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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9X84sr5zWhbyWSRMXzCz68M</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000400279</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160048</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Atherosclerosis/Endothelium/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endothelial Effect of Statin Therapy at a High Dose Versus Low Dose Associated with Ezetimibe</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Maristela Magnavita Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Varela</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Garcez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Fontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#243;es</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Meira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia Galeffi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Lourdes Lima Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marice Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Arm&#234;nio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (EBMSP)- FBDC, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis C. L. Correia</bold>, Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. Postal Code 40.150-080, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>279</fpage>
      <lpage>288</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The effect of statins on the endothelial function in humans remains under discussion. Particularly, it is still unclear if the improvement in endothelial function is due to a reduction in LDL-cholesterol or to an arterial pleiotropic effect.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To test the hypothesis that modulation of the endothelial function promoted by statins is primarily mediated by the degree of reduction in LDL-cholesterol, independent of the dose of statin administered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Randomized clinical trial with two groups of lipid-lowering treatment (16 patients/each) and one placebo group (14 patients). The two active groups were designed to promote a similar degree of reduction in LDL-cholesterol: the first used statin at a high dose (80 mg, simvastatin 80 group) and the second used statin at a low dose (10 mg) associated with ezetimibe (10 mg, simvastatin 10/ezetimibe group) to optimize the hypolipidemic effect. The endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV) before and 8 weeks after treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The decrease in LDL-cholesterol was similar between the groups simvastatin 80 and simvastatin 10/ezetimibe (27% &#177; 31% and 30% &#177; 29%, respectively, p = 0.75). The simvastatin 80 group presented an increase in FMV from 8.4% &#177; 4.3% at baseline to 11% &#177; 4.2% after 8 weeks (p = 0.02). Similarly, the group simvastatin 10/ezetimibe showed improvement in FMV from 7.3% &#177; 3.9% to 12% &#177; 4.4% (p = 0.001). The placebo group showed no variation in LDL-cholesterol level or endothelial function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The improvement in endothelial function with statin seems to depend more on a reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels, independent of the dose of statin administered, than on pleiotropic mechanisms.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Endothelium / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Ezetimibe</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticholesterolemic Agents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The cardiovascular benefits of cholesterol-reducing statin therapy have been demonstrated in primary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and secondary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> prevention scenarios, and the improvement in endothelial function is one of the involved mechanisms. This mechanism is credited to the lipid-lowering effect of the statins, supported by the association between the magnitude of the reduction in cholesterol and a reduction in cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> On the other hand, some authors suggest that the improvement in endothelial function is also mediated by pleiotropic actions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> independent of cholesterol: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>These observations are based on <italic>in vitro</italic> studies. However, clinical confirmation has been limited by the challenge of isolating the theoretical pleiotropic effect of the statins from their lipid-lowering effect. The emergence of ezetimibe as a drug to treat hypercholesterolemia offers a scientific model suitable to test the pleiotropic hypothesis, since it allows a similar degree of reduction in LDL-cholesterol with a lower statin dose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> For a similar reduction in cholesterol, higher doses of statin promoting greater endothelial benefit than smaller doses would represent clinical evidence in favor of a pleiotropic action. This model is based on the fact that ezetimibe does not interfere in the mevalonate pathway, and its effect is only mediated by the intestinal absorption of cholesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We conducted this randomized clinical trial to test the hypothesis that the factor influencing the endothelial function is the decrease in LDL-cholesterol, regardless of the dose of statin administered. In this study, the outcome of the statin effect on the endothelial function was evaluated by comparing the degree of arterial flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV) in individuals randomized to a high dose of simvastatin <italic>versus</italic> a low dose of simvastatin associated with ezetimibe.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Design</title>
        <p>Clinical randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT01241097, carried out at the Obesity Outpatient Clinic of <italic>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</italic> in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution under the protocol number 157/2009, and all participants signed a free and informed consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cohort Selection</title>
