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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rVTw6dGjXLTqDT7mcYxTcyh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000400319</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005008103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160041</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correlation of Insulin Resistance with Anthropometric Measures and Blood Pressure in Adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Polyana Resende Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago de Souza Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascente</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Miquetichuc Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Karla Lorena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s In&#225;cio Rolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Roriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial/Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), GO - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</bold>, Rua 115F 135 Setor Sul Goi&#226;nia - GO. Postal Code 74085-300. Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial/HC/UFG, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>polyana.morais@hotmail.com</email>, <email>fvjardim@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Morais PRS, Sousa ALL, Jardim TSV, Nascente FMN, Mendon&#231;a KL, Povoa TIR, Carneiro CS, Ferreira VR, Souza WKSB, Jardim PCBV; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Morais PRS, Sousa ALL, Povoa TIR, Jardim PCBV; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Morais PRS, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV; Obtaining financing: Sousa ALL, Jardim TSV, Nascente FMN, Mendon&#231;a KL, Povoa TIR, Carneiro CS, Jardim PCBV; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Morais PRS, Sousa ALL, Jardim TSV, Povoa TIR, Souza WKSB, Jardim PCBV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>319</fpage>
      <lpage>326</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Blood pressure is directly related to body mass index, and individuals with increased waist circumference have higher risk of developing hypertension, insulin resistance, and other metabolic changes, since adolescence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to evaluate the correlation of blood pressure with insulin resistance, waist circumference and body mass index in adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-section study on a representative sample of adolescent students. One group of adolescents with altered blood pressure detected by casual blood pressure and/or home blood pressure monitoring (blood pressure &gt; 90<sup>th</sup> percentile) and one group of normotensive adolescents were studied. Body mass index, waist circumference were measured, and fasting glucose and plasma insulin levels were determined, using the HOMA-IR index to identify insulin resistance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 162 adolescents (35 with normal blood pressure and 127 with altered blood pressure) were studied; 61% (n = 99) of them were boys and the mean age was 14.9 &#177; 1.62 years. Thirty-eight (23.5%) adolescents had altered HOMA-IR. The group with altered blood pressure had higher values of waist circumference, body mass index and HOMA-IR (p&lt;0.05). Waist circumference was higher among boys in both groups (p&lt;0.05) and girls with altered blood pressure had higher HOMA-IR than boys (p&lt;0.05). There was a significant moderate correlation between body mass index and HOMA-IR in the group with altered blood pressure (&#961; = 0.394; p &lt; 0.001), and such correlation was stronger than in the normotensive group. There was also a significant moderate correlation between waist circumference and HOMA-IR in both groups (&#961; = 0.345; p &lt; 0.05). Logistic regression showed that HOMA-IR was as predictor of altered blood pressure (odds ratio - OR = 2.0; p = 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>There was a significant association of insulin resistance with blood pressure and the impact of insulin resistance on blood pressure since childhood. The correlation and association between markers of cardiovascular diseases was more pronounced in adolescents with altered blood pressure, suggesting that primary prevention strategies for cardiovascular risk factors should be early implemented in childhood and adolescence.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Insulin Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Anthropometry</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, which are the main cause of deaths in Brazil and in the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In the last decade, high blood pressure levels have been identified in children and adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obesity is highlighted as one of the important risk factors for hypertension, and it reaches epidemic proportions in many parts of the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Body fat mass is associated with profound changes in physiological functions, including from alterations in blood volume homeostasis to changes in left ventricular function. It is also indicated as a potential causal link between hypertension and insulin resistance (IR), among other metabolic changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> It is estimated that 20%-30% of overweight / obese children and adolescents have hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Body composition is one of the main determinants of high blood pressure in childhood and adolescence. There is a direct relationship between weight, body mass index (BMI) and hypertension, particularly in the second decade of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The strong association between high blood pressure and excessive weight has led to an increase in the prevalence of hypertension among children and adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Waist circumference (WC) has a good predictive value for abdominal obesity-related diseases in adolescents, and increased WC values have been considered as a significant risk factor for IR and cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>IR is also considered a risk marker for cardiovascular disease, and is associated with several metabolic changes related to, but not exclusively associated with obesity or type 2 diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> For decades, abdominal fat has been associated with hyperinsulinemia, which is a predictor of hypertension and dyslipidemias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The homeostasis model assessment as an index of IR (HOMA-IR) is a rapid, easy, low-cost method, which has been used as an alternative approach for IR diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are no studies in Brazil correlating IR and blood pressure in adolescents aged over 12 years, and few studies have evaluated the correlation between IR and anthropometric variables in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between IR, WC, BMI and blood pressure in adolescents, and the behavior of these variables by sex.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional study, part of the original project CorAdo (<italic>Cora&#231;&#227;o de Adolescente</italic>, Adolescent's heart). The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee (protocol: 017/2010), and conducted in a capital city of Brazil in 2012. The sample was representative of adolescent students, enrolled in the city's (public or private) schools.</p>
      <p>In the initial sample of 1,025 adolescents, stratified by sex, anthropometric measurements were performed, as well as casual blood pressure and home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM).</p>
      <p>WC was measured using a non-elastic measurement tape (200 cm). The cut-off points were adjusted by sex and age, and the 90th percentile was set as indicator of metabolic changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using an electronic, portable scale (Kratos<sup>&#174;</sup>, 150 kg capacity), calibrated by the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro). Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall-mounted stadiometer (Secca<sup>&#174;</sup>). All measurements were performed following the World Health Organization guidelines (WHO). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>BMI was calculated by dividing body weight (kilograms) by the square of the height (meters).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The adolescents were classified into obese or overweight based on WHO BMI cut-off points for age and sex (WHO).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Casual blood pressure and HBPM were measured using Omron HEM-705CP semi-automatic blood pressure monitors and different sizes of cuffs, in accordance to the <italic>4<sup>th</sup> Task Force's</italic> recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Four measures of casual blood pressure were taken, the first two measures when the blood pressure monitor was handed to patients, and the other two when patients returned the monitors one week later. There was a 3-min interval between measurements. The mean of the second readings was used for analysis. Blood pressure percentile was calculated using the formulas proposed by the 4<sup>th</sup> Task Force, using the MeDCal 3000 software.</p>
      <p>Adolescents and caregivers were instructed in the use of HBPM, to take four blood pressure measures, two in the morning (between 7h and 9h) and two in the afternoon (between 18h and 19h), with a 3-5 min-interval between them. One week later, participants returned the monitors, totaling 6 days of measurements.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of altered blood pressure (casual or HBPM) was determined according to international guidelines. Normal blood pressure was defined as having systolic pressure below the 90th percentile and blood pressure readings below 120/80 mmHg, and altered blood pressure was defined as systolic pressure greater than the 90th percentile.</p>
      <p>Since there are no validated criteria for HBPM, we used the criteria proposed by the 4<sup>th</sup> Task Force in the study by Stergiou et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> which suggests that both casual and HBPM measures should be similar in adolescents aged greater than 12 years.</p>
      <p>Of the initial sample (n = 1,025), 198 (19.3%) adolescents had altered systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure in the casual measurement and/or HBPM, and composed the potential group for phase 2.</p>
      <p>For sample size calculation, an error of 5% and power of 80% were fixed, considering the number of subjects with altered blood pressure (n= 198) identified from the initial sample during phase 1 of the CorAdo study. A minimum of 127 adolescents were required, and we also included 35 adolescents with normal blood pressure (controls), who were invited to the phase 2 of the study. A total of 162 adolescents completed the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxogram of sample composition for the phase 2 of the study.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0319-60041-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Participants' parents or caregivers signed the informed consent form before participating in the phase 2 of the study. Adolescents who met the inclusion criteria answered a questionnaire and had their blood collected.</p>
      <p>Sexual maturation was assessed by self-assessment, using Tanner's photographs of five sexual maturation stages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Children classified as prepubertal (Tanner stage I) were withdrawn from the study.</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were adolescents aged from 12 to 18 years (to be completed), enrolled in public and private schools, with altered blood pressure (by casual measurement and/or HBPM), and Tanner stage &#8805; 2 (pubertal stage).</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria included patients with physical disabilities that hinder blood pressure measurement, self-reported chronic disease, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease or heart disease, pregnancy, and chronic use of medications that may affect blood pressure, such as antihypertensive drugs, corticosteroids, antidepressants, anxiolytics, anti-inflammatories, and oral contraceptives.</p>
      <p>Serum glucose and plasma insulin levels were determined. The HOMA-IR index (insulin <italic>&#181;</italic>u/mL x glycemia mmol/L/22.5) was used to quantify IR, whose threshold set for adolescents is &#8805; 3.16;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> values of glycemia (mg/dL) were multiplied by 0.05551.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> (SPSS) software version 20 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) and Epi-Info<sup>&#8482;</sup>. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney U test to compare the means of the variables. Values were expressed as mean, median, standard deviation and confidence interval. A descriptive analysis of data was performed; associations between categorical variables were tested by the chi-square test, and the Spearman correlation was used to assess the association between blood pressure and BMI, WC, and HOMA-IR.</p>
        <p>Stepwise regression was conducted, considering changes in blood pressure as dependent variable. In the bivariate analysis, variables with a p-value &lt; 0.20 were considered predictors. The level of significance was set at p&lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 162 adolescents participated in the phase 2 of the study, 127 with altered blood pressure and 35 controls. Mean age of participants was 14.9 &#177; 1.62 years, and 61.1% were male.</p>
      <p>Thirty-eight adolescents (23.5%) had altered HOMA-IR, 74 (45.7%) were overweight/obese, and 17 (10.5%) had increased WC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of the study group (n = 162)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">145 (89.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">17 (10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">88 (54.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">39 (24.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obese</td>
              <td align="center">35 (21.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HOMA-IR</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">124 (76.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered</td>
              <td align="center">38 (23.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Chi-square test. HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Mean values of HOMA-IR, BMI and WC were significantly higher in the group with altered blood pressure than in controls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Blood pressure, Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) (n = 162)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4">
