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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vgNcxDthDwdHQmTWzqDVsHc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000400311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005007104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aerobic Training after Myocardial Infarction: Remodeling Evaluated by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izeli</surname>
            <given-names>Nataly Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Aur&#233;lia Juliana dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cresc&#234;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Campagnolo Real</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Papa</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pazin-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gallo-J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Louren&#231;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Emerg&#234;ncia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Emerg&#234;ncia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Schmidt</bold>, Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre. Postal Code 14048-900 &#8211; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>aschmidt@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Izeli NL, Santos AJ, Gon&#231;alves ACCR, Gallo-J&#250;nior L, Schmidt A; Acquisition of data: Izeli NL, Santos AJ, Cresc&#234;ncio JC, Gon&#231;alves ACCR, Gallo-J&#250;nior L, Schmidt A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Izeli NL, Cresc&#234;ncio JC, Gallo-J&#250;nior L, Schmidt A; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Izeli NL, Schmidt A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Papa V, Marques F, Pazin-Filho A, Gallo-J&#250;nior L, Schmidt A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>311</fpage>
      <lpage>318</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Numerous studies show the benefits of exercise training after myocardial infarction (MI). Nevertheless, the effects on function and remodeling are still controversial. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate, in patients after (MI), the effects of aerobic exercise of moderate intensity on ventricular remodeling by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>26 male patients, 52.9 &#177; 7.9 years, after a first MI, were assigned to groups: trained group (TG), 18; and control group (CG), 8. The TG performed supervised aerobic exercise on treadmill twice a week, and unsupervised sessions on 2 additional days per week, for at least 3 months. Laboratory tests, anthropometric measurements, resting heart rate (HR), exercise test, and CMR were conducted at baseline and follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The TG showed a 10.8% reduction in fasting blood glucose (p = 0.01), and a 7.3-bpm reduction in resting HR in both sitting and supine positions (p &lt; 0.0001). There was an increase in oxygen uptake only in the TG (35.4 &#177; 8.1 to 49.1 &#177; 9.6 mL/kg/min, p &lt; 0.0001). There was a statistically significant decrease in the TG left ventricular mass (LVmass) (128.7 &#177; 38.9 to 117.2 &#177; 27.2 g, p = 0.0032). There were no statistically significant changes in the values of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and ejection fraction in the groups. The LVmass/EDV ratio demonstrated a statistically significant positive remodeling in the TG (p = 0.015). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Aerobic exercise of moderate intensity improved physical capacity and other cardiovascular variables. A positive remodeling was identified in the TG, where a left ventricular diastolic dimension increase was associated with LVmass reduction. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) is a complex and multifactorial process with prognostic and therapeutic implications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Minimizing LV remodeling with medications improved survival and quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exercise training has been shown to improve exercise capacity and reduce mortality, amplifying potential therapeutic interventions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In addition, aerobic exercise reduces cardiovascular risk factors, which makes it further appealing as an adjuvant treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The benefits of exercise training in increasing aerobic capacity, as well as other hemodynamic changes, are well documented. Nevertheless, the effects of exercise on myocardial function and LV remodeling after MI are still controversial. Some studies have suggested that exercise after MI further deteriorates cardiac function due to additional stress over the infarcted area, infarct expansion, aneurysm formation, or ejection fraction (EF) reduction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Numerous studies have failed to confirm these findings and suggested that exercise does not alter ventricular parameters even in different training intensities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Other studies have shown that after a recent acute MI with systolic dysfunction, exercise can attenuate ventricular remodeling and even reverse this process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Heterogeneity related to patient sampling, intensity of training, measurement techniques, or even a combination of these factors could be potential explanations for that divergence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We sought to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise of moderate intensity, performed in patients after MI on cardiac function through cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), a well-recognized gold standard technique for the quantification of ventricular volumes, EF and myocardial mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Male patients were selected according to strict inclusion criteria during an 18-month period. All patients presented an acute MI with ST elevation. Patients enrolled should be younger than 70 years, clinically stable, on sinus rhythm and not previously included in any cardiac rehabilitation program. It must also be no later than 6 months after their first MI. Exclusion criteria included unstable coronary artery disease, uncontrolled hypertension, malignant ventricular arrhythmia and ventricular failure during exercise, Chagas disease, untreated thyroid function disorders, neurological or orthopedic inability to perform physical exercises on a treadmill, and general debility. Since cardiac rehabilitation was offered to all patients as part of our institution standard of care, patients with inclusion criteria but not willing to engage in the program, who accepted to perform the exams of the protocol, were included as controls.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the local ethical committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Design</title>
        <p>Initially, all patients were evaluated by a cardiologist to provide a clinical history and undergo physical examination with anthropometric measurements. When necessary, medications were optimized. Patients in both groups underwent laboratory tests that included complete blood count, lipid profile, and fasting glucose. A functional evaluation was performed at baseline and after at least 3 months of aerobic exercise training, including resting heart rate (HR), exercise testing and CMR. The first two were always performed in the morning, and no medication was withdrawn. The intervention period (IP) for the trained group (TG) was defined as the time between the first exercise training session and the final CMR and clinical and laboratorial evaluations. The IP for the control group (CG) was the period between the two CMR exams.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resting HR</title>
        <p>The resting HR was obtained beat-by-beat, using a modified MC5 electrocardiogram lead, in the morning, and on currently prescribed medications. The volunteers remained at rest in the supine position for 15 minutes, and in the sitting position for 8 minutes. Patients were instructed to maintain a relaxed posture without moving arms and legs, talking or sleeping. To obtain the mean HR, the first ten beats were discarded and arithmetic mean was performed with the other values.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise Testing</title>
        <p>Patients performed a symptom-limited treadmill exercise test with electrocardiographic monitoring of three leads (MC5, D2M, and V2M), using the <italic>Micromed Ergo PC</italic> software (S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). They were instructed not to consume stimulating food substances, and not to perform strenuous activities before the test. They underwent the modified Balke protocol, with increments in treadmill speed and inclination every minute, selected according to the physical capacity expected for each patient. The electrocardiogram was monitored continuously. Blood pressure, HR, and signs and symptoms were obtained every minute during exercise, and throughout the recovery period. The following variables were obtained at peak exercise: HR, blood pressure, oxygen uptake, metabolic equivalent, treadmill load, and rating of perceived exertion (Borg CR10 scale).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The peak oxygen uptake was obtained indirectly, using the treadmill speed and inclination at peak exercise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>MRI</title>
        <p>All imaging was performed using a 1.5T unit (Magneton Vision, Siemens, Erl&#228;ngen, Germany). After initial scout imaging, breath-hold steady-state free precession cine MR images were acquired along the vertical long axis (2- and 4-chamber view) and a short axis stack (contiguous 8-mm-thick slices) covering the ventricle extension. The later sequence was used to assess the LV mass (LVmass), LV dimensions and EF. All images were blindly analyzed by a single operator (A.S.) using Image J.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> LV end-systolic volume and LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) were calculated using Simpson's rule. The LVmass was determined by the sum of the myocardial area (LV epicardial contour minus LV endocardial contour) times slice thickness, and multiplied by the specific myocardial gravity (1.05g/mL). The LVEF was calculated as the difference between LVEDV and LV end-systolic volume, divided by LVEDV and multiplied by 100. No gadolinium infusion was used.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise Training Protocol</title>