        <p>Women attending the clinic were consecutively selected based on the following inclusion criteria: age above 18 years, body mass index (BMI) &gt; 25 kg/m&#178;, and LDL-cholesterol &gt; 100 mg/dL. We defined the following as exclusion criteria: use of statin, ezetimibe, fibrate, or hormone replacement therapy within the previous 3 months; triglyceride level &gt; 400 mg/dL; serum creatinine above 2.0 mg/dL; hepatic enzymes levels at least 1.5 times above the normal reference limit; serum creatine kinase (CPK) level higher than three times the upper normal limit; pregnancy or lactation; and occurrence of cardiac insufficiency, collagenosis, acute inflammatory conditions, or psychiatric disease. We also excluded patients who had started beta-blockers, angiotensin-conversion inhibitors, or calcium-channel blockers within the prior 4 weeks and those with a brachial artery diameter below 2.5 mm, since the measurement of the degree of dilation is compromised in these cases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Protocol</title>
        <p>After enrollment, the participants were randomized in blocks of three to the following treatment modalities: 1) simvastatin 80 mg, 2) simvastatin 10 mg plus ezetimibe 10 mg, and 3) placebo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). We used the following criteria for early therapy interruption: medication intolerance, increase in liver enzymes levels three times above the upper normal level, or isolated measurement of CPK exceeding 10 times the upper normal level.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of the study protocol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0279-60048-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>We performed three sequential evaluations to analyze the endothelial function and collect laboratory data: the first was before the beginning of the treatment, the second was after 4 weeks of treatment, and the third was after 8 weeks of treatment and represented the final assessment. During these evaluations, we recorded possible adverse events, which we rated as major (rhabdomyolysis, liver failure, renal failure, pancreatitis, obstructive jaundice, and death), intermediate (myalgia, diarrhea, and vomiting, among others), and minor (constipation, nausea and flatulence, among others).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical Analysis</title>
        <p>We collected blood after 12 hours of fasting following the techniques and methods standardized by the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica</italic> (Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology). We determined C-reactive protein levels with a commercially available high-sensitivity nephelometric method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (Dade Behring Inc., Newark, DE, USA). Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined with a biochemical enzyme method (Dade Behring Inc., Newark, DE, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Brachial Artery Flow-Mediated Vasodilation</title>
        <p>All participants were previously instructed to fast, not perform physical activity, drink coffee, use medications, or smoke on the day of the test. The adherence to these instructions was checked before the procedure.</p>
        <p>We used ultrasonography with high-resolution color Doppler (Vivid 3, GE). The evaluation was performed according to a previously published guideline,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and the volunteers were evaluated after fasting for 4 hours and resting while lying down for 10 minutes in a room with controlled temperature (22&#176; to 24&#176; C). The tests were performed by a single examiner who was blinded to the participants' data. Simultaneous electrocardiographic monitoring, coupled to the ultrasound system, allowed synchronization with the cardiac cycle. The brachial artery was identified in the longitudinal axis at 3 centimeters above the antecubital fossa and demarcated in the skin with a brush to prevent its position to change or tilt. A longitudinal image of 6 to 8 centimeters was obtained as a baseline reference. We then assessed the flow and estimated the average speed of a sample volume in the center of the artery, with a 60&#176; vessel angulation. After that, we positioned the cuff of a sphygmomanometer in the forearm and inflated the cuff to at least 50 mmHg above the baseline systolic pressure during 5 minutes to occlude the artery. We then deflated the cuff, inducing a brief status of increased flow or reactive hyperemia, and 1 minute later obtained the image of the FMV, which represents the endothelium-dependent dilatation that occurs due to nitric oxide production caused by shear stress. We digitalized images during movement, starting 30 seconds before cuff deflation until 2 minutes later. An image corresponding to the second rest phase was acquired 15 minutes later. We then obtained again the Doppler flow of the brachial artery after releasing the cuff and 15 seconds before deflation, registering the flow speed during hyperemia. Finally, we measured the endothelium-independent vasodilation by calculating the vasodilation response 4 minutes after administration of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate 5 mg.</p>
        <p>We digitalized all steps of the FMV assessments to analyze later the correlations between the arterial diameter at baseline and the maximum arterial diameters after dilation, as well as the FMV percentages. This analysis was conducted with 22% of the cohort, and the intraobserver correlations for these measurements were 0.99, 0.98, and 0.88, respectively, whereas the interobserver correlations were 0.98, 0.91, and 0.82, respectively. We did not perform evaluations at different moments, <italic>i.e.</italic> new FMV acquisitions specifically for this type of analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Analysis</title>
        <p>The sample size was estimated <italic>a priori</italic> to achieve a statistical power of 90% ( = 5%) to detect an absolute difference of 20% in FMV variation between the treatment groups (simvastatin 80 and simvastatin 10/ezetimibe; intergroup comparison). We used the pessimistic premise that the standard deviation of the delta in each group would be around 15%, resulting in the requirement of 13 patients in each group.</p>
        <p>The FMV was calculated as the percentage variation in artery diameter after hyperemia. The effect of the treatment on the endothelial function was measured primarily by the percentage change in FMV between baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment. This variable was compared between the two treatment groups with the Mann-Whitney test. In the intragroup analysis, FMV measurements were compared separately in each group before and after treatment with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. For paired comparison of FMV at all three moments (baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks) we used ANOVA for repeated measures. This analysis was also used to compare the treatment effects considering all three moments through an interaction between group and moment. In addition, to assess during follow-up the occurrence of possible clinical differences between the groups that could constitute confusion biases, we performed ANOVA for comparison of the clinical characteristics among the three groups.</p>