                <bold>Blood pressure</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">
                <bold>p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Normal (n = 35)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Altered (n = 127)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SD</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SD</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HOMA-IR</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC, cm</td>
              <td align="center">71.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 10.0</td>
              <td align="center">76.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 11.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">21.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.7</td>
              <td align="center">23.8</td>
              <td align="center"><sub>.</sub>8 &#177;</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U test. SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When variables were categorized considering the normality criteria, a significant association was found only between blood pressure and BMI (p &lt; 0.022), with 50.4% of participants with altered blood pressure and excessive weight, and no difference in sex distribution.</p>
      <p>HOMA-IR index and BMI were similar between sexes. Mean WC was higher among male adolescents in both groups (altered blood pressure and normotensive) (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>). In the group of adolescents with altered blood pressure group, HOMA-IR indexes were higher in female than in male adolescents (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Relationship between Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) in normotensive adolescents (n = 35)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">
                <bold>p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Male (n = 99)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Female (n = 63)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean</bold>
                <bold>Mean</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SD</bold>
                <bold>95 % CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean</bold>
                <bold>Median</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SD</bold>
                <bold>95 %CI</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">HOMA-IR</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 </td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.7 </td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.960</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.65-6.12</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.7-3.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">WC, cm</td>
              <td align="center">74.2</td>
              <td align="center">11.2</td>
              <td align="center">65.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">70.6</td>
              <td align="center">61-107</td>
              <td align="center">65.3</td>
              <td align="center">58.5-75.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">21.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.0</td>
              <td align="center">20.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.1 </td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.511</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">20.6</td>
              <td align="center">17.0-30.7</td>
              <td align="center">19.6</td>
              <td align="center">16.8-26.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U test. SD: standard deviation; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Relationship between Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) in adolescents with altered blood pressure (n = 127)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="3">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">
                <bold>p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Male (n = 99)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Female (n = 63)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean</bold>
                <bold>Median</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SD</bold>
                <bold>95 %CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean</bold>
                <bold>Median</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SD</bold>
                <bold>95 %CI</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">HOMA-IR</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 </td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.7 </td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.53-8.39</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.61-8.57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">WC, cm</td>
              <td align="center">78.1</td>
              <td align="center">10.9</td>
              <td align="center">74.1</td>
              <td align="center">10.7 </td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">76.2</td>
              <td align="center">61-120</td>
              <td align="center">70.7</td>
              <td align="center">56-107</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">23.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
              <td align="center">23.7</td>
              <td align="center">5.7</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.248</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">23.4</td>
              <td align="center">15.9-35.0</td>
              <td align="center">22.5</td>
              <td align="center">16.1-42.5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U test. SD: standard deviation; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was a direct, moderate correlation between blood pressure and HOMA-IR (&#961; = 0.323; p &lt; 0.001), and a statistically significant but weak correlation between blood pressure and BMI, and between blood pressure and WC (&#961; = 0.254; p = 0.001; e &#961; = 0.258; p = 0.001).</p>
      <p>In the group analysis, stronger correlations between variables were detected, especially between BMI and HOMA-IR in the group of altered blood pressure (&#961; = 0.394; p &lt; 0.001). Similar correlations between WC and HOMA-IR were found in both groups (&#961; = 0.345; p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation of Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index, with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in adolescents with normotensive adolescents (n = 35) and altered blood pressure (n=127)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Normal blood pressure (n</bold>
                <bold>= 35)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Altered blood pressure (n</bold>
                <bold>= 127)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Spearman <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5"/></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Spearman</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HOMA-IR and BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.366</td>
              <td align="center">0.031</td>
              <td align="center">0.394</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HOMA-IR and WC</td>
              <td align="center">0.345</td>
              <td align="center">0.042</td>
