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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KQzxJr9hqX9MjqpNmFtYQvh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000400333</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160052</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Network Meta-analysis to Synthesize Evidence for Decision Making in Cardiovascular Research</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roever</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biondi-Zoccai</surname>
            <given-names>Giuseppe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departmento de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Uberl&#226;ndia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia - Departmento de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sapienza University of Rome</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Latina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IT">Italy</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina - Italy</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Sapienza - Universit&#224; di Roma</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">IRCCS Neuromed</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of AngioCardioNeurology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Pozzilli</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IT">Italy</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli - Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Leonardo S. Roever-Borges</bold>, Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia. Av. Par&#225;, 1720, Umuarama. Postal code 38400-902, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>leonardoroever@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Roever L, Biondi-Zoccai G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>333</fpage>
      <lpage>337</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Clinical decision-making requires synthesis of evidence from literature reviews focused on a specific theme. Evidence synthesis is performed with qualitative assessments and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials, typically covering statistical pooling with pairwise meta-analyses. These methods include adjusted indirect comparison meta-analysis, network meta-analysis, and mixed-treatment comparison. These tools allow synthesis of evidence and comparison of effectiveness in cardiovascular research.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Evidence-Based Medicine</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Research</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Comparative Study</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Clinical decision-making requires a balanced judgment between tasks, skills, resources, and values. This is largely beyond the reach of most researchers, and often depends on external factors that cannot be easily modulated (such as economic resources or religious beliefs).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Systematic reviews seem to be particularly useful when combining homogenous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and pairwise meta-analysis. Computational methods used for pairwise meta-analysis have seen momentous improvements over time, and now include patient-level approach, meta-regression, and adjustment for small study effects. The simple term network meta-analysis includes all methods of synthesis encompassing extensive evidence, indirect comparisons, mixed-treatment comparison, and multiple treatment meta-analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This article aims to summarize the key features of network meta-analysis and its potential impact on cardiovascular decision-making.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Evidence base</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Hierarchy of evidence</title>
          <p>Evidence-based medicine emphasizes the importance of systematic research of current evidence that follows a specific hierarchy in clinical evidence, basic (bench, <italic>in vitro</italic>, or animal) distinctive scientific experiments, studies with healthy volunteers, case reports and patients series, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, and RCTs. This hierarchy is mirrored by a hierarchy in secondary research (<italic>i.e.</italic>, synthesis of evidence) which includes qualitative assessments, systematic reviews, study-level pairwise meta-analyses, study-level meta-regression analyses, and finally, patient-level meta-analyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A tertiary level of evidence and research consists of umbrella reviews, overviews of reviews, and meta-epidemiological studies.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f1">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Evidence hierarchy of primary research and secondary research in cardiovascular medicine.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0333-60052-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>From pairwise meta-analysis to network meta-analysis</title>
          <p>Decision making is more complex than a pairwise meta-analysis since it moves from a two-dimensional to a multidimensional analytical framework. Several methods are being developed, such as adjusted indirect comparison, multitreatment meta-analysis, multi-arm meta-analysis, multivariable meta-analysis, network meta-analysis, and mixed-treatment comparison.</p>