        <p>Secondarily, we compared using the Mann-Whitney test the percentage variation in FMV between baseline and the 8th week in the active treatment groups with those in the placebo group. In this case, we opted for not comparing simultaneously the three groups (ANOVA), since this was considered a complementary analysis that did not concern the main hypothesis of the study. For group comparison at the intermediate analysis (4th week), the treatment was carried out in a similar way, since this was a complementary analysis.</p>
        <p>We tested the linear association between the changes in LDL-cholesterol and FMV results with Spearman's correlation coefficient. We used analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to adjust the treatment effect for age. We considered two-tailed probability values &lt; 0.05 as statistically significant. The results are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables and as percentage for categorical variables. Variables not following a normal distribution are expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR). For statistical analyses, we used the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 for Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the Cohort</title>
        <p>The cohort was characterized by young adult women (43 &#177; 10 years) with excess weight, evidenced by a BMI of 35 &#177; 5.8 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Mean plasma LDL-cholesterol levels were slightly elevated (137 &#177; 31 mg/dL), while the median C-reactive protein level (3.6 mg/L, IQR = 1.7 - 6.7 mg/L) indicated an exacerbated inflammatory status. As for the endothelial function, the mean FMV was 8.5% &#177; 4.3%, including reduced and normal FMV values (healthy patients are considered to have an FMV above 7%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A diagnosis of diabetes was present in 8.7% of the participants, who were all taking metformin. Also, 41% of the participants had hypertension and were on antihypertensive drugs. None of the participants had hepatic or renal dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Following randomization, 16 women were allocated to the simvastatin 80 group, 16 to the simvastatin 10/ezetimibe group, and 14 to the placebo group. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups regarding clinical and laboratory characteristics or class of antihypertensive drugs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). During follow-up, the clinical characteristics remained similar among the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The mean FMV results were similar between the groups simvastatin 80 (8.4% &#177; 4.3%), simvastatin 10/ezetimibe (7.6% &#177; 3.9%), and placebo (9.8% &#177; 4.5%, p = 0.31).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics among the treatment groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Simvastatin 80</th>
                <th align="center">Simvastatin 10/Ezetimibe</th>
                <th align="center">Placebo</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sample</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 7.6</td>
                <td align="center">108 &#177; 9.9</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177;17</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Waist/hip</td>
                <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 0.71</td>
                <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 0.67</td>
                <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0.56</td>
                <td align="center">0.84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">133 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">86 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0.52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">205 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">225 &#177; 47</td>
                <td align="center">206 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">0.26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">133 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">149 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">0.50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">125 &#177; 51</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 67</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 41</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3.9 (2.1 &#8211; 8.1)</td>
                <td align="center">3.0 (1.8 &#8211; 5.1)</td>
                <td align="center">3.3 (1.2 &#8211; 7.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Blood glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">96 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">94 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">0.39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 7.3</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 8.3</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">0.79 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.18</td>
                <td align="center">0.55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">18 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">18 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GGT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">32 &#177; 11.74</td>
                <td align="center">42 &#177; 22.99</td>
                <td align="center">42 &#177; 23.70</td>
                <td align="center">0.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPK (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">123 &#177; 60</td>
                <td align="center">168 &#177; 88</td>
                <td align="center">109 &#177; 62</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">5 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (38%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (57%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEi</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ARB</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Menopause</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">0 (6.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                <td align="center">11 (69%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (57%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Low-calorie diet</td>
                <td align="center">6 (38%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coffee consumption</td>
                <td align="center">14 (88%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (88%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (86%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FMV</td>
