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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">q6VHCpq8Hm8C4SGkChmcJVm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000400327</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005007103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160030</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Intima-Media Thickness in Healthy Children Aged 1 to 15 Years</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Liz Andr&#233;a Villela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sylvestre</surname>
            <given-names>Lucimary de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pecoits</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, PR - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini</bold>, PUC-PR. Rua Buenos Aires, 764, ap. 601, Batel. Postal Code 80250-070, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>lizavb@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Pecoits Filho R; Acquisition of data: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Baroncini LAV, Pecoits Filho R; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Baroncini LAV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>327</fpage>
      <lpage>332</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been shown to be increased in children and adolescents with traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, compared with those of healthy children.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the influence of sex, age and body mass index (BMI) on the CIMT in healthy children and adolescents aged 1 to 15 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 280 healthy children and adolescents (males, n=175; mean age, 7.49&#177;3.57 years; mean BMI, 17.94&#177;4.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were screened for CIMT assessment. They were divided into 3 groups according to age: GI, 1 to 5 years [n=93 (33.2%); males, 57; mean BMI, 16&#177;3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>]; GII, 6 to 10 years [n=127 (45.4%); males, 78; mean BMI, 17.9&#177;3.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>], and GIII, 11 to 15 years [n=60 (21.4%); males, 40; mean BMI, 20.9&#177;4.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was no significant difference in CIMT values between male and female children and adolescents (0.43&#177;0.06 mm vs. 0.42&#177;0.05 mm, respectively; p=0.243). CIMT correlated with BMI neither in the total population nor in the 3 age groups according to Pearson correlation coefficient. Subjects aged 11 to 15 years had the highest CIMT values (GI vs. GII, p=0.615; GI vs. GIII, p=0.02; GII vs. GIII, p=0.004).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>CIMT is constant in healthy children younger than 10 years, regardless of sex or BMI. CIMT increases after the age of 10 years.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Artery</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In 1986 Pignoli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and in 2010 O&#180;Leary and Bots,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> established B-mode imaging as a useful tool for detecting and monitoring changes in intimal plus medial thickness. This method allows for the evaluation of changes in the arterial wall in areas without localized plaques. Therefore, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurements have been assessed in several observational and interventional studies. The noninvasive nature of B-mode imaging has made it popular for use in the pre-clinical diagnosis and follow-up of patients with atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The assessment of cardiovascular risk in pediatric patients is challenging. Cardiovascular events or death rarely occur in children, but changes in the cardiovascular system can be identified at an early age in pediatric populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> CIMT has been shown to be increased in children with traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, as compared to healthy children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, previous studies assessing sex differences in CIMT in healthy pediatric populations have generated conflicting results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> These conflicts are probably secondary to the methodologies applied and the fact that the studies included children older than 10 years and adults in the same analyses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Consequently, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of sex, age, and BMI on CIMT, and to establish parameters for CIMT in healthy children and adolescents aged 1 to 15 years.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>We selected 280 consecutive healthy Caucasian children and adolescents (males, n=175; mean age, 7.49&#177;3.57 years), who underwent echocardiography for assessment of an innocent cardiac murmur referred by a private pediatrician. The population in the present study was part of the private health care system.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were children diagnosed with diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, any systemic disease, and those considered overweight or obese (&#8805; 85th percentile) for their age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Children were not sedated before the exams. Children who refused to undergo the ultrasound examination and those who did not allow a proper or complete examination, such as very young children, were excluded from the study.</p>
        <p>Before the exam, the ultrasonographist collected information on demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors of each parent. Parents were asked about the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), and current smoking habit.</p>
        <p>Hypertension was defined as a history of treated hypertension. Smoking history was coded as never or current smoker. Subjects were classified as having diabetes when treated for insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The use of lipid-lowering drugs was assessed. A history of myocardial infarction, angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft surgery was recorded, and a positive CAD history was defined as the presence of any of these diseases. Children from parents under treatment for any of these diseases aforementioned were excluded from the study.</p>