          <p>A pairwise meta-analysis can be defined as a pooled-weighted estimate of homogeneous trials comparing two treatments head to head (<italic>e.g.</italic>, A and B), with typically proportional weights, to study accurately the size or number of events (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). And what should we do when we have two separate sets of trials, a first comparing A versus B, and a second comparing A versus C? We perform an adjusted indirect comparison under the assumption that patients, interventions, and outcomes measured in both sets of tests are similar. And what if we then recognize that of the studies comparing A versus B and B versus C, only a few compared A versus C? Should we then discard all the information resulting from the indirect comparison, or could we explore the information and provide effect estimates, therefore, more precise and accurate of A versus C, based on both direct and indirect evidence? This is precisely what a network meta-analysis does; it combines direct and indirect evidence (where available) to provide more precise and accurate (therefore, valid both internally and externally) effect estimates to guide decision making in complex scenarios.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Conceptual framework moving from univariate meta-analysis (top left panel) to pairwise meta-analysis (top right panel), network meta-analysis (bottom left panel), and multivariate meta-analysis (bottom right panel). A, B, C, and D represent competing treatments for the same condition; continuous lines represent direct comparisons stemming from head-to-head randomized trials; dashed lines represent indirect comparisons; and different colors represent different endpoints of interest.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0333-60052-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reviewing process</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Designing and registering the review</title>
          <p>Reviews should be designed before the data are effectively retrieved, and the evaluation protocol should be published as soon as finalized in a dedicated repository site. Several guidelines are available to design, conduct, and report a systematic peer review and network meta-analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Searching, selecting, abstracting, and appraising evidence</title>
          <p>The search should be performed in various databases (MEDLINE / PubMed, Cochrane Library, Europe PubMed Central, SciELO, LILACS, Embase, and others) to appropriate evidence. The selection of the studies is an important step in any systematic review. The studies should have moderate to high methodological quality and, at the same time that they are different trials based on convenience samples, they should represent similar views on a continuum of the clinical condition and a specific management strategy or set of strategies. Finally, all studies included in the review should be assessed for internal validity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Choosing the framework, package, model, and statistic</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Choosing the statistical framework</title>
          <p>Most biostatistical inferences are based on a frequentist approach with its defining resources: null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, hypothesis testing, p value, and confidence interval. Therefore, they can be limited by computational problems in case of a complex evidence network. The Bayesian framework has been the dominant framework for network meta-analysis for allowing more flexible modeling and adjustment for less-than-simple evidence networks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Despite the arguments above, recent developments in theoretical work and improvements in computational efficiency have largely bridged the gap between frequentist and Bayesian analysis in terms of precision, accuracy, and flexibility. Thus, similar results are obtained with state-of-the-art methods, regardless of the use of frames or a frequentist-Bayesian approach.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Choosing the statistical package</title>
          <p>To date, WinBUGS has been the most widely used package; it is relatively easy to command and is expressly designed for flexible Bayesian modeling and analysis. R has also been increasingly used, as it can activate WinBUGS routines, and may offer important tools for specific computations or sensitivity analyses. R can also be employed for frequentist network meta-analysis. Stata (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) and SAS (SAS, Cary, NC, USA) have also been adopted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Choosing the statistical model and between fixed and random effects</title>
          <p>Relatively common events may best be analyzed with a binomial model, whereas uncommon events or those occurring over variable periods of time can be handled most effectively with a Poisson model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Choosing the appropriate statistics</title>
          <p>Odds ratios, relative risks, risk differences, numbers needed to treat, probabilities of being best, rankograms, and surface under the cumulative ranking curves can all be generated from a binomial model.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Relative risks are easier to understand but suffer from a forced reduction when in the fraction of the two risks, the numerator approaches one. Both odds ratios and relative risks disregard the duration of follow-up, and hazard ratios should be preferred and considered more reliable when the follow-up is not uniform.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The choice of risk estimator, probability of being best, rankograms, and surface under the cumulative ranking curve are now considered even more important in helping the reader identify which treatment or group of treatments should be considered most likely better than the others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Incorporating moderators: network meta-regression</title>
