfusion mismatch</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">&#8211; Etiologies:</td>
              <td align="left">Emphysema, COPD, amiodarone toxicity, autonomic dysfunction, HPS, etc.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>ASA:Atrial septal aneurysm; ASD: Atrial septal defect; CLD: Chronic lung disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HPS: Hepatopulmonary syndrome; IAC: Interatrial communication; LA: Left atrial; PAH: Pulmonary arterial hypertension; PAVM: Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation; PFO: Patent foramen ovale; PTE: Pulmonary thromboembolism; RA: Right atrial; RAH: Right atrial hypertension.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Two of these five criteria establish the diagnosis of platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Six implications should be highlighted in the present case.</p>
      <p>First, the patient's manifestations presented insidiously with yawning-orthodeoxia 16 years after a TCPC, thus angiography was indicated to identify the underlying causes of oxygen desaturation, which included obstruction/stenosis of the TCPC or pulmonary arteries, pulmonary arterial hypertension related to increased pulmonary arterial resistance, thrombosis of the superior vena cava, and development of a PAVM or VVM.</p>
      <p>Second, our patient did not experience platypnea in the past or when she sought help for the problem discussed in this case. Considering the high incidence of PAVM and interatrial shunts after the Fontan operation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> (43% and 57%, respectively), POS is not an uncommon complication. In fact, POS emerged as a complication in eight patients with PAVM/intra-atrial shunts who underwent the Fontan operation, but none had a VVM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> One of these patients had platypnea, and three others had orthodeoxia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> which shows that not all patients present with platypnea and orthodeoxia simultaneously, and their detection is only possible with a postural change test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Platypnea may be difficult to identify without a careful evaluation of dyspnea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> whereas orthodeoxia could be masked by profound cyanosis or even overlooked due to subtle desaturation in the upright position, as seen in our patient who had an SpO<sub>2</sub> of 88%.</p>
      <p>Patients with POS occasionally only complain of fatigue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and not platypnea. In addition, assessment of our patient with the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification was limited due to a mild oxygen desaturation in the upright position (orthodeoxia). Thus, semiology and oximetry were fundamental in the initial evaluation of this patient, who had presented with upright yawning and orthodeoxia. We initially considered that the complaint of yawning could be simply a subtle symptom of fatigue. However, the yawning-orthodeoxia was a manifestation of POS, which was later identified to be due to a VVM as the underlying cardiovascular pathology.</p>
      <p>Third, VVM may cause oxygen desaturation in several cyanotic congenital heart diseases after bidirectional Glenn shunt (BDGS), with an incidence of 31-33%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The presence of PAVM should not preclude angiographic evaluation of the venae cavae for the establishment of the diagnosis of the VVM. It is difficult to detect a VVM before the Fontan operation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and the malformation may only become hemodynamically important after this procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Venae cavae angiography with a balloon occlusion test in the distal collector of VVM can offer a better visualization of a VVM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Fourth, a rule establishes that two clinical conditions with an anatomical and a functional component must coexist to cause POS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> However, this rule has exceptions. Kumar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> reported the case of a 57-year-old woman with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and PAVM who presented with POS without an interatrial defect. It holds truth for the present patient who manifested VVM as a new functional component of cardiac POS, which has never been reported in the English literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Fifth, the event that orchestrated the occurrence of orthodeoxia in our patient is fascinating from an embryologic point of view. The VVM leading to the orthodeoxia was caused by a persistent communication between the proximal segment of the left umbilicovitelline vein with the left horn of the sinus venosus. Development of a VVM is known to occur due to reopening of systemic venous channels when the cavae are subjected to an elevated pressure that is transmitted backward in the pulmonary artery after a BDGS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In patients who underwent the Fontan operation, a positive pressure gradient between the cavae or the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins (which normally ranges from 5-10 mmHg) facilitates an antegrade blood flow from the pulmonary veins to the lung.