        <p>The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to age: 1 to 5 years (GI), 6 to 10 years (GII), and 11 to 15 years (GIII). Institutional ethical committee approval was obtained for the study. The legal representative of each child provided written informed consent before examination. Children older than 10 years also signed a consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ultrasound measurements</title>
        <p>All CIMT measurements were made using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography (Philips Medical Systems' HD11 platform) with a broadband width linear array transducer L 3-12 MHz. Sonography and readings were conducted by a trained and certified sonographer. The subjects were examined in the supine position with the neck extended and the probe in the anterolateral position. On longitudinal 2D ultrasound images of the carotid artery, the near wall and the far wall are displayed as 2 echogenic lines (the adventitia and intima) that are separated by the hypoechoic media. The distance between the leading edge of the first bright line of the far wall (lumen-intima interface) and the leading edge of the second bright line (media-adventitia interface) is defined as the CIMT.</p>
        <p>For this study, we measured the CIMT on the distal 10 mm of the far wall of both the right and left common carotid artery. After zooming and freezing the image, we manually measured the CIMT using electronic calipers. Five measurements were recorded on each side and the average of these measurements was used for the final CIMT analyses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative variables are described by mean, median, minimum, and maximum values and standard deviation. Qualitative variables are described as frequencies and percentages. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the distribution. CIMT measurements of both sexes were compared using Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. The age groups were compared using the analysis of variance model with one parameter (ANOVA) and the least significance difference for multiple comparisons. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the linear association between CIMT and BMI. Multivariate analysis was performed by adjusting a multiple linear regression model using CIMT as the dependent variable and sex, age, and BMI as independent variables. A p-value &lt; 0.05 indicated statistical significance. The sample size was not calculated at the present study because there are no normative values for CIM in healthy children and adolescents. Data were analyzed with the SPSS v. 20.0 computer program.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study included 280 healthy children and adolescents (males, n=175; mean age, 7.49&#177;3.57 years; mean BMI, 17.94&#177;4.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; mean CIMT, 0.43&#177;0.06 mm). Their characteristics are provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. No significant differences in CIMT values were observed between male and female children and adolescents in the total population or among the age groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). CIMT was not correlated to BMI in the total population or among the age groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Subjects older than 10 years had the highest CIMT values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Groups</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Male/Female (n)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>; mean&#177;SD)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CIMT (mm; mean&#177;SD)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI</td>
              <td align="center">93 (33.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">57/36</td>
              <td align="center">16&#177;3</td>
              <td align="center">0.42&#177;0.06</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GII</td>
              <td align="center">127 (45.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">78/49</td>
              <td align="center">17.9&#177;3.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.42&#177;0.05</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GIII</td>
              <td align="center">60 (21.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">40/20</td>
              <td align="center">20.9&#177;4.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.45&#177;0.05</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">280</td>
              <td align="center">175/105</td>
              <td align="center">17.94&#177;4.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.43&#177;0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Groups</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>P</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI vs GII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.615</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI vs GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GII vs GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; SD: standard deviation. GI = 1 to 5 years; GII = 6 to 10 years; GIII = 11 to 15 years.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Analysis of variance with one parameter, p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Least significant diference test, p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlations between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), sex and body mass index (BMI) among age groups and in the entire study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Age (years)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CIMT (mm; mean&#177;SD)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>P</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>BMI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">1 a 5</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">0.43&#177;0.06</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">0.42&#177;0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.62</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">6 a 10</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">78</td>
              <td align="center">0.42&#177;0.05</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">0.41&#177;0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">11 a 15</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">0.45&#177;0.05</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">0.45&#177;0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">Male+Female</td>
              <td align="center">280</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.056</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">175</td>
              <td align="center">0.43&#177;0.06</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.127</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">105</td>
