<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="rapid-communication" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fkpyc963D9Jn9h7WXxDBRSb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000400338</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160039</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Protective Effect of Aortic Stenosis on the Coronary Arteries. Hypothetic Considerations to an Old Enigma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arc&#234;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>Livia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo Roberto Barbosa Evora</bold>, Rua Rui Barbosa, 367, Ap.15, Postal Code 14015-120, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>prbevora@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Evora PRB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Evora PRB, Arc&#234;ncio L, Rodrigues AJ, Schmidt A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Evora PRB, Arc&#234;ncio L, Rodrigues AJ, Schmidt A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>338</fpage>
      <lpage>341</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>A literature overview of angiographic studies has shown that the prevalence of significant coronary disease in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) varies from 20 to 60%. Early necropsy studies suggested that patients with AS had a lower than expected incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), originating the concept of a protective effect of AS on the coronary arteries. The myth of AS protection against CAD would be better explained as endothelium-myocardial interaction (crosstalk) protection triggered by left ventricular overload. Therefore, the cGMP/NO pathway induced by the AS overload pressure would explain the low incidence of CAD, which is compatible with the amazing natural long-term evolution of this cardiac valve disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>An overview of literature angiographic studies has shown that the prevalence of the significant coronary disease in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) varies from 20 to 60%. Early necropsy studies suggested that patients with AS had a lower than expected incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), originating the concept of a protective effect of AS on the coronary arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some publications illustrate this concept. Among 88 patients with AS requiring valve replacement at Hammersmith Hospital, twenty-two (34%) had significant CAD (diameter &lt; 50%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Morrison et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> analyzed coronary arteriograms of 239 patients investigated for valvular heart disease during a five-year period. Significant CAD was present in 85% of patients with mitral valve disease and in only 33% of patients with aortic valve disease. There was, however, a significant inverse association between CAD severity and valve disease severity in patients with aortic valve disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A total of 574 patients with severe AS (mean age of 65.9 &#177; 9.6 years) were assessed in a Korean study, with significant CAD being reported in 61 patients (10.6%). There was a low incidence of significant CAD in a population of Korean patients with severe AS. Coronary angiography before AVR was considered in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, or in patients older than 69 years without risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A retrospective observational Mayo Clinic study suggests that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) associated with AVR has similar operative mortality, albeit with improved overall survival during the long-term follow-up in patients undergoing AVR without CABG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, a large Society of Thoracic Surgeons database study demonstrated that the addition of CABG to AVR increased surgical morbidity and mortality, raising the critical conjecture that revascularization might have an impact on long-term survival. Also, the most recent American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> downplay the importance of CABG at the time of surgical AVR and the indication for revascularization in patients with coronary artery lesions &gt; 70% has been downgraded from a class I to a class IIa indication, minimizing the importance of 50% to 70% stenotic lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Based on these literature data, some key points are clearly established:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Early necropsy studies suggest that patients with AS had a lower CAD incidence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Significant CAD was present in 85% of patients with mitral valve disease and angina, but in only 33% of patients with aortic valve disease and angina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A Society of Thoracic Surgeons database study demonstrated that the addition of CABG to AVR increased surgical morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The most recent American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology guidelines downplay the importance of CABG at the time of surgical AVR and the indication for revascularization in patients with coronary artery lesions greater than 70% has been downgraded from a class I to a class IIa indication, deemphasizing the importance of 50% to 70% stenotic lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) changed the guidelines for AS in patients with high comorbidity, without any consistent rule, concerning CABG in the presence of moderate CAD. While CABG may favorably influence the long-term outcome in patients undergoing surgical implantation of aortic prosthesis, this information is not yet applicable to TAVI, because it has not been possible to establish the profile of its long-term outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Many patients who have severe AS have angina without CAD, and both can be free of angina with valve replacement. This information is very important, considering the advent of Transcatheter Valves.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>The myth (Paradigm? Mistery? Puzzle?) of AS protection against CAD is still impossible to overlook. There is no hypothesis, or even speculation about the small incidence of severe CAD in association with AS. For the present text we performed an analysis of the national data, which confirmed the worldwide data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aortic valve prosthesis associated or not with myocardial revascularization at Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo SP, Brazil (2005 - 2015) (isolated aortic valve stenosis, after excluding congenital aortic stenosis and bicuspid aortic valve).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0338-60039-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The first relevant information was the well-demonstrated fact that in ventricular hypertrophy secondary to chronic systemic hypertension or aortic valve disease, coronary diameters are increased, as documented by Kimball et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In 32 patients with AS, the coronary artery luminal diameters were compared with those of 24 control subjects without LV hypertrophy using a derived index. Patients with AS had significantly larger coronary arteries than the control subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In patients with AS, LV hypertrophy progression is associated with left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary artery increased dimensions, whereas the right coronary artery remains unchanged. It is interesting to mention that despite the enlargement of the left coronary artery, its cross-sectional area per 100 g of LV muscle mass decreased. Hence, the increase in coronary artery size appears to be inadequate when LV hypertrophy severity increases. Another interesting observation is that left coronary artery size decrease after valve replacement at an equal rate with LV muscle mass regression. Also, enlargement of the coronary arteries has been reported in patients with LV hypertrophy at necropsy and in clinical studies of patients with aortic valve disease who were not yet candidates for surgery. As time goes by, the severity of aortic valve stenosis is accompanied by significant hypertrophy, growing increase in left coronary artery dimensions, and no changes in the right coronary artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>At this point we have to add other key points, in an attempt to obtain some clues to establish some hypotheses:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Increased coronary diameters are systematically observed in association with ventricular hypertrophy secondary to chronic systemic hypertension or aortic valve disease.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>In patients with aortic valve stenosis, LV hypertrophy progression is associated with an increase in left coronary dimensions, while right coronary artery dimensions remain unchanged.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coronary artery size increase seems to be insufficient when LV hypertrophy severity increases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>An enlarged left coronary artery size in the preoperative period, decreases after valve replacement at an equal rate with the LV muscle mass regression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As time goes by, aortic valve stenosis severity increases in association with significant LV mass increase, a further increase in left coronary artery dimensions, whereas those of the right coronary artery remains unchanged.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>These data were concisely presented by Kauffman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>: 1) Coronary artery size increases as LV mass increases in both primary and secondary hypertrophy. 2) The enlargement of left coronary cross-sectional area is independent from the cause of LV mass increase. 3) Coronary artery dimensions are inappropriate concerning LV hypertrophy. Thus, the stimulus for coronary artery growth is not influenced by the underlying disease, but seems to depend on the LV hypertrophy degree.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <italic>"These data allow for a pivotal conclusion: The association of coronary enlargement is clear, emphasizing the phenomenon that is present only in the left hypertrophic ventricle and resulting in pressure overload, as the coronary artery size remains decreased after the aortic valve prosthesis implant".</italic>
      </p>
      <p>The next step was to direct our attention to the microvasculature, endothelium function, and nitric oxide. Changes in the microvasculature could lead to a decrease in coronary flow reserve and thus could be associated with the inadequate growth of the epicardial coronary arteries. However, it has been shown in patients with aortic valve disease that coronary flow reserve tends to normalize after successful valve replacement, suggesting that the microvasculature is not altered by hypertrophy and is not associated with an increase in the microvascular bed cross-sectional area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Therefore, using logical thinking, myocardial hypertrophy would be involved in the pressure overload.</p>
      <p>Endothelial regulation of vascular activity by relaxing and contracting factors has been well established. Experimental evidence suggests a similar modulation of myocardial contractile performance by endocardial and coronary vascular endothelium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The human heart has a plurality of cell types, with fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells being the most abundant. The remaining cell mass consists of cardiomyocytes (CM), endothelial cells (EC), smooth muscle cells, mast cells, and immune-related cells. CM are surrounded by the dense capillary network, which is critical for maintaining constant blood flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The several studies along this line of research allow us to consider the concept of EC-CM crosstalk. Several failed clinical studies targeting cell-cell interactions emphasize the need to understand the molecular interactions between various cells <italic>in situ.</italic></p>
      <p>In conclusion, the myth of AS protection against CAD would be better presented as endothelium-myocardial interaction (crosstalk) protection triggered by left ventricular overload. Therefore, the cGMP/NO pathway induced by the AS overload pressure would explain the low incidence of CAD, which is compatible with the amazing natural long-term evolution of this cardiac valve disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Physiopathological suggestion for the small incidence of coronary artery disease and natural history (&gt; 50 years without symptoms) in patients with acquired aortic valve stenosis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0338-60039-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Horan MJ Jr, Barnes AR. Calcareous aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease. Am J Med Sci. 1948; 215(4):451-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Horan</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barnes</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Calcareous aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med Sci</source>
          <year>1948</year>
          <volume>215</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>451</fpage>
          <lpage>455</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Nakib A, Lillihei CW, Edwards JE. The degree of coronary atherosclerosis in aortic valvular disease. Arch Pathol. 1965;80(5):517-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nakib</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lillihei</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The degree of coronary atherosclerosis in aortic valvular disease</article-title>
          <source>Arch Pathol</source>
          <year>1965</year>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>517</fpage>
          <lpage>520</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Exadactylos N, Sugrue DD, Oakley CM. Prevalence of coronary artery disease in patients with isolated aortic valve stenosis. Br Heart J. 1984;51(2):121-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Exadactylos</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sugrue</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oakley</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of coronary artery disease in patients with isolated aortic valve stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>121</fpage>
          <lpage>124</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Morrison GW, Thomas RD, Grimmer SF, Silverton PN, Smith DR. Incidence of coronary artery disease in patients with valvular heart disease. Br Heart J. 1980;44(6):630-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morrison</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grimmer</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverton</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence of coronary artery disease in patients with valvular heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <year>1980</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>630</fpage>
          <lpage>637</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Cho EJ, Park SJ, Chang SA, Jeong DS, Lee SC, Park SW, et al. Incidence of coronary artery disease before valvular surgery in isolated severe aortic stenosis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(22):3963-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeong</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence of coronary artery disease before valvular surgery in isolated severe aortic stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Chin Med J (Engl)</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>3963</fpage>
          <lpage>3969</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Thalji NM, Suri RM, Daly RC, Greason KL, Dearani JA, Stulak JM, et al. The prognostic impact of concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting during aortic valve surgery: implications for revascularization in the transcatheter era. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149(2):451-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thalji</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suri</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daly</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greason</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dearani</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stulak</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The prognostic impact of concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting during aortic valve surgery: implications for revascularization in the transcatheter era</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>451</fpage>
          <lpage>460</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Guyton RA, et al; American College of Cardiology; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; American Heart Association. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148(1):e1-e132.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carabello</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erwin</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guyton</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American College of Cardiology</collab>
            <collab>American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>148</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>e1</fpage>
          <lpage>e132</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Salerno TA. Coronary revascularization in the setting of surgical aortic valve replacement: do we need extra icing on the cake? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149(2):460-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salerno</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary revascularization in the setting of surgical aortic valve replacement: do we need extra icing on the cake?</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>460</fpage>
          <lpage>461</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Kimball BP, LiPreti V, Bui S, Wigle ED. Comparison of proximal left anterior descending and circumflex coronary artery dimensions in aortic valve stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1990;65(11):767-71</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kimball</surname>
              <given-names>BP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LiPreti</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bui</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wigle</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of proximal left anterior descending and circumflex coronary artery dimensions in aortic valve stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>767</fpage>
          <lpage>771</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Abdulali SA, Baliga BG, Clayden AD, Smith DR. Coronary artery luminal diameter in aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55(4):450-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abdulali</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baliga</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clayden</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary artery luminal diameter in aortic stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>450</fpage>
          <lpage>453</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Villari B, Hess OM, Meier C, Pucillo A, Gaglione A, Turina M, et al. Regression of coronary artery dimensions after successful aortic valve replacement. Circulation. 1992;85(3):972-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villari</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hess</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meier</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pucillo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaglione</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turina</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Regression of coronary artery dimensions after successful aortic valve replacement</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>972</fpage>
          <lpage>978</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Kaufmann P, Vassalli G, Lupi-Wagner S, Jenni R, Hess OM. Coronary artery dimensions in primary and secondary left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28(3):745-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaufmann</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vassalli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lupi-Wagner</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jenni</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hess</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary artery dimensions in primary and secondary left ventricular hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>745</fpage>
          <lpage>750</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Paulus WJ, Vantrimpont PJ, Shah AM. Paracrine coronary endothelial control of left ventricular function in humans. Circulation. 1995;92(8):2119-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paulus</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vantrimpont</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Paracrine coronary endothelial control of left ventricular function in humans</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>2119</fpage>
          <lpage>2126</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Brutsaert DL, Fransen P, Andries LJ, De Keulenaer GW, Sys SU. Cardiac endothelium and myocardial function. Cardiovasc Res. 1998;38(2):281-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brutsaert</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fransen</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andries</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Keulenaer</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sys</surname>
              <given-names>SU</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac endothelium and myocardial function</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>281</fpage>
          <lpage>290</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito Protetor da Estenose A&#243;rtica nas Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias. Considera&#231;&#245;es Hipot&#233;ticas para um Antigo Enigma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arc&#234;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>Livia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Roberto Barbosa Evora</bold>, Rua Rui Barbosa, 367, Ap.15, CEP 14015-120, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>prbevora@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Evora PRB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Evora PRB, Arc&#234;ncio L, Rodrigues AJ, Schmidt A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Evora PRB, Arc&#234;ncio L, Rodrigues AJ, Schmidt A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Uma vis&#227;o geral de estudos angiogr&#225;ficos na literatura mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria significativa em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) varia de 20 a 60%. Os estudos iniciais de necropsia sugeriram que pacientes com EA tinham uma incid&#234;ncia abaixo do esperado de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), assim originando-se o conceito de um efeito protetor da EA nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. O mito da prote&#231;&#227;o EA contra a DAC seria melhor explicado como uma intera&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-mioc&#225;rdio (<italic>crosstalk</italic>) desencadeada pela sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Portanto, a via cGMP/NO, (guanosina monofosfato c&#237;clico/&#211;xido n&#237;trico) induzida pela press&#227;o de sobrecarga da EA, explicaria a baixa incid&#234;ncia de DAC, o que &#233; compat&#237;vel com a surpreendente evolu&#231;&#227;o natural em longo prazo dessa doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Estenose A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Uma vis&#227;o geral de estudos angiogr&#225;ficos na literatura mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria significativa em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) varia de 20 a 60%. Estudos iniciais de necropsia sugeriram que pacientes com EA tinham uma incid&#234;ncia abaixo do esperado de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), e assim originou-se o conceito de um efeito protetor da EA nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Algumas publica&#231;&#245;es ilustram esse conceito. Entre 88 pacientes com EA que necessitaram de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar no Hammersmith Hospital, vinte e dois (34%) apresentavam DAC significativa (di&#226;metro &lt; 50%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Morrison et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> analisaram a arteriografia coron&#225;ria de 239 pacientes investigados para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular durante um per&#237;odo de cinco anos. DAC significativa estava presente em 85% dos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar mitral, e em apenas 33% dos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica. Havia, no entanto, uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa entre a gravidade da DAC e a gravidade da doen&#231;a valvar em pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Um total de 574 pacientes com EA grave (idade m&#233;dia de 65,9 &#177; 9,6 anos) foi inclu&#237;do em um estudo coreano, que relatou a presen&#231;a de DAC significativa em 61 pacientes (10,6%). Houve uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de DAC significativa em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes coreanos com EA grave. A angiografia coron&#225;ria antes da substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (SVA) foi considerada para pacientes com m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco cardiovascular, ou em pacientes com mais de 69 anos de idade sem fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo retrospectivo observacional na Mayo Clinic sugere que a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM), associada &#224; SVA tem mortalidade operacional semelhante, embora com melhora da sobrevida global no seguimento de longo prazo, comparado com pacientes submetidos &#224; SVA sem CRM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, um grande estudo das bases de dados da <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic> demonstrou que a adi&#231;&#227;o da CRM &#224; SVA aumentou a morbidade e mortalidade cir&#250;rgica, levantando o pressuposto cr&#237;tico de que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o possa ter um impacto sobre a sobreviv&#234;ncia em longo prazo. Al&#233;m disso, as diretrizes mais recentes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> e <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> minimizam a import&#226;ncia da CRM no momento da SVA cir&#250;rgica, e a indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com les&#227;o coronariana superior a 70% foi rebaixada de uma indica&#231;&#227;o classe I para classe IIa, minimizando a import&#226;ncia de 50% a 70% das les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com base nesses dados da literatura, alguns pontos-chave s&#227;o claramente estabelecidos:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Estudos de necropsia iniciais sugerem que os pacientes com EA tiveram menor incid&#234;ncia de DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>DAC significativa estava presente em 85% dos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar mitral e angina, mas em apenas 33% dos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica e angina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O estudo dos dados da <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic> demonstrou que a adi&#231;&#227;o da CRM &#224; SVA aumentou a morbidade e a mortalidade cir&#250;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A diretriz mais recente da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> e do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> minimiza a import&#226;ncia da CRM no momento da SVA cir&#250;rgica, e a indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com les&#227;o coronariana superior a 70% foi rebaixada de uma indica&#231;&#227;o classe I para classe IIa, minimizando a import&#226;ncia de 50% a 70% das les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O implante transcateter de valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI) alterou as diretrizes para a EA em pacientes com alta comorbidade, sem qualquer regra consistente, no que se refere &#224; CRM na presen&#231;a de DAC moderada. Enquanto a CRM pode influenciar favoravelmente o resultado em longo prazo em pacientes submetidos ao implante cir&#250;rgico de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica, essa informa&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o &#233; aplic&#225;vel ao TAVI porque n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer o perfil de seu desfecho em longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Muitos pacientes que apresentam EA grave t&#234;m angina sem DAC, e ambos podem ficar livres da angina com a substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito importante, considerando o advento das V&#225;lvulas Transcateter.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>O mito (Paradigma? Mist&#233;rio? Enigma?) da prote&#231;&#227;o da EA contra a DAC permanece imposs&#237;vel de esquecer. N&#227;o h&#225; qualquer hip&#243;tese, ou mesmo qualquer especula&#231;&#227;o sobre a pequena incid&#234;ncia de DAC grave em associa&#231;&#227;o com a EA. Para o presente texto, fizemos uma an&#225;lise de nossos dados nacionais, confirmando dados encontrados em todo o mundo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica associada ou n&#227;o &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP, Brasil (2005 - 2015) (estenose da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica isolada, exclu&#237;das a estenose a&#243;rtica cong&#234;nita e a v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0338-60039-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O primeiro dado relevante foi o fato bem documentado por Kimball et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> que em hipertrofia ventricular secund&#225;ria &#224; hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica cr&#244;nica ou doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, os di&#226;metros coron&#225;rios est&#227;o aumentados. Em 32 pacientes com EA, os di&#226;metros luminais das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram comparados com os de 24 indiv&#237;duos controle sem hipertrofia do VE usando um &#237;ndice derivado. Os pacientes com EA apresentaram art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias significativamente maiores do que os indiv&#237;duos controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em pacientes com EA, a progress&#227;o da hipertrofia do VE est&#225; associada com o aumento das dimens&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa esquerda, enquanto as dimens&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita permanecem inalteradas. &#201; interessante mencionar que, apesar do aumento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, a sua &#225;rea da se&#231;&#227;o transversal por 100 g de massa muscular do VE diminuiu. Assim, o aumento de tamanho da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria parece ser inadequado quando a gravidade da hipertrofia do VE aumenta. Outra observa&#231;&#227;o interessante &#233; a diminui&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda ap&#243;s a substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a uma taxa similar &#224; regress&#227;o da massa muscular do VE. Al&#233;m disso, o aumento das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias tem sido relatado em pacientes com hipertrofia do VE na necropsia e em estudos cl&#237;nicos de doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica, e que ainda n&#227;o eram candidatos &#224; cirurgia. Como o passar do tempo, a gravidade da estenose da valva a&#243;rtica &#233; acompanhada por uma hipertrofia significativa, aumento cont&#237;nuo nas dimens&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, e enquanto a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita permanece inalterada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste ponto temos que acrescentar outros pontos-chave na tentativa de obter alguma pista para a determina&#231;&#227;o de algumas hip&#243;teses:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Aumentos dos di&#226;metros coron&#225;rios s&#227;o sistematicamente observados em associa&#231;&#227;o com hipertrofia ventricular secund&#225;ria &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica cr&#244;nica ou doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Em pacientes com estenose da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, a progress&#227;o da hipertrofia do VE est&#225; associada com um aumento das dimens&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, permanecendo a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita com as dimens&#245;es inalteradas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O aumento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria parece ser insuficiente quando a gravidade da hipertrofia do VE aumenta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O tamanho aumentado da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio diminui ap&#243;s a substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a uma taxa similar &#224; regress&#227;o da massa muscular do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Com o passar do tempo, a gravidade da estenose da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica aumenta em associa&#231;&#227;o com o aumento significativo de massa do VE, um aumento adicional nas dimens&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, ao mesmo tempo em que as dimens&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita permanecem inalteradas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Estes dados foram apresentados de forma concisa por Kauffman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>: 1) O tamanho da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria aumenta &#224; medida que aumenta a massa do VE tanto na hipertrofia prim&#225;ria quanto na secund&#225;ria. 2) O aumento da &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o transversal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda &#233; independente da causa do aumento de massa do VE. 3) As dimens&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias s&#227;o inadequadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertrofia do VE. Assim, o est&#237;mulo para o crescimento das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o &#233; influenciado pela doen&#231;a subjacente, mas parece depender do grau de hipertrofia do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>"<italic>Estes dados permitem uma conclus&#227;o fundamental: A associa&#231;&#227;o de aumento coron&#225;rio &#233; claro, enfatizando o fen&#244;meno que est&#225; presente apenas no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo hipertr&#243;fico e resultando em sobrecarga de press&#227;o, j&#225; que o tamanho da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria continua diminu&#237;do ap&#243;s o implante da pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica</italic>".</p>
        <p>O passo seguinte foi dirigir a nossa aten&#231;&#227;o para a microcircula&#231;&#227;o, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e o &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Altera&#231;&#245;es na microvasculatura poderiam levar a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio e, assim, estarem associadas com um crescimento insuficiente das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias do epic&#225;rdio. No entanto, tem sido demonstrado em pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica que a reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio tende a se normalizar ap&#243;s a substitui&#231;&#227;o com sucesso da v&#225;lvula, sugerindo que a microvasculatura n&#227;o &#233; alterada pela hipertrofia e n&#227;o est&#225; associada com um aumento da &#225;rea da se&#231;&#227;o transversal do leito microvascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Portanto, usando o racioc&#237;nio l&#243;gico, a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica estaria envolvida na sobrecarga de press&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A regula&#231;&#227;o endotelial da atividade vascular atrav&#233;s de fatores de relaxamento e contra&#231;&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida. A evid&#234;ncia experimental sugere uma modula&#231;&#227;o semelhante do desempenho contr&#225;ctil do mioc&#225;rdio pelo endot&#233;lio vascular coron&#225;rio e endoc&#225;rdico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O cora&#231;&#227;o humano tem uma pluralidade de tipos de c&#233;lulas, sendo as mais abundantes os fibroblastos e outras c&#233;lulas do tecido conjuntivo. A massa de c&#233;lulas remanescente consiste em cardiomi&#243;citos (CM), c&#233;lulas endoteliais (CE), c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, mast&#243;citos, c&#233;lulas relacionadas &#224; imunidade. Os CM est&#227;o rodeados pela densa rede capilar, o que &#233; fundamental para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo constante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os v&#225;rios estudos dentro dessa linha de pesquisa permitem que consideremos o conceito de CE-CM <italic>crosstalk</italic>. Diversos estudos cl&#237;nicos malsucedidos que tiveram o foco nas intera&#231;&#245;es c&#233;lula-c&#233;lula, enfatizam a necessidade de compreender as intera&#231;&#245;es moleculares entre v&#225;rias c&#233;lulas <italic>in situ</italic>.</p>
        <p>Concluindo, o mito da prote&#231;&#227;o da EA contra a DAC seria melhor apresentado como a intera&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-mioc&#225;rdica (crosstalk) desencadeada pela sobrecarga ventricular esquerda. Portanto, a via cGM /NO induzida pela press&#227;o de sobrecarga da EA explicaria a baixa incid&#234;ncia de DAC, o que &#233; compat&#237;vel com a surpreendente evolu&#231;&#227;o natural a longo prazo dessa doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sugest&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica para a pequena incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e hist&#243;ria natural (&gt; 50 anos sem sintomas), em pacientes com estenose da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica adquirida.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0338-60039-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