                <td align="center">8.4% &#177; 4.3%</td>
                <td align="center">7.6% &#177; 3.9%</td>
                <td align="center">9.8% &#177; 4.5%</td>
                <td align="center">0.31</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; CRP: C-reactive protein; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma glutamyltransferase; CPK: creatine phosphokinase; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; FMV: flow-mediated vasodilation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the clinical characteristics in the three groups during follow-up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Follow-up (weeks)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Treatment groups</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Simvastatin 80</th>
                <th align="center">Simvastatin 10/Ezetimibe</th>
                <th align="center">Placebo</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 4.3<break/>34 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 4.4<break/>35 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 6.6<break/>36 &#177; 9.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.87<break/>0.77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">133 &#177; 13.5<break/>133 &#177; 14.5</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 15.3<break/>133 &#177; 15.5</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 15.71<break/>32 &#177; 15.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.84<break/>0.82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">86 &#177; 7.3<break/>84 &#177; 9.4</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 9.3<break/>84 &#177; 9.4</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 12<break/>81 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.39<break/>0.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 9.8<break/>51 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 14<break/>52 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 14<break/>50 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0.76<break/>0.89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 29<break/>99 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">124 &#177; 60<break/>122 &#177; 73</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 38<break/>127 &#177; 52</td>
                <td align="center">0.30<break/>0.34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Blood glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">93 &#177; 11<break/>95 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">102 &#177; 22<break/>102 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">111 &#177; 54<break/>103 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">0.28<break/>0.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 5.0<break/>29 &#177; 6.3</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 4.7<break/>28 &#177; 6.4</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 4.7<break/>27 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.30<break/>0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">0.84 &#177; 0.14<break/>0.82 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.15<break/>0.80 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td align="center">0.78 &#177; 0.12<break/>0.87 &#177; 0.19</td>
                <td align="center">0.42<break/>0.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 4<break/>19 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 9<break/>23 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 7<break/>18 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0.17<break/>0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 6<break/>21 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 15<break/>25 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 10<break/>18 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0.12<break/>0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GGT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 9.3<break/>32 &#177; 11.1</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 18.8<break/>38 &#177; 15.3</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 30.8<break/>42 &#177; 33.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.32<break/>0.53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPK (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177;64<break/>155 &#177; 84</td>
                <td align="center">185 &#177; 127<break/>195 &#177; 118</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 60<break/>120 &#177; 67</td>
                <td align="center">0.12<break/>0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4<break/>8</td>
                <td align="center">3.3 (2.1 &#8211; 6.4)<break/>2.9 (1.9 &#8211; 8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 (1.7 &#8211; 4.2)<break/>2.0 (1.6 &#8211; 4.2)</td>
                <td align="center">4.0 (2.4 &#8211; 8.2)<break/>4.4 (2.7 &#8211; 8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.19<break/>0.43</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: gamma glutamyltransferase; CPK: Creatine phosphokinase; CRP: C-reactive protein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Antilipidemic Effect of the Treatments</title>
        <p>During the 8 weeks of the study, there were no treatment interruptions, and the adherence was complete and identical in all three groups. No side effects requiring treatment suspension were recorded. There were minor symptoms, of which the most frequent was headache (one case in the simvastatin 80 group, one case in the simvastatin 10/ezetimibe group, and three cases in the placebo group), followed by leg pain (one case in the simvastatin 80 group and one case in the simvastatin 10/ezetimibe group), and vomiting (one case in the simvastatin 10/ezetimibe group).</p>
        <p>After 8 weeks of active treatment, there was a significant reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels, which was similar between the groups simvastatin 80 (27% &#177; 31%) and simvastatin 10/ezetimibe (30% &#177; 29%, p = 0.75). The absolute reduction was 36 &#177; 45 mg/dL in the simvastatin 80 group and 45 &#177; 36 mg/dL in the simvastatin 10/ezetimibe group (p = 0.57). There was no reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels in the placebo group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of the treatments on lipid and metabolic profiles in the three groups at 4 and 8 weeks</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center">8 Weeks</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">4 Weeks</th>