              <td align="center">0.42&#177;0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.243</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student t test for independent samples.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Pearson correlation coefficient.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) among age groups.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0327-60030-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Much information is available concerning CIMT in adults, but little information exists regarding CIMT in healthy pediatric populations, despite the need for early detection and prevention of cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Most studies of CIMT in pediatric patients have compared healthy children with children who have cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Additionally, most studies have included subjects aged 10 years or older.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study we only included subjects younger than 15 years, and we found that in very young (&lt;10 years old) healthy children, we were unable to detect any significant difference in CIMT when we considered sex and BMI as independent variables. These findings agree with previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> that concluded that the normal carotid arterial wall is unaffected by age or sex until approximately 18 years of age, after which time, there is diffuse progressive intimal thickening. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that our results could be due to the fact that the imaging method used here (high-resolution B mode ultrasonography) is not able to detect such small differences in CIMT due to its low sensitivity. In our study, we confirmed that, as in adults,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> CIMT increases with age. These findings could be related to the fact that, by the age of 10, most boys and girls are beginning puberty and undergoing hormonal changes that induce a significant increase in total body fat percentage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Other possible explanation is that CIMT increases as a physiological reaction of the vessel to adapt the age-dependent rise in blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In fact, CIMT changes could reflect non-atherosclerotic and adaptive responses to aging and mechanical stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In the present study, we only included healthy children with normal BMI. CIMT appears to coincide with the normal development of children and increases with age, as it does in adults. Ko&#231;yi&#287;it et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have studied 91 healthy children aged 7 to 15 years and observed an age-related physiologic thickening of the carotid intima-media that was not related to sex. CIMT is considered a reflection of multiple risk factors, but primary contributors to intima-media thickening are age and hypertension, which do not necessarily reflect the atherosclerotic process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Some studies have corroborated these findings. Lande et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have concluded that CIMT is increased in childhood primary hypertension and is independent of the effects of obesity.</p>
      <p>Di Pino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> have reported that subjects with altered glucose tolerance had associated morphological and functional alterations of the arterial wall; however, these alterations are not likely to be related to hyperglycemia, but, instead, related primarily to aging. Opposing results have also been reported. For example, Stabouli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> have studied a similarly aged population and observed that obese children and adolescents have greater CIMT than non-obese subjects, independent of blood pressure. Giannini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> have concluded that both obese and thin children present early signs of atherosclerosis, including increased oxidative stress, impaired inflammation, and insulin sensitivity, as well as increased CIMT values.</p>
      <p>Pediatric epidemiological studies, as well as case-control and observational studies in children, have confirmed that CIMT is increased in the presence of risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Further, traditional cardiovascular risk factors already present in childhood predict the occurrence of preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> However, the availability of normative CIMT data for children is limited and most studies have compared CIMT values from children with those from adult populations. Therefore, in the present study, we attempted to assess CIMT in healthy children and adolescents between 1 and 15 years, and to fill a major gap in medical pediatric literature. Our findings could be used to evaluate other children of the same age with comorbidities, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, and children whose parents have cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Among healthy children younger than 15 years, there is no significant difference in CIMT between males and females. BMI was not correlated to CIMT in healthy children under the age of 15 years. CIMT is constant in children younger than 10 years, regardless of sex and BMI. CIMT increases after the age of 10 years.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Post Doctoral submitted by Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini, from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Espessura M&#233;dio-Intimal em Crian&#231;as Saud&#225;veis entre 1 e 15 Anos</article-title>
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            <given-names>Liz Andr&#233;a Villela</given-names>
          </name>
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          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