          <p>One of the strong features of a meta-analysis is its ability to assess interaction effects with meta-regression, thus quantifying the impact of moderators or covariates in estimating the effect. Network meta-analysis is suitable for meta-regression, given its characteristics of flexible modeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Appraising between-study heterogeneity</title>
          <p>Evaluation of the homogeneity of similar studies is a key aspect of any systematic review. Standard methods to assess the heterogeneity between studies in pairwise meta-analysis calculations include the Cochran's Q and I-squared statistics. If the p value stemming from the Cochran's Q statistic is &lt;0.05, then play of chance alone is an unlikely explanation for the variability in effect estimates stemming from individual studies. I-squared is interpreted as showing absent or mild between-study inconsistency if &lt; 25%, moderate inconsistency if &lt; 50%, and moderate to severe inconsistency for values &gt; 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Appraising inconsistency between direct and indirect estimates</title>
          <p>The most important underlying assumption of meta-analysis network is that the studies are similar enough to be considered together. Evaluation of inconsistencies in direct and indirect estimates is essential to support the validity of any network meta-analysis. Several approaches are available, but in simple terms, any meta-analysis network in which the direct and indirect estimates differ substantially should be viewed with caution or completely ignored.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Appraising small study effects and publication bias</title>
          <p>Small study effects may distort the overall assessment of the clinical evidence, providing estimates of inaccurate or biased effect. This is most often due to publication bias or other factors. Therefore, the assessment of small study effects is critical to support the validity of any network meta-analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A network meta-analysis dominated by small studies cannot be considered valid, and its results should be probably disregarded or, at best, used to generate hypotheses. Several approaches have been suggested to test for small study effects, including inspection of funnel plots after correction for subgroup summary estimates, regression testing, and the Copas method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Combining multiple effect estimates: multivariate network meta-analysis</title>
          <p>Multivariate meta-analysis is performed on separate sets of analysis, so the reader is left with the difficult choice of considering which end point is more meaningful. One solution is to create a net composite end point (<italic>e.g.</italic>, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal bleeding, myocardial infarction, or death). This approach has limited benefits in terms of increased precision and forces us to consider all compounded end point components as equally important. When the results obtained with competing risks are used, there is also a risk of heterogeneous or spurious average effects (for example, when bleeding and thrombotic events are combined).</p>
          <p>Multivariate meta-analysis is a specific application of multivariate analysis to define meta-analysis when a set of dependent variables is analyzed simultaneously, and thus when comparing different treatments, the only treatment that is most likely and more consistently capable of providing a clinical improvement may be identified. This approach is beneficial when a specific hierarchy between the different results is lacking, and when every single result, if considered isolated, has no clinical relevance to guide decision making on their own.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A relevant question is whether, when assembled, end points that were only evaluated in secondary analyses may be trusted like end points that were the primary outcomes of the included studies. The risk of distortion due to reporting bias is higher in the first case, as is the risk of type I error.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Moving from study-level to patient-level data: individual patient network meta-analysis</title>
          <p>Meta-analysis has always been criticized for using mostly study-level or aggregated data, and lacking originality and ecological risk. Individual patient-level meta-analysis overcomes this limitation and has many other advantages: it may improve internal validity, test subgroup hypothesis, and evaluate covariates of interest.</p>
          <p>Network meta-analysis may be performed at both study level and patient level using an approach of one or two stages depending on the framework, package, model, and statistics of preference. While more challenging, especially in terms of logistics and cooperativeness, patient-level network meta-analysis should be considered the standard reference for any evidence synthesis effort.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>State-of-the-art reporting of network meta-analyses</title>