        <p>The aerobic exercise training was prescribed based on the peak HR or HR in the ischemic threshold obtained during exercise testing. Exercise intensity was determined at 50-70% of HR reserve (Karvonen's equation). The TG patients participated in a supervised 30-minute treadmill session, twice a week in the morning period, for at least 3 months. Each session was preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and followed by a 5-minute cooling-down period. During each supervised session, intensity of exercise (treadmill speed and inclination), HR, blood pressure, and rating of perceived exertion (Borg CR10 scale) were recorded. Patients were instructed to undergo more two unsupervised sessions each week, adjusting the speed of walking by counting the radial pulse or using a pulse HR monitor. Data from outside walking were registered in a dairy, in which the patient reported the resting HR, exercise time, and HR during walking and after 5 minutes of recovery. During training sessions, the TG patients received information regarding lifestyle modification strategies, regular physical activity, healthy diet, importance of weight control, and stress reduction. The CG underwent the usual clinical follow-up and was subsequently contacted to perform the final exams. The volunteers' medications were not modified during the IP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables were presented as percentages. The distribution of the data was analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical data were compared with the chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Continuous data were assessed by the Wilcoxon nonparametric rank-sum test (intragroup analysis) and Mann-Whitney nonparametric test (intergroup analysis), with a significance level of 5%. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS for Windows software (version 10.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago Illinois, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 26 male patients (52.9 &#177; 7.9 years) were enrolled in the study after fulfilling the inclusion criteria and presenting no exclusion criteria. Since 8 of them were not willing to participate in the rehabilitation program, but agreed to undergo the tests needed, they constituted the CG. The other 18 patients were the TG. Seventeen patients received fibrinolytics on MI admission (TG = 10 and CG = 7; p = 0.29). The TG had a lower prevalence of smoking and sedentary lifestyle than the CG. Baseline clinical data of the two groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The IP was 136.7 &#177; 26.2 days for the TG, and 150.5 &#177; 44.5 days for the CG (p = 0.87). The TG performed a mean of 27.5 &#177; 5.6 supervised training sessions. None of the groups had clinical complications during the IP.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the trained and control groups (TG and CG, respectively)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>TG n = 16</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CG n = 8</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">54.1 &#177; 7.0</td>
              <td align="center">50.3 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time from MI (days)</td>
              <td align="center">145.0 &#177; 104.7</td>
              <td align="center">117.5 &#177; 91.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Killip class, I/II/III (n)</td>
              <td align="center">10/8/0</td>
              <td align="center">4/3/1</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">80.0 &#177; 14.8</td>
              <td align="center">90.5 &#177; 12.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">30.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">45.1 &#177; 11.8</td>
              <td align="center">44.9 &#177; 11.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Culprit lesion artery (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left anterior descending</td>
              <td align="center">66.6</td>
              <td align="center">50.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left circumflex coronary</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
              <td align="center">37.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right coronary artery</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Revascularization procedures (n)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PTCA</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CABG surgery</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cardiovascular risk factors (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">61.1</td>
              <td align="center">75.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">66.7</td>
              <td align="center">37.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">22.2</td>
              <td align="center">37.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history</td>
              <td align="center">44.4</td>
              <td align="center">37.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smokers</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">50.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.0047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary</td>
              <td align="center">50.0</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">0.0098</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">72.2</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medical therapy (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antithrombotic agent</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#946;-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI or ARB</td>
              <td align="center">88.8</td>
              <td align="center">87.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">22.2</td>
              <td align="center">25.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>MI: myocardial infarction; EF: ejection fraction; PTCA: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; ACEI: angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin-receptor blockers.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests</title>
        <p>Baseline anthropometric measurements were similar between the two groups. At the end of the IP, the TG showed a decrease of 1.28 kg in weight and of 0.47 kg/m<sup>2</sup> in body mass index (BMI), with no statistical difference (p = 0.17 and p = 0.15, respectively). We observed a statistically significant increase in weight (3.8kg) and BMI (1.27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) in the CG (p = 0.04 for both).</p>
        <p>There were no differences between the groups for baseline measures of total cholesterol (p = 0.64), triglycerides (p = 0.19), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (p = 0.4530), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (p = 0.53) and fasting glucose (p = 0.52) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The TG showed changes in lipids and glucose levels at the end of the exercise training protocol. Fasting glucose decreased significantly (106.0 &#177; 26.4 to 94.5 &#177; 14.8 mg/dL, p = 0.01). The lipid profile showed improvement without statistical significance. Total cholesterol was reduced by 6% (p = 0.08). There was a mean reduction of 16.9% in triglycerides (p = 0.14). HDL-c increased 5.1% (p = 0.42), LDL-c decreased 6.1% (p = 0.32). In CG there was a trend to increase in total cholesterol (p = 0.46), triglycerides (p = 0.11) and fasting glucose (p = 0.47).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title> Lipid profile and fasting glucose values (mean &#177; SD) in the trained and control groups (TG and CG, respectively) at baseline and follow-up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Laboratory tests</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>TG</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>CG</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Baseline</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Follow-up</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Baseline</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Follow-up</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">157.4 &#177; 43.8</td>
                <td align="center">147.9 &#177; 47.9</td>
                <td align="center">170.1 &#177; 44.8</td>
                <td align="center">178.1 &#177; 44.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">168.5 &#177; 76.7</td>
                <td align="center">140.1 &#177; 66.4</td>
                <td align="center">226.0 &#177; 112.9</td>
                <td align="center">319.1 &#177; 194.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">37.4 &#177; 7.1</td>
                <td align="center">39.3 &#177; 10.0</td>
                <td align="center">39.8 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">40.4 &#177; 5.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">86.3 &#177; 36.8</td>
                <td align="center">81.0 &#177; 34.8</td>
                <td align="center">73.8 &#177; 12.2</td>
                <td align="center">73.2 &#177; 27.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fasting glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">106.0 &#177; 26.4</td>
                <td align="center">94.5 &#177; 14.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">114.8 &#177; 42.5</td>
                <td align="center">122.4 &#177; 38.8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p = 0.011.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resting HR</title>
        <p>No statistically significant difference was found at baseline between groups in resting HR. The resting HR in TG in the sitting position showed a decrease from 62.4 &#177; 9.1 to 55.1 &#177; 5.9 bpm (p &lt; 0.0001). In the supine position, HR decreased from 61.6 &#177; 9.7 to 54.3 &#177; 6.5 bpm (p &lt; 0.0001). No changes were observed in the CG.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise testing</title>
        <p>Chest pain was the reason for interruption in 3 participants of the TG at baseline, and 2 had it again in the second exercise test. No CG participant had chest pain in the baseline exam, but it was the reason for interruption of one participant in the second test. Data from the exercise tests are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. No differences were observed within or between groups in maximal HR or systolic blood pressure at baseline and follow-up. The TG demonstrated a 38.7% increase in maximal oxygen uptake (p &lt; 0.0001). At the end of the training protocol, a statistically significant increase in the maximum treadmill load, expressed by values of speed and inclination in the TG, was noted. No changes occurred in the CG.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Data from exercise tests (mean &#177; SD) from the trained and control groups (TG and CG, respectively) at baseline and follow-up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Exercise tests</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>TG</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>CG</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Baseline</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Follow-up</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Baseline</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Follow-up</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">132.0 &#177; 20.2</td>
                <td align="center">140.2 &#177; 20.1</td>
                <td align="center">127.0 &#177; 21.0</td>
                <td align="center">125.4 &#177; 26.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">178.3 &#177; 24.6</td>
                <td align="center">181.1 &#177; 22.1</td>
                <td align="center">183.8 &#177; 16.0</td>
                <td align="center">193.8 &#177; 23.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak HR-pressure product (bpm.mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">23598.6 &#177; 5093.5</td>
                <td align="center">25540.8 &#177; 5640.0</td>
                <td align="center">23612.5 &#177; 6353.0</td>
                <td align="center">24312.5 &#177; 5997.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Metabolic equivalent (MET)</td>
                <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">14.0 &#177; 2.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8.7 &#177; 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 2.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak oxygen uptake (mL/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center">35.4 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td align="center">49.1 &#177; 9.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">30.3 &#177; 9.5</td>
                <td align="center">30.2 &#177; 8.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Speed (mph)</td>
                <td align="center">3.07 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 0.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ramp inclination (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15.9 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">19.1 &#177; 3.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">#</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">13.0 &#177; 3.5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>HR: heart rate.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.0001; </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p = 0.0026.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>MRI</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the LVEDV, LVmass, EF values, and LVmass/EDV ratio in both groups. Baseline LV parameters were similar in the two groups, except for ventricular mass (p = 0.0225) and indexed LVmass (p = 0.0429), which were higher in the CG. The LVEDV increased slightly in both groups, without significant differences. The EF showed no significant modification in the groups during the study.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) measurements (mean &#177; SD) from the trained and control groups (TG and CG, respectively) at baseline and follow-up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>CMR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>TG</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>CG</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Baseline</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Follow-Up</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Baseline</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Follow-Up</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EDV (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">110.7 &#177; 43.5</td>
                <td align="center">116.8 &#177; 38.2</td>
                <td align="center">126.3 &#177; 39.4</td>
                <td align="center">134.3 &#177; 42.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Indexed EDV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">38.5 &#177; 14.1</td>
                <td align="center">40.6 &#177; 12.3</td>
                <td align="center">42.2 &#177; 12.5</td>
                <td align="center">44.4 &#177; 11.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">45.1 &#177; 11.8</td>
                <td align="center">46.8 &#177; 10.0</td>
                <td align="center">44.9 &#177; 11.0</td>
                <td align="center">42.6 &#177; 11.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVmass (g)</td>
                <td align="center">128.7 &#177; 38.9</td>
                <td align="center">117.2 &#177; 27.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">159.6 &#177; 29.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">#</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">167.8 &#177; 49.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Indexed LVmass (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">44.9 &#177; 12.5</td>
                <td align="center">40.9 &#177; 8.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">53.6 &#177; 10.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#966;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">55.9 &#177; 14.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVmass/EDV ratio (g/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.29 &#177; 0.36</td>
                <td align="center">1.36 &#177; 0.48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.05 &#177; 0.22</td>
                <td align="center">1.30 &#177; 0.37</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>EDV: end-diastolic volume; EF: ejection fraction; LV: left ventricular.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p = 0.0032;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p = 0.0225 between baseline values of the two groups;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>&#966;</label>
              <p>p = 0.0429 between baseline values of the two groups;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>p = 0.015.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The LV mass showed a statistically significant 8.9% reduction in the TG (128.7 &#177; 38.9 g to 117.2 &#177; 27.2 g; p = 0.0032). Indexed LVmass (g/m<sup>2</sup>) showed a statistically significant reduction in the TG (p = 0.0032). An opposite trend occurred in the CG, but without statistical significance. Also, a similar LVmass/EDV ratio was present at baseline (TG = 1.29 &#177; 0.36 g/mL, and CG = 1.36 &#177; 0.48 g/mL; p = 0.63). At the end of the protocol, we observed a statistically significant reduction in the LVmass/EDV ratio in the TG (p = 0.015), with a value of 1.05 &#177; 0.22 g/mL. In the CG, the LVmass/EDV ratio had a final value of 1.30 &#177; 0.37 g/mL (p &gt; 0.99).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study demonstrated that aerobic exercise training provided a positive LV remodeling, as evaluated by CMR, and modification of cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of male individuals after a first acute MI. The exercise training protocol was tailored to patients' needs after optimized pharmacological treatment to allow a widespread application, even to patients with residual ischemia, reproducing what happens in the "real world", where patients present inherent difficulties to adhere to a cardiac rehabilitation program.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aerobic capacity</title>
        <p>There was a statistically significant increase of 38.7% in the peak oxygen uptake in the TG. This increase was associated with an increase in the peak power during exercise, as shown by the higher values of treadmill speed and inclination reached after the training period. Several studies have documented an increase in the peak oxygen uptake, from 10% to 46%, in post-MI patients undergoing a cardiac rehabilitation program,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> depending on the training intensity. There was also a statistically significant reduction in resting HR in the TG, an expression of the positive adaptation of the sinus node. It is also important to emphasize that the reduction in resting HR decreases the risk of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Also, during aerobic exercise, it enables the increase of HR reserve from rest to maximum physical exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> No favorable changes were found in the CG, reinforcing the favorable effects of the aerobic training protocol despite the use of &#223;-blockers.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Left ventricular function, volume and mass</title>
        <p>To control or inhibit cardiac remodeling is a treatment target for patients after MI. Many studies have shown that drugs like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, &#946;-blockers and aldosterone antagonists present anti-remodeling properties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> However, the achieved results are so far unsatisfactory.</p>
        <p>Research continues in pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that can reverse and/or inhibit this process. A recent meta-analysis has demonstrated that even the time after a MI influences the results obtained.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>CMR has been extensively validated as a precise tool to measure volumes and masses in normal and pathological scenarios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> It has also been demonstrated that small samples can be used to accurately determine mass and volume modifications following an intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> No change in LVEF or LVEDV could be demonstrated in both groups after aerobic exercise training, which could reflect optimized pharmacological treatment.</p>
        <p>In addition, LVmass decreased in TG and slightly increased in CG. Since both groups were similar regarding MI characteristics, it seems reasonable to raise the hypothesis that this opposite pattern could be attributed to the aerobic exercise intervention.</p>
        <p>The same opposite pattern was demonstrated regarding LVmass/EDV, with better proportionality in the TG than in the CG, which developed eccentric remodeling. An evidence has demonstrated that LVmass/EDV ratio is close to 1 in children and adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Our results suggest a trend toward reestablishment of a normal LVmass/EDV ratio in the TG. Another published study has identified different patterns of ventricular hypertrophy as indicators of worse prognosis in patients after MI in a 2-year follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Our results do not confirm the negative effect of exercise on cardiac remodeling as observed by others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> There is evidence in the literature that the benefits of exercise on cardiac function and remodeling after MI are due to distinct mechanisms: improved endothelial function, reduced systemic vascular resistance, reduced preload, adjustment in autonomic system, reduction in HR and blood pressure at rest and in submaximal loads, and reduction in the LV wall stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Direct comparisons may be difficult because echocardiographic measurements for mass and function were done with 2D echocardiographic techniques, based on formulas and assumptions of the LV geometric shape.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Fewer studies have used CMR for mass and function quantitation. Dubach et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> have studied 25 patients after MI with reduced LVEF (32.3 &#177; 6%). Twelve patients were randomized to perform high-intensity physical activity in a rehabilitation center. Patients in both groups underwent CMR evaluations initially and after 2 months. They observed a nonsignificant increase in LV end-systolic volume and LVEDV (2.5% and 4.8%, respectively) in TG, and no changes occurred in LVmass and EF in the groups. These same patients were followed up for 1 year, one group with vigorous physical activity, with a weekly energy expenditure of approximately 2,100 Kcal more than the CG. The cardiac volumes, mass and function measurements showed no significant difference, indicating that no deleterious effect of cardiac rehabilitation could be detected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Schmid et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> have evaluated 38 post-MI patients with an EF of 50.4 &#177; 12.7%, assigned either to combined endurance training and resistance training or to endurance training alone for 12 weeks. By CMR at the end of the training period, EF, stroke volume, LVEDV and end-systolic volume increased slightly in both groups. No deleterious effect on remodeling was observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Finally, the medications were maintained during the IP in the present study, eliminating the possibility that the results may have been influenced by changes in medication doses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Our study has several limitations. The volunteers were not randomly assigned. For ethical reasons cardiac rehabilitation is offered to all MI patients in our institution as a standard of care. The CG participants did not accept to enroll in the rehabilitation program, but accepted to undergo the tests. This may be more close to the "real world" and allowed the completion of the protocol by all patients in the TG. On the other hand, we observed that the baseline LVmass was significantly different between the study groups. One possible explanation may be our selection method, but no other suitable way was available. Sample size is always a concern when dealing with continuous variables such as volumes and mass, but using CMR to quantify them seems to be appropriate because of its high reproducibility and accuracy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In addition, previous studies have indicated that, even in small samples, modifications due to interventions in structural and functional parameters can be detected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No specific infarct location was selected in order to provide a variety of conditions close to what is seen in clinical practice. Also, for logistical reasons, we have not performed images to quantify the extent of the scar area through the late enhancement on CMR. Such information could be useful in attempting to explain individual behavior in both groups.</p>
        <p>Only male patients were included in our sample. This may have reduced the sample size, but may have assured that no gender related influence on the remodeling process would be present.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The peak oxygen uptake was obtained indirectly through equations. Cardiopulmonary exercise analysis should be more appropriate for obtaining this variable. However, all TG patients showed an increase in treadmill speed and inclination.</p>
        <p>The study showed the benefits of aerobic exercise training on functional capacity and cardiac function of patients after MI. However, the physiological mechanisms responsible for these changes were not evaluated.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The present study showed a positive remodeling in the TG, as indicated by the slight increase in diastolic LV size associated with a reduction in LVmass. This was obtained with a moderate-intensity aerobic training that was effective in improving peak oxygen uptake and promoted benefic cardiovascular adaptations associated with a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Nataly Lino Izeli, from Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Opie LH, Commerford PJ, Gersh BJ, Pfeffer MA. Controversies in ventricular remodelling. Lancet. 2006;367(9507):356-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Opie</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Commerford</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Controversies in ventricular remodelling</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>367</volume>
          <issue>9507</issue>
          <fpage>356</fpage>
          <lpage>367</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Pfeffer MA, Lamas GA, Vaughan DE, Parisi AF, Braunwald E. Effect of captopril on progressive ventricular dilatation after anterior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(2):80-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
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              <surname>Schmid</surname>
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              <surname>Morger</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
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              <surname>Noveanu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
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          <article-title>Combined endurance/resistance training early on, after a first myocardial infarction, does not induce negative left ventricular remodelling</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
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              <surname>Della Bona</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
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          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exerc&#237;cio Aer&#243;bio ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio: Remodelamento Avaliado por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izeli</surname>
            <given-names>Nataly Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Aur&#233;lia Juliana dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cresc&#234;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Campagnolo Real</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Papa</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pazin-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gallo-J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Louren&#231;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Emerg&#234;ncia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Schmidt</bold>, Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre. CEP 14048-900 &#8211; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>aschmidt@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Izeli NL, Santos AJ, Gon&#231;alves ACCR, Gallo-J&#250;nior L, Schmidt A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Izeli NL, Santos AJ, Cresc&#234;ncio JC, Gon&#231;alves ACCR, Gallo-J&#250;nior L, Schmidt A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Izeli NL, Cresc&#234;ncio JC, Gallo-J&#250;nior L; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Izeli NL, Schmidt A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Papa V, Marques F, Pazin-Filho A, Gallo-J&#250;nior L, Schmidt A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>V&#225;rios estudos mostraram os benef&#237;cios da pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM). No entanto, os efeitos na fun&#231;&#227;o e no remodelamento s&#227;o controversos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio de intensidade moderada no remodelamento ventricular em pacientes ap&#243;s IM atrav&#233;s de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>26 pacientes do sexo masculino (52,9 &#177; 7,9 anos), ap&#243;s um primeiro IM, foram designados para dois grupos: grupo treinado (GT), 18; e grupo controle (GC), 8. O GT realizou exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio supervisionado em esteira duas vezes por semana, e n&#227;o supervisionado em 2 dias adicionais por semana, por no m&#237;nimo 3 meses. Exames laboratoriais, medidas antropom&#233;tricas, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de repouso, teste de esfor&#231;o e RMC foram realizados na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e no seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O GT apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 10,8% na glicemia de jejum (p = 0,01), e de 7,3 bpm na FC de repouso nas posi&#231;&#245;es sentada e supina (p &lt; 0,0001). Houve aumento no consumo de oxig&#234;nio apenas no GT (de 35,4 &#177; 8,1 para 49,1 &#177; 9,6 ml/kg/min, p &lt; 0,0001) e diminui&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na massa ventricular esquerda (MVE) no GT (de 128,7 &#177; 38,9 para 117,2 &#177; 27,2 g, p = 0,0032). N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas no volume diast&#243;lico final ventricular esquerdo (VDFVE) nem na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o nos grupos. A rela&#231;&#227;o MVE/VDFVE demonstrou remodelamento positivo estatisticamente significativo no GT (p = 0,015).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Observou-se remodelamento positivo no GT, onde o aumento da dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda associou-se com redu&#231;&#227;o da MVE. O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio de intensidade moderada melhorou a capacidade f&#237;sica e outras vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O remodelamento ventricular esquerdo (VE) ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) &#233; um processo complexo e multifatorial com implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A minimiza&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento VE com medicamentos melhorou a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ficou demonstrado que a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio melhora a capacidade f&#237;sica e reduz a mortalidade, amplificando potenciais interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio reduz os fatores de risco cardiovascular, o que o torna ainda mais atraente como um tratamento adjuvante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os benef&#237;cios da pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio no aumento da capacidade aer&#243;bia, assim como em outras altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, acham-se bem documentados. Entretanto, os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio na fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e no remodelamento VE ap&#243;s IM ainda s&#227;o controversos. Alguns estudos sugeriram que o exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s IM deteriora ainda mais a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca devido ao estresse adicional na &#225;rea infartada, &#224; expans&#227;o do infarto, &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In&#250;meros estudos n&#227;o conseguiram confirmar tais achados e sugeriram que o exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o altera par&#226;metros ventriculares, mesmo em diferentes intensidades de treinamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Outros estudos mostraram que, ap&#243;s um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio recente com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, o exerc&#237;cio pode atenuar o remodelamento ventricular e at&#233; reverter o processo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Heterogeneidades relacionadas &#224; amostragem de pacientes, &#224; intensidade do treinamento, &#224;s t&#233;cnicas de medida, ou mesmo &#224; combina&#231;&#227;o desses fatores poderiam explicar tal diverg&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo visou a avaliar os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio de intensidade moderada, realizado por pacientes ap&#243;s IM, na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca atrav&#233;s de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC), uma t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o-ouro bem reconhecida para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de volume, FE e massa mioc&#225;rdica ventriculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Pacientes do sexo masculino foram selecionados de acordo com crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o r&#237;gidos durante 18 meses. Todos apresentaram IM agudo com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Os pacientes arrolados deviam ter menos de 70 anos, estar est&#225;veis do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, em ritmo sinusal e n&#227;o ter sido previamente inclu&#237;dos em programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, o primeiro IM deveria ter ocorrido h&#225; menos de 6 meses. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram doen&#231;a arterial coronariana inst&#225;vel, hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada, arritmia ventricular maligna e insufici&#234;ncia ventricular durante exerc&#237;cio, doen&#231;a de Chagas, disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana n&#227;o tratada, incapacidade neurol&#243;gica ou ortop&#233;dica para realizar exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na esteira e incapacidades em geral. Como reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; oferecida a todos os pacientes como parte do cuidado padr&#227;o na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, aqueles que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, mas n&#227;o queriam participar do programa e aceitaram submeter-se aos exames do protocolo, foram inclu&#237;dos como controles.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e informado.</p>
        <sec>
          <title><italic>Design</italic> do estudo</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, todos os pacientes foram avaliados por um cardiologista para coleta de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e realiza&#231;&#227;o de exame f&#237;sico com medidas antropom&#233;tricas. Quando necess&#225;rio, os medicamentos foram otimizados. Os pacientes dos dois grupos foram submetidos a exames laboratoriais, que consistiram em hemograma completo, perfil lip&#237;dico e glicemia de jejum. Realizou-se avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional em condi&#231;&#245;es basais e ap&#243;s pelo menos 3 meses de treinamento aer&#243;bio, incluindo frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de repouso, teste de esfor&#231;o e RMC. Os dois primeiros foram sempre realizados pela manh&#227; e nenhum medicamento foi suspenso. O per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o (PI) para o grupo treinado (GT) foi definido como o intervalo de tempo entre a primeira sess&#227;o de treinamento e a avalia&#231;&#227;o final com RMC e exames cl&#237;nico e laboratorial. O PI para o grupo controle (GC) foi aquele entre os dois exames de RMC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso</title>
          <p>A FC de repouso foi obtida a cada batimento, usando-se uma deriva&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma modificada (MC5), pela manh&#227;, estando o paciente em uso dos medicamentos ent&#227;o prescritos. Os volunt&#225;rios permaneceram em repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o supina por 15 minutos e na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada por 8 minutos. Foram orientados a manter a postura relaxada, sem mexer bra&#231;os nem pernas, e sem falar ou dormir. A obten&#231;&#227;o da FC m&#233;dia envolveu o descarte dos dez primeiros batimentos, usando-se os demais valores para a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a teste de esfor&#231;o em esteira limitado por sintoma com monitora&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es (MC5, D2M e V2M) e o programa <italic>Micromed Ergo PC</italic> (S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). Os pacientes foram orientados a n&#227;o consumir alimentos estimulantes, e a n&#227;o realizar atividades exaustivas antes do teste. Utilizou-se o protocolo de Balke modificado, com incrementos na velocidade e na inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira a cada minuto, selecionados conforme a capacidade f&#237;sica esperada para cada paciente. O eletrocardiograma foi monitorado continuamente. Press&#227;o arterial, FC, sinais e sintomas foram obtidos a cada minuto durante o exerc&#237;cio, e ao longo do per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o. As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram medidas no pico do exerc&#237;cio: FC, press&#227;o arterial, consumo de oxig&#234;nio, equivalente metab&#243;lico, carga da esteira e classifica&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o percebido (escala de Borg CR10).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico foi obtido indiretamente, usando-se a velocidade e a inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira no pico do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Todas as imagens foram obtidas usando-se uma unidade 1.5T (Magneton Vision, Siemens, Erl&#228;ngen, Alemanha). Ap&#243;s a tomada inicial de imagens preliminares, realizou-se cine RM com precess&#227;o livre no estado estacion&#225;rio ao longo do eixo vertical (corte de 2 e 4 c&#226;maras) e do eixo curto (cortes cont&#237;guos de 8 mm de espessura), cobrindo a extens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo. Usou-se sequ&#234;ncia tardia para avaliar a massa VE (MVE), as dimens&#245;es VE e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (FEVE). Todas as imagens foram analisadas cegamente por um &#250;nico operador (A.S.) usando o programa Image J.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> O volume sist&#243;lico final VE e o volume diast&#243;lico final VE (VDFVE) foram calculados usando-se a regra de Simpson. A MVE foi determinada pela soma da &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica (contorno epic&#225;rdico VE menos contorno endoc&#225;rdico VE) vezes a espessura do corte, multiplicado pela gravidade mioc&#225;rdica espec&#237;fica (1,05 g/ml). Calculou-se a FEVE como a diferen&#231;a entre o VDFVE e o volume sist&#243;lico final VE dividido pelo VDFVE, multiplicado por 100. N&#227;o se usou infus&#227;o de gadol&#237;nio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de treinamento</title>
          <p>O treinamento aer&#243;bio foi prescrito com base na FC de pico ou FC no limiar isqu&#234;mico obtido durante o teste de esfor&#231;o. A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio foi determinada a 50%-70% da FC reserva (equa&#231;&#227;o de Karvonen). Os pacientes do GT participaram de uma sess&#227;o supervisionada em esteira de 30 minutos, duas vezes por semana, pela manh&#227;, por pelo menos 3 meses. Cada sess&#227;o foi precedida por um aquecimento de 5 minutos e seguida por per&#237;odo de 5 minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Durante cada sess&#227;o supervisionada, foram registradas intensidade do exerc&#237;cio (velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira), FC, press&#227;o arterial e classifica&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o percebido (escala de Borg CR10). Os pacientes foram orientados a se submeterem a mais duas sess&#245;es n&#227;o supervisionadas por semana, ajustando a velocidade do caminhar pela contagem do pulso radial ou usando um monitor de FC de pulso. Os dados dessa caminhada n&#227;o supervisionada foram registrados em um di&#225;rio, no qual o paciente relatava a FC de repouso, dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e FC durante a caminhada e ap&#243;s 5 minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Durante as sess&#245;es de treinamento, os pacientes do GT receberam informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a import&#226;ncia do controle de peso e estrat&#233;gias para modifica&#231;&#227;o de estilo de vida, atividade f&#237;sica regular, dieta saud&#225;vel e redu&#231;&#227;o de estresse. O GC teve acompanhamento cl&#237;nico usual, sendo subsequentemente contatado para realizar os exames finais. Os medicamentos dos volunt&#225;rios n&#227;o foram modificados durante o PI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, como porcentagens. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi analisada com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas com os testes do qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico da soma dos postos de Wilcoxon (an&#225;lise intragrupo) e pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney (an&#225;lise intergrupo), com n&#237;vel de significado de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando-se o programa SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago Illinois, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Este estudo arrolou 26 pacientes do sexo masculino (52,9 &#177; 7,9 anos) que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Como 8 deles n&#227;o quisessem participar do programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, mas concordassem em fazer os exames necess&#225;rios, constitu&#237;ram o GC. Os outros 18 pacientes formaram o GT. Dezessete pacientes receberam fibrinol&#237;ticos quando da admiss&#227;o por IM (GT = 10 e GC = 7; p = 0,29). O GT apresentou menor preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo e sedentarismo do que o GC. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados cl&#237;nicos em condi&#231;&#245;es basais dos dois grupos. O PI foi de 136,7 &#177; 26,2 dias para o GT e de 150,5 &#177; 44,5 dias para o GC (p = 0,87). O GT realizou uma m&#233;dia de 27,5 &#177; 5,6 sess&#245;es de treinamento supervisionado. Nenhum dos grupos apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas durante o PI.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos grupos treinado e controle (GT e GC, respectivamente)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GT n = 16</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GC n = 8</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">54,1 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">50,3 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de IM (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">145,0 &#177; 104,7</td>
                <td align="center">117,5 &#177; 91,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe Killip, I/II/III (n)</td>
                <td align="center">10/8/0</td>
                <td align="center">4/3/1</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">80,0 &#177; 14,8</td>
                <td align="center">90,5 &#177; 12,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">30,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">45,1 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">44,9 &#177; 11,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Art&#233;ria culpada pelo infarto (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Descendente anterior esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">66,6</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunflexa esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">37,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (n)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACTP</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cir&#250;rgica</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fatores de risco cardiovascular (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">61,1</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">37,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">22,2</td>
                <td align="center">37,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                <td align="center">44,4</td>
                <td align="center">37,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0,0098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">72,2</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Terapia medicamentosa (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antitromb&#243;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#946;-bloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA ou BRA</td>
                <td align="center">88,8</td>
                <td align="center">87,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">22,2</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal: FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; ACTP: angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea; IECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas e exames laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Os dois grupos apresentaram medidas antropom&#233;tricas similares em condi&#231;&#245;es basais. Ao final do PI, o GT mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o de 1,28 kg no peso e de 0,47 kg/m<sup>2</sup> no &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), mas sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (p = 0,17 e p = 0,15, respectivamente). Observou-se aumento estatisticamente significativo no peso (3,8 kg) e no IMC (1,27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) no GC (p = 0,04 para ambos).</p>
          <p>Na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, os grupos n&#227;o diferiram quanto &#224;s medidas de colesterol total (p = 0,64), triglicer&#237;deos (p = 0,19), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c) (p = 0,4530), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) (p = 0,53) e glicemia de jejum (p = 0,52) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). O GT apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos e glic&#234;mico ao final do protocolo de treinamento. A glicemia de jejum diminuiu significativamente, de 106,0 &#177; 26,4 para 94,5 &#177; 14,8 mg/dL (p = 0,01). O perfil lip&#237;dico melhorou, mas sem significado estat&#237;stico. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 6% no colesterol total (p = 0,08) e, em m&#233;dia, de 16,9% nos triglicer&#237;deos (p = 0,14). O HDL-c aumentou 5,1% (p = 0,42) e o LDL-c diminuiu 6,1% (p = 0,32). O GC apresentou tend&#234;ncia a aumento de colesterol total (p = 0,46), triglicer&#237;deos (p = 0,11) e glicemia de jejum (p = 0,47).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Perfil lip&#237;dico e glicemia de jejum (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) nos grupos treinado e controle (GT e GC, respectivamente) na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e no seguimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Exames laboratoriais</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>GT</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>GC</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Basal</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Seguimento</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Basal</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Seguimento</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">157,4 &#177; 43,8</td>
                  <td align="center">147,9 &#177; 47,9</td>
                  <td align="center">170,1 &#177; 44,8</td>
                  <td align="center">178,1 &#177; 44,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">168,5 &#177; 76,7</td>
                  <td align="center">140,1 &#177; 66,4</td>
                  <td align="center">226,0 &#177; 112,9</td>
                  <td align="center">319,1 &#177; 194,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,4 &#177; 7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">39,3 &#177; 10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">39,8 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">40,4 &#177; 5,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,3 &#177; 36,8</td>
                  <td align="center">81,0 &#177; 34,8</td>
                  <td align="center">73,8 &#177; 12,2</td>
                  <td align="center">73,2 &#177; 27,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glicemia de jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">106,0 &#177; 26,4</td>
                  <td align="center">94,5 &#177; 14,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">114,8 &#177; 42,5</td>
                  <td align="center">122,4 &#177; 38,8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p = 0,011.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na condi&#231;&#227;o basal entre os grupos quanto &#224; FC de repouso, que, no GT, mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada de 62,4 &#177; 9,1 para 55,1 &#177; 5,9 bpm (p &lt; 0,0001) e, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, de 61,6 &#177; 9,7 para 54,3 &#177; 6,5 bpm (p &lt; 0,0001). N&#227;o se observou altera&#231;&#227;o no GC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o</title>
          <p>Dor tor&#225;cica como motivo de interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o foi observada em 3 participantes do GT na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, e novamente no segundo teste de esfor&#231;o em 2 pacientes. No GC, nenhum participante teve dor tor&#225;cica no teste de esfor&#231;o na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, mas, no segundo teste, essa foi a raz&#227;o de interrup&#231;&#227;o para um participante. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta um resumo dos dados dos testes de esfor&#231;o. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a dentro dos grupos nem entre eles quanto &#224; FC m&#225;xima ou &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e no seguimento. O GT demonstrou um aumento de 38,7% no consumo de oxig&#234;nio m&#225;ximo (p &lt; 0,0001). Ao final do protocolo de treinamento, observou-se, no GT, um aumento estatisticamente significativo na carga m&#225;xima da esteira, expressa pelos valores de velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es no GC.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados do teste de esfor&#231;o (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) dos grupos treinado e controle (GT e GC, respectivamente) na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e no seguimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Teste de esfor&#231;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>GT</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>GC</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Basal</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Seguimento</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Basal</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Seguimento</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC pico (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">132,0 &#177; 20,2</td>
                  <td align="center">140,2 &#177; 20,1</td>
                  <td align="center">127,0 &#177; 21,0</td>
                  <td align="center">125,4 &#177; 26,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de pico (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">178,3 &#177; 24,6</td>
                  <td align="center">181,1 &#177; 22,1</td>
                  <td align="center">183,8 &#177; 16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">193,8 &#177; 23,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Produto FC-press&#227;o (bpm.mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">23598,6 &#177; 5093,5</td>
                  <td align="center">25540,8 &#177; 5640,0</td>
                  <td align="center">23612,5 &#177; 6353,0</td>
                  <td align="center">24312,5 &#177; 5997,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Equivalente metab&#243;lico (MET)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">14,0 &#177; 2,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 2,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Consumo de oxig&#233;nio de pico (ml/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,4 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">49,1 &#177; 9,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">30,2 &#177; 8,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocidade (mph)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,07 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o da rampa (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,9 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">19,1 &#177; 3,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">#</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">13,0 &#177; 3,5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,0001; </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>p = 0,0026.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> mostra os valores de VDFVE, MVE, FEVE e da rela&#231;&#227;o MVE/VDFVE nos dois grupos. Na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, os par&#226;metros VE foram similares nos dois grupos, exceto a MVE (p = 0,0225) e a MVE indexada (p = 0,0429), que foram maiores no GC. O VDFVE aumentou discretamente nos dois grupos, sem diferen&#231;a significativa. A FEVE n&#227;o se modificou significativamente nos grupos durante o estudo.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP) dos grupos treinado e controle (GT e GC, respectivamente) na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e no seguimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>RMC</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>GT</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>GC</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Basal</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Seguimento</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Basal</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Seguimento</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VDFVE (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">110,7 &#177; 43,5</td>
                  <td align="center">116,8 &#177; 38,2</td>
                  <td align="center">126,3 &#177; 39,4</td>
                  <td align="center">134,3 &#177; 42,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VDFVE indexado (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,5 &#177; 14,1</td>
                  <td align="center">40,6 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">42,2 &#177; 12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">44,4 &#177; 11,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,1 &#177; 11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">46,8 &#177; 10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">44,9 &#177; 11,0</td>
                  <td align="center">42,6 &#177; 11,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MVE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">128,7 &#177; 38,9</td>
                  <td align="center">117,2 &#177; 27,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">159,6 &#177; 29,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">#</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">167,8 &#177; 49,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MVE indexada (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,9 &#177; 12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9 &#177; 8,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">53,6 &#177; 10,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#966;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">55,9 &#177; 14,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o MVE/VDFVE (g/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,29 &#177; 0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36 &#177; 0,48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#167;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 &#177; 0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30 &#177; 0,37</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final ventricular esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; MVE: massa ventricular esquerda.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p = 0,0032; </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>p = 0,0225 entre os valores basais dos dois grupos;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>&#966;</label>
                <p>p = 0,0429 entre os valores basais dos dois grupos;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>&#167;</label>
                <p>p = 0,015.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A MVE apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa de 8,9% no GT (de 128,7 &#177; 38,9 g para 117,2 &#177; 27,2 g; p = 0,0032). A MVE indexada (g/m<sup>2</sup>) mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa no GT (p = 0,0032). Tend&#234;ncia oposta foi observada no GC, mas sem significado estat&#237;stico. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o MVE/VDFVE similar na condi&#231;&#227;o basal (GT = 1,29 &#177; 0,36 g/mL, e GC = 1,36 &#177; 0,48 g/mL; p = 0,63). Ao final do protocolo, redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na rela&#231;&#227;o MVE/VDFVE foi observada no GT (p = 0,015), com valor de 1,05 &#177; 0,22 g/mL. No GC, o valor final da rela&#231;&#227;o MVE/VDFVE foi 1,30 &#177; 0,37 g/mL (p &gt; 0,99).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que o treinamento aer&#243;bio determinou remodelamento VE positivo, como avaliado por RMC, e modifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma amostra de indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino ap&#243;s o primeiro IM agudo. O protocolo de treinamento foi adequado &#224;s necessidades dos pacientes ap&#243;s tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado para permitir uma aplica&#231;&#227;o ampla, at&#233; mesmo em pacientes com isquemia residual, reproduzindo o que ocorre no "mundo real", onde os pacientes t&#234;m dificuldade para aderir a um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Capacidade aer&#243;bia</title>
          <p>Houve aumento estatisticamente significativo de 38,7% no consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico no GT. Esse aumento foi associado a um aumento na for&#231;a de pico durante o exerc&#237;cio, como mostrado pelos valores maiores de velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o na esteira alcan&#231;ados ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de treinamento. V&#225;rios estudos documentaram um aumento no consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico, de 10% para 46%, ap&#243;s IM em pacientes submetidos a programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> sendo tal aumento dependente da intensidade do treinamento. Houve ainda redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na FC de repouso no GT, uma express&#227;o da adapta&#231;&#227;o positiva do n&#243; sinusal. &#201; importante enfatizar que a redu&#231;&#227;o na FC de repouso diminui o risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio possibilita o aumento da reserva da FC do repouso at&#233; o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico m&#225;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> N&#227;o foram encontradas altera&#231;&#245;es no GC, refor&#231;ando os efeitos favor&#225;veis do protocolo de treinamento aer&#243;bio, a despeito do uso de &#223;-bloqueadores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o, volume e massa ventricular esquerda</title>
          <p>O tratamento de pacientes ap&#243;s IM tem por objetivo o controle ou a inibi&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento card&#237;aco. Muitos estudos mostraram que alguns medicamentos, como inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina, bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina, &#946;-bloqueadores e antagonistas da aldosterona, t&#234;m propriedades anti-remodelamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Entretanto, os resultados alcan&#231;ados at&#233; agora s&#227;o insatisfat&#243;rios.</p>
          <p>A pesquisa em interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas que possam reverter e/ou inibir tal processo continua. Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente demonstrou que at&#233; mesmo o tempo decorrido ap&#243;s um IM influencia os resultados obtidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A RMC foi extensamente validada como uma ferramenta precisa para medir volumes e massas em cen&#225;rios normais e patol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Foi demonstrado que pequenas amostras podem ser usadas para determinar com acur&#225;cia modifica&#231;&#245;es de massa e volume ap&#243;s uma interven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o de FEVE ou VDFVE foi demonstrada nos dois grupos ap&#243;s treinamento aer&#243;bio, podendo refletir o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, a MVE diminuiu no GT e aumentou discretamente no GC. Como as caracter&#237;sticas de IM foram semelhantes nos dois grupos, parece razo&#225;vel levantar a hip&#243;tese de que esse padr&#227;o oposto deva-se &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio.</p>
          <p>O mesmo padr&#227;o oposto foi demonstrado quanto &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o MVE/VDFVE, com melhor proporcionalidade no GT do que no GC, que desenvolveu remodelamento exc&#234;ntrico. Foi demonstrado que a rela&#231;&#227;o MVE/VDFVE &#233; pr&#243;xima de 1 em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Nossos resultados sugerem uma tend&#234;ncia ao restabelecimento de uma rela&#231;&#227;o MVE/VDFVE normal no GT. Outro estudo identificou padr&#245;es diferentes de hipertrofia ventricular como indicadores de pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes ap&#243;s IM em seguimento de 2 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Nossos resultados n&#227;o confirmam o efeito negativo do exerc&#237;cio no remodelamento card&#237;aco como observado por outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio na fun&#231;&#227;o e no remodelamento card&#237;acos ap&#243;s IM sejam devidos a mecanismos distintos: melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica, redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga, ajuste no sistema auton&#244;mico, redu&#231;&#227;o da FC e da press&#227;o arterial no repouso e nas cargas subm&#225;ximas, e redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse na parede VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Compara&#231;&#245;es diretas podem ser dif&#237;ceis, pois as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas para massa e fun&#231;&#227;o foram tomadas com t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas 2D, com base em f&#243;rmulas e suposi&#231;&#245;es da forma geom&#233;trica VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Poucos estudos usaram a RMC para quantifica&#231;&#227;o de massa e fun&#231;&#227;o. Dubach et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> estudaram 25 pacientes ap&#243;s IM com FEVE reduzida (32,3 &#177; 6%). Eles randomizaram 12 pacientes para realizar atividade f&#237;sica de alta intensidade em um centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes nos dois grupos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o com RMC inicialmente e depois de 2 meses. Os autores observaram um aumento n&#227;o significativo no volume sist&#243;lico final VE e no VDFVE (2,5% e 4,8%, respectivamente) no GT, mas nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o ocorreu na MVE nem na FE nos dois grupos. Esses mesmos pacientes foram seguidos por 1 ano, sendo um grupo submetido a atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa, com um gasto energ&#233;tico semanal de cerca de 2.100 Kcal a mais do que o GC. As medidas de volume, massa e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acos n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa, indicando que nenhum efeito delet&#233;rio da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca p&#244;de ser detectado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Schmid et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> avaliaram 38 pacientes ap&#243;s IM com FE de 50,4 &#177; 12,7%, designados para um grupo de combina&#231;&#227;o de treinamento aer&#243;bio e treinamento resistido ou para um grupo de apenas treinamento aer&#243;bio por 12 semanas. Na RMC ao final do per&#237;odo de treinamento, observou-se discreto aumento de FE, volume de eje&#231;&#227;o, VDFVE e volume sist&#243;lico final VE nos dois grupos. N&#227;o se observou efeito delet&#233;rio no remodelamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Por fim, os medicamentos foram mantidos durante o PI no presente estudo, eliminando a possibilidade de que os resultados pudessem ter sido influenciados por altera&#231;&#245;es em suas doses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Os volunt&#225;rios n&#227;o foram designados para os grupos de forma aleat&#243;ria. Por raz&#245;es &#233;ticas, a reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; oferecida a todos os pacientes de IM na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o como cuidado padr&#227;o. Os participantes do GC n&#227;o aceitaram participar do programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, mas aceitaram se submeter aos exames. Isso pode estar mais pr&#243;ximo do "mundo real". Todos os pacientes do GT completaram o protocolo. Por outro lado, observamos que a MVE na condi&#231;&#227;o basal diferiu significativamente entre os grupos do estudo. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o pode ser o nosso m&#233;todo de sele&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o havia nenhum outro dispon&#237;vel. O tamanho da amostra &#233; sempre uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o ao se lidar com vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, como volume e massa, mas o uso da RMC para quantific&#225;-los parece apropriado, devido &#224;s suas altas reprodutibilidade e acur&#225;cia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Al&#233;m disso, estudos pr&#233;vios indicaram que, mesmo em pequenas amostras, modifica&#231;&#245;es devidas a interven&#231;&#245;es em par&#226;metros estruturais e funcionais podem ser detectadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Nenhuma localiza&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de IM foi selecionada de modo a fornecer v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;ximas &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Por raz&#245;es log&#237;sticas, n&#227;o foram realizadas imagens para quantificar a extens&#227;o da &#225;rea cicatricial atrav&#233;s de realce tardio na RMC. Tal informa&#231;&#227;o poderia ser &#250;til na tentativa de explicar o comportamento individual nos dois grupos.</p>
          <p>Apenas pacientes do sexo masculino foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Isso pode ter reduzido o tamanho da amostra, mas garantiu a elimina&#231;&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia de g&#234;nero no processo de remodelamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico foi obtido indiretamente atrav&#233;s de equa&#231;&#245;es. O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar seria mais apropriado para a obten&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel. Entretanto, todos os pacientes no GT apresentaram aumento na velocidade e na inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira.</p>
          <p>Este estudo mostrou os benef&#237;cios do treinamento aer&#243;bio na capacidade funcional e na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca dos pacientes ap&#243;s IM. Entretanto, os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos respons&#225;veis por essas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram avaliados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou remodelamento positivo no GT, como indicado pelo discreto aumento no tamanho diast&#243;lico VE associado com uma redu&#231;&#227;o na MVE. Isso foi obtido com treinamento aer&#243;bio de intensidade moderada, que foi efetivo para melhorar o consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico e promoveu adapta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares ben&#233;ficas associadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Nataly Lino Izeli pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