              <td align="center">0.345</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Spearman correlation test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the logistic regression analysis, blood pressure was affected only by HOMA-IR (<italic>odds ratio</italic> - OR = 2.0; p = 0.001).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In many parts of the world, the prevalence of adult diseases, considered risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, has increased in pediatric population. Few studies have investigated the correlation/association between IR and blood pressure, especially in this population.</p>
      <p>In this study, there was a positive association between mean values of HOMA-IR index and altered blood pressure in adolescents (p &lt; 0.001). In the Bogalusa Heart Study, also conducted on adolescents, the HOMA-IR values were higher than those observed in our study. In another study carried out in Rio de Janeiro, the authors also reported higher HOMA-IR indexes, although the study group was composed of adults rather than adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> In a pilot study conducted in Eastern Europe involving 128 children, HOMA-IR indexes were similar to our findings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of IR in our study group was 23.5%, considering a HOMA-IR cut-off point of 3.16, proposed by Keskin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In Cochabamba, Bolivia, a study on 61 children and adolescents adopted<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> a different HOMA-IR cut-off (3.5), and reported a 39.4% prevalence of IR. A higher prevalence of IR was found in children and adolescents with high systolic pressure (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>In this study, HOMA-IR was not correlated with changes in blood pressure by using the absolute cut-off points. However, a significant direct correlation was found between mean HOMA-IR values and changes in blood pressure percentiles (&#961; = 0.323; p &lt; 0.001). This is in accordance with a study carried out in India, involving 2,640 adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Female adolescents with altered blood pressure had higher mean HOMA-IR values (p&lt;0.05), which was not observed in the normotensive group. Previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> have reported a high prevalence of altered HOMA-IR among female adolescents, which may be in part explained by differences in body fat distribution or pubertal stages as compared with boys. With respect to sexual maturation, girls may enter puberty two years earlier than boys. In the absence of other known variables, these findings suggest that girls tend to be more resistance to insulin than boys due to sex-linked genes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is worth mentioning that previous studies have not reported differences in the mean values of HOMA-IR between sexes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and one study has found a higher IR among boys than girls<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Further studies are needed to elucidate these conflicting results.</p>
      <p>By logistic regression, our study identified, for the first time, that adolescents with altered HOMA-IR are twice as likely to have altered blood pressure (OR = 2.0; p = 0.001)</p>
      <p>Other variables, such as BMI and WC did not affect the chance of having altered blood pressure. This result differed from that found in a study carried out in the south of Brazil on 1,950 children and adolescents, describing a positive relationship of systolic pressure to BMI and WC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some studies have reported an association between BMI and HOMA-IR, which may be explained by the increased anabolic effect of insulin and growth hormone related to the rapid somatic growth of children during puberty. This change in insulin sensitivity results from changes in body fat distribution in this period of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, a significant, moderate correlation was observed between BMI and HOMA-IR (&#961; = 0.394; p &lt; 0.001, for adolescents with altered blood pressure; and &#961; = 0.366; p &lt; 0.031, for normotensive adolescents. This is in accordance with previous investigations that showed that the prevalence of IR is more than twice as high among overweight and obese children and adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
      <p>When analyzed by sex, we observed that male adolescents of both groups had higher mean WC, similarly to previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, we found a positive correlation between WC and HOMA-IR (&#961; = 0.345; p &lt; 0.001 for altered blood pressure group; and &#961; = 0.345; p = 0.042 for normotensive group). Singh and colleagues also found a strong correlation between HOMA-IR and WC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and studies conducted in Brazil reported a significant association between WC and HOMA-IR in female adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our study differs from previous studies in the analysis of correlations between variables (particularly HOMA-IR and BMI) by group, i.e. between adolescents with altered blood pressure and normotensive subjects.</p>
      <p>The study has some limitations that need to be considered. First, the lack of a comprehensive assessment of body composition including other methods such as skinfold thickness or electrical bioimpedance analysis, and second, the possible inaccuracy of the method used for assessing sexual maturation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>There was a significant association of IR with blood pressure, and the impact of IR on blood pressure. The correlation and association between markers of cardiovascular diseases was more pronounced in adolescents with altered blood pressure, suggesting the need for primary prevention strategies for cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and adolescence.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNpq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Polyana Resende Silva de Morais, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank CNPq for the funding, and the Hypertension League of the Federal University of Goias (<italic>Liga de Hipertens&#227;o da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</italic>), for all the support.</p>
    </ack>
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      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</bold>, Rua 115F 135 Setor Sul Goi&#226;nia - GO. CEP 74085-300. Liga de Hipertens&#227;o arterial/HC/UFG, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>polyana.morais@hotmail.com</email>, <email>fvjardim@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Morais PRS, Sousa ALL, Jardim TSV, Nascente FMN, Mendon&#231;a KL, Povoa TIR, Carneiro CS, Ferreira VR, Souza WKSB, Jardim PCBV; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Morais PRS, Sousa ALL, Povoa TIR, Jardim PCBV; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Morais PRS, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Sousa ALL, Jardim TSV, Nascente FMN, Mendon&#231;a KL, Povoa TIR, Carneiro CS, Jardim PCBV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Morais PRS, Sousa ALL, Jardim TSV, Povoa TIR, Souza WKSB, Jardim PCBV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial (PA) est&#225; diretamente relacionada com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), e indiv&#237;duos com circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) aumentada apresentam risco maior de desenvolver hipertens&#227;o arterial e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, al&#233;m de outras altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, desde a adolesc&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, CC e IMC com PA de adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de adolescentes escolares. Foram avaliados um grupo com PA alterada pela medida casual e/ou medida residencial da PA (percentil de PA &gt; 90) e outro com PA normal. Foram tamb&#233;m avaliados IMC e CC. Glicemia de jejum e insulina plasm&#225;tica foram dosados utilizando o &#237;ndice de HOMA-IR para resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 162 adolescentes (35 no Grupo PA normal e 127 no Grupo PA alterada); 61,1% (n = 99) deles eram meninos, e a idade m&#233;dia foi 14,9 &#177; 1,62 anos. Foram observados 38 adolescentes (23,5%) com HOMA-IR alterado. Os adolescentes com PA alterada apresentaram valores maiores de CC, IMC e HOMA-IR (p &lt; 0,05). A CC foi superior nos meninos dos dois grupos (p &lt; 0,05) e s&#243; no Grupo PA alterada foram observados valores de HOMA-IR superiores entre meninas (p &lt; 0,05). A correla&#231;&#227;o entre IMC e HOMA-IR no Grupo PA alterada foi moderada e significativa (&#961; = 0,394; p &lt; 0,001) e superior ao encontrado no Grupo PA normal. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre CC e HOMA-IR tamb&#233;m foi significativa, moderada e semelhante em ambos os grupos (&#961; = 0,345; p = &lt; 0,05). Pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, HOMA-IR foi preditor de altera&#231;&#227;o da PA (<italic>odds ratio</italic> - OR = 2,0; p = 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e PA com impacto desde a inf&#226;ncia. A correla&#231;&#227;o e a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os marcadores de risco cardiovasculares mais forte no Grupo PA alterada sugere que medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria desses fatores de risco devem ser implementadas precocemente.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Antropometria</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), sendo esta a principal causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, foram observados n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA) elevados cada vez mais precocemente entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dentre os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da HA, a obesidade &#233; extremamente importante e chega a assumir, em v&#225;rias partes do mundo, propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#234;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A massa adiposa corporal est&#225; associada a intensas modifica&#231;&#245;es nas fun&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, desde altera&#231;&#245;es na homeostase do volume sangu&#237;neo, at&#233; mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e pode se tornar um importante elo causal de risco de HA e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (RI), dentre outras altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Estima-se que de 20 a 30% das crian&#231;as e adolescentes com sobrepeso/obesidade possam ter HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal &#233; um dos principais determinantes da PA na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, existindo uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre o peso, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e PA, principalmente na segunda d&#233;cada de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A forte associa&#231;&#227;o da PA elevada com excesso de peso tem levado ao aumento da preval&#234;ncia dos casos de HA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) apresenta um bom valor preditivo para doen&#231;as relacionadas ao excesso de gordura abdominal em adolescentes e &#233; um significante fator de risco para RI, al&#233;m de ser um fator de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A RI tamb&#233;m &#233; considerada um marcador de risco para o desenvolvimento de DCV e est&#225; associada a v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> H&#225; d&#233;cadas, observa-se associa&#231;&#227;o entre a gordura abdominal e hiperinsulinemia, sendo este aumento um preditivo de HA e dislipidemias futuras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Embora os indicadores de obesidade estejam relacionados &#224; RI, &#233; importante ressaltar que a RI n&#227;o &#233; uma altera&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica exclusiva de indiv&#237;duos portadores de obesidade e de diabetes melito tipo 2, podendo aparecer em outros perfis de indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de RI <italic>Homeostasis Model Assessment- Insulin Resistance</italic> (HOMA-IR) tem representado uma importante alternativa para o diagn&#243;stico de RI, pois se trata de um m&#233;todo r&#225;pido, de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e de menor custo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; estudos brasileiros que identifiquem a correla&#231;&#227;o entre resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e PA em adolescentes a partir de 12 anos de idade, e poucos estudos avaliaram a correla&#231;&#227;o entre RI e as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas nessa faixa et&#225;ria. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre RI, CC, IMC, e seu impacto na PA entre adolescentes, al&#233;m de verificar o comportamento dessas vari&#225;veis de acordo com o sexo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal, recorte do projeto original CorAdo (Cora&#231;&#227;o de Adolescente), aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Humana e Animal da institui&#231;&#227;o (Protocolo: 017/2010), realizado em uma capital brasileira, no ano de 2012, com amostra representativa de adolescentes escolares (12 a 17 anos) matriculados na rede municipal (p&#250;blica e privada) de educa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Na amostra inicial de 1.025 adolescentes, estratificados por sexo e idade, foram realizadas medidas antropom&#233;tricas, aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA casual e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da PA (MRPA).</p>
        <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o da CC foi realizada com fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel de 200 cm. Os pontos de corte foram ajustados por sexo e idade, estabelecendo o percentil 90 como indicador de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O peso corporal foi aferido em balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica port&#225;til da marca Kratos<sup>&#174;</sup>, calibrada pelo Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normaliza&#231;&#227;o e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO), com capacidade de at&#233; 150 kg e varia&#231;&#227;o de 100 g. A estatura foi medida utilizando-se antrop&#244;metro port&#225;til da marca Secca<sup>&#174;</sup> fixado n parede sem rodap&#233;, com varia&#231;&#227;o de 0,1 cm. Todas as medidas foram realizadas utilizando-se a padroniza&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O IMC foi calculado considerando a f&#243;rmula definida como peso (em kg) dividido pelo quadrado da estatura (em metros).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Foram considerados com sobrepeso ou obesidade os adolescentes que estivessem acima dos pontos de corte de IMC, espec&#237;ficos para idade e sexo, segundo crit&#233;rio proposto pela OMS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A medida casual da PA e a MRPA foram realizadas com aparelhos semiautom&#225;ticos da marca OMRON - HEM-705CP, tendo sido utilizadas bra&#231;adeiras de diferentes tamanhos e de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>4<sup>th</sup> Task Force</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foram realizadas quatro medidas da PA casual, sendo duas no momento inicial, quando da entrega do aparelho para MRPA, e duas no momento da devolu&#231;&#227;o do aparelho, havendo um intervalo de 1 semana entre elas. Entre cada medida, foi observado intervalo m&#237;nimo de 3 minutos.</p>
        <p>Para fim de an&#225;lise, foi utilizada a m&#233;dia das segundas medidas realizadas nos dois momentos, sendo calculado o percentil para os valores da PA, segundo as f&#243;rmulas propostas pela <italic>4<sup>th</sup> Task Force</italic>, utilizando o <italic>software</italic> MeDCal 3000.</p>
        <p>Os adolescentes e respons&#225;veis foram instru&#237;dos quanto ao uso da MRPA, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de quatro medidas di&#225;rias, sendo duas no per&#237;odo da manh&#227; (entre 7 e 9h) e duas no per&#237;odo da tarde (entre 18 e 19h), sempre com intervalo de 3 a 5 minutos entre as medidas. A devolu&#231;&#227;o do aparelho se deu na semana seguinte, abrangendo 6 dias de medidas.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de press&#227;o alterada foi realizado de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais para classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA, identificando como PA normal aqueles com percentil &lt; 90 e PA alterada aqueles com percentis &gt; 90 (seja na medida casual ou MRPA).</p>
        <p>Por n&#227;o existir crit&#233;rio de normalidade validada para MRPA, foram utilizados os percentis propostos pela <italic>4<sup>th</sup> Task Force</italic>, de acordo com o estudo de Stergiou et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> que sugere que acima dos 12 anos a medida residencial da PA &#233; semelhante &#224; casual.</p>
        <p>Dos 1.025 adolescentes que participaram da Fase 1 do estudo, 198 (19,3%) apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o na PA sist&#243;lica e/ou PA diast&#243;lica, na medida casual e/ou na MRPA, e constitu&#237;ram o grupo potencial para a Fase 2.</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi feito para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios da PA sist&#243;lica e PA diast&#243;lica. Esse c&#225;lculo considerou erro de 5% e poder de teste de 80%, a partir da frequ&#234;ncia de adolescentes com PA casual alterada (total de 198 sujeitos), identificada na Fase 1 (n = 1.025) do estudo CorAdo. De acordo com esse c&#225;lculo, foi identificado o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 127 adolescentes, sendo acrescentado a este total um grupo de 35 adolescentes com PA dentro dos padr&#245;es de normalidade (percentil &lt; 90 na PA sist&#243;lica e valores press&#243;ricos inferiores a 120/80 mmHg), que compuseram o grupo de normotensos, o que deveria totalizar 162 sujeitos na amostra final. Este grupo de jovens recebeu o convite para participa&#231;&#227;o na segunda fase da pesquisa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma para amostra da Fase 2 do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0319-60041-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Essa etapa foi realizada ap&#243;s os pais ou respons&#225;veis assinarem o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Aqueles que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o foram submetidos a um question&#225;rio e encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de coleta de sangue.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da matura&#231;&#227;o sexual foi feita por autoavalia&#231;&#227;o, sendo mostradas aos adolescentes as figuras dos cincos est&#225;gios de desenvolvimento puberal propostos por Tanner,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e eles indicaram as figuras correspondentes aos seus est&#225;gios puberais. A partir deste procedimento, foi feita a classifica&#231;&#227;o. Aqueles adolescentes identificados como pr&#233;-p&#250;beres (est&#225;gio 1) de acordo com o crit&#233;rio de Tanner<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        <p>Foram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: adolescentes com idade entre 12 e 18 anos incompletos, matriculados em escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas da cidade, PA sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica alterada na medida casual e/ou MRPA, assinatura do TCLE pelos pais ou respons&#225;veis, matura&#231;&#227;o sexual com classifica&#231;&#227;o de est&#225;gio &#8805; 2 (p&#250;bere).</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles com defici&#234;ncia f&#237;sica que impossibilitasse a realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas da PA; doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica autorreferida, como diabetes melito, doen&#231;a renal, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca; gesta&#231;&#227;o; e aqueles com uso cr&#244;nico de medicamentos que interferissem na PA, como anti-hipertensivos, corticoides, antidepressivos, ansiol&#237;ticos, anti-inflamat&#243;rios e anticoncepcionais.</p>
        <p>Foram realizadas dosagens s&#233;ricas de glicemia e da insulina plasm&#225;tica. Foi utilizado o &#237;ndice HOMA-IR (insulina &#181;u/mL x glicemia mmol/L/22.5) como indicativo de RI, valores &#8805; 3,16;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> para isso, os resultados da glicemia em mg/dL foram multiplicados por 0,05551.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para elabora&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizado o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 20 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) e Epi-Info<sup>&#8482;</sup>. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para avaliar se as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o que n&#227;o foi observada em nenhuma das vari&#225;veis, e foi aplicado teste de Mann-Whitney U para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias. Os valores foram expressos em m&#233;dia, mediana, desvio padr&#227;o e intervalo de confian&#231;a. Realizou-se an&#225;lise descritiva da amostra, com teste de qui quadrado para an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, bem como o estudo das correla&#231;&#245;es de Spearman entre PA e as vari&#225;veis IMC, CC, e o &#237;ndice de HOMA. Foi realizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (m&#233;todo <italic>forward stepwise</italic>), considerando altera&#231;&#227;o na PA como vari&#225;vel dependente no modelo. A an&#225;lise bivariada, as vari&#225;veis com valores de p &lt; 0,20 foram consideradas preditoras. Todas as an&#225;lises foram consideradas em um n&#237;vel de 5% de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Participaram desta fase 162 adolescentes, sendo 35 normotensos que compuseram o Grupo PA normal e 127 que apresentaram PA alterada e constitu&#237;ram o Grupo PA alterada. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 14,9 &#177; 1,62 anos, e 61,1% eram do sexo masculino. No total dessa amostra, 38 adolescentes (23,5%) apresentavam &#237;ndice de HOMA-IR alterado, 74 (45,7%) apresentaram excesso de peso, e 17 (10.5%) apresentaram CC aumentada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>As m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis estudadas (HOMA-IR, IMC e CC) apresentaram valores significativamente superiores no grupo de adolescentes com PA alterada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, de acordo com antropometria e bioqu&#237;mica (n = 162)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="%33"/>