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        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini</bold>, PUC-PR. Rua Buenos Aires, 764, ap. 601, Batel. CEP 80250-070, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>lizavb@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Pecoits Filho R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Baroncini LAV, Pecoits Filho R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Baroncini LAV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p> A espessura m&#233;dio-intimal (EMI) na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum tem se mostrado aumentada em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com fatores de risco tradicionais, como obesidade, hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, quando comparada &#224; de crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do sexo, idade e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) sobre a EMI em crian&#231;as e adolescentes saud&#225;veis entre 1 e 15 anos de idade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Este estudo incluiu 280 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (sexo masculino, n=175; idade, 7,49&#177;3,57 anos; IMC, 17,94&#177;4,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), que foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria: GI, crian&#231;as de 1 a 5 anos [n=93 (33,2%); sexo masculino, 57; IMC, 16&#177;3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>]; GII, crian&#231;as de 6 a 10 anos [n=127 (45,4%); sexo masculino, 78; IMC, 17,9&#177;3,7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>]; e GIII, crian&#231;as de 11 a 15 anos [n=60 (21,4%); sexo masculino, 40; IMC, 20,9&#177;4,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos valores da EMI entre os sexos (masculino, 0,43&#177;0,06 mm; feminino, 0,42&#177;0.05 mm; p=0,243). A EMI n&#227;o se correlacionou com o IMC na popula&#231;&#227;o total ou nos 3 grupos de acordo com o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Crian&#231;as entre 11 e 15 anos apresentaram maiores valores de EMI (GI vs. GII, p=0,615; GI vs. GIII, p=0,02; GII vs. GIII, p=0,004).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> Independentemente de sexo e IMC, a EMI &#233; constante em crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis abaixo dos 10 anos de idade, aumentando a partir da&#237;.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura &#205;ntima-M&#233;dia Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em 1986 Pignoli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e em 2010, O&#180;Leary e Bots,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> estabeleceram a ultrassonografia modo B como uma ferramenta &#250;til para detectar e monitorar altera&#231;&#245;es na espessura da m&#233;dia e da &#237;ntima arterial. Esse m&#233;todo permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es na parede arterial em &#225;reas sem placas localizadas. Assim, as medidas da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida (EMIC) foram avaliadas em v&#225;rios estudos observacionais e intervencionistas. A natureza n&#227;o invasiva da ultrassonografia modo B tornou seu uso popular para o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico e o seguimento de pacientes com aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Avaliar o risco cardiovascular em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos &#233; um desafio. Eventos cardiovasculares ou morte raramente ocorrem em crian&#231;as, mas altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema cardiovascular podem ser identificadas nessas popula&#231;&#245;es em uma idade precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A EMIC mostrou-se aumentada em crian&#231;as com os tradicionais fatores de risco cardiovascular, como obesidade, hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, em compara&#231;&#227;o a crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Entretanto, estudos pr&#233;vios avaliando diferen&#231;as na EMIC relacionadas ao sexo em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas saud&#225;veis chegaram a resultados conflitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Tais conflitos s&#227;o provavelmente secund&#225;rios &#224;s metodologias utilizadas e ao fato de os estudos inclu&#237;rem nas mesmas an&#225;lises crian&#231;as com mais de 10 anos e adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo visou a avaliar a influ&#234;ncia de sexo, idade e IMC na EMIC e a estabelecer par&#226;metros para a EMIC em crian&#231;as e adolescentes saud&#225;veis com idade entre 1 e 15 anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Selecionamos consecutivamente 280 crian&#231;as e adolescentes caucasianos saud&#225;veis (sexo masculino, n=175; idade m&#233;dia, 7,49&#177;3,57 anos) submetidos a ecocardiografia para avalia&#231;&#227;o de um sopro card&#237;aco inocente, encaminhados pelo pediatra privado. A popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo era parte do sistema privado de sa&#250;de.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram crian&#231;as diagnosticadas com diabetes, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o ou qualquer doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica e aquelas consideradas de sobrepeso ou obesas (&#8805; percentil 85) para a idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As crian&#231;as n&#227;o foram sedadas antes dos exames. Aquelas que se recusaram a se submeter &#224; ultrassonografia e as que n&#227;o permitiram um exame adequado ou completo, como as muito jovens, foram exclu&#237;das do estudo.</p>
          <p>Antes do exame, o examinador colheu informa&#231;&#227;o sobre as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e os fatores de risco cardiovascular dos pais. Os pais foram indagados quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), e tabagismo atual.</p>
          <p>Definiu-se hipertens&#227;o como uma hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o tratada. A informa&#231;&#227;o sobre tabagismo foi classificada em 'nunca" ou "atual'. Os pacientes foram considerados como tendo diabetes quando tratados para diabetes insulino-dependente ou n&#227;o insulino-dependente. O uso de hipolipemiantes foi avaliado. Registrou-se hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angioplastia ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sendo que a presen&#231;a de qualquer uma dessas doen&#231;as foi considerada como uma hist&#243;ria positiva de DAC. Os filhos de pais em tratamento para qualquer dessas doen&#231;as mencionadas foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