          <p>Network meta-analyses have been the focus of many standardization efforts in order to increase their robustness and validity while increasing its usability among decision makers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> State-of-the-art reports should consist of explicit information about the methods, clarify the evidence network, include sound analytical methods, appraise the validity of the homogeneity and consistency assumptions, and lack substantial small study effects. Sensitivity analyses are crucial to ensure the reader of any network meta-analysis that the results are similar in statistical direction and magnitude despite different assumptions or computational methods.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Future perspectives</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Moving from evidence synthesis to action</title>
          <p>The results of a network meta-analysis should be used to guide decision making, define how to best interpret the results of the evaluation and apply them in clinical practice, and to fully implement the intervention in details with the most favorable risk-benefit balance. This is best done by absolute risk estimates, numbers needed to treat, and rankograms, basing judgment on credible or confidence intervals, rather than on point estimates, while recognizing the simultaneous effect of a particular intervention on various end points.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> With this, when two or more interventions seem to have a similar beneficial risk-benefit profile, the one easier or cheaper to implement should be favored.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The future of network meta-analysis: toward accessibility and integration</title>
          <p>The future of network meta-analysis depends on the difficult process of navigating between the Scylla of state-of-the-art processes of conducting a valid systematic review and the Charybdis of effective dissemination and successful implementation by decision makers and stakeholders. Research and clinical practice have been dominated over the past decades by simple and easy to use tools providing new solutions to complex problems. An excellent resource for clinical research methods is survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method, with its precise, accurate, and robust results in everyday research, despite its application in a multitude of very different and sometimes difficult contexts.</p>
          <p>In the future, network meta-analysis and synthesis evidence will be possible with the concomitant application of simple, yet robust packages to perform network meta-analysis on various platforms such as tablets and smartphones, and the creation of intelligent trial repositories that can upload automatically the information obtained through individual data in a kind of cumulative network meta-analysis. No individual meta-analysis should be seen as the end, but rather, as a tool to provide a distilled and purified form of the available evidence to guide more accurately the clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Decision making in cardiovascular practice is often based on complex, yet incomplete evidence. Network meta-analysis represents a uniquely versatile and powerful tool to improve cardiovascular decision making.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Greco T, Biondi-Zoccai G, Saleh O, Pasin L, Cabrini L, Zangrillo A, et. al. The attractiveness of network meta-analysis: a comprehensive systematic and narrative review. Heart Lung Vessel. 2015;7(2):133-42.</mixed-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Metan&#225;lise de Rede para Sintetizar Evid&#234;ncias para a Tomada de Decis&#227;o na Pesquisa Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roever</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biondi-Zoccai</surname>
            <given-names>Giuseppe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia - Departmento de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina - Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli - Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo S. Roever-Borges</bold>, Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia. Av. Par&#225;, 1720, Umuarama. CEP 38400-902, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>leonardoroever@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Roever L, Biondi-Zoccai G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica requer s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncias de revis&#245;es da literatura focadas em um tema espec&#237;fico. Para sintetizar evid&#234;ncias, s&#227;o realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es qualitativas e revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, tipicamente cobrindo an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas agregadas com metan&#225;lise pareada. Estes m&#233;todos incluem metan&#225;lise de compara&#231;&#227;o indireta ajustada, metan&#225;lise de rede e compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos tratamentos. Estas ferramentas permitem a s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncias e efic&#225;cia comparativa na pesquisa cardiovascular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesquisa</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Comparativo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica exige um julgamento equilibrado entre fun&#231;&#245;es, compet&#234;ncias, recursos e valores. Isto est&#225; amplamente fora do alcance da maioria dos pesquisadores e depende, muitas vezes, de fatores externos que n&#227;o podem ser facilmente modulados (tais como recursos econ&#244;micos ou cren&#231;as religiosas).