                <th align="center">p (4 <italic>versus</italic>8 weeks)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Simvastatin 80</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">133 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">95 &#177; 44</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">205 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">166 &#177; 48</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
                <td align="center">141 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.48</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">125 &#177; 51</td>
                <td align="center">99 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">0.26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Blood glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">96 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">95 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0.88</td>
                <td align="center">93 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0.28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Simvastatin 10/Ezetimibe</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">149 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 45</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">97 &#177; 49</td>
                <td align="center">0.90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">226 &#177; 51</td>
                <td align="center">176 &#177; 54</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">169 &#177; 52</td>
                <td align="center">0.83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0.39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 67</td>
                <td align="center">122 &#177; 73</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
                <td align="center">124 &#177; 60</td>
                <td align="center">0.52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Blood glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">102 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">0.28</td>
                <td align="center">102 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">0.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Placebo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">137 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
                <td align="center">123 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">206 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">212 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">0.79</td>
                <td align="center">201 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">0.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0.39</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0.50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 41</td>
                <td align="center">127 &#177; 52</td>
                <td align="center">0.27</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">0.48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Blood glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">94 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
                <td align="center">111 &#177; 54</td>
                <td align="center">0.40</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of the treatments on LDL-cholesterol, showing a significant reduction of this lipoprotein in the active groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0279-60048-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The reduction in LDL-cholesterol level was already present in the assessment performed at 4 weeks of treatment, which did not differ from that performed at the 8th week in the simvastatin 80 group (p = 0.15) or in the simvastatin 10/ezetimibe group (p = 0.90).</p>
        <p>There was no significant variation in plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol or triglycerides in any of the three treatment groups, except for a reduction in triglyceride levels in the simvastatin 80 group. Similarly, blood glucose levels remained unchanged. Liver enzymes, C-reactive protein, CPK, and weight did not change significantly during treatment. Exceptions to that were increases in CPK level in the simvastatin 80 group, which occurred without clinical complaints or values considered of risk, and ALT in the simvastatin 10/ezetimibe group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of the treatments on weight and biochemical characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center">4 Weeks</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">8 Weeks</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Simvastatin 80</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
                <td align="center">34 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">18 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0.73</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0.50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">18 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0.90</td>
                <td align="center">21 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatine phosphokinase (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">123 &#177; 60</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177;64</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
                <td align="center">155 &#177; 84</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3.9 (2.1 - 8.1)</td>
                <td align="center">3.3 (2.1 - 6.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
                <td align="center">2.9 (1.9 - 8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Simvastatin 10/Ezetimibe</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.63</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0.42</td>
                <td align="center">23 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatine phosphokinase (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">168 &#177; 88</td>
                <td align="center">185 &#177; 127</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
                <td align="center">195 &#177; 118</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3.0 (1.8 &#8211; 5.1)</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 (1.7 &#8211; 4.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.55</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 (1.6 &#8211; 4.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Placebo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 6.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.23</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 9.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
                <td align="center">18 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0.20</td>
                <td align="center">18 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatine phosphokinase (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">109 &#177; 62</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 60</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
