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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vgqBLDkmGtkZQp5gQ93cxYK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000400297</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005008102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Autonomic Adjustments During Baroreflex Test in Obese and Non-Obese Preadolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paschoal</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brunelli</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Carnio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tamaki</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Midori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magela</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Serafim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, PUC-Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mario Augusto Paschoal</bold>, PUC - Campinas. Av. John Boyd Dunlop s/n, Jd. Ipaussurama. Postal Code 13090-950, Campinas, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fisioni@puc-campinas.edu.br</email>, <email>mapascka@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Paschoal MA; Acquisition of data: Brunelli AC, Tamaki GM, Magela SS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Paschoal MA, Brunelli AC, Tamaki GM, Magela SS; Writing of the manuscript: Paschoal MA, Brunelli AC, Magela SS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Paschoal MA, Tamaki GM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>297</fpage>
      <lpage>303</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Recent studies have shown changes in cardiac autonomic control of obese preadolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the heart rate responses and cardiac autonomic modulation of obese preadolescents during constant expiratory effort.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study assessed 10 obese and 10 non-obese preadolescents aged 9 to 12 years. The body mass index of the obese group was between the 95th and 97th percentiles of the CDC National Center for Health Statistics growth charts, while that of the non-obese group, between the 5th and 85th percentiles. Initially, they underwent anthropometric and clinical assessment, and their maximum expiratory pressures were obtained. Then, the preadolescents underwent a constant expiratory effort of 70% of their maximum expiratory pressure for 20 seconds, with heart rate measurement 5 minutes before, during and 5 minutes after it. Heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate values were analyzed by use of a software.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The HRV did not differ when compared before and after the constant expiratory effort intra- and intergroup. The heart rate values differed (p &lt; 0.05) during the effort, being the total variation in non-obese preadolescents of 18.5 &#177; 1.5 bpm, and in obese, of 12.2 &#177; 1.3 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The cardiac autonomic modulation did not differ between the groups when comparing before and after the constant expiratory effort. However, the obese group showed lower cardiovascular response to baroreceptor stimuli during the effort, suggesting lower autonomic baroreflex sensitivity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Rate/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Barorreflex</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Expiratory efforts maintained for a certain time against a constant pressure can simulate the autonomic function test, known as Valsalva maneuver.</p>
      <p>The Valsalva maneuver was named after Ant&#244;nio Maria Valsalva, who described it for the first time in 1704, and used it to expel mucopurulent secretion from the middle ear to the nasopharynx. Many years later, it was shown to cause autonomic cardiac and vascular oscillations intermediated by the baroreceptor system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Since then, that maneuver began to be used as a non-invasive autonomic cardiac function test, being standardized as an expiratory effort equivalent to 40 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, maintained for 15 to 20 seconds.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> That test usually assesses heart rate (HR) and systemic blood pressure (BP) behavior in response to a stimulus that sensitizes baroreceptors, chemoreceptors and cardiopulmonary receptors, through overload of the cardiovascular system caused by the Valsalva maneuver.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Valsalva maneuver can be applied to assess baroreflex-dependent cardiocirculatory responses in several situations, such as in ill and healthy individuals, in pre- and post-physical training periods, or in comparative studies of autonomic cardiac modulation between groups of athletes and sedentary individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, it is rarely applied to children and preadolescents, because, according to some authors, the expiratory pressure exerted can be excessive. That population is believed to have difficulty correctly exerting the expiratory pressures and maintaining them for the established time, therefore encouraging the development of studies on that issue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have suggested the existence of cardiac dysautonomia in obese children and preadolescents,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> mainly the morbid obese ones. This study aimed at assessing the HR responses and cardiac autonomic modulation of obese preadolescents during a constant expiratory effort.</p>
      <p>The tested hypothesis was that such functional test, by provoking an autonomic cardiorespiratory reflex response, could also reveal the presence of dysautonomia in obese children.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This cross-sectional study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Research in Human Beings of the Life Sciences Center of the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica of Campinas (protocol 0298/11).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study sample</title>
        <p>This study selected 20 preadolescents aged 9 to 12 years, who were divided into two groups of 10 individuals each, as follows: obese sedentary (OB); and non-obese (NO). This sample was selected by using the convenience sampling technique.</p>
        <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: no regular physical activity practice; no medication that interfered on the data studied; and no changes on clinical examination. In addition, the 10 obese preadolescents had to have body mass index (BMI) values between the 95<sup>th</sup> and 97<sup>th</sup> percentiles of the CDC National Center for Health Statistics growth charts,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> while the 10 non-obese ones, between the 5<sup>th</sup> and 85<sup>th</sup> percentiles.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric assessment</title>
        <p>The anthropometric data assessed were body weight, height, BMI, perimeters of body segments (arm, forearm, thigh, leg and abdomen) and local fat (subscapular, suprailiac, triceps and abdominal).</p>
        <p>To measure body weight, individuals should be barefoot and positioned on a pre-calibrated Filizola<sup>&#174;</sup> scale graded in 100-g units. Height was taken on that same device, using a metallic rod graded in centimeters, with the volunteer in the standing position, facing back the metallic rod, which should be positioned above the head.</p>
        <p>In addition, the body perimeters were measured by using a flexible measuring tape, and the skinfolds, by using a scientific caliper (Premier Cescorf<sup>&#174;</sup>, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) graded in millimeters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical assessment</title>
        <p>The clinical assessment consisted of a brief anamnesis to confirm the sedentary lifestyle. Heart rate and BP were recorded. For BP measurement, a standard aneroid sphygmomanometer (Wan Med<sup>&#174;</sup>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil) was used, with cuffs adequate for the participants' arm circumference.</p>
        <p>In addition, cardiac and pulmonary auscultations were performed in all participants with a stethoscope (Littmann Classic II<sup>&#174;</sup>, USA), according to the techniques widely described in the literature.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Obtaining maximal expiratory pressure</title>
        <p>Aiming at selecting the expiratory pressure to be used to assess expiratory resistance to stimulate the baroreceptor reflex, the maximal expiratory pressure (PEmax) of each participant was obtained. For that, an M-120 analogical manovacuometer (Global Med<sup>&#174;</sup>, Minas Gerais, Brazil), graded in cmH<sub>2</sub>O, was used. Before that assessment, all participants were instructed on the maneuver to be performed.</p>
        <p>The participants were then asked to sit, using a nose clip to prevent air from escaping. They were then instructed to inspire deeply through the mouth, and, right after, to suddenly expire as strongly as possible against the manovacuometer's resistance.</p>
        <p>That maneuver was performed three times, at 1-minute intervals. At the end, the nose clip was withdrawn, and the participant rested for 5 minutes. The highest measure of the three interventions (PEmax) was selected to serve as basis for calculating the effort the participant would have to perform for the expiratory resistance maneuver. That effort should correspond to 70% of the participant's PEmax. That percentage was based on previous calculations performed in pilot studies showing that, at that expiratory effort intensity, cardiocirculatory responses are not impaired, and participants can maintain the expiratory pressure with low oscillation for the 20 seconds of the test.</p>
        <p>Participants began to be prepared for the expiratory effort test 5 minutes after the last PEmax measurement, when a belt was fixed to their chest to register their heartbeats with a frequency meter (Polar S180<sup>&#174;</sup>, Kempele, Finland). That device has a belt with an elastic system tied to the back and a wristwatch, with which heartbeats can be measured. Later, the heartbeats recorded were entered to a computer, with an IR interface, and by use of the Polar Precision Performance<sup>&#174;</sup> software (Kempele, Finland), the HR values analyzed during the maneuver, as well as the HR variability (HRV) index, could be calculated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Expiratory effort test performance and baroreceptor reflex stimulus</title>
        <p>After the 5-minute rest, the participant initiated the expiratory effort test, using a nose clip. The participant inspired deeply through the mouth, and then performed the predetermined expiratory effort (70% of PEmax), which should be continuous for 20 seconds, maintaining the expiratory pressure. During the effort, to facilitate its control, the participant was instructed to read on the manovacuometer display the pressure value, highlighted in red, that should be achieved and maintained.</p>
        <p>The tests were considered valid when the highest pressure oscillation during 20 seconds was 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. It is worth noting that data were collected under controlled conditions (temperature of 23&#176;C and at the same day times) to avoid the circadian influences of HR on autonomic modulation.</p>
        <p>Later, participants remained in the dorsal decubitus position for 5 minutes more, resting, to record the heartbeats of the post-test condition.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection for HR variability analysis</title>
        <p>Before and after the expiratory maneuver, heartbeats were recorded for 5 minutes, so that the autonomic balance would be compared on those two moments. The objective was to know whether, after performing the expiratory effort, the OB group would have more difficulty than the NO group to return to the cardiac autonomic modulation pattern of before the effort.</p>
        <p>The HRV analysis involved the time and frequency domains. For the time domain, the following indices were selected according to the Task Force:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>iRR: RR intervals between each normal heartbeat;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>pNN50: percentage of adjacent iRR values greater than 50ms. It represents the parasympathetic influences on the iRR, because the actions controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system are faster than those modulated by the sympathetic nervous system; when greater than 50ms and frequent, they can mean greater vagal interference in heart functioning;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>rMSSD: square root of the sum of the square of the differences between iRR. Similarly to pNN50, rMSSD expresses interferences of the parasympathetic nervous system in the heart, and the higher its value, the greater the vagal action on the heart.</p>
              <p>For HRV analysis in the frequency domain, the following indices were selected:</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>LF NU: low frequency component (0.04 to 0.15 Hz), whose values express cardiac sympathetic tonus, although some authors report a certain vagal influence on those values. In the present study, that HRV parameter was normalized (normalized units - NU), according to the Task Force,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and presented as percentages. The values therefore calculated express the percentage influence of the sympathetic component on cardiac autonomic modulation on the occasion of heartbeat recording, considering the total potency of the spectrum after eliminating the influence of the values of the very low frequency (VLF) component, because they have less influence on short-term records;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>HF NU: high frequency component (0.15 to 0.4 Hz), whose values express cardiac parasympathetic tonus. Those values were also normalized according to the Task Force.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Collection of HR values and calculation of the delta HR 0 to 10 seconds and 10 to 20 seconds during forced expiration</title>
        <p>The HR values were recorded during the expiratory maneuver at an intensity of 70% of the PEmax and analyzed in the computer. The Polar Precision Performance<sup>&#174;</sup> software (Kempele, Finland) presented graphically all the HR behavior before, during and after the maneuver. The value immediately before beginning the expiratory maneuver was recorded and compared with those of the times 0-10 seconds and 10-20 seconds of the maneuver. From those values, all HR variations were calculated.</p>
        <p>The period of 20 seconds refers to the exact duration of the expiratory effort during the maneuver and represents, through HR elevation in the period, the interference of the baroreceptor reflex. Greater HR elevations may suggest greater sensitivity to the baroreflex, and, thus, good heart response to the autonomic nervous system stimulus resulting from the expiratory maneuver.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis and statistical approach</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed with the Graph Pad Prism 4.0<sup>&#174;</sup> (San Diego, USA) software. The anthropometric and clinical data were shown in tables as means and standard deviations. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess data normality, and, because of their normal distribution, Student <italic>t</italic> test was used to show the differences (p &lt; 0.05) between the groups.</p>
        <p>The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the distribution of HRV data, and, because of their non-normal distribution, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the indices before and after the expiratory maneuver. To compare the HR values (pretest vs. 10 seconds and 10 seconds vs. 20 seconds during the maneuver), the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post-test were used. The significance level adopted was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the anthropometric data of all participants, while <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, their clinical data. The weigh and BMI values were higher in the OB group, which was expected and is part of the study's inclusion criteria.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Anthropometric data</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Anthropometric data</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-obese (n = 10)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Obese (n = 10)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p Value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">9.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight, kg</td>
              <td align="center">38.8 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">51.8 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.0002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height, m</td>
              <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m2</td>
              <td align="center">18.5 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">24.5 &#177; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arm, cm</td>
              <td align="center">22.3 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Forearm, cm</td>
              <td align="center">19.1 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">21.8 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.0002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Thigh, cm</td>
              <td align="center">41.5 &#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">47.2 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Leg, cm</td>
              <td align="center">28.8 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">33.3 &#177; 2.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.0004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abdomen, cm</td>
              <td align="center">65.5 &#177; 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">77.7 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.0021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>Skinfolds, mm</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Subscapular</td>
              <td align="center">15.5 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">24.4 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.0362</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triceps</td>
              <td align="center">21.1 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">31.1 &#177; 6.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.0098</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abdominal</td>
              <td align="center">27.1 &#177; 10.0</td>
              <td align="center">41.6 &#177; 7.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.0055</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Suprailiac</td>
              <td align="center">34.0 &#177; 15.8</td>
              <td align="center">51.6 &#177; 8.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.0066</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical data</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-obese (n = 10)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Obese (n = 10)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p Value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR, bpm</td>
              <td align="center">93.4 &#177; 13.5</td>
              <td align="center">86.4 &#177; 9.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP, mm Hg</td>
              <td align="center">106.6 &#177; 8.6</td>
              <td align="center">100.0 &#177; 7.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic BP, mm Hg</td>
              <td align="center">56.6 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">60.0&#177; 7.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PEmax, cmH2O</td>
              <td align="center">80.7 &#177; 20.5</td>
              <td align="center">77.3 &#177; 15.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">70% PEmax, cmH2O</td>
              <td align="center">56.4 &#177; 14.1</td>
              <td align="center">54.1 &#177; 11.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. HR: heart rate; BP: blood pressure; PEmax: maximal expiratory pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All body segments and skinfolds assessed differed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) between groups, and the OB group had always the greatest values.</p>
      <p>Despite obesity, no clinical differences in HR and systolic and diastolic BP were observed between the groups. In addition, the clinical parameters were within the normal range.</p>
      <p>Similarly to the clinical data, the HRV indices did not differ in the pre- and post-expiratory maneuver conditions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). This shows that, after the effort, the HRV values expressing the cardiac autonomic modulation returned to their pre-effort values.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean values of heart rate variability (HRV) indices before and after the expiratory maneuver</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>HRV Indices</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Before</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>After</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-obese (n = 10)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Obese (n = 10)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p Value</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-obese (n = 10)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Obese (n = 10)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p Value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RR intervals, ms</td>
              <td align="center">664.0</td>
              <td align="center">655.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
              <td align="center">673.0</td>
              <td align="center">678.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pNN50, %</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
              <td align="center">9.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">rMSSD, ms</td>
              <td align="center">40.5</td>
              <td align="center">52.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
              <td align="center">43.0</td>
              <td align="center">50.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF, NU</td>
              <td align="center">58.2</td>
              <td align="center">37.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
              <td align="center">59.9</td>
              <td align="center">47.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF, NU</td>
              <td align="center">41.7</td>
              <td align="center">62.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
              <td align="center">40.0</td>
              <td align="center">52.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>pNN50: percentage of adjacent RR intervals greater than 50ms; rMSSD: square root of the sum of the square of the differences between RR intervals; LF: low frequency component; HF: high frequency component; NU: normalized unit.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows, as boxplots, the median values of the first and third quartiles, and the extreme HR values obtained in the NO group before and during the expiratory effort (10 and 20 seconds). The HR showed a trend towards elevation from the beginning to the end of the expiratory effort, characterizing the normal HR response to the baroreceptor reflex in the NO group.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Median values, first and third quartiles, and extreme heart rate (HR) values obtained right before the beginning of the expiratory effort (HR pre), after 10 seconds from the beginning of the expiratory effort (HR 10s) and on the 20th second of the expiratory effort (HR 20s), with 70% of the maximal expiratory pressure, obtained in the non-obese preadolescent group. Kruskall-Wallis test. p = 0.0432 - significant difference.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0297-60040-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Under the same conditions, the OB group did not show the same HR behavior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The HR value increased up to the 10<sup>th</sup> second of the expiratory effort (HR pre compared to HR at 10 seconds); however, the HR value did not increase from the 10<sup>th</sup> to the 20<sup>th</sup> second of the expiratory effort.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Median values, first and third quartiles, and extreme heart rate (HR) values obtained right before the beginning of the expiratory effort (HR pre), after 10 seconds from the beginning of the expiratory effort (HR 10s) and on the 20th second of the expiratory effort (HR 20s), with 70% of the maximal expiratory pressure, obtained in the obese preadolescent group. Kruskall-Wallis test; p = 0.1332 - no significant difference.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0297-60040-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In addition to showing that the expiratory pressure to be applied during the expiratory effort similar to the Valsalva maneuver can be individually calculated, the present study aimed at assessing whether the magnitude of the cardiovascular response to the baroreceptor reflex stimulus of obese preadolescents would differ from that of the healthy control group.</p>
      <p>The major findings of the present study were: an expiratory effort calculated as 70% of the PEmax and maintained for 20 seconds, although slightly greater than that proposed in other studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> can be applied in functional tests to assess cardiovascular responses to stimuli promoted by baroreceptors; the cardiac autonomic modulation, which was similar in the OB and NO groups before the expiratory effort, returned rapidly to its characteristic after the effort; the OB group did not show the same magnitude of the HR response stimulated by baroreceptors, unlike that of the NO group, this being the most relevant finding of this study.</p>
      <p>A reduction in the baroreflex response has also been reported in children and preadolescents by Dangardt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Lazarova et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The analysis of the baroreceptor reflex is important to assess the cardiac baroreflex activity, because it incorporates both the sympathetic and parasympathetic afferent and efferent branches; therefore, its assessment could be more sensitive than HRV to identify cardiac autonomic dysfunction in children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The analysis began with anthropometric and clinical data, which could raise questions whether they could have interfered in the above results, and showed that the mean values of the body segments and skinfolds of the OB group were significantly greater, as expected.</p>
      <p>Those values certainly contributed to the higher body weight of the obese individuals and their inclusion in this study. It is worth noting that the greater abdominal perimeter was confirmed in the obese individuals. That body region measure has clinical relevance because it correlates with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> acute myocardial infarction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and can even interfere with cardiac autonomic modulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The values of systolic and diastolic BP and of HR did not differ between the groups, suggesting that obesity has no effect on them, as reported by some studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> However, that is a controversial issue, because some studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> have reported higher BP and HR values in obese preadolescents, including increased vascular stiffness of their carotid artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Briefly, it seems that the significant effect of obesity on those clinical data is not simple, and some factors, such as genetic inheritance, obesity duration and presence or absence of sedentary lifestyle, have been suggested to be related and require further investigation.</p>
      <p>In addition, the PEmax values did not differ between the groups. It is worth noting that, if they did differ, they could account for the difference in the HR data obtained during the expiratory effort, as shown in another study conducted by our team.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the HRV indices in the time and frequency domains, no significant difference was identified between the groups (before or after the expiratory effort, when the heartbeats were recorded).</p>
      <p>However, unlike our results, some studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> have shown differences in the cardiac autonomic modulation between obese and non-obese preadolescents, tending towards a reduction in vagal activity and an increase of the cardiac sympathetic tonus in the obese ones. Other authors have suggested that, in that population, dysautonomia relates to a decrease in the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The lack of difference in the HRV indices obtained in this study, in addition to suggesting normality of the autonomic nervous system at rest in both groups, contributes to prevent that possible changes in the OB group could be held responsible for the differences in HR responses, which were documented during the baroreceptor reflex stimulation.</p>
      <p>The most important finding of this study occurred during the expiratory effort, which triggered the baroreceptor reflex. Analyzing the HR behavior on the occasions of pre-effort rest and at the 10<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> seconds of the expiratory test, the OB group did not show the same HR response pattern of the NO group, suggesting cardiac autonomic dysfunction in that group.</p>
      <p>During expiratory efforts sustained for a certain time, HR elevation usually occurs, as reported in studies using the Valsalva maneuver. In those studies, the HR elevation that occurs from time 0 (beginning of effort) to 10 seconds of the effort is vagus-dependent, that is, there is vagal release, which determines a rapid HR elevation; the HR elevation in the final 10 seconds occurs in response to arteriolar sympathetic activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, some authors consider it difficult, from the methodological viewpoint, to separate the HR response during the baroreflex stimulus promoted by the expiratory effort into times (from 0 to 10 seconds, and from 10 to 20 seconds).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, the OB group, with similar values to those of the NO group at rest, cannot have the same cardiovascular performance when stimulated by use of the baroreceptor reflex.</p>
      <p>However, when analyzing HR values obtained during the expiratory effort in adults, because parameters in adolescents are scarce, the HR differences from the beginning of the expiratory effort to the end of the 20<sup>th</sup> second showed that obese individuals had a mean 12.2-beat elevation while non-obese had an 18.5-beat elevation. According to Hohnloser and Klingenheben,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> that would represent normal cardiac response of non-obese individuals, and borderline (upper limit of normality) response of the obese ones.</p>
      <p>In addition, according to Hohnloser and Klingenheben,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> delta HR values &#8805; 15 bpm indicate proper cardiac autonomic response, while delta HR values between 11 and 14 bpm are considered borderline. When delta HR values &#8804; 10 bpm, such as those usually found in heart failure, diabetes, post-acute myocardial infarction, and mitral stenosis, the response is considered abnormal.</p>
      <p>It is difficult to explain why the OB group did not have the same performance of the NO group, although some studies, such as that by Wieling et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> have reported that the functional changes in the reflex loop, responsible for the chronotropic activity regulation that results in insufficient HR elevation during provocative stimuli, could suggest autonomic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>According to Rabbia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> obese preadolescents tend to have sympathovagal dysfunction, which hinders the baroreflex control of HR, as evidenced in the present study, and these results are in accordance with those by Dangardt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The small sample size is a limitation of this study. Therefore, further investigation involving a higher number of participants should be conducted to confirm the lower baroreflex responsiveness detected in the OB group.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The Valsalva maneuver applying a resistance equivalent to 70% of the PEmax can be used in a population of preadolescents to assess the cardiovascular response to the baroreceptor system stimulus.</p>
      <p>This study most important finding was that obese preadolescents had lower autonomic baroreflex responsiveness than non-obese ones, because they had lower total HR response during the expiratory effort used to stimulate the baroreceptor reflex.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ajustes Auton&#244;micos Card&#237;acos Durante Teste Barorreflexo em Pr&#233;-Adolescentes Obesos e N&#227;o Obesos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paschoal</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brunelli</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Carnio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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            <given-names>Gabriela Midori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magela</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Serafim</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
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        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, PUC-Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mario Augusto Paschoal</bold>, PUC - Campinas. Av. John Boyd Dunlop s/n, Jd. Ipaussurama. CEP 13090-950, Campinas, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fisioni@puc-campinas.edu.br</email>, <email>mapascka@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Paschoal MA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Brunelli AC, Tamaki GM, Magela SS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Paschoal MA, Brunelli AC, Tamaki GM, Magela SS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Paschoal MA, Brunelli AC, Magela SS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Paschoal MA, Tamaki GM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos recentes revelaram altera&#231;&#245;es no controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco de pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar as respostas de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca de pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos durante esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio constante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudaram-se 10 pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos e 10 n&#227;o obesos com idades entre 9 e 12 anos. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal dos obesos esteve entre os percentis 95 e 97 das curvas do gr&#225;fico do <italic>National Center for Health Statistics</italic>, enquanto o de n&#227;o obesos, entre os percentis 5 e 85. Inicialmente, realizaram-se avalia&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;trica e cl&#237;nica, e as press&#245;es expirat&#243;rias m&#225;ximas foram obtidas. A seguir, os pr&#233;-adolescentes foram submetidos a um esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio constante correspondendo a 70% das press&#245;es expirat&#243;rias m&#225;ximas por 20 segundos, com registro da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 5 minutos antes e depois do esfor&#231;o, e durante o mesmo. A variabilidade e os valores de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram analisados em um <italic>software</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os &#237;ndices da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o diferiram ao serem comparados antes e depois do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio constante intra- e intergrupos. Os valores da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diferiram (p &lt; 0,05) durante o esfor&#231;o, sendo a varia&#231;&#227;o total nos n&#227;o obesos de 18,5 &#177; 1,5 bpm e nos obesos, 12,2 &#177; 1,3 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos antes e depois do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio constante. No entanto, o grupo de obesos mostrou menor resposta cardiovascular ao est&#237;mulo barorreceptor durante o esfor&#231;o, o que sugere menor sensibilidade auton&#244;mica barorreflexa.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Barorreflexo</kwd>
        <kwd>Esf&#244;r&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescentes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esfor&#231;os expirat&#243;rios mantidos por um dado tempo contra uma press&#227;o constante podem simular o teste funcional auton&#244;mico, conhecido por manobra de Valsalva.</p>
        <p>A manobra de Valsalva recebeu esse nome, pois foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1704 por Ant&#244;nio Maria Valsalva, que a usava como uma forma de expelir secre&#231;&#227;o mucopurulenta do ouvido m&#233;dio para a nasofaringe. Ap&#243;s muitos anos, constatou-se que a manobra provocava oscila&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas card&#237;acas e vasculares intermediadas pelo sistema barorreceptor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Desde ent&#227;o, a manobra passou a ser utilizada como teste funcional auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco n&#227;o invasivo e foi padronizada em um esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio equivalente a 40 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, mantido entre 15 e 20 segundos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Durante sua execu&#231;&#227;o, comumente avalia-se o comportamento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e da press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#234;mica em resposta a um est&#237;mulo que sensibiliza os barorreceptores, os quimiorreceptores e os receptores cardiopulmonares, excitados pela sobrecarga do sistema cardiovascular promovida pela manobra de Valsalva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A manobra de Valsalva pode ser aplicada em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es em que se avaliam as respostas cardiocirculat&#243;rias dependentes do reflexo barorreceptor, e pode envolver doentes e saud&#225;veis, indiv&#237;duos em per&#237;odos pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-treinamento f&#237;sico, ou em situa&#231;&#245;es de estudos comparativos de modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca entre grupos de atletas e sedent&#225;rios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> dentre v&#225;rias outras possibilidades.</p>
        <p>No entanto, &#233; pouco aplicada em crian&#231;as e pr&#233;-adolescentes, pois a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria exercida, segundo alguns autores, pode ser excessiva. Acredita-se que essa popula&#231;&#227;o tenha muita dificuldade em executar corretamente as press&#245;es expirat&#243;rias e mant&#234;-las pelo tempo preestabelecido, o que incentiva o desenvolvimento de estudos que abordem essa quest&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por se saber que muitos trabalhos sugerem a exist&#234;ncia de eventual disautonomia card&#237;aca em crian&#231;as e pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e, principalmente, em obesos m&#243;rbidos, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as respostas de FC e modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca de pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos durante esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio constante.</p>
        <p>A hip&#243;tese testada foi a de que esse tipo de teste funcional, por provocar uma resposta reflexa auton&#244;mica cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, poderia tamb&#233;m revelar a presen&#231;a de eventuais disautonomias em crian&#231;as obesas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O estudo teve car&#225;ter transversal e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisas com Seres Humanos do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Vida da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas (protocolo 0298/11).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Indiv&#237;duos estudados</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados, 20 pr&#233;-adolescentes, que foram divididos em dois grupos, um constitu&#237;do por 10 obesos sedent&#225;rios (OB) e outro com 10 n&#227;o obesos (NO), ambos com idades compreendidas entre 9 e 12 anos. A amostra de 20 pr&#233;-adolescentes foi escolhida por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: n&#227;o praticar atividade f&#237;sica regular, n&#227;o fazer uso de medica&#231;&#227;o que interferisse nos dados estudados e n&#227;o apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es detectadas em exame cl&#237;nico. Al&#233;m disso, os 10 pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos teriam que apresentar valores de &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) entre os percentis 95 e 97 do gr&#225;fico do <italic>CDC National Center for Health Statistics</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> enquanto que os n&#227;o obesos, entre os percentis 5 e 85 do mesmo gr&#225;fico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica foi constitu&#237;da pela aferi&#231;&#227;o de peso e estatura, c&#225;lculo do IMC, registro dos per&#237;metros dos segmentos corporais (bra&#231;o, antebra&#231;o, coxa, perna e abdome) e avalia&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de gordura localizada (subescapular, suprail&#237;aca, triciptal e abdominal).</p>
          <p>Para a obten&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal, os volunt&#225;rios foram posicionados descal&#231;os em uma balan&#231;a Filizola<sup>&#174;</sup> pr&#233;-calibrada, graduada em 100 g. Nesse mesmo aparelho, por meio de uma haste met&#225;lica com valor escalar unit&#225;rio em cent&#237;metros, o volunt&#225;rio se disp&#244;s em posi&#231;&#227;o b&#237;pede, de costas para a toesa met&#225;lica, e o avaliador registrou sua estatura, posicionando a toesa imediatamente acima da cabe&#231;a.</p>
          <p>Tamb&#233;m foram registrados, por meio de uma fita antropom&#233;trica flex&#237;vel, os per&#237;metros dos segmentos corporais. As pregas cut&#226;neas foram medidas com o plic&#244;metro cient&#237;fico Premier Cescorf<sup>&#174;</sup> (Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil), com unidades de medida apresentadas em mil&#237;metros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica contou com uma breve anamnese para confirma&#231;&#227;o de vida sedent&#225;ria. Foram feitos registros da FC e da PA. Para aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA, empregou-se um esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide Wan Med<sup>&#174;</sup> (S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil), com manguitos adequados &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o dos volunt&#225;rios.</p>
          <p>Foram feitas tamb&#233;m auscultas card&#237;aca e pulmonar de todos os participantes com estetosc&#243;pio Littmann Classic II<sup>&#174;</sup> (EUA), segundo as t&#233;cnicas amplamente descritas na literatura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Obten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima</title>
          <p>Com a inten&#231;&#227;o de selecionar a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria a ser empregada na resist&#234;ncia expirat&#243;ria para estimular o reflexo barorreceptor, obteve-se, inicialmente, o valor da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (PEmax) de cada volunt&#225;rio. Para isso, utilizou-se um manovacu&#244;metro anal&#243;gico M-120 (Global Med<sup>&#174;</sup>, Minas Gerais, Brasil), graduado em cmH<sub>2</sub>O. Antes dessa avalia&#231;&#227;o, foram fornecidas todas as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a manobra que seria realizada.</p>
          <p>A seguir, os volunt&#225;rios foram posicionados sentados, portando um clipe fixado em suas narinas, para evitar escape a&#233;reo. Em seguida, receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es para inspirar profundamente pela boca e, logo ap&#243;s, expirar bruscamente e o mais forte que pudessem contra a resist&#234;ncia do manovacu&#244;metro.</p>
          <p>Essa manobra foi realizada tr&#234;s vezes, com intervalos de 1 minuto. Ao seu t&#233;rmino, o clipe nasal foi retirado, e o volunt&#225;rio descansou por 5 minutos. O maior valor das tr&#234;s interven&#231;&#245;es foi selecionado para o c&#225;lculo do esfor&#231;o que seria feito pelo volunt&#225;rio ao executar a manobra de resist&#234;ncia expirat&#243;ria.</p>
          <p>Para essa finalidade, calculou-se o valor de 70% da PEmax apresentada pelo volunt&#225;rio como o valor a ser empregado durante o teste. Essa porcentagem foi selecionada a partir de c&#225;lculos pr&#233;vios feitos em estudos-piloto mostrando que, nessa intensidade de esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio, as respostas cardiocirculat&#243;rias n&#227;o s&#227;o prejudicadas, e os volunt&#225;rios conseguem manter a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria com baixa oscila&#231;&#227;o durante os 20 segundos do teste.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 5 minutos da &#250;ltima aferi&#231;&#227;o da PEmax, iniciou-se a prepara&#231;&#227;o do volunt&#225;rio para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio. Para isso, um cinto registrador dos batimentos card&#237;acos foi fixado ao t&#243;rax, para que o cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Polar S180<sup>&#174;</sup> (Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia) registrasse os batimentos card&#237;acos. Esse aparelho &#233; constitu&#237;do por um cinto com um sistema de el&#225;stico preso &#224;s costas e de um rel&#243;gio de pulso por meio do qual os batimentos card&#237;acos s&#227;o registrados. Os batimentos card&#237;acos registrados foram, posteriormente, direcionados a um computador, com uma interface IR e, por meio do <italic>software Polar Precision Performance</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> (Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia), calcularam-se os valores de FC durante a manobra, al&#233;m dos &#237;ndices da variabilidade da FC (VFC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Execu&#231;&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio e est&#237;mulo ao reflexo barorreceptor</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso, o volunt&#225;rio iniciava o teste de esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio, usando um clipe nasal. Ele inspirava profundamente pela boca e, a seguir, fazia o esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio predeterminado (70% da PEmax). Esse esfor&#231;o foi ininterrupto por 20 segundos, com manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria. Durante o esfor&#231;o, para facilitar seu controle, o volunt&#225;rio observou no <italic>display</italic> do manovacu&#244;metro o valor de press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria que deveria ser atingido e mantido, sendo esse valor destacado em vermelho.</p>
          <p>Os testes v&#225;lidos foram aqueles nos quais a maior oscila&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica durante os 20 segundos foi de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. Os procedimentos foram realizados em condi&#231;&#245;es de temperatura controlada em 23&#176;C e nos mesmos momentos do dia, a fim de se evitarem influ&#234;ncias circadianas da FC sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.</p>
          <p>Posteriormente, o paciente permanecia deitado por mais 5 minutos, em repouso, para registro dos batimentos card&#237;acos referentes &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-teste.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta dos dados para an&#225;lise da variabilidade da FC</title>
          <p>Antes e depois da manobra expirat&#243;ria, foram registrados os batimentos card&#237;acos por 5 minutos, para que o balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico fosse comparado nesses dois momentos. O objetivo era saber se, ap&#243;s a execu&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio, o grupo OB teria maior dificuldade do que o grupo NO em retornar ao padr&#227;o de modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca apresentado antes do esfor&#231;o.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da VFC envolveu &#237;ndices dos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia. Para o dom&#237;nio do tempo, foram selecionados os seguintes &#237;ndices, segundo a <italic>Task Force</italic>:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>iRR: intervalos RR existentes entre cada batimento card&#237;aco normal;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>pNN50: porcentagem de valores dos iRR adjacentes maiores do que 50ms. Representa as influ&#234;ncias parassimp&#225;ticas sobre os iRR, pois as a&#231;&#245;es comandadas pelo sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico s&#227;o mais r&#225;pidas do que as moduladas pelo sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e, quando s&#227;o maiores do que 50ms e frequentes, podem significar maior interfer&#234;ncia vagal sobre o funcionamento do cora&#231;&#227;o;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>rMSSD: raiz quadrada da soma dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre os iRR. Da mesma forma que o pNN50, a rMSSD expressa interfer&#234;ncias do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o e, quanto maior seu valor, maior a a&#231;&#227;o vagal sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              <p>Para an&#225;lise da VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, os &#237;ndices selecionados foram:</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>BF u.n.: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (0,04 a 0,15 Hz), cujos valores expressam o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico card&#237;aco, apesar de alguns autores relatarem certa influ&#234;ncia vagal sobre tais valores. No presente estudo, os dados desse par&#226;metro da VFC foram normalizados (unidades normalizadas - u.n.), segundo orienta&#231;&#245;es da <italic>Task Force</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e apresentados em porcentagens. Os valores calculados dessa maneira expressam o porcentual de influ&#234;ncia do componente simp&#225;tico na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca no momento do registro dos batimentos card&#237;acos, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a pot&#234;ncia total do espectro ap&#243;s a elimina&#231;&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia dos valores do componente frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa (FMB), por terem menor influ&#234;ncia em registros de curta dura&#231;&#227;o;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>AF u.n.: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia (0,15 a 0,4 Hz), cujos valores expressam o t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico card&#237;aco. Esses valores tamb&#233;m foram normalizados segundo orienta&#231;&#227;o da <italic>Task Force.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta dos valores de FC e c&#225;lculo dos deltas de FC 0 a 10 segundos e 10 a 20 segundos obtidos durante a expira&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada</title>
          <p>Os valores de FC foram registrados durante a manobra expirat&#243;ria feita na intensidade de 70% da PEmax e enviados ao computador para an&#225;lise. O <italic>software Polar Precision Performance<sup>&#174;</sup></italic> (Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia) apresentou graficamente todo o comportamento da FC comportamento da FC antes e depois da manobra e durante a mesma. O valor imediatamente antes do in&#237;cio da manobra expirat&#243;ria foi registrado e comparado com os valores dos momentos 0-10 segundos e 10-20 segundos da manobra. De posse desses valores, foram calculadas todas as varia&#231;&#245;es de FC.</p>
          <p>O tempo de 20 segundos se refere exatamente &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio na manobra e representa, por meio da eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC nesse per&#237;odo, a interfer&#234;ncia do reflexo barorreceptor sobre a mesma. Entende-se que maiores eleva&#231;&#245;es da FC podem sugerir maior sensibilidade barorreflexa e, desse modo, boa resposta do cora&#231;&#227;o ao est&#237;mulo promovido pelo sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, em resposta &#224; provoca&#231;&#227;o feita pela manobra expirat&#243;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados e abordagem estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa <italic>Graph Pad Prism 4.0<sup>&#174;</sup></italic> (San Diego, EUA). Os dados antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos foram apresentados em tabelas com m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Aplicou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para testar a normalidade dos dados e, por sua distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, empregou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para mostrar eventuais diferen&#231;as (p &lt; 0,05) entre os grupos.</p>
          <p>O teste Shapiro-Wilk tamb&#233;m foi utilizado para analisar a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados referentes &#224; VFC e, por terem distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, optou-se pelo teste estat&#237;stico n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney, para comparar os &#237;ndices de antes e depois da manobra expirat&#243;ria. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de FC (pr&#233; vs. 10 segundos e 10 segundos vs. 20 segundos durante a manobra), aplicou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e p&#243;s-teste de Dunn. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados antropom&#233;tricos de todos os participantes do estudo, e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>, seus dados cl&#237;nicos. Os valores de peso e IMC foram maiores para o grupo de pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos, o que era esperado sendo, inclusive, parte dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados antropom&#233;tricos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Dados antropom&#233;tricos</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o obesos (n = 10)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obesos (n = 10)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                <td align="center">38,8 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">51,8 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,0002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura, m</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">18,5 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">24,5 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bra&#231;o, cm</td>
                <td align="center">22,3 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antebra&#231;o, cm</td>
                <td align="center">19,1 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">21,8 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coxa, cm</td>
                <td align="center">41,5 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">47,2 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perna, cm</td>
                <td align="center">28,8 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">33,3 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,0004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abdome, cm</td>
                <td align="center">65,5 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">77,7 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,0021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>Dobras cut&#226;neas, mm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Subescapular</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">24,4 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,0362</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triciptal</td>
                <td align="center">21,1 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">31,1 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abdominal</td>
                <td align="center">27,1 &#177; 10,0</td>
                <td align="center">41,6 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0055</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Suprail&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">34,0 &#177; 15,8</td>
                <td align="center">51,6 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,0066</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Resultados expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o obesos (n = 10)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obesos (n = 10)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">93,4 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center">86,4 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">106,6 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">100,0 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA diast&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">56,6 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,0&#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PEmax, cmH<sub>2</sub>O</td>
                <td align="center">80,7 &#177; 20,5</td>
                <td align="center">77,3 &#177; 15,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">70% PEmax, cmH<sub>2</sub>O</td>
                <td align="center">56,4 &#177; 14,1</td>
                <td align="center">54,1 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Resultados expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PEmax: press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Todos os segmentos corporais e dobras cut&#226;neas estudadas diferiram significativamente (p &lt; 0,05) entre os grupos, sempre com o grupo OB apresentando valores maiores.</p>
        <p>Apesar da obesidade, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas relativas &#224; FC e &#224; PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos se mostraram dentro da normalidade.</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma que aconteceu com os dados cl&#237;nicos, os &#237;ndices da VFC n&#227;o se mostraram diferentes nas condi&#231;&#245;es antes e depois da manobra expirat&#243;ria, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. Isso revela que, ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, os valores da VFC que expressaram a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca j&#225; retornavam aos mesmos apresentados antes do referido esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores m&#233;dios dos &#237;ndices da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca obtidos antes e depois da manobra expirat&#243;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>&#205;ndices</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Antes</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Ap&#243;s</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o obesos (n = 10)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obesos (n = 10)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o obesos (n = 10)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obesos (n = 10)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intervalos RR, ms</td>
                <td align="center">664,0</td>
                <td align="center">655,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">673,0</td>
                <td align="center">678,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pNN50, %</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rMSSD, ms</td>
                <td align="center">40,5</td>
                <td align="center">52,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">43,0</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF, u.n.</td>
                <td align="center">58,2</td>
                <td align="center">37,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">59,9</td>
                <td align="center">47,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF, u.n.</td>
                <td align="center">41,7</td>
                <td align="center">62,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">40,0</td>
                <td align="center">52,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>pNN50: porcentagem dos valores dos iRR adjacentes maiores do que 50ms; rMSSD: raiz quadrada da soma dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos RR; BF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia; u.n.: unidade normalizada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> apresenta, no formato de <italic>boxplots</italic>, os valores medianos dos primeiro e terceiro quartis, e os valores extremos da FC obtidos no grupo NO antes do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio e durante o mesmo (10 e 20 segundos). Pode-se observar que a FC mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; o final do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio, conferindo a esse grupo a caracter&#237;stica de normalidade da resposta da FC ao reflexo barorreceptor.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores medianos, primeiro e terceiro quartis, e valores extremos da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) obtidos imediatamente antes do in&#237;cio do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio (FC pr&#233;), ap&#243;s 10 segundos do in&#237;cio do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio (FC 10s) e no 20o segundo do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio (FC 20s), com intensidade de 70% da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima, obtidos no grupo de pr&#233;-adolescentes n&#227;o obesos. Teste de Kruskall-Wallis. p = 0,0432 - diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dados.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0297-60040-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em contrapartida, nas mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es, o grupo OB n&#227;o mostrou o mesmo comportamento da FC, conforme se observa na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>. Houve eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC at&#233; o 10&#186; segundo do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio (FC pr&#233; comparada &#224; FC 10 segundos), por&#233;m n&#227;o houve eleva&#231;&#227;o na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores da FC ap&#243;s 10 segundos do in&#237;cio do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio e no 20&#186; segundo do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores medianos, primeiro e terceiro quartis, e valores extremos da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) obtidos imediatamente antes do in&#237;cio do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio (FC pr&#233;), ap&#243;s 10 segundos do in&#237;cio do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio (FC 10s) e no 20o segundo do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio (FC 20s), com intensidade de 70% da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima, obtidos no grupo de pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos. Teste de Kruskall-Wallis; p = 0,1332 - sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dados.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0297-60040-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo, al&#233;m de mostrar uma possibilidade de c&#225;lculo individual da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria a ser aplicada durante um esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio similar ao da manobra de Valsalva, buscou avaliar se a magnitude das respostas cardiovasculares das respostas cardiovasculares ao est&#237;mulo promovido pelo reflexo barorreceptor de pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos poderia ser diferente da apresentada por um grupo controle saud&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, os principais achados, foram: o esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio correspondente a 70% da PEmax e mantido por 20 segundos, apesar de ser um pouco maior do que o proposto em outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> pode representar uma intensidade vi&#225;vel para ser aplicada em testes funcionais que objetivam avaliar respostas cardiovasculares frente aos est&#237;mulos promovidos pelos barorrecptores; a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, que era similar nos grupos OB e NO nas condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias ao esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio, retornou rapidamente &#224; sua caracter&#237;stica ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o; o grupo OB n&#227;o mostrou a mesma magnitude de resposta da FC estimulada pelos barorreceptores apresentada pelo grupo NO, sendo esse achado o mais relevante do estudo.</p>
        <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o da resposta barorreflexa foi tamb&#233;m encontrada em crian&#231;as e pr&#233;-adolescentes nos estudos de Dangardt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e Lazarova et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Dado que a an&#225;lise do reflexo barorreceptor &#233; importante para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade barorreflexa card&#237;aca, por incorporar ambos os ramos aferente e eferente simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico, deduz-se que sua avalia&#231;&#227;o poderia ser mais sens&#237;vel do que a da VFC para identifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ao come&#231;ar a an&#225;lise pelos valores antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos, os quais poderiam suscitar indaga&#231;&#245;es sobre a possibilidade de interfer&#234;ncia nos resultados destacados acima, constatou-se que os valores m&#233;dios dos segmentos corporais e das pregas cut&#226;neas do grupo OB foram significativamente maiores, como esperado.</p>
        <p>Certamente, esses valores contribu&#237;ram para o maior peso corporal dos obesos e sua inclus&#227;o no estudo. Importante ressaltar que se confirmou a maior medida do per&#237;metro abdominal por parte dos obesos, regi&#227;o essa com relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica pelo fato de se correlacionar com o maior risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, como as coronariopatias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> podendo, inclusive, interferir nos dados da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os valores de PA sist&#243;lica, PA diast&#243;lica e FC n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos, sugerindo que a obesidade n&#227;o interferiu nos mesmos, conforme observado em alguns trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Por&#233;m, h&#225; diverg&#234;ncias sobre essa quest&#227;o, pois estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> mostraram maiores valores de PA e FC em pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos, inclusive com relatos de aumento da rigidez vascular da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em suma, parece que a interfer&#234;ncia significativa da obesidade nesses dados cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o envolve uma regra simples, sugerindo que aspectos, como heran&#231;a gen&#233;tica, tempo de obesidade e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de sedentarismo, acham-se relacionados e merecem maior investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, os valores da PEmax e os relativos a 70% da mesma n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos. Esses resultados s&#227;o importantes, pois, caso diferissem, poderiam provocar indaga&#231;&#245;es se n&#227;o teriam sido os causadores da diferen&#231;a nos dados de FC obtidos durante o esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio, conforme demonstrado em estudo realizado por nosso grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos &#237;ndices da VFC nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia, n&#227;o obtivemos diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos, nem antes e nem depois do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio, que foram os momentos em que os batimentos card&#237;acos foram registrados.</p>
        <p>No entanto, ao contr&#225;rio dos nossos resultados, h&#225; investiga&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> que mostram diferen&#231;as na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca entre pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos e n&#227;o obesos, com tend&#234;ncia &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade vagal e eleva&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico card&#237;aco nos obesos. Outros autores j&#225; sugerem que, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a disautonomia esteja relacionada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A n&#227;o diferen&#231;a nos &#237;ndices da VFC obtidos por n&#243;s, al&#233;m de sugerir uma situa&#231;&#227;o de normalidade do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo na condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso em ambos os grupos, contribuiu para evitar que eventuais altera&#231;&#245;es presentes no grupo OB pudessem ser consideradas respons&#225;veis pelas diferen&#231;as nas respostas da FC, que foram documentadas durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o do reflexo barorreceptor.</p>
        <p>O mais importante achado do presente estudo ocorreu durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio, que provocou o reflexo barorreceptor. Ao se analisar o comportamento da FC nos momentos de repouso pr&#233;-esfor&#231;o e nos tempos 10 e 20 segundos do teste expirat&#243;rio, pode-se constatar que o grupo OB n&#227;o mostrou o mesmo padr&#227;o de resposta da FC apresentado pelo grupo NO, sugerindo disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca naquele grupo.</p>
        <p>Normalmente, o que se documenta durante esfor&#231;os expirat&#243;rios sustentados por um determinado tempo &#233; a eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC, conforme se pode constatar em estudos que utilizaram a manobra de Valsalva. Nesses trabalhos, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC que ocorre entre o tempo 0 (in&#237;cio do esfor&#231;o) e 10 segundos do esfor&#231;o &#233; vago-dependente &#8722; ou seja, h&#225; uma libera&#231;&#227;o vagal, que faz com que ocorra r&#225;pida eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC, enquanto que a eleva&#231;&#227;o nos 10 segundos finais se d&#225; em resposta &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica arteriolar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> No entanto, h&#225; autores que consideram ser metodologicamente muito dif&#237;cil separar em tempos de 0 a 10 segundos e de 10 a 20 segundos a resposta da FC durante o est&#237;mulo barorreflexo promovido pelo esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o esses aspectos, o que se depreende &#233; que o grupo OB, que havia apresentado valores similares aos do grupo NO na condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso, n&#227;o consegue ter o mesmo desempenho cardiovascular quando estimulado por meio do reflexo barorreceptor.</p>
        <p>No entanto, se analisarmos os valores da FC obtidos durante o esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio pela vertente de adultos, j&#225; que os par&#226;metros em adolescentes s&#227;o raros, os deltas de FC desde o in&#237;cio do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio at&#233; o final do seu 20<sup>o</sup> segundo mostraram que os obesos tiveram eleva&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 12,2 batimentos e os n&#227;o obesos de 18,5 batimentos, o que representaria, para Hohnloser e Klingenheben,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> resposta card&#237;aca normal dos n&#227;o obesos e resposta <italic>borderline</italic>, ou seja, no limite m&#225;ximo de normalidade para os obesos.</p>
        <p>Ainda segundo Hohnloser e Klingenheben,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> valores de deltas de FC &#8805; 15 bpm significam resposta auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca adequada, e deltas de FC entre 11 e 14 bpm s&#227;o considerados lim&#237;trofes de normalidade. Quando os deltas de FC s&#227;o &#8804; 10 bpm, como habitualmente ocorre em doen&#231;as como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diabetes, p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e estenose mitral, a resposta &#233; considerada anormal.</p>
        <p>Dificilmente poder&#237;amos, com convic&#231;&#227;o, explicar o porqu&#234; de o grupo OB n&#227;o ter apresentado o mesmo desempenho mostrado pelo grupo NO, apesar de existirem estudos como os de Wieling et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> que afirmam que altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais na al&#231;a reflexa, respons&#225;vel pela regula&#231;&#227;o da atividade cronotr&#243;pica que resulte em n&#227;o eleva&#231;&#227;o suficiente da FC durante est&#237;mulos provocativos, poderiam sugerir disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.</p>
        <p>Para Rabbia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos tendem a apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o simpatovagal card&#237;aca, que prejudica seus mecanismos de controle barorreflexo da FC &#8722; exatamente o constatado no presente estudo, cujos resultados tamb&#233;m foram concordantes com os apresentados por Dangardt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, apontamos o pequeno n&#250;mero de pr&#233;-adolescentes avaliados. Pelo que se conseguiu documentar, seria muito importante que o estudo pudesse ser refeito envolvendo maior n&#250;mero de participantes, a fim de que a menor responsividade barorreflexa detectada no grupo OB fosse comprovada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A manobra de Valsalva, empregando resist&#234;ncia de 70% do valor da PEmax, pode ser utilizada na popula&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-adolescentes, para avaliar a resposta cardiovascular ao se estimular o sistema barorreceptor.</p>
        <p>Como resultado mais importante, foi encontrado que pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos t&#234;m menor responsividade auton&#244;mica barorreflexa do que n&#227;o obesos, pois apresentaram menor resposta total de FC durante o esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio utilizado para estimular o reflexo barorreceptor.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