              <col width="%33"/>
              <col width="%33"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o aumentada</td>
                <td align="center">145 (89,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumentada</td>
                <td align="center">17 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">88 (54,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">39 (24,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">35 (21,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">124 (76,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">38 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste qui quadrado. HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Press&#227;o arterial, &#237;ndice Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) (n = 162)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Normal (n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Alterado (n = 127)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CC, cm</td>
                <td align="center">71,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 10,0</td>
                <td align="center">76,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 11,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">21,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">23,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Mann-Whitney U. DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quando as vari&#225;veis foram categorizadas considerando os crit&#233;rios de normalidade, s&#243; foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre PA e IMC (p &lt; 0,022), com 50,4% dos indiv&#237;duos com PA alterada e excesso de peso.</p>
        <p>O &#237;ndice HOMA-IR e o IMC foram semelhantes entre os sexos. A m&#233;dia da CC foi maior entre os adolescentes do sexo masculino (p &lt; 0,05) em ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">4</xref>). No Grupo PA alterada, foi poss&#237;vel observar que os adolescentes do sexo feminino apresentaram valores de HOMA-IR superiores aos do sexo masculino (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre sexo, &#237;ndice Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) no Grupo PA Normal (n = 35 )</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Masculino (n</bold>
                  <bold>= 99)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Feminino (n</bold>
                  <bold>= 63)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                  <bold>Mediana</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                  <bold>IC95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                  <bold>Mediana</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                  <bold>IC95%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 </td>
                <td align="center">1,3 </td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,960</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,65-6,12</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,7-3,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">CC, cm</td>
                <td align="center">74,2</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">65,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">70,6</td>
                <td align="center">61-107</td>
                <td align="center">65,3</td>
                <td align="center">58,5-75,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">21.5</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">20,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,511</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">20.6</td>
                <td align="center">17,0-30,7</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td align="center">16,8-26,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Mann-Whitney U. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre sexo, &#237;ndice Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) no Grupo PA Alterada (n = 127 )</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Masculino (n</bold>
                  <bold>= 99)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Feminino (n</bold>
                  <bold>= 63)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia Mediana</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DP IC95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia Mediana</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DP IC95%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,53-8,39</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,61-8,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">CC, cm</td>
                <td align="center">78,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,9</td>
                <td align="center">74,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">76,2</td>
                <td align="center">61-120</td>
                <td align="center">70,7</td>
                <td align="center">56-107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">23,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">23,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,248</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">23,4</td>
                <td align="center">15,9-35,0</td>
                <td align="center">22,5</td>
                <td align="center">16,1-42,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Mann-Whitney U. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Da mesma forma, quando as vari&#225;veis foram categorizadas considerando os crit&#233;rios de normalidade, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo dos adolescentes.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o, a PA apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o direta e moderada com HOMA-IR (&#961; = 0,323; p &lt; 0,001), e essa mesma an&#225;lise foi fraca, por&#233;m significativa entre PA e IMC e PA e CC (&#961; = 0,254; p = 0,001; e &#961; = 0,258; p = 0,001).</p>
        <p>Ao avaliar os grupos divididos em PA normal e alterada, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis se tornou mais forte, principalmente no Grupo PA alterada quando correlacionado a IMC e HOMA-IR (&#961; = 0,394; p &lt; 0,001). Ao analisar CC e HOMA-IR, a correla&#231;&#227;o se iguala em ambos os grupos (&#961; = 0,345; p = &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndice Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) e as vari&#225;veis &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) em ambos os grupos (n = 162)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o Arterial Normal (n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o Arterial Alterada (n = 127)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Spearman</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Spearman</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HOMA-IR e IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,366</td>
                <td align="center">0,031</td>
                <td align="center">0,394</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HOMA-IR e CC</td>
                <td align="center">0,345</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
                <td align="center">0,345</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, somente HOMA-IR exerceu impacto sobre a chance da altera&#231;&#227;o da PA (<italic>odds ratio</italic> - OR = 2,0; p = 0,001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Tem aumentado, em v&#225;rias partes do mundo, a preval&#234;ncia de "doen&#231;as de adulto" na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, consideradas marcadores de risco para desenvolvimento de DCV. S&#227;o poucas as pesquisas que abordam a RI e sua correla&#231;&#227;o/associa&#231;&#227;o com a PA, principalmente nessa faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, houve associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os valores m&#233;dios do &#237;ndice de HOMA-IR e a PA alterada entre os adolescentes (p &lt; 0,001). No <italic>Bogalusa Heart Study</italic>, realizado nessa mesma faixa et&#225;ria, os valores de HOMA-IR encontrados foram superiores aos achados no presente estudo, assim como em pesquisa realizada no Rio de Janeiro, por&#233;m, nesta, foram avaliados indiv&#237;duos adultos e n&#227;o adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Em projeto piloto com 128 crian&#231;as, no Leste Europeu, foram encontradas m&#233;dias de HOMA-IR semelhantes &#224;s de nossos achados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de RI encontrada no presente estudo foi de 23,5%, quando o HOMA-IR foi avaliado considerando o ponto de corte de 3,16.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Em Cochabamba, Bol&#237;via, uma investiga&#231;&#227;o com 61 crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> utilizando ponto de corte diferente (3,5) do proposto por Keskin, verificou uma preval&#234;ncia de 39,4% de RI. Neste caso, foi observada uma preval&#234;ncia maior de RI em crian&#231;as e adolescentes cuja PA sist&#243;lica encontrava-se elevada (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre HOMA-IR utilizando os valores absolutos de ponto de corte e os grupos de PA alterada e normal n&#227;o foi encontrada no presente estudo, mas identificou-se correla&#231;&#227;o direta e significativa entre as m&#233;dias de HOMA-IR e as altera&#231;&#245;es nos valores de percentis da PA (&#961; = 0,323; p &lt; 0,001), tamb&#233;m encontrada por pesquisadores na &#205;ndia, onde avaliaram 2.640 adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando as m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis, foi poss&#237;vel observar que adolescentes do sexo feminino com PA alterada possuem maiores valores de HOMA-IR (p &lt; 0,05). O mesmo n&#227;o aconteceu entre os adolescentes com PA normal. Tem sido observada, em alguns estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> a preval&#234;ncia de HOMA-IR alterado em adolescentes do sexo feminino. Essa diferen&#231;a pode ser explicada, em parte, por diferen&#231;as entre os sexos na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal ou est&#225;gio puberal. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; matura&#231;&#227;o sexual, mesmo em idades id&#234;nticas, as meninas podem entrar na puberdade at&#233; 2 anos antes que os meninos. Na aus&#234;ncia de outras vari&#225;veis conhecidas, estes achados sugerem que meninas s&#227;o intrisecamente mais resistentes &#224; insulina que os meninos por raz&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, e que os genes em quest&#227;o s&#227;o ligados ao sexo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Deve ser ressaltado que outros estudos n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a nos valores m&#233;dios de HOMA-IR entre os sexos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e uma pesquisa encontrou resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica superior entre os meninos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> o que torna necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novos estudos para a confirma&#231;&#227;o destes achados conflitantes.</p>
        <p>Ao realizar an&#225;lise de regresss&#227;o log&#237;stica, foi poss&#237;vel observar, de maneira in&#233;dita, que adolescentes com HOMA-IR alterado possuem duas vezes mais chance de apresentarem altera&#231;&#227;o na PA (OR = 2,0; p = 0,001).</p>
        <p>Outras vari&#225;veis, como IMC e CC, n&#227;o exerceram impacto sobre a chance de altera&#231;&#227;o da PA, como o encontrado pelo estudo realizado na Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil, com 1.950 crian&#231;as e adolescentes, no qual foi observada eleva&#231;&#227;o na PA sist&#243;lica conforme o IMC e CC aumentassem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos observaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre IMC e HOMA-IR. Esta rela&#231;&#227;o pode estar ligada com um mecanismo de aumentar o efeito anab&#243;lico da insulina e horm&#244;nio do crescimento durante o r&#225;pido crescimento som&#225;tico que ocorre na puberdade. Tais pesquisas t&#234;m sugerido que essa mudan&#231;a de sensibilidade &#224; insulina se d&#225; em raz&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura nessa fase da vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, houve correla&#231;&#227;o moderada e significativa entre IMC e HOMA-IR (&#961; = 0,394; p &lt; 0,001, para Grupo PA alterada; e &#961; = 0,366; p &lt; 0,031, para Grupo PA normal). Foi poss&#237;vel encontrar o mesmo em outras pesquisas, observando que os jovens com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentaram mais que o dobro de preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quando separados pelo sexo, foi poss&#237;vel observar que adolescentes do sexo masculino, em ambos os grupos, possuem m&#233;dias de CC superiores. O mesmo foi encontrado em outros estudo que avaliaram essa mesma faixa et&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre CC e HOMA-IR (&#961; = 0,345; p &lt; 0,001, para Grupo PA alterada; e &#961; = 0,345; p = 0,042, para Grupo PA normal). Singh e cols. tamb&#233;m encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre estas mesmas vari&#225;veis ainda mais forte e relatam que outros estudos tamb&#233;m observaram a correla&#231;&#227;o forte entre HOMA-IR e CC. Em pesquisas realizadas no Brasil com adolescentes do sexo feminio, foi identificada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre CC e HOMA-IR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O que difere estes achados de correla&#231;&#227;o dos demais estudos, foi o fato da nossa an&#225;lise discriminar a correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis entre os grupos normotensos e com PA alterada, principalmente no que se diz respeito &#224; HOMA-IR e IMC, o que se refor&#231;a com a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.</p>
        <p>Este estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como a falta de avalia&#231;&#227;o mais completa da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal dos adolescentes, como o uso de dobras cut&#226;neas ou bioimped&#226;ncia, e a possibilidade de imprecis&#227;o no m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de matura&#231;&#227;o sexual.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e PA, e o impacto da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina sobre a PA. A correla&#231;&#227;o e a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os marcadores de risco cardiovasculares foram observadas mais fortemente no grupo com PA alterada, sugerindo que medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria desses fatores de risco devem ser implementadas desde a inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Polyana Resende Silva de Morais pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos ao CNPq, pelo financiamento, e &#224; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, por todo suporte &#224; pesquisa.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