                <td align="center">120 &#177; 67</td>
                <td align="center">0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3.3 (1.2 &#8211; 7.2)</td>
                <td align="center">4.0 (2.4 &#8211; 8.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
                <td align="center">4.4 (2.7 &#8211; 8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>CRP: C-reactive protein (median and interquartile range).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of the Treatments on Arterial Flow-Mediated Vasodilation</title>
        <p>The simvastatin 80 group presented an increase in FMV from 8.4% &#177; 4.3% to 11% &#177; 4.2% after 8 weeks of treatment (p = 0.02). Similarly, the simvastatin 10/ezetimibe group showed improvement in vasodilation, from 7.3% &#177; 3.9% to 12% &#177; 4.4% (p = 0.001). In relative terms, the variation in arterial vasodilation had a median of +39% (IQR = 2.2% to 105%) in the simvastatin 80 group, which was similar to +41% (IQR = 13% to 227%) in the simvastatin 10/ezetimibe group (p = 0.36). This comparison remained nonsignificant after adjustment for the difference in age between these two groups (ANCOVA, p = 0.30). The placebo group presented a minimal variation in arterial vasodilation, with a median of +6.2% (IQR = - 6.6% to 56%), without statistical significance in the comparison between the baseline measurement and that performed at the 8th week (p = 0.28; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). When we performed a paired comparison of the three moments of evaluation (baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks) with ANOVA for repeated measures, the simvastatin 80 (p = 0.045) and simvastatin 10/ezetimibe (p = 0.001) groups showed significant variations, which was different from the placebo group (p = 0.25). In this analysis, there was no interaction between group and moment when only the active treatments were considered (p = 0.30), indicating a similar variation between these two groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of the three treatments on flow-mediated vasodilation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center">8 Weeks</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">4 Weeks</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Simvastatin 80</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FMV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">11 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
                <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FMV variation</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">+ 39% (2.2% &#8211; 105%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">+ 27% (-13% &#8211; 63%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Simvastatin 10/Ezetimibe</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FMV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FMV variation</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">+ 41% (13% &#8211; 227%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">+ 25% (-4% &#8211; 92%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Placebo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FMV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9.8 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">10 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0.28</td>
                <td align="center">11 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FMV variation</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">+ 9% (-6.6% &#8211; 56%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">+13% (-8% &#8211; 31%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>Parentheses - 95% confidence interval. FMV: brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Variation in flow-mediated vasodilation, indicating an increase in the two active groups. Panel A: Line graph showing the variation in vasodilation at 4 and 8 weeks of treatment; Panel B: Bar graph showing the percentage of variation in vasodilation from baseline to the 8th week.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0279-60048-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The active groups showed no differences in the variation in endothelium-independent vasodilation mediated by nitrate.</p>
        <p>Unlike the effect on LDL-cholesterol, 4 weeks of treatment were not sufficient to obtain an impact on the arterial FMV comparable to that obtained at the end of 8 weeks, although a trend of improvement in vasodilation was already observed in this interim assessment. This improvement was represented by a median of +27% (IQR = - 13% to 63%, p = 0.09) in the simvastatin 80 group and +25% (IQR = - 4% to 92%, p = 0.03) in the simvastatin 10/ezetimibe group.</p>
        <p>There was a correlation (r = - 0.33, p = 0.03) between the variations in LDL-cholesterol and FMV in a combined analysis of the studied population.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study suggests that the improvement in endothelial function promoted by statin therapy depends primarily on the drug's hypolipidemic effect, without evidence of a pleiotropic action. The pleiotropic hypothesis was tested with different doses of simvastatin (80 mg <italic>versus</italic> 10 mg) under the assumption that a dose-response gradient would occur if this mechanism were present. In order to avoid the degree of reduction in LDL-cholesterol as a confounding factor, ezetimibe was associated to simvastatin in the low simvastatin dose group, providing the same lipid-lowering effect as the high-dose group. When we observed that both therapies had the same benefit on the endothelial function, we inferred that the dose-response gradient was absent.</p>
      <p>In addition to the main result, some secondary findings deserve further discussion. First, the presence of a placebo group in which the endothelial function remained unchanged assures us that the improvement observed with the active treatment in both groups was not due to a phenomenon of regression to the mean. Second, the negative correlation between the reduction in LDL-cholesterol and the improvement in endothelial function represents additional information in favor of the lipid-lowering mechanism, even though it was a weak correlation and that this analysis, as it is well known, is mainly of exploratory nature and does not show causality. Third, we observed that the positive influence on the endothelial function occurs progressively with the length of exposure, since the late results (8 weeks) were better than the early results (4 weeks), despite the fact that the nadir in LDL-cholesterol levels was achieved at 4 weeks of treatment. Regarding the anti-inflammatory mechanism, the treatