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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5KYgqqnKtLfJ44mszgrQz5p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000400304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005007102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160029</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Serial High-Sensitivity Troponin T in Post-Primary Angioplasty Exercise Test</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vaz</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Andres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanz</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Humberto Andres Vaz</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande Do Sul. Avenida Princesa Isabel 395, bairro Santana, Postal Code 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>humbertovaz@cardiol.br</email>; <email>humbertovaz@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Vaz HA, Vanz AP, Castro I.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>304</fpage>
      <lpage>310</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The kinetics of high-sensitivity troponin T (hscTnT) release should be studied in different situations, including functional tests with transient ischemic abnormalities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the release of hscTnT by serial measurements after exercise testing (ET), and to correlate hscTnT elevations with abnormalities suggestive of ischemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary angioplasty were referred for ET 3 months after infarction. Blood samples were collected to measure basal hscTnT immediately before (TnT<sub>0h</sub>), 2 (TnT<sub>2h</sub>), 5 (TnT<sub>5h</sub>), and 8 hours (TnT<sub>8h</sub>) after ET. The outcomes were peak hscTnT, TnT<sub>5h</sub>/TnT<sub>0h</sub> ratio, and the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) for hscTnT levels. Log-transformation was performed on hscTnT values, and comparisons were assessed with the geometric mean ratio, along with their 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was assessed by analysis of covariance with no adjustment, and then, adjusted for TnT<sub>0h</sub>, age and sex, followed by additional variables (metabolic equivalents, maximum heart rate achieved, anterior wall STEMI, and creatinine clearance).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>This study included 95 patients. The highest geometric means were observed at 5 hours (TnT<sub>5h</sub>). After adjustments, peak hscTnT, TnT<sub>5h</sub>/TnT<sub>0h</sub> and AUC were 59% (p = 0.002), 59% (p = 0.003) and 45% (p = 0.003) higher, respectively, in patients with an abnormal ET as compared to those with normal tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Higher elevations of hscTnT may occur after an abnormal ET as compared to a normal ET in patients with STEMI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Troponin T</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiac troponins (cTn) are highly sensitive and specific biomarkers for the detection of myocardial necrosis. They are an essential complement to the clinical and electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) according to the guidelines developed by the <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC), <italic>American College of Chest Physicians</italic> (ACCF), <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) and <italic>World Heart Federation</italic> (WHF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The cTn not only added agility to diagnostic confirmation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> but proved to be very useful in choosing between different therapeutic strategies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and in identifying patients at higher risk for future cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recent advances have yielded greater accuracy for those tests. They are now called high-sensitivity troponins, because they have the ability to be detected at small concentrations with higher accuracy, including in individuals apparently free from cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Consequently, their kinetics has been the focus of several studies in cardiology. One important topic is their elevation in transient ischemia during physical or pharmacological stress tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The present study was aimed at assessing the kinetics of high-sensitivity troponin T (hscTnT) by use of serial measurements after an exercise test (ET) performed in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, and at comparing the changes in that biomarker levels on abnormal <italic>versus</italic> normal tests.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Cross-sectional study performed from December 2010 to August 2012 at the Institute of Cardiology/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The inclusion criteria were patients aged at least 18 years, diagnosed with STEMI, undergoing anticoagulant therapy and adjuvant antiplatelet therapy during follow-up at a coronary care unit, according to the ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of STEMI, 2013,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and primary angioplasty with conventional stents with the following angiographic conditions: final TIMI III flow in the affected vessel and complete revascularization, defined as no stenosis &#8805; 50% in another epicardial coronary artery. The exclusion criteria were as follows: patients without full conditions to exercise on a treadmill and presence of left bundle-branch block or left ventricular overload with ST-segment depression &#8805; 1 mm on baseline electrocardiogram. The presence of lesions in the left main coronary artery or equivalent, unstable clinical findings, planned coronary artery bypass grafting, and impossibility to follow the research protocol and/or refusal to participate in the study were also considered exclusion criteria.</p>
      <p>Of the 104 patients recruited, 9 did not undergo initial assessment, one underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, 7 withdraw the study before undergoing ET, and one could not exercise on a treadmill due to orthopedic problems, leaving 95 participants to be included in this study sample.</p>
      <p>The following data were collected: anthropometric data; laboratory data; medical history; and relevant data on primary angioplasty and coronary angiography. Patients were invited to participate in the study before hospital discharge. When eligible, they provided written informed consent (WIC) after being instructed on the ET and the research protocol.</p>
      <p>Exercise testing was recommended 3 months after STEMI, but, because of logistic factors and issues related to scheduling and participants' displacement, that period varied, the median being 108 days (interquartile interval: 93-145). The blood collections for hscTnT measurement were as follows: immediately before the ET, and after 2 hours (mean, 2.7 &#177; 0.6 hours), 5 hours (mean, 5 &#177; 0.6 hours) and 8 hours (mean, 8.6 &#177; 0.6 hours).</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (protocol n&#186; 4391/09) and abided by the Helsinki declaration. All participants provided the WIC before undergoing any intervention.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise test protocol</title>
        <p>The stress test adopted was the symptom-limited ET on treadmill according to the Bruce protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> It was scheduled within approximately 3 months after the STEMI, maintaining the complete treatment, including beta-blockers and nitrates. Valid tests were those with 12-lead electrocardiographic tracing in the sitting and standing up position, at rest and during exercise, with stable baseline and no interferences.</p>
        <p>Blood pressure and continuous heart rate measurements were taken, and the maximum load was calculated in METS. The ET would be immediately interrupted in case of sustained ventricular tachycardia, blood pressure drop during exertion, ST-segment depression &#8805; 2mm and progressive chest pain during the procedure. The ET was conducted by a cardiologist with no knowledge on baseline hscTnT (TnT<sub>0h</sub>) or any of the following measurements. The abnormality criteria considered for the ET were: on electrocardiogram, horizontal/descending ST depression &#8805; 1mm at 0.08s after the J point and complex ventricular arrhythmias; and symptoms or clinical findings characteristic of myocardial ischemia during exertion.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>hscTnT collections</title>
        <p>Peripheral blood samples were obtained according to the manufacturer's instructions. They were collected before the ET (TnT<sub>0h</sub>), and after 2 hours (TnT<sub>2h</sub>), 5 hours (TnT<sub>5h</sub>) and 8 hours (TnT<sub>8h</sub>). All patients had a meal before the baseline collection and ET, and remained on the hospital premises with no physical activity until the next venous puncture. Blood was collected at the same place of exercise testing. To ensure rest, the participants remained sitting for 30 minutes before the collection. The blood samples were always processed by the same professional immediately after collection. Troponin T STAT (Short Turn Around Time) assay was analyzed by using the commercially available Elecsys 2010 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, batches n&#186; 153401, 157120, 160197, 163704), which uses the chemiluminescence method (analysis of two monoclonal antibodies specifically directed against human troponin T). The limits of the blank, of detection and maximum are 3ng/L, 5ng/L and 10,000ng/L, respectively. The limit of test quantification was 13ng/L (functional sensitivity), corresponding to the lowest concentration that can be measured in a reproducible way with coefficient of variation (CV) &#8804; 10%. The 99th percentile detected in a reference population was 14ng/L.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The information for calibration of each assay is specifically established according to each batch used. Each batch was adapted to the analyzer by using the Elecsys Troponin T STAT CalSet calibrator no later than 24 hours after registering the reagent kit. New calibrations were performed as needed, according to the manufacturer.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The normal distribution of the continuous variables in this sample was assessed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation, and, in case of asymmetrical distribution, as median (interquartile interval: p25-p75). Categorical variables were presented as absolute count and percentages. To compare between different categories of hscTnT changes and the presence of normal or abnormal ET, Fisher exact test was used. To compare hscTnT values between two groups, Mann-Whitney U test was used. In addition, Spearman coefficient was adopted to assess the correlation between age and hscTnT values, and between creatinine clearance and hscTnT values. Due to the asymmetrical distribution of hscTnT values, logarithmic transformation was used. To assess hscTnT changes between the groups with normal and abnormal ET, the following outcomes were used: post-ET peak troponin (peak TnT); ratio between troponins collected in the fifth hour and at baseline (TnT<sub>5h</sub>/TnT<sub>0h</sub>); and area under the blood concentration-time curve. Due to the logarithmic transformation, the hscTnT values were presented as geometric means, and the comparisons between the groups were summarized by using the geometric mean ratio with their respective confidence intervals. The statistical significance of those comparisons was assessed in a model of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), initially without adjustments, and then adjusting for TnT<sub>0h</sub>, age, sex and additional variables (METS, percentage of the maximum heart rate achieved, anterior left ventricular wall STEMI, and creatinine clearance estimated with the <italic>Cockcroft-Gault</italic> formula). A p value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant, and the entire analysis was elaborated by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study included 95 patients diagnosed with STEMI, treated with primary angioplasty and submitted to ET 3 months after the initial event. The mean age of this sample was 54.25&#177; 11 years, with a higher prevalence of the male sex (81%).</p>
      <p>The right coronary artery was affected in 46% of the cases, followed by the anterior descending (43%) and the circumflex (8%) arteries. On coronary angiography, three-vessel disease was detected in only 4% of the patients, no lesion being detected in the left main coronary artery. Only 5% of the patients underwent stent implantation in a second epicardial vessel, right after treating the affected coronary artery. Whenever anatomically possible, the patients underwent complete revascularization, defined as residual lesions smaller than 50%. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of this sample.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the patients according to abnormal or normal exercise tests (ET).</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>abnormal ET (n=13)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>normal ET (n=82)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Anthropometric</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">59&#177;12</td>
              <td align="center">54&#177;10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (92)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (79)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28&#177;3</td>
              <td align="center">27&#177;5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Risk factors (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current or previous smoking</td>
              <td align="center">9 (70)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (65)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">9 (70)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">2 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (37)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">1 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (15)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">7 (54)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (76)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Acute myocardial infarction</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time until treatment (hours)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (2 - 6)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (2 - 5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anterior wall location n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (23)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (53)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Number of vessels affected n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">8 (61)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (78)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805;2</td>
              <td align="center">5 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (22)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Stents n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">9 (70)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">4 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (17)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1st stent length (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">27&#177;8</td>
              <td align="center">21&#177;7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2nd stent length (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">19&#177;10</td>
              <td align="center">18&#177;8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ET: additional parameters</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% of maximum HR achieved</td>
              <td align="center">79&#177;12</td>
              <td align="center">80&#177;12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Double product (x10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">22&#177;5</td>
              <td align="center">22&#177;6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">METS</td>
              <td align="center">8&#177;2</td>
              <td align="center">8&#177;2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Biochemistry</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine clearance (mL/min)</td>
              <td align="center">90&#177;25</td>
              <td align="center">100&#177;30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TnT<sub>0h</sub></td>
              <td align="center">6.7 (4.7 - 7.4)</td>
              <td align="center">5.4 (3 - 9.5)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), n (percentages) and median (p25 - p75); ET: exercise test; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; HR: heart rate; METS: metabolic equivalents; TnT<sub>0h</sub>: baseline troponin T.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding medication, most patients used a combination of acetylsalicylic acid (97%), clopidogrel (92%), statins (96%), beta-blockers (92%) and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (94%) at the time of the ET. A smaller proportion (4%) of patients used oral or sublingual nitrates to relieve anginal symptoms before the ET.</p>
      <p>Of the total sample, 13 patients were classified as having an abnormal ET. Of those, 11 (84%) had persistent ST-segment depression &#8805; 1 mm during the test, one patient (8%) had non-sustained ventricular tachycardia associated with clinical signs of coronary artery disease (CAD), and another (8%) had progressive angina <italic>pectoris</italic>, requiring the interruption of the procedure.</p>
      <p>The values of creatinine clearance and ET performance were similar in the groups with normal and abnormal ET. The frequencies of the traditional risk factors for CAD and of anterior left ventricular wall STEMI were similar in both groups. There was a trend towards the use of longer stents (p=0.06) in the group with abnormal ET as compared to that with normal ET.</p>
      <p>In 35 (37%) patients, TnT<sub>0h</sub> was undetectable. Smoking (p = 0.03) and age (p &lt; 0.001), directly, and creatinine clearance (p &lt; 0.01), indirectly, were associated with higher. TnT<sub>0h</sub> values. Ten patients (19%) reached or exceeded the clinical decision level (14 ng/L), and that finding was more frequent in the abnormal ET than in the normal ET group, 46.2% <italic>versus</italic> 14.6%, respectively (p = 0.015).</p>
      <p>Higher hscTnT geometric means were identified at the time of the third collection (TnT<sub>5h</sub>) in patients with abnormal ET than in those with normal ET, as well as a decrease in those values in the fourth collection (TnT<sub>8h</sub>). The ANCOVA showed a 71% greater peak TnT in patients with abnormal ET as compared with those with normal tests, 54% greater with adjustments for TnT<sub>0h</sub>, sex and age (p = 0.003), and 59% greater after adjustment for additional factors (p = 0.002), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Non-adjusted and adjusted comparisons between the groups with abnormal exercise test (ET) <italic>versus</italic> normal ET for selected outcomes.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Non-adjusted analysis</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Adjusted analysis for TnT<sub>0h</sub>, age and sex</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Analysis with additional adjustment<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Outcome</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Abnormal ET<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> (n = 13)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Normal ET<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> (n = 82)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>geometric mean ratio (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>geometric mean ratio (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>geometric mean ratio (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Primary</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">peak TnT (ng/L)</td>
              <td align="center">13.15</td>
              <td align="center">7.69</td>
              <td align="center">1.71 (1.07 - 2.73)</td>
              <td align="center">0.025</td>
              <td align="center">1.54 (1.14 - 2.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">1.59 (1.17 - 2.15)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Secondary</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TnT<sub>5h</sub>/TnT<sub>0h</sub></td>
              <td align="center">1.90</td>
              <td align="center">1.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.56 (1.16 - 2.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">1.51 (1.11 - 2.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
              <td align="center">1.59 (1.17 - 2.15)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AUC (ng/L)<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">84.3</td>
              <td align="center">55.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.54 (0.98 - 2.39)</td>
              <td align="center">0.058</td>
              <td align="center">1.39 (1.10 - 1.77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
              <td align="center">1.45 (1.14 - 1.85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>*Data are presented as geometric means; CI: confidence interval; p: statistical significance; ET: treadmill exercise test; TnT: high-sensitivity troponin T; AUC: area under the curve; </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>additional adjustment for baseline troponin T (TnT<sub>0h</sub>), metabolic equivalent, percentage of maximum heart rate reached, anterior wall infarction and creatinine clearance (Cockcroft-Gault method).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When comparing the groups with normal and abnormal ET, the analysis of the area under the blood concentration-time curve of the hscTnT values showed statistical significance (p = 0.003) after adjustments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Variation of hscTnT over time in the groups of normal and abnormal exercise tests, presenting the geometrical means, their respective confidence intervals and significance for the area under the curve analysis (AUC).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0304-60029-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Using a high-sensitivity troponin T assay, we demonstrated that elevations in that marker, adjusted for the baseline levels, are greater in ET with changes suggestive of transient ischemia as compared to normal tests of STEMI patients treated with primary angioplasty. The ET changes defined in this study were associated with hscTnT increments, especially after the fifth hour, even with adjustments for additional variables, such as load, percentage of maximum heart rate achieved and creatinine clearance. The cTn released into blood stream seems to originate initially from the cytosol content, and later from the cardiomyocyte structural content. The latter would account for the sustained curve of cTn known in AMI, and would translate an irreversible injury to the sarcomere proteins. That difference is the basis for the questions related to the transient troponin increase in the absence of myocardial necrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hessel et al., in a study inducing cardiomyocytes to metabolic inhibition, have concluded that the release of troponin T (cTnT) and I (cTnI), in their both intact and degradation product forms, occurs simultaneously and only after necrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, hypothetical mechanisms for the transient release are as follows: apoptosis;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> normal cardiomyocyte turnover;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> passage of degradation fragments through the intact cell membrane;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and formation and passage of vesicles with cytosol content to the extracellular space.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In previous studies with fourth-generation cTn assays performed after stress testing, the results remained undetectable, below the CV limit of 10%, or not associated with ischemia induction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Another study using high-sensitivity cTnI (hscTnI), however, has found changes proportional to the intensity of the ischemia (mild and moderate-to-severe) estimated on myocardial perfusion imaging, when the sample was collected 2 and 4 hours after the stress test. In that same study, changes in troponin levels in patients with different ischemic categories were indistinguishable using conventional troponin assays.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study assessed a specific population of patients with a sequela of STEMI, and measuring those markers at baseline and after ET in individuals with structural heart disease is particularly important. In a previous study with 118 patients, measuring cTnI before Bruce protocol symptom-limited ET, and then 8-12 and 24 hours after, no correlation of the elevation in biomarker levels with the presence of multiarterial disease and ET changes was found. However, on multivariate analysis, ejection fraction &#8804; 50% was an independent variable for cTnI elevations above the 99th percentile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Another study has assessed serial hscTnT and hscTnI after myocardial perfusion imaging stress testing, and none of those markers could identify patients with reversible ischemia. A significant increase in hscTnI was comparable to hscTnT levels at all collection times in the presence of previous AMI, but without reversible ischemia (p &lt; 0.001 <italic>versus</italic> baseline collection). The baseline cTn concentrations in that study seemed to be influenced by variables related to myocardial structural changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Another study using hscTnT after magnetic resonance imaging has detected small amounts 1 and 3 hours after non-pharmacological stress, not fulfilling criteria for AMI, but the levels were related to the intensity of the ischemia found. History of diabetes, CAD, lower creatinine clearance and ejection fraction were more frequently found in patients with moderate-to-severe ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Other studies demonstrating cTnI release in individuals with heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> submitted to exercise or in marathon runners with exercise-induced high blood pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> could also indicate a role for the presence of those markers in different left ventricular overload situations.</p>
      <p>In the present study, a late ET was performed 3 months after AMI to avoid the detection of TnT<sub>0h</sub> levels in the descending curve because of the primary tissue injury caused by AMI. Our study found that higher TnT<sub>0h</sub> levels correlate with smoking, older age and lower creatinine clearance. The last two findings are similar to those studies using hscTnT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and hscTnT and hscTnI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We believe that the values found were not actually related to new coronary events, because of the small variations and the early descent, but rather to cases with imbalance between oxygen offer and demand, based on the significantly lower levels of high-sensitivity troponins found in that situation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Lower values found on the initial assessment of patients for acute coronary syndrome seemed not related to type I AMI (ischemia due to atherosclerotic plaque rupture, thrombus formation, fissure and spontaneous dissection),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> and regardless of the cause of hscTnT release in circulation, increases in the marker can be related to higher mortality. Data from the SWEDEHEART Registry have shown that patients suspected of having acute coronary syndrome and hscTnT levels greater than 14 ng/L had higher adjusted mortality rates; however, only 18.2% of them actually had had an AMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> We could infer that, even without knowing the exact mechanism of hscTnT release, increases in that marker, especially from the 99th percentile on, could indicate other changes related to the post-STEMI period, which should, from now on, be studied.</p>
      <p>The use of that marker in association with the traditional risk parameters in ET could indicate one more risk criterion. However, this cross-sectional study assessed the kinetics of that marker in a limited population. The meaning of those changes in association with ET should be assessed in large prospective studies. The use of high-sensitivity assays will not often identify patients at risk without high hscTnT levels, above the clinical decision limits, or with small transient changes. The clinical setting should be valued when considering the circumstances under which low hscTnT levels can be detected in circulation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Serial hscTnT elevations after ET were demonstrated. In abnormal tests, after determining the baseline values, the hscTnT levels are significantly higher as compared to normal ET in STEMI patients. In transient abnormalities suggestive of myocardial ischemia in ET, hscTnT shows a pattern of elevation followed by an early descent. Higher baseline values are related to smoking, older age and lower creatinine clearance levels. In that population, elevated levels, especially from the 99th percentile, can indicate a higher risk or myocardial structural injury.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Exercise testing without the addition of imaging tests has limitations. Thus, the presence of hscTnT changes cannot be considered a manifestation of residual ischemia. In addition, there were neither a control group nor echocardiographic data to correlate left ventricular structural changes with the hscTnT kinetics. The pathway to the knowledge of the real meaning of those changes regarding the increment of prognostic data should be delineated in prospective studies with a larger number of participants.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Humberto Andres Vaz, from Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We thank all professionals who collaborated in the care provided to this study participants, and in data interpretation and analysis, and to the IC/FUC Research Unit</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Troponina T de Alta Sensibilidade Seriada em Teste de Estresse Realizado Ap&#243;s Angioplastia Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vaz</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Andres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanz</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Humberto Andres Vaz</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande Do Sul. Avenida Princesa Isabel 395, bairro Santana, CEP 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS-Brasil. E-mail: <email>humbertovaz@cardiol.br</email>; <email>humbertovaz@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Vaz HA, Vanz AP, Castro I.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O comportamento da troponina T de alta sensibilidade (hscTnT) deve ser estudado em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es, incluindo testes funcionais com altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de isquemia transit&#243;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar o comportamento da hscTnT seriada ap&#243;s teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) e correlacionar aumentos desse marcador com anormalidades sugestivas de isquemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Participantes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) submetidos &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria e encaminhados para TE realizado ap&#243;s terceiro m&#234;s do infarto. A hscTnT foi coletada imediatamente antes do exame (TnT<sub>0h</sub>) e 2 (TnT<sub>2h</sub>), 5 (TnT<sub>5h</sub>) e 8 horas (TnT<sub>8h</sub>) ap&#243;s (TnT<sub>0h</sub>, TnT<sub>2h</sub>, TnT<sub>5h</sub> e TnT<sub>8h</sub>, respectivamente). Os desfechos considerados foram: pico de hscTnT (TnT pico), raz&#227;o TnT<sub>5h</sub>/TnT<sub>0h</sub> e &#225;rea sob a curva. Utilizada transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica e apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos valores como m&#233;dias geom&#233;tricas. As compara&#231;&#245;es foram sumarizadas pela raz&#227;o das m&#233;dias com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi verificada em modelo de ANCOVA sem ajustes e, em seguida, ajustando-se para a TnT<sub>0h</sub>, sexo, idade e vari&#225;veis adicionais (METS, porcentagem da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima atingida, IAMCSST de parede anterior e depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 95 participantes. Ocorreram maiores valores nas m&#233;dias geom&#233;tricas de hscTnT no momento de TnT<sub>5h</sub>. Ap&#243;s ajustes, o TnT pico, TnT<sub>5h</sub>/TnT<sub>0h</sub> e &#225;rea sob a curva foram 59% (p = 0,002), 59% (p = 0,003) e 45% (p = 0,003) maiores, respectivamente, em pacientes apresentando TE alterado em compara&#231;&#227;o a TE normal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Maiores eleva&#231;&#245;es de hscTnT podem ocorrer ap&#243;s TE alterado em compara&#231;&#227;o a testes normais em pacientes com hist&#243;rico de IAMCSST.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Troponina T</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As troponinas card&#237;acas (Tnc) s&#227;o biomarcadores considerados altamente sens&#237;veis e espec&#237;ficos para a detec&#231;&#227;o de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. S&#227;o um complemento essencial aos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) de acordo com diretriz desenvolvida pela <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC), <italic>American College of Chest Physicians</italic> (ACCF), <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) e <italic>World Heart Federation</italic> (WHF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As Tnc trouxeram n&#227;o somente agilidade na confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> mas tamb&#233;m ofereceram grande utilidade para a escolha de diferentes estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com maior risco para futuros eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Avan&#231;os recentes trouxeram maior acur&#225;cia para esses testes. Agora s&#227;o chamadas de troponinas de alta sensibilidade, pois possuem a capacidade de serem detectadas em pequenas concentra&#231;&#245;es com maior precis&#227;o, inclusive em indiv&#237;duos aparentemente livres de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Como consequ&#234;ncia, o seu comportamento &#233; foco de diversos estudos no campo da cardiologia. Um dos temas em destaque &#233; a sua eleva&#231;&#227;o na isquemia transit&#243;ria em testes de estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O presente estudo possui como objetivo verificar o comportamento da troponina T de alta sensibilidade (hscTnT) seriada ap&#243;s um teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) realizado em pacientes ap&#243;s IAM com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e comparar as altera&#231;&#245;es desse biomarcador entre exames alterados <italic>versus</italic> exames considerados normais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal realizado no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2010 a agosto de 2012, no Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram pacientes maiores de 18 anos com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST submetidos a terapia anticoagulante e antiagregante plaquet&#225;ria adjuvante durante acompanhamento em uma unidade coronariana, de acordo com as diretrizes (<italic>ACCF/AHA Guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction</italic>, 2013)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e a angioplastia prim&#225;ria com <italic>stents</italic> convencionais com as seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas: fluxo final TIMI III em vaso acometido e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa, definida como aus&#234;ncia de estenoses &#8805; 50% em outra art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica. Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: pacientes sem plenas condi&#231;&#245;es para se exercitarem em esteira rolante e presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo ou sobrecarga ventricular esquerda com infradesn&#237;vel de segmento ST &#8805; 1 mm ao eletrocardiograma de base. A presen&#231;a de les&#245;es em tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda ou equivalente, quadro cl&#237;nico inst&#225;vel, plano de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou participantes que n&#227;o pudessem cumprir o protocolo de pesquisa e/ou que n&#227;o concordassem em participar do estudo tamb&#233;m foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Dos 104 pacientes recrutados, nove n&#227;o fizeram a an&#225;lise inicial, sendo que um paciente foi submetido &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sete desistiram do estudo antes da execu&#231;&#227;o do teste e um n&#227;o possuiu condi&#231;&#245;es de se exercitar em esteira rolante por problemas ortop&#233;dicos, restando 95 participantes para inclus&#227;o na amostra.</p>
        <p>Foram coletados dados antropom&#233;tricos, laboratoriais, hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico, dados relevantes sobre angioplastia prim&#225;ria e cinecoronariografia. Os pacientes foram convidados a participar do estudo antes da alta hospitalar. Quando eleg&#237;veis, autorizaram a sua participa&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do termo de consentimento livre esclarecido (TCLE) ap&#243;s orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre o TE e o protocolo de pesquisa.</p>
        <p>Preconizou-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o IAMCSST, mas por fatores log&#237;sticos e relacionados ao agendamento e deslocamento dos participantes houve varia&#231;&#227;o nesse per&#237;odo, sendo a mediana de 108 dias (intervalo interquartil: 93-145). As coletas de hscTnT foram realizadas antes da execu&#231;&#227;o do TE e 2 horas (m&#233;dia, 2,7 &#177; 0,6 horas), 5 horas (m&#233;dia, 5 &#177; 0,6 horas) e 8 horas (m&#233;dia, 8,6 &#177; 0,6 horas) ap&#243;s.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (protocolo n&#186; 4391/09) e conduzido de acordo com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Todos os participantes assinaram o TCLE antes de qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do teste de estresse</title>
          <p>O teste de estresse adotado foi o TE em esteira rolante sintoma-limitado atrav&#233;s do protocolo de Bruce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Foi agendado dentro de um per&#237;odo aproximado de tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o IAMCSST em vig&#234;ncia de tratamento completo, inclusive betabloqueadores e nitratos. Foram considerados v&#225;lidos exames com tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada e ereta nas fases de repouso e esfor&#231;o, com linha de base est&#225;vel e sem interfer&#234;ncias.</p>
          <p>Foram realizadas medidas de press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cont&#237;nua e c&#225;lculo da carga m&#225;xima obtida em METS. Caso apresentassem taquicardia ventricular sustentada, queda da press&#227;o arterial durante a fase de esfor&#231;o, infradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST &#8805; 2mm e precordialgia progressiva durante o procedimento, o mesmo seria imediatamente interrompido. O exame foi realizado por cardiologista sem conhecimento da hscTnT basal (TnT<sub>0h</sub>) ou das coletas seguintes. Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de anormalidade no TE: no eletrocardiograma, infradesn&#237;vel de ST &#8805; 1mm a 0,08s ap&#243;s o ponto J horizontal ou descendente e arritmias ventriculares complexas; e sintomas ou quadro cl&#237;nico caracter&#237;sticos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica durante o esfor&#231;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coletas de hscTnT</title>
          <p>As amostras foram obtidas de sangue perif&#233;rico, conforme orienta&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Foram coletadas antes da execu&#231;&#227;o do TE (TnT<sub>0h</sub>), 2 horas (TnT<sub>2h</sub>), 5 horas (TnT<sub>5h</sub>) e 8 horas (TnT<sub>8h</sub>) ap&#243;s. Todos os pacientes alimentaram-se antes da coleta basal e do TE, permanecendo nas depend&#234;ncias do hospital sem realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica at&#233; o per&#237;odo da pr&#243;xima pun&#231;&#227;o venosa. A coleta ocorreu no mesmo local da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE. Para se assegurar do repouso, os participantes permaneciam sentados por cerca de 30 minutos antes da coleta. As amostras de sangue foram processadas sempre pelo mesmo profissional, imediatamente ap&#243;s a coleta. A an&#225;lise do ensaio Troponin T STAT (<italic>Short Turn Around Time</italic>) foi realizada pelo analisador <italic>Elecsys 2010</italic> (Roche Diagnostics) comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (lotes n&#186; 153401, 157120, 160197, 163704) que emprega o m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de dois anticorpos monoclonais especificamente direcionados contra a troponina T humana. Os limites do branco, de detec&#231;&#227;o e m&#225;ximo s&#227;o 3ng/L, 5ng/L e 10.000ng/L, respectivamente. O limite de quantifica&#231;&#227;o do teste encontra-se em 13ng/L (sensibilidade funcional) correspondente &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o mais baixa que pode ser medida de modo reprodut&#237;vel com um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV) &#8804;10%. O percentil 99 detectado em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia foi 14ng/l.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> As informa&#231;&#245;es para calibra&#231;&#227;o de cada ensaio s&#227;o estabelecidas especificamente de acordo com cada lote empregado. A adapta&#231;&#227;o de cada lote ao analisador foi realizada atrav&#233;s do calibrador <italic>Elecsys Troponin T STAT CalSet</italic> n&#227;o mais que 24 horas ap&#243;s o registro do <italic>kit</italic> reagente. Novas calibra&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas, quando necess&#225;rio, de acordo com o fabricante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas nesta amostra foi verificada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e, na situa&#231;&#227;o de assimetria, por mediana (amplitude interquartil: p25-p75). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como contagem absoluta e porcentagens. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes categorias de altera&#231;&#245;es de hscTnT e a presen&#231;a de TE normal ou alterado, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores de hscTnT entre dois grupos, utilizamos o teste de Mann-Whitney U. Adicionalmente, o coeficiente de Spearman foi adotado para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre idade e valores de hscTnT e depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina e valores de hscTnT. Devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica dos valores de hscTnT, foi utilizada transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica. Para avaliar a altera&#231;&#227;o da hscTnT entre os grupos com TE normal e alterado, usamos os seguintes desfechos: pico de troponina p&#243;s ergometria (TnT pico), raz&#227;o entre as troponinas coletadas na quinta hora e basal (TnT<sub>5h</sub>/TnT<sub>0h</sub>) e &#225;rea sob a curva dos valores de hscTnT. Devido &#224; transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica, os valores de hscTnT foram apresentados como m&#233;dias geom&#233;tricas e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos sumarizadas pela raz&#227;o das m&#233;dias com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica dessas compara&#231;&#245;es foi verificada em modelo de an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA), inicialmente sem ajustes e, em seguida, ajustando-se para TnT<sub>0h</sub>, idade, sexo e por vari&#225;veis adicionais (METS, porcentagem da frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima atingida, IAMCSST de parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina estimada pela f&#243;rmula de <italic>Cockcroft-Gault).</italic> Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo e toda a an&#225;lise foi elaborada no programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA)<italic>.</italic></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 95 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST tratados com angioplastia prim&#225;ria e submetidos ao TE tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o evento inicial. A m&#233;dia de idade desta amostra foi de 54,25&#177; 11 anos, com maior preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino (81%).</p>
        <p>A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita foi o vaso acometido em 46% dos casos, seguido da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (43%) e da art&#233;ria circunflexa (8%). A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a trivascular foi detectada na coronariografia de apenas 4% dos pacientes e n&#227;o foram detectadas les&#245;es no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda. Apenas 5% dos pacientes foram submetidos a implante de <italic>stent</italic> em um segundo vaso epic&#225;rdico logo ap&#243;s o tratamento da coron&#225;ria acometida. Todos os pacientes obtiveram revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa, quando anatomicamente vi&#225;vel, definida pela presen&#231;a de les&#245;es residuais inferiores a 50%. As caracter&#237;sticas de base desta amostra est&#227;o ilustradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes de acordo com altera&#231;&#227;o ou normalidade no teste ergom&#233;trico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TE alterado (n=13)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TE normal (n=82)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Antropom&#233;tricas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">59&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">54&#177;10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (92)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (79)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28&#177;3</td>
                <td align="center">27&#177;5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo atual ou pregresso</td>
                <td align="center">9 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (65)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">9 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">2 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (37)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">1 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">7 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (76)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo at&#233; tratamento (horas)</td>
                <td align="center">5(2 a 6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2 a 5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Localiza&#231;&#227;o anterior n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (53)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de vasos acometidos n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">8 (61)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (78)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805;2</td>
                <td align="center">5 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Stents n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">9 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">4 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comprimento 1&#176; stent (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">27&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">21&#177;7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comprimento 2&#176; stent (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">19&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">18&#177;8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>TE: par&#226;metros adicionais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">%FC m&#225;xima atingida</td>
                <td align="center">79&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">80&#177;12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duplo produto (x10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">22&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">22&#177;6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">METS</td>
                <td align="center">8&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center">8&#177;2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Bioqu&#237;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina (ml/min)</td>
                <td align="center">90&#177;25</td>
                <td align="center">100&#177;30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TnT<sub>0h</sub></td>
                <td align="center">6,7(4,7 a 7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (3 a 9,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), n (percentuais) e mediana (p25 a p75); TE: teste ergom&#233;trico; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; METS: equivalentes metab&#243;licos; TnT<sub>0h</sub>: troponina T basal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia medicamentosa, a maioria dos pacientes utilizava uma combina&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (97%), clopidogrel (92%), estatinas (96%), betabloqueadores (92%) e inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (94%) no momento do exame. Uma menor propor&#231;&#227;o (4%) de pacientes usava nitratos por via oral ou sublingual para al&#237;vio de sintomas anginosos antes do TE.</p>
        <p>Do total da amostra, 13 foram classificados como TE com crit&#233;rios de anormalidade (TE alterado). Desses, 11 (84%) apresentaram infradesn&#237;vel de segmento ST &#8805; 1 mm persistente durante o teste, um paciente (8%) apresentou taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada associada a sinais cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana, e outro (8%) manifestou angina <italic>pectoris</italic> progressiva exigindo a interrup&#231;&#227;o do procedimento.</p>
        <p>Os valores da depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina e do desempenho no TE foram semelhantes entre os participantes com TE normal e TE alterado. A frequ&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco tradicionais para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e da localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto em parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi semelhante entre os grupos. Houve uma tend&#234;ncia para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> com maior comprimento (p = 0,06) no grupo com TE alterado quando comparado &#224;quele com TE normal.</p>
        <p>A TnT<sub>0h</sub> esteve indetect&#225;vel em 35 (37%) pacientes da amostra. O tabagismo (p = 0,03) e a idade (p &lt; 0,001), diretamente, e a depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina (p &lt; 0,01), indiretamente, estiveram associados com maiores valores de TnT<sub>0h</sub>. Dezoito participantes (19%) alcan&#231;aram ou ultrapassaram o n&#237;vel de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica (14 ng/L), sendo esse achado mais frequente no grupo com TE alterado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com TE normal (46,2% <italic>versus</italic> 14,6%, respectivamente), com p = 0,015.</p>
        <p>Foram identificadas maiores m&#233;dias geom&#233;tricas de hscTnT no momento da terceira coleta (TnT<sub>5h</sub>) em pacientes com TE alterado em rela&#231;&#227;o a testes considerados normais e um descenso dos valores registrados na quarta coleta (TnT<sub>8h</sub>). Atrav&#233;s da ANCOVA, verificou-se que o TnT pico foi 71% maior em pacientes apresentando TE alterado em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com exames normais, 54% maior com ajustes para TnT<sub>0h</sub>, sexo e idade (p = 0,003) e 59% maior ap&#243;s o ajuste para fatores adicionais (p = 0,002), conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ajustada e ajustada entre os grupos com teste ergom&#233;trico alterado versus teste ergom&#233;trico normal para desfechos selecionados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise ajustada para TnT<sub>0h</sub> idade e sexo</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise com ajuste adiciona<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Desfecho</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TE alterado<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> (n=13)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TE normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> (n=82)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Raz&#227;o das m&#233;dias (IC 95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Raz&#227;o das m&#233;dias (IC 95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Raz&#227;o das m&#233;dias (IC 95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Prim&#225;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TnT pico (ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center">13,15</td>
                <td align="center">7,69</td>
                <td align="center">1,71 (1,07 a 2,73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
                <td align="center">1,54 (1,14 a 2,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 (1,17 a 2,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Secund&#225;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TnT<sub>5h</sub>/TnT<sub>0h</sub></td>
                <td align="center">1,90</td>
                <td align="center">1,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,56 (1,16 a 2,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
                <td align="center">1,51 (1,11 a 2,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 (1,17 a 2,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AUC (ng/l)<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">84,3</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,54 (0,98 a 2,39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
                <td align="center">1,39 (1,10 a 1,77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">1,45 (1,14 a 1,85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias geom&#233;tricas; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; p: signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica; TE: teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira; TnT: troponina T de alta sensibilidade; AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>ajuste adicional para troponina T basal (TnT<sub>0h</sub>), equivalente metab&#243;lico, porcentagem da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima atingida, infarto de parede anterior e depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina (m&#233;todo de Cockcroft-Gault).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva dos valores de hscTnT, quando comparados os grupos com TE normal e alterado, demonstrou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,003) ap&#243;s ajustes e encontra-se representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demonstra&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o de <italic>hscTnT</italic> ao longo do tempo entre os grupos com teste ergom&#233;trico normal e teste ergom&#233;trico alterado, apresentando as m&#233;dias geom&#233;tricas, seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a e a signific&#226;ncia para a an&#225;lise das &#225;reas sob a curva (AUC).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0304-60029-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Utilizando um ensaio de alta sensibilidade de troponina T, demonstramos que eleva&#231;&#245;es desse marcador, ajustadas pelos n&#237;veis basais, s&#227;o maiores em altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de isquemia transit&#243;ria durante um TE em compara&#231;&#227;o a testes normais em pacientes tratados atrav&#233;s de angioplastia prim&#225;ria para IAMCSST. As altera&#231;&#245;es do TE definidas neste estudo estiveram associadas a incrementos de hscTnT, especialmente a partir da quinta hora, mesmo com ajustes ap&#243;s vari&#225;veis adicionais incluindo a carga obtida, porcentagem da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima atingida e depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina. A libera&#231;&#227;o das Tnc na circula&#231;&#227;o parece ser proveniente inicialmente do conte&#250;do presente no citosol e, ap&#243;s, do conte&#250;do estrutural do cardiomi&#243;cito. A libera&#231;&#227;o desse &#250;ltimo seria respons&#225;vel pela curva sustentada das Tnc conhecida no IAM e traduziria o dano irrevers&#237;vel das prote&#237;nas do sarc&#244;mero. Essa diferen&#231;a &#233; base para os questionamentos relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a das troponinas de maneira transit&#243;ria na aus&#234;ncia de necrose mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudo de Hessel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> ao induzir cardiomi&#243;citos &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica, concluiu que a libera&#231;&#227;o de ambas troponina T (cTnT) e I (cTnI), tanto em suas formas intactas como sob a forma de produtos de degrada&#231;&#227;o, ocorre simultaneamente e somente ap&#243;s estabelecimento de necrose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Por&#233;m, existem mecanismos hipot&#233;ticos para a sua libera&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria e esses incluem apoptose,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><italic>turnover</italic> normal do cardiomi&#243;cito,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> passagem de fragmentos de degrada&#231;&#227;o pela membrana celular intacta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e forma&#231;&#227;o e passagem de ves&#237;culas com o conte&#250;do do citosol para o meio extracelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em estudos anteriores com ensaios de Tnc de quarta gera&#231;&#227;o medidos ap&#243;s teste de estresse, os resultados permaneceram indetect&#225;veis, abaixo do limite do CV de 10% ou n&#227;o associados &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Em outro estudo utilizando a cTnI de alta sensibilidade (hscTnI), no entanto, foram encontradas altera&#231;&#245;es proporcionais &#224; intensidade de isquemia estimada em cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, quando coletada duas e quatro horas ap&#243;s o teste de estresse. Nesse mesmo estudo, a troponina convencional esteve apenas presente de forma aproximada ou inferior ao seu n&#237;vel de detec&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com isquemia induzida leve, moderada ou moderada a grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foi abordada no presente estudo uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de pacientes portadores de sequela de IAMCSST e &#233; de particular interesse o encontro desses marcadores em situa&#231;&#227;o basal ou ap&#243;s teste de estresse em portadores de cardiopatia estrutural. Em estudo pr&#233;vio, a cTnI foi medida antes, entre 8-12 e 24 horas ap&#243;s TE em protocolo de Bruce sintoma-limitado em 118 pacientes, n&#227;o se encontrando correla&#231;&#227;o entre aumentos do biomarcador com a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a multiarterial nem com altera&#231;&#245;es no TE. No entanto, em an&#225;lise multivariada, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 50% foi uma vari&#225;vel independente para eleva&#231;&#245;es de cTnI acima do percentil 99.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Posteriormente, outro estudo analisou as hscTnT e hscTnI seriadas ap&#243;s cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico e nenhum dos testes foi capaz de identificar pacientes com presen&#231;a de isquemia revers&#237;vel. Um aumento significativo de hscTnI foi compar&#225;vel aos n&#237;veis de hscTnT em todos os momentos da coleta quando da presen&#231;a de IAM pr&#233;vio, por&#233;m sem isquemia revers&#237;vel (p &lt; 0,001 <italic>versus</italic> coleta basal). As concentra&#231;&#245;es basais das Tnc nesse estudo pareceram ser influenciadas por vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em outro estudo utilizando a hscTnT ap&#243;s imagem de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, pequenas quantidades foram detectadas em uma e tr&#234;s horas ap&#243;s estresse farmacol&#243;gico, n&#227;o se encontrando crit&#233;rios para IAM, mas os n&#237;veis estiveram relacionados com a intensidade da isquemia encontrada. Hist&#243;rico de diabetes, DAC, menor depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina e menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o estiveram presentes com maior frequ&#234;ncia nos pacientes com isquemia moderada a grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Outros estudos demonstrando a libera&#231;&#227;o de cTnI em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> submetidos ao exerc&#237;cio ou em maratonistas com hipertens&#227;o induzida ao esfor&#231;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> tamb&#233;m poderiam indicar um papel para o encontro desses marcadores em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, foi utilizado um TE tardio ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o do IAM. A inten&#231;&#227;o esteve em agrupar os participantes ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, para evitar a detec&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de TnT<sub>0h</sub> em curva descendente em fun&#231;&#227;o do dano tecidual prim&#225;rio causado pelo IAM. Foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o em nosso trabalho entre a presen&#231;a de tabagismo, maior idade e menor depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina com maiores n&#237;veis de TnT<sub>0h</sub>. Os dois &#250;ltimos s&#227;o achados semelhantes aos encontrados em estudos utilizando hscTnT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e hscTnT e hscTnI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Acreditamos que os valores encontrados n&#227;o estiveram de fato relacionados a novos eventos coronarianos em virtude das pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es e do descenso precoce, mas a casos onde houve desequil&#237;brio entre oferta e demanda de oxig&#234;nio, baseado nos achados de n&#237;veis significativamente menores das troponinas ultrassesn&#237;veis nessa situa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Menores valores encontrados em avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de pacientes para s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda parecem n&#227;o estar relacionados a IAM do tipo I (isquemia decorrente de ruptura de placa ateroscler&#243;tica, forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo, fissura ou dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> e de modo independente da causa respons&#225;vel pelo aumento da hscTnT na circula&#231;&#227;o, aumentos do marcador podem estar relacionados a maior mortalidade. Dados do registro SWEDEHEART apontaram que pacientes com suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e n&#237;veis de hscTnT acima de 14 ng/l apresentaram taxas de mortalidade ajustada maiores, sendo que apenas 18,2% dos pacientes tiveram um IAM de fato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Poder&#237;amos com isso inferir que, mesmo sem um conhecimento exato do mecanismo de libera&#231;&#227;o de hscTnT, aumentos, especialmente a partir do percentil 99, poderiam indicar outras altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao per&#237;odo ap&#243;s IAMCSST que devem, a partir desse momento, ser estudadas.</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse marcador associado a par&#226;metros tradicionais de risco no TE poderia indicar mais um crit&#233;rio de risco. No entanto, este &#233; um estudo transversal que avaliou o comportamento desse marcador em uma popula&#231;&#227;o limitada de pacientes. O significado dessas altera&#231;&#245;es associadas ao TE deve ser avaliado em grandes estudos prospectivos. Ser&#225; raro, com os ensaios de alta sensibilidade, identificarmos pacientes de risco sem n&#237;veis elevados de hscTnT, acima dos limites de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou com pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias. &#201; importante valorizar o contexto cl&#237;nico para considerar quais as poss&#237;veis circunst&#226;ncias em que pequenas quantidades de hscTnT s&#227;o detectadas na circula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foi demonstrado que existem eleva&#231;&#245;es seriadas de hscTnT ap&#243;s o TE. Em exames alterados, ap&#243;s a determina&#231;&#227;o de valores basais, os n&#237;veis de hscTnT s&#227;o significativamente maiores em compara&#231;&#227;o a TE normais em pacientes ap&#243;s IAMCSST. Em anormalidades transit&#243;rias sugestivas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no TE, a hscTnT apresenta um comportamento de eleva&#231;&#227;o e descenso precoce, e maiores n&#237;veis basais est&#227;o relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a de tabagismo, maior idade e menores n&#237;veis de depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina. A obten&#231;&#227;o de valores elevados, especialmente a partir do percentil 99, nesta popula&#231;&#227;o pode indicar maior risco ou dano estrutural do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O TE sem adi&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos de imagem &#233; limitado, por isso n&#227;o podemos considerar as altera&#231;&#245;es de hscTnT existentes como manifesta&#231;&#245;es de isquemia residual. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi utilizado um grupo controle. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos dados de ecocardiografia para correlacionar altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com o comportamento da hscTnT. O caminho para o conhecimento do real significado dessas altera&#231;&#245;es com rela&#231;&#227;o ao incremento de informa&#231;&#245;es de progn&#243;stico deve ser delineado em estudos prospectivos com maior n&#250;mero de participantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Humberto Andres Vaz pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>A todos os profissionais que colaboraram na assist&#234;ncia aos participantes deste estudo, na interpreta&#231;&#227;o e na an&#225;lise dos resultados e &#224; Unidade de Pesquisa IC/FUC.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