          <p>Os participantes foram divididos em 3 grupos segundo suas idades: GI, 1 a 5 anos; GII, 6 a 10 anos; e GIII, 11 a 15 anos. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional aprovou o estudo. O representante legal de cada participante assinou o termo de consentimento livre e informado antes do exame, sendo que as crian&#231;as com mais de 10 anos tamb&#233;m assinaram um formul&#225;rio de consentimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas ultrassonogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>Todas as medidas de EMIC foram feitas atrav&#233;s de ultrassonografia modo B de alto desempenho (plataforma HD11, Philips Medical Systems) com um transdutor de banda larga linear L (3-12 MHz). O exame e as leituras foram realizados por profissional treinado e certificado. Os pacientes foram examinados na posi&#231;&#227;o supina com o pesco&#231;o estendido e a sonda na posi&#231;&#227;o anterolateral. Na ultrassonografia longitudinal bidimensional, as paredes mais pr&#243;xima e mais distante da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida aparecem como duas linhas ecog&#234;nicas (a advent&#237;cia e a &#237;ntima), que s&#227;o separadas pela m&#233;dia hipoecoica. A dist&#226;ncia entre a borda da primeira linha brilhante da parede mais distante (interface l&#250;men-&#237;ntima) e a borda da segunda linha brilhante (interface m&#233;dia-advent&#237;cia) &#233; definida como a EMIC.</p>
          <p>Para este estudo, medimos a EMIC nos 10 mm distais &#224; parede mais distante das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns direita e esquerda. Ap&#243;s ampliar e congelar a imagem, medimos manualmente a EMIC usando c&#225;lipers eletr&#244;nicos. Registraram-se cinco medidas em cada lado, sendo a sua m&#233;dia usada para as an&#225;lises finais da EMIC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas ultrassonogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, mediana e valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram descritas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para checar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. As medidas da EMIC entre os sexos foram comparadas usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para as amostras independentes. As faixas et&#225;rias foram comparadas usando an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com um par&#226;metro (ANOVA) e a diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa para as compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. Usou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre EMIC e IMC. Realizou-se an&#225;lise multivariada, ajustando-se um modelo de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla com EMIC como a vari&#225;vel dependente, e sexo, idade e IMC como as vari&#225;veis independentes. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 indicou significado estat&#237;stico. N&#227;o se calculou o tamanho da amostra neste estudo, pois n&#227;o h&#225; valores normativos para CIM em crian&#231;as e adolescentes saud&#225;veis. Os dados foram analisados com o programa SPSS v. 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Este estudo incluiu 280 crian&#231;as e adolescentes saud&#225;veis (sexo masculino, n=175; idade m&#233;dia, 7,49&#177;3,57 anos; IMC m&#233;dio, 17,94&#177;4,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; EMIC m&#233;dia, 0,43&#177;0,06 mm). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra. Os valores da EMIC n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os sexos em crian&#231;as e adolescentes considerando-se a popula&#231;&#227;o total ou entre as faixas et&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). A EMIC n&#227;o se correlacionou com o IMC na popula&#231;&#227;o total ou entre as faixas et&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Os participantes com mais de 10 anos de idade apresentaram os mais elevados valores de EMIC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Grupos</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Masculino/Feminino (n)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>; m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>EMIC (mm; m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI</td>
                <td align="center">93 (33,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">57/36</td>
                <td align="center">16+3</td>
                <td align="center">0,42+0,06</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GII</td>
                <td align="center">127 (45,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">78/49</td>
                <td align="center">17,9+3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,42+0,05</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GIII</td>
                <td align="center">60 (21,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">40/20</td>
                <td align="center">20,9+4,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,45+0,05</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">280</td>
                <td align="center">175/105</td>
                <td align="center">17,94+4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,43+0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grupos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref>P</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI vs GII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,615</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI vs GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GII vs GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; EMIC: espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida; DP: desvio padr&#227;o. GI = 1 a 5 anos; GII = 6 a 10 anos; GIII = 11 a 15 anos.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com um par&#226;metro, p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste da m&#237;nima diferen&#231;a significativa, p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida (EMIC), sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) entre as faixas et&#225;rias e em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>EMIC (mm; m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>IMC</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">1 a 5</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">0,43+0,06</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">0,42+0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">6 a 10</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">0,42+0,05</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">0,41+0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">11 a 15</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">0,45&#177;0,05</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">0,45+0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino+Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">280</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">0,43+0,06</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">0,42+0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,243</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student para amostras independentes.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida (EMIC) nos grupos et&#225;rios.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0327-60030-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>H&#225; muita informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel sobre a EMIC em adultos, mas pouca concernente &#224; EMIC de popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas saud&#225;veis, a despeito da necessidade de detec&#231;&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o precoce da doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A maioria dos estudos sobre EMIC em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos comparou crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis com crian&#231;as portadoras de fatores de risco cardiovascular, como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia, obesidade e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos estudos incluiu indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou superior a 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, inclu&#237;mos apenas indiv&#237;duos com menos de 15 anos, sendo que, nas crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis muito jovens (&lt;10 anos), n&#227;o conseguimos detectar qualquer diferen&#231;a significativa na EMIC ao se considerar sexo e IMC como vari&#225;veis independentes. Tais achados est&#227;o de acordo com os de estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> que conclu&#237;ram que a parede da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida normal n&#227;o &#233; afetada por idade ou sexo at&#233; cerca de 18 anos, depois do que ocorre difuso e progressivo espessamento intimal. Entretanto, n&#227;o podemos excluir a possibilidade de que nossos resultados possam dever-se ao fato de que o m&#233;todo de imagem usado (ultrassonografia modo B de alto desempenho) n&#227;o &#233; capaz de detectar diferen&#231;as t&#227;o pequenas na EMIC devido a sua baixa sensibilidade. O nosso estudo confirmou que, como nos adultos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> a EMIC aumenta com a idade. Tais achados poderiam ter rela&#231;&#227;o com o fato de que, por volta dos 10 anos de idade, a maioria est&#225; entrando na puberdade e passando por mudan&#231;as hormonais que induzem um significativo aumento da porcentagem de gordura corporal total.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel seria que a EMIC aumenta como uma rea&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do vaso para se adaptar ao aumento de press&#227;o arterial que ocorre com o avan&#231;ar da idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Na verdade, as altera&#231;&#245;es da EMIC poderiam refletir respostas n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticas e adaptativas ao envelhecimento e estresse mec&#226;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> O presente estudo incluiu apenas crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis com IMC normal. A EMIC parece coincidir com o desenvolvimento normal de crian&#231;as, aumentando com a idade, como ocorre em adultos. Ko&#231;yi&#287;it et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> estudando 91 crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis entre 7 e 15 anos, observaram um espessamento fisiol&#243;gico da &#237;ntima e da m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida relacionado com idade, mas n&#227;o com sexo. Considera-se que a EMIC seja um reflexo de m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco, mas os principais contribuintes para o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal s&#227;o idade e hipertens&#227;o, que n&#227;o necessariamente refletem o processo ateroscler&#243;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Alguns estudos corroboraram esses achados. Lande et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> conclu&#237;ram que a EMIC acha-se aumentada na hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria da inf&#226;ncia e que independe dos efeitos da obesidade.</p>
        <p>Di Pino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> relataram que pacientes com altera&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais da parede arterial; tais altera&#231;&#245;es, entretanto, n&#227;o devem estar relacionadas com hiperglicemia, mas, primariamente, com envelhecimento. Resultados opostos foram relatados. Stabouli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> estudando uma popula&#231;&#227;o com idade semelhante, observaram que crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos t&#234;m maior EMIC do que n&#227;o obesos, independentemente da press&#227;o arterial. Giannini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> conclu&#237;ram que crian&#231;as tanto obesas quanto magras apresentam sinais precoces de aterosclerose, como estresse oxidativo aumentado, comprometimento da inflama&#231;&#227;o e da sensibilidade &#224; insulina, assim como valores aumentados de EMIC.</p>
        <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos pedi&#225;tricos e estudos caso-controle e observacionais em crian&#231;as confirmaram que a EMIC acha-se aumentada na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, como hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus e obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais na inf&#226;ncia prediz a ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose car&#243;tida pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica na idade adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Entretanto, a disponibilidade de dados normativos de EMIC para crian&#231;as &#233; limitada, sendo que a maioria dos estudos comparou valores de EMIC de crian&#231;as com os de popula&#231;&#245;es adultas. Portanto, o presente estudo procurou avaliar a EMIC em crian&#231;as e adolescentes saud&#225;veis entre 1 e 15 anos, e preencher uma lacuna importante na literatura m&#233;dica pedi&#225;trica. Nossos achados poderiam ser usados para avaliar outras crian&#231;as da mesma idade com comorbidades, como obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia, e crian&#231;as cujos pais t&#234;m fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis com menos de 15 anos n&#227;o apresentam significativa diferen&#231;a na EMIC entre os sexos. O IMC n&#227;o se correlacionou com a EMIC em crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis com menos de 15 anos. A despeito do sexo e do IMC, a EMIC &#233; constante em crian&#231;as at&#233; os 10 anos de idade, aumentando a partir da&#237;.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-Doutorado de Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