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas parecem ser particularmente &#250;teis quando combinadas com ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados homog&#234;neos e metan&#225;lise pareada. M&#233;todos computacionais utilizados para metan&#225;lise pareada apresentaram melhorias importantes ao longo do tempo e agora incluem abordagem caso a caso, metarregress&#227;o e ajuste de efeito de estudos pequenos. O simples termo metan&#225;lise de rede inclui todos os m&#233;todos de s&#237;ntese que englobam evid&#234;ncias extensas, compara&#231;&#245;es indiretas, compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos tratamentos e metan&#225;lise de m&#250;ltiplos tratamentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este artigo tem a finalidade de resumir as principais caracter&#237;sticas da metan&#225;lise de rede e seu potencial impacto sobre a tomada de decis&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cardiovascular.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Base de evid&#234;ncias</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Hierarquia de evid&#234;ncias</title>
            <p>A medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias enfatiza a import&#226;ncia da pesquisa sistem&#225;tica de evid&#234;ncias atuais seguindo uma hierarquia espec&#237;fica de evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, b&#225;sicas (pesquisa de laborat&#243;rio, <italic>in vitro</italic>, ou em animais), experimentos cient&#237;ficos distintos, estudos com volunt&#225;rios sadios, relatos de casos e s&#233;ries de pacientes, al&#233;m de estudos transversais, caso-controle e de coorte, e ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. Essa hierarquia &#233; espelhada por uma hierarquia de pesquisa secund&#225;ria (ou seja<italic>,</italic> s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncias) que inclui avalia&#231;&#245;es qualitativas, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, metan&#225;lise pareada estudo a estudo, an&#225;lise de metarregress&#227;o estudo a estudo, e por fim, metan&#225;lise caso a caso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio de evid&#234;ncia e pesquisa consiste em revis&#245;es de cobertura, vis&#227;o geral de revis&#245;es e estudos metaepidemiol&#243;gicos.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f3">
                <label>Figura 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Hierarquia de evid&#234;ncias de pesquisa prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria em medicina cardiovascular.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0333-60052-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Da metan&#225;lise pareada &#224; metan&#225;lise de rede</title>
            <p>A tomada de decis&#227;o &#233; mais complexa do que uma metan&#225;lise pareada, e parte de um quadro anal&#237;tico bidimensional para outro multidimensional. V&#225;rios m&#233;todos v&#234;m sendo desenvolvidos, como por exemplo, compara&#231;&#227;o indireta ajustada, metan&#225;lise de m&#250;ltiplos tratamentos, metan&#225;lise de m&#250;ltiplos bra&#231;os, metan&#225;lise multivariada, metan&#225;lise de rede e compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos tratamentos.</p>
            <p>A metan&#225;lise pareada pode ser definida como estimativas agregadas e ponderadas de ensaios comparando lado a lado dois tratamentos (por exemplo, A e B), com pesos tipicamente proporcionais, a fim de estudar com precis&#227;o o tamanho ou o n&#250;mero de eventos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). E o que devemos fazer quando temos dois conjuntos separados de ensaios, o primeiro comparando A e B e o segundo comparando A e C? N&#243;s realizamos uma compara&#231;&#227;o indireta ajustada sob o pressuposto de que os pacientes, interven&#231;&#245;es e resultados obtidos em ambos os conjuntos de testes s&#227;o semelhantes. E se reconhecemos que dentre os estudos que comparam A versus B e B versus C, apenas poucos compararam A versus C? Devemos, ent&#227;o, descartar todas as informa&#231;&#245;es resultantes da compara&#231;&#227;o indireta, ou podemos explorar as informa&#231;&#245;es e fornecer estimativas de efeitos, portanto, mais precisas e acuradas de A versus C, com base nas duas evid&#234;ncias, direta e indireta? Isto &#233; precisamente o que uma metan&#225;lise de rede faz; ela combina evid&#234;ncias diretas e indiretas (quando dispon&#237;veis) a fim de fornecer estimativas de efeitos mais acuradas e precisas (portanto, v&#225;lidas tanto internamente como externamente) para orientar tomadas de decis&#245;es em cen&#225;rios complexos.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f4">
                <label>Figura 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Quadro conceitual passando da metan&#225;lise univariada (canto superior esquerdo) para metan&#225;lise pareada (canto superior direito), metan&#225;lise de rede (canto inferior esquerdo) e metan&#225;lise multivariada (canto inferior direito). A, B, C e D representam tratamentos concorrentes para uma mesma condi&#231;&#227;o; as linhas cont&#237;nuas representam compara&#231;&#245;es diretas decorrentes de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados comparados lado a lado; as linhas tracejadas representam compara&#231;&#245;es indiretas; cores diferentes representam diferentes desfechos de interesse.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0333-60052-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Processo de revis&#227;o</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Desenhando e registrando a revis&#227;o</title>