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In our patient, the transpulmonary capillary gradient was 7 mmHg. Ironically, this gradient was high enough to divert the flow from the inferior cava to the anomalous left pulmonary veins, simulating a right-to-left shunt through the VVM. In addition to the influence of this gradient, gravity may have potentially increased the reversed flow from the pulmonary artery to the anomalous left pulmonary veins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Under these scenarios, a combination of decreased blood flow to the lung and increased right-to-left shunt through the VVM in our patient may have predisposed to oxygen desaturation, even if insidious. This means that in the long run, a VVM may predispose some patients with univentricular heart repaired with TCPC to present orthodeoxia or platypnea.</p>
      <p>Sixth, a percutaneous transvenous coil occlusion is an adequate procedure to treat a small VVM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Gu&#233;rin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> have reported two patients with large intrahepatic VVMs causing oxygen desaturation after a modified Fontan operation. The VVMs in both patients were successfully occluded with the Amplatzer septal occluder.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Both semiology and oximetry evaluation were fundamental in the initial assessment of our patient, who presented with upright yawning and mild orthodeoxia. The yawning-orthodeoxia syndrome may be a variant of POS. VVM has never been reported as a functional component of cardiac POS in the literature. Small VVM may be effectively treated by transvenous coil occlusion.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome de Ortodeoxia-Platipneia Causada por Malforma&#231;&#227;o Venovenosa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lee</surname>
            <given-names>Meng-Luen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chiu</surname>
            <given-names>Ing-Sh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatrics - Division of Pediatric Cardiology - Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Surgery - Division of Cardiovascular Surgery - Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Surgery - Division of Cardiovascular Surgery - College of Medicine - National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Meng-Luen Lee</bold>, Changhua Christian Hospital. No. 135 Nanhsiao St., Changhua. Postal Code 50050 - Taiwan. E-mail: <email>ferdielee@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lee ML, Chiu IS</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Dispneia / etiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Malforma&#231;&#245;es Arteriovenosas / etiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Malforma&#231;&#245;es Arteriovenosas / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispositivo para Oclus&#227;o Septal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de ortodeoxia-platipneia (SOP) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica rara caracterizada por dispneia na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta que alivia na posi&#231;&#227;o supina (platipneia) associada &#224; dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta (ortodeoxia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O diagn&#243;stico de SOP requer dois dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: 1) ortodeoxia, 2) platipneia, 3) presen&#231;a de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, 4) <italic>shunt</italic> da direita para a esquerda e 5) aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar ou hipertens&#227;o atrial direita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A SOP pode ter origem no cora&#231;&#227;o, pulm&#245;es, abdome, ou em outros locais em decorr&#234;ncia de um <italic>shunt</italic> intracard&#237;aco (SOP card&#237;aca) ou intrapulmonar, ou um desequil&#237;brio de ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Por&#233;m, uma malforma&#231;&#227;o venovenosa (MVV) como causa de SOP card&#237;aca n&#227;o foi at&#233; hoje relatada na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#243;s relatamos aqui o caso de uma paciente com 24 anos de idade que apresentou SOP card&#237;aca devido a uma MVV. A s&#237;ndrome surgiu insidiosamente 16 anos ap&#243;s uma deriva&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total (DCPT) com conduto extracard&#237;aco para corre&#231;&#227;o de malforma&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares cong&#234;nitas complexas e foi tratada com sucesso com oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea transvenosa com mola.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Uma paciente de 24 anos de idade relatou que no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s passou a bocejar com frequ&#234;ncia ao permanecer em p&#233; no local de trabalho. Seus l&#225;bios ficavam ocasionalmente cian&#243;ticos, conforme observado pela sua m&#227;e. A paciente havia sido submetida &#224; DCPT com conduto extracard&#237;aco aos 8 anos de idade devido a diversas malforma&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares cong&#234;nitas complexas, incluindo heterotaxia/asplenia/isomerismo atrial direito, veia cava superior bilateral, &#225;trio comum, valva atrioventricular comum, dupla via de entrada e dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, d-transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, estenose pulmonar supravalvar, arco a&#243;rtico esquerdo e drenagem venosa pulmonar an&#244;mala total.</p>
        <p>Durante avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial, a paciente apresentou ortodeoxia detectada por oximetria de pulso, com uma satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) de 96% na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e 88% na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta. N&#227;o se observou platipneia na avalia&#231;&#227;o. Com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de malforma&#231;&#227;o arteriovenosa pulmonar (MAVP) ap&#243;s DCPT, a paciente foi admitida para avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional e tratamento.</p>
        <p>No momento da interna&#231;&#227;o, a paciente pesava 63 kg e sua altura era de 166 cm. Ela apresentou press&#227;o arterial de 120/71 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia de pulso de 88 batimentos/min e frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 20 respira&#231;&#245;es/min. Testes laboratoriais mostraram um n&#237;vel de hemoglobina de 15,6 g/dL, e fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e testes de coagula&#231;&#227;o normais. Uma radiografia simples de t&#243;rax e um eletrocardiograma n&#227;o ofereceram informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais sobre a causa da ortodeoxia.</p>
        <p>Um cateterismo card&#237;aco, realizado ap&#243;s consentimento informado da paciente, mostrou uma SpO<sub>2</sub> de 93% na aorta ascendente. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de pico na veia cava inferior, no conduto da DCPT, na veia cava superior esquerda e nos ramos das art&#233;rias pulmonares foram todos de 16 mmHg. A press&#227;o capilar pulmonar foi de 13 mmHg, a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 9 mmHg e o gradiente transpulmonar foi de 7 mmHg. Uma angiografia mostrou tr&#234;s veias sist&#234;micas an&#244;malas correspondentes a uma MVV drenando em sequ&#234;ncia a partir da veia cava inferior, veia hep&#225;tica, veias pulmonares e &#225;trio venoso pulmonar (&#225;trio esquerdo funcional) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">1B</xref>). Esta MVV simulava um <italic>shunt</italic> da direita para a esquerda, levando &#224; dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Nova s&#237;ndrome de ortodeoxia-platipneia devido a uma malforma&#231;&#227;o venovenosa (1A e 1B). Angiografia mostrando tr&#234;s canais venosos sist&#234;micos an&#244;malos (malforma&#231;&#245;es venovenosas) drenando em sequ&#234;ncia das veias cava inferior, hep&#225;tica, pulmonares e do &#225;trio venoso pulmonar (&#225;trio esquerdo funcional). Os n&#250;meros com as setas apontam para as malforma&#231;&#245;es venovenosas, a estrela vazia indica a conex&#227;o cavopulmonar total, e a estrela cheia mostra o &#225;trio venoso pulmonar (1C e 1D). Angiografia de veia cava inferior ap&#243;s emboliza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea transvenosa com mola mostrando completa oblitera&#231;&#227;o da malforma&#231;&#227;o venovenosa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0345-60059-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Foi realizada ent&#227;o uma oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea transvenosa com mola que evoluiu sem intercorr&#234;ncias. Ap&#243;s o procedimento, uma angiografia da veia cava inferior mostrou oclus&#227;o completa da MVV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 1C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">1D</xref>). Ap&#243;s 12 meses de seguimento, a paciente relatou desaparecimento do bocejo-ortodeoxia, e uma mudan&#231;a postural n&#227;o demonstrou dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio nas posi&#231;&#245;es ereta e supina, com SpO<sub>2</sub> de ~92-96% (&gt; 90%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> resume a defini&#231;&#227;o, os mecanismos e as etiologias, e os crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico da SOP.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>S&#237;ndrome de ortodeoxia-platipneia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="3">S&#237;ndrome de ortodeoxia-platipneia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Defini&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Platipneia: dispneia observada na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta e aliviada na posi&#231;&#227;o supinaOrtodeoxia: dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio observada na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Crit&#233;rios<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">[1] CIA, [2] <italic>Shunt</italic> AD&#8211;AE, [3] Aus&#234;ncia de HAP/HAD, [4] Platipneia, [5] Ortodeoxia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mecanismos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">[1] <italic>Shunt</italic> AD&#8211;AE intracard&#237;aco (forame oval patente, DSA, ASA)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">a. <italic>Shunt</italic> AD&#8211;AE sem gradiente de press&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&#8211; Etiologias:</td>
                <td align="left">Aneurisma de aorta, tamponamento card&#237;aco, derrame peric&#225;rdico, pericardite constritiva, pneumonectomia, diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia do AD devido a infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, v&#225;lvula de Eust&#225;quio proeminente ourede de Chiari ampla, cifose, lipomatose de AD, mixoma de AD, etc.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">b. <italic>Shunt</italic> AD&#8211;AE com gradiente de press&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&#8211; Etiologias:</td>
                <td align="left">TEP, HAP idiop&#225;tica, hidrot&#243;rax &#224; direita, HAP associada &#224; DPC, pneumonectomia, etc.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">[2] <italic>Shunt</italic> intrapulmonar direita&#8211;esquerda</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&#8211; Etiologias:</td>
                <td align="left">MAVP, SHP, s&#237;ndrome de Osler-Weber-Rendu, etc.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">[3] Desequil&#237;brio de ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&#8211; Etiologias:</td>
                <td align="left">Enfisema, DPOC, toxicidade por amiodarona, disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, SHP, etc.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>AD: &#193;trio direito; AE: &#193;trio esquerdo; ASA: Aneurisma de septo interatrial; CIA: Comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; DPC: Doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica; DPOC: Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DAS: Defeito do septo atrial, FOP: Forame oval patente; HAD: Hipertens&#227;o atrial direita; HAP: Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; MAVP: Malforma&#231;&#227;o arteriovenosa pulmonar; SHP: S&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar, TEP: Tromboembolismo pulmonar.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Dois destes cinco crit&#233;rios estabelecem o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome de ortodeoxia-platipneia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Seis implica&#231;&#245;es devem ser destacadas no presente caso. </p>
        <p>Em primeiro lugar, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o da paciente foi insidiosa com bocejo-ortodeoxia 16 anos ap&#243;s uma DCPT. Desta maneira, uma angiografia foi indicada para discriminar as causas subjacentes da dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, incluindo obstru&#231;&#227;o/estenose da DCPT ou de art&#233;rias pulmonares, hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar relacionada a um aumento na resist&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar, trombose de veia cava superior e desenvolvimento de MAVP ou MVV.</p>
        <p>Segundo, a nossa paciente n&#227;o apresentava hist&#243;ria de platipneia no passado ou quando procurou atendimento pelo problema abordado neste caso. Tendo em vista a alta incid&#234;ncia de MAVP e <italic>shunt</italic> interatrial ap&#243;s a cirurgia de Fontan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> (43% e 57%, respectivamente), a SOP n&#227;o &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o incomum. De fato, a SOP emergiu como uma complica&#231;&#227;o em oito pacientes com MAVP/<italic>shunt</italic> intra-atrial que foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Fontan, por&#233;m nenhum deles apresentava MVV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Um desses pacientes apresentava platipneia e os outros tr&#234;s apresentavam ortodeoxia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> o que mostra que nem todos os pacientes apresentam simultaneamente platipneia e ortodeoxia, e a detec&#231;&#227;o destas manifesta&#231;&#245;es somente &#233; poss&#237;vel com um teste de mudan&#231;a postural.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A platipneia pode ser dif&#237;cil de ser identificada sem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa da dispneia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> enquanto que a ortodeoxia pode ser mascarada por uma profunda cianose ou at&#233; mesmo passar despercebida devido a uma dessatura&#231;&#227;o sutil na posi&#231;&#227;o vertical, como no caso nossa paciente cuja SpO<sub>2</sub> era de 88%.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com SOP apresentam ocasionalmente apenas fadiga<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e n&#227;o platipneia. Al&#233;m disso, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da nossa paciente com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) foi limitada devido &#224; leve dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na posi&#231;&#227;o vertical (ortodeoxia). Assim, tanto a semiologia quanto a oximetria foram fundamentais na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial desta paciente que apresentava bocejos na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta e ortodeoxia. N&#243;s inicialmente consideramos que a queixa do bocejo poderia ser simplesmente um sintoma sutil de fadiga. No entanto, o bocejo-ortodeoxia era uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o da SOP que mais tarde foi identificada como decorrente da presen&#231;a de uma MVV como patologia cardiovascular subjacente.</p>
        <p>Terceiro, uma MVV pode causar dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio em v&#225;rias cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas cian&#243;ticas ap&#243;s cirurgia de Glenn bidirecional (CGB), com taxas de incid&#234;ncia entre 31-33%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A presen&#231;a de MAVP n&#227;o deve impedir uma avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica das veias cavas para estabelecimento do diagn&#243;stico da MVV. &#201; dif&#237;cil detectar uma MVV antes da cirurgia de Fontan,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e a malforma&#231;&#227;o pode se tornar hemodinamicamente importante apenas ap&#243;s este procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A angiografia das veias cavas com teste de oclus&#227;o com bal&#227;o no coletor distal da MVV pode oferecer uma melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o da MVV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quarta, uma regra estabelece que duas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas com um componente anat&#244;mico e outro funcional devem coexistir para que a SOP ocorra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No entanto, essa regra tem exce&#231;&#245;es. Kumar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> relataram o caso de uma mulher de 57 anos com telangiectasia hemorr&#225;gica heredit&#225;ria e MAVP que apresentou SOP sem um defeito interatrial. O mesmo se aplica ao caso da nossa paciente que apresentou MVV como um novo componente funcional de SOP card&#237;aca n&#227;o relatado na literatura em ingl&#234;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quinto, o evento que orquestrou a ocorr&#234;ncia de ortodeoxia em nossa paciente &#233; fascinante do ponto de vista embriol&#243;gico. A MVV que levou &#224; ortodeoxia foi causada por uma comunica&#231;&#227;o persistente entre o segmento proximal da veia umbilical/vitel&#237;nica com o corno esquerdo do seio venoso. Sabe-se que o desenvolvimento de uma MVV pode ocorrer com a reabertura dos canais venosos sist&#234;micos quando as cavas s&#227;o submetidas a uma press&#227;o elevada que &#233; transmitida retrogradamente para a art&#233;ria pulmonar ap&#243;s a CGB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Fontan, um gradiente positivo de press&#227;o entre as cavas ou art&#233;rias pulmonares e as veias pulmonares (que normalmente varia de 5 a 10 mmHg) facilita o fluxo sangu&#237;neo anter&#243;grado das veias pulmonares para o pulm&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em nossa paciente, o gradiente capilar era de 7 mmHg. Ironicamente, esse gradiente foi suficiente para desviar o fluxo da veia cava inferior para as veias pulmonares esquerdas an&#244;malas, simulando um <italic>shunt</italic> da direita para a esquerda atrav&#233;s da MVV. Al&#233;m da influ&#234;ncia desse gradiente, a gravidade pode ter potencialmente aumentado o fluxo reverso da art&#233;ria pulmonar para as veias pulmonares esquerdas an&#244;malas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nestas circunst&#226;ncias, a combina&#231;&#227;o de um fluxo sangu&#237;neo diminu&#237;do para o pulm&#227;o e aumento do <italic>shunt</italic> da direita para a esquerda atrav&#233;s da MVV em nossa paciente podem ter predisposto &#224; dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, mesmo que insidiosa. Isso significa que em alguns pacientes com cora&#231;&#227;o univentricular corrigido com DCPT, a MVV pode predispor &#224; ortodeoxia ou platipneia a longo prazo.</p>
        <p>Sexto, a oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea transvenosa com mola &#233; adequada para tratar uma pequena MVV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Gu&#233;rin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> relataram casos de dois pacientes com uma grande MVV intra-hep&#225;tica causando dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio ap&#243;s uma cirurgia de Fontan modificada. A MVV em ambos os pacientes foi oclu&#237;da com sucesso com a pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Tanto a semiologia quanto a oximetria foram fundamentais na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial da nossa paciente, que apresentava bocejos quando estava na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta e ortodeoxia. A s&#237;ndrome bocejo-ortodeoxia pode ser uma varia&#231;&#227;o da SOP. A MVV nunca foi relatada como um componente funcional de SOP card&#237;aca na literatura. Pequenas MVVs podem ser efetivamente tratadas por oclus&#227;o transvenosa com mola.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