            <p>Revis&#245;es devem ser desenhadas antes que os dados sejam efetivamente coletados e o protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o deve ser publicado logo que finalizado em um reposit&#243;rio em um s&#237;tio dedicado. V&#225;rias diretrizes est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para desenho, condu&#231;&#227;o e relato de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica por pares e metan&#225;lise de rede.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Buscando, selecionando, resumindo e avaliando as evid&#234;ncias</title>
            <p>A busca para coletar evid&#234;ncias deve ser realizada em v&#225;rias bases de dados (MEDLINE / PubMed, Cochrane Library, Europe PubMed Central, SciELO, LILACS, Embase e outros). A sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos &#233; um passo importante em qualquer revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Os estudos devem ter qualidade metodol&#243;gica moderada a alta e, ao mesmo tempo que tratarem de ensaios diferentes com base em amostras de conveni&#234;ncia, devem representar vis&#245;es semelhantes sobre um <italic>continuum</italic> de uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e uma estrat&#233;gia ou conjunto de estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas de manejo. Por &#250;ltimo, a validade interna de todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o deve ser analisada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Escolhendo a estrutura, pacote, modelo e estat&#237;stica</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Escolhendo a estrutura estat&#237;stica</title>
            <p>As infer&#234;ncias bioestat&#237;sticas s&#227;o, na grande maioria, baseadas em uma abordagem frequentista com seus recursos definidores: hip&#243;tese nula, hip&#243;tese alternativa, teste de hip&#243;teses, valor de p e intervalo de confian&#231;a. Portanto, podem ser limitadas por problemas computacionais no caso de uma rede de dados complexa. A estrutura Bayesiana tem sido a estrutura dominante na metan&#225;lise de rede por permitir modelagem e ajuste mais flex&#237;veis para redes de evid&#234;ncia menos do que simples.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Apesar dos argumentos acima, acontecimentos recentes em trabalhos te&#243;ricos e melhorias da efici&#234;ncia computacional preencheram amplamente a lacuna entre an&#225;lise frequentista e Bayesiana em termos de precis&#227;o, acur&#225;cia e flexibilidade. Assim, resultados semelhantes s&#227;o obtidos com m&#233;todos de ponta, independentemente do uso de quadros ou abordagem frequentista-Bayesiana.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Escolhendo o pacote estat&#237;stico</title>
            <p>At&#233; o momento, o WinBUGS tem sido o pacote mais amplamente utilizado. Ele &#233; relativamente f&#225;cil de comandar, e foi especificamente desenhado para uma modelagem e an&#225;lise Bayesiana flex&#237;vel. O R tamb&#233;m tem sido cada vez mais utilizado, j&#225; que pode ativar rotinas do WinBUGS e oferecer ferramentas importantes para computa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas ou an&#225;lises de sensibilidade. O R tamb&#233;m pode ser empregado para metan&#225;lise de rede frequentista. O Stata (StataCorp, College Station, TX, EUA) e o SAS (SAS, Cary, NC, EUA) tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido adotados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Escolhendo o modelo estat&#237;stico e entre efeitos fixos e aleat&#243;rios</title>
            <p>Eventos relativamente comuns podem ser mais bem analisados com um modelo binomial, enquanto eventos incomuns ou aqueles que ocorrem em per&#237;odos vari&#225;veis de tempo podem ser tratados com mais efic&#225;cia com o modelo de Poisson.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Escolhendo a estat&#237;stica apropriada</title>
            <p>Raz&#227;o de chances, risco relativo, diferen&#231;a de risco, n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar, probabilidade de ser o melhor, rankogramas e superf&#237;cie sob a curva cumulativa de ranking podem ser gerados a partir de um modelo binomial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Os riscos relativos s&#227;o mais f&#225;ceis de serem compreendidos, mas sofrem de uma redu&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada quando na fra&#231;&#227;o entre os dois riscos, o numerador se aproxima de um. Tanto a raz&#227;o de chances quanto a raz&#227;o de risco n&#227;o levam em considera&#231;&#227;o a dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento, portanto a taxa de risco deve ser preferida e considerada mais confi&#225;vel quando o seguimento n&#227;o &#233; uniforme.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A escolha do estimador de risco, probabilidade de ser o melhor, rankograma e superf&#237;cie sob a curva cumulativa de ranking s&#227;o considerados hoje ainda mais importante para ajudar o leitor a identificar qual o tratamento ou grupo de tratamentos que deve ser considerado provavelmente melhor do que outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Incorporando moderadores: metarregress&#227;o de rede</title>
            <p>Uma das caracter&#237;sticas fortes de uma metan&#225;lise &#233; a sua habilidade de avaliar efeitos de intera&#231;&#227;o com metarregress&#227;o, quantificando assim o impacto de moderadores ou covari&#225;veis na estimativa do efeito. A metan&#225;lise de rede &#233; adequada para metarregress&#227;o, dadas as suas caracter&#237;sticas de modelagem flex&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avaliando a heterogeneidade entre estudos</title>
            <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da homogeneidade entre estudos semelhantes &#233; um aspecto fundamental de qualquer revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. M&#233;todos padronizados para avaliar a heterogeneidade entre estudos nos c&#225;lculos da metan&#225;lise pareada incluem o teste Q de Cochran e estat&#237;stica I-quadrado. Se o valor de p derivado do teste Q de Cochran &#233; &lt; 0,05, o acaso por si s&#243; &#233; ent&#227;o pouco prov&#225;vel para explicar a variabilidade nas estimativas de efeito decorrentes de estudos individuais. Na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do I-quadrado, a inconsist&#234;ncia entre estudos &#233; classificada como leve ou ausente se &lt; 25%, moderada se &lt; 50 % e moderada a grave se &gt; 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avaliando inconsist&#234;ncia entre estimativas diretas e indiretas</title>
            <p>A suposi&#231;&#227;o subjacente mais importante da metan&#225;lise de rede &#233; de que os estudos s&#227;o suficientemente semelhantes para serem consideradas em conjunto. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da inconsist&#234;ncia nas estimativas diretas e indiretas &#233; essencial para apoiar a validade de qualquer metan&#225;lise de rede. V&#225;rias abordagens est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis, mas em termos simples, qualquer metan&#225;lise de rede na qual as estimativas diretas e indiretas diferem substancialmente deve ser vista com cautela ou ser completamente ignorada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avaliando efeitos de estudos pequenos e vieses de publica&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>Efeitos de estudos pequenos podem distorcer a avalia&#231;&#227;o global da evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, fornecendo estimativas de efeito impreciso ou tendencioso. Isto ocorre na maioria das vezes devido a vieses de publica&#231;&#227;o ou outros fatores. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito de estudos pequenos &#233; cr&#237;tica para apoiar a validade de qualquer metan&#225;lise de rede.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Uma metan&#225;lise de rede dominada por estudos pequenos n&#227;o pode ser considerada v&#225;lida e seus resultados devem ser provavelmente ignorados, ou no m&#225;ximo, utilizados para gerar hip&#243;teses. V&#225;rias abordagens t&#234;m sido sugeridas para testar efeitos de estudos pequenos, incluindo inspe&#231;&#227;o do gr&#225;fico de funil ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o para estimativas sum&#225;rias de subgrupos, teste de regress&#227;o e o m&#233;todo de Copas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Combinando estimativas de efeito m&#250;ltiplo: metan&#225;lise multivariada de rede</title>
            <p>A metan&#225;lise multivariada &#233; realizada em conjuntos distintos de an&#225;lise e resta ao leitor a dif&#237;cil escolha de considerar qual desfecho &#233; mais significativo. Uma solu&#231;&#227;o &#233; criar uma rede de desfechos combinados (por exemplo, acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal, sangramento n&#227;o fatal, morte, ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio). Esta abordagem tem benef&#237;cios limitados em termos de maior precis&#227;o e nos for&#231;a a considerar todos os componentes do desfecho conjunto como igualmente importantes. Quando os resultados obtidos com riscos concorrentes s&#227;o utilizados, h&#225; tamb&#233;m um risco de efeitos m&#233;dios heterog&#234;neos ou esp&#250;rios (por exemplo, quando sangramento e eventos tromb&#243;ticos s&#227;o combinados).</p>
            <p>A metan&#225;lise multivariada &#233; uma aplica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica da an&#225;lise multivariada para definir uma metan&#225;lise na qual um conjunto de vari&#225;veis dependentes &#233; analisado simultaneamente; assim, quando se comparam diferentes tratamentos, o &#250;nico tratamento que &#233; o mais prov&#225;vel e consistentemente capaz de proporcionar uma melhora cl&#237;nica pode ser identificado. Esta abordagem &#233; vantajosa quando falta uma hierarquia espec&#237;fica entre os diferentes resultados e quando cada um dos resultados, se considerado isoladamente, n&#227;o tem relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica para orientar por si s&#243; a tomada de decis&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Uma quest&#227;o relevante &#233; saber se, quando agregados, &#233; poss&#237;vel confiar nos desfechos avaliados inicialmente em an&#225;lises secund&#225;rias da mesma maneira que os desfechos que foram resultados prim&#225;rios nos estudos inclu&#237;dos. O risco de distor&#231;&#227;o devido a um vi&#233;s de comunica&#231;&#227;o &#233; maior no primeiro caso, assim como tamb&#233;m o risco de erro tipo I.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Passando de dados estudo a estudo (<italic>study level</italic>) para dados caso a caso (<italic>patient level</italic>): metan&#225;lise de rede de pacientes individuais</title>
            <p>A metan&#225;lise sempre foi criticada por utilizar principalmente dados a n&#237;vel de estudo ou agregados, e por n&#227;o ter originalidade e riscos ecol&#243;gicos. A metan&#225;lise de rede caso a caso supera esta limita&#231;&#227;o e tem muitas outras vantagens: pode melhorar a validade interna, testar hip&#243;teses em subgrupo e avaliar covari&#225;veis de interesse.</p>
            <p>A metan&#225;lise de rede pode ser realizada tanto a n&#237;vel de estudo quanto de paciente atrav&#233;s de uma abordagem de uma ou duas etapas, dependendo do quadro, pacote, modelo e estat&#237;stica de prefer&#234;ncia. Enquanto cada vez mais desafiadora, especialmente em termos de log&#237;stica e cooperativismo, a metan&#225;lise de rede caso a caso deve ser considerada a refer&#234;ncia padr&#227;o para qualquer s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncia.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Relatando metan&#225;lises de rede com excel&#234;ncia</title>
            <p>As metan&#225;lises de rede t&#234;m sido foco de v&#225;rios esfor&#231;os de padroniza&#231;&#227;o que tentam aumentar sua robustez e efic&#225;cia e, ao mesmo tempo, seu uso entre tomadores de decis&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Relat&#243;rios de excel&#234;ncia devem incluir informa&#231;&#245;es expl&#237;citas sobre os m&#233;todos, esclarecer a respeito da rede de evid&#234;ncias, utilizar m&#233;todos anal&#237;ticos s&#243;lidos, avaliar a validade da homogeneidade e pressupostos de consist&#234;ncia, e n&#227;o sofrer de modo importante de efeito de estudos pequenos. An&#225;lises de sensibilidade s&#227;o cruciais para garantir ao leitor de qualquer metan&#225;lise de rede que os resultados s&#227;o semelhantes em dire&#231;&#227;o e magnitude estat&#237;stica, apesar de terem hip&#243;teses ou m&#233;todos computacionais distintos.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Perspectivas futuras</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Mudando da s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncia para a a&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>Os resultados de uma metan&#225;lise de rede devem ser utilizados para orientar a tomada de decis&#245;es, definir a melhor forma de interpretar os resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o e aplic&#225;-los na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, e implementar plenamente a interven&#231;&#227;o em detalhes com o balan&#231;o risco-benef&#237;cio mais favor&#225;vel. Isto &#233; feito melhor por estimativas de risco absoluto, n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar e rankogramas, baseando o julgamento em intervalos de confian&#231;a cred&#237;veis ao inv&#233;s de estimativas pontuais, enquanto se reconhece o efeito simult&#226;neo de uma determinada interven&#231;&#227;o em v&#225;rios desfechos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Com isso, quando duas ou mais interven&#231;&#245;es parecem ter perfis de risco-benef&#237;cio igualmente ben&#233;ficos, a mais f&#225;cil ou de menor custo para implementa&#231;&#227;o deve ser favorecida.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>O futuro da metan&#225;lise de rede: rumo &#224; acessibilidade e integra&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>O futuro da metan&#225;lise de rede depende do dif&#237;cil processo de navegar entre a Cila de processos de ponta para condu&#231;&#227;o de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica v&#225;lida e o Car&#237;bdis da dissemina&#231;&#227;o efetiva e implementa&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida por tomadores de decis&#227;o e partes interessadas. A pesquisa e a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica t&#234;m sido dominadas nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas por ferramentas simples e f&#225;ceis de usar que fornecem novas solu&#231;&#245;es para problemas complexos. Um excelente recurso para m&#233;todos de pesquisa cl&#237;nica &#233; a an&#225;lise de sobrevida utilizando o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, com seus resultados precisos, exatos e robustos nas pesquisas do dia a dia, apesar da sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em uma multitude de contextos diferentes e, por vezes, dif&#237;ceis.</p>
            <p>No futuro, a metan&#225;lise de rede e s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncia ser&#227;o poss&#237;veis com aplica&#231;&#227;o concomitante de pacotes simples mas robustos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de metan&#225;lise de rede em diversas plataformas como <italic>tablets</italic> e <italic>smartphones</italic>, e a cria&#231;&#227;o de inteligentes reposit&#243;rios de estudos que possam acumular automaticamente as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas atrav&#233;s dos dados individuais em uma esp&#233;cie de metan&#225;lise de rede de ac&#250;mulo. Nenhuma metan&#225;lise individual deve ser considerada como o fim, mas sim, como uma ferramenta para fornecer uma forma destilada e purificada das evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis para guiar com mais acur&#225;cia a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A tomada de decis&#245;es na pr&#225;tica cardiovascular &#233; muitas vezes baseada em evid&#234;ncias complexas, por&#233;m incompletas. A metan&#225;lise de rede representa uma ferramenta &#250;nica, vers&#225;til e poderosa para melhorar a tomada de decis&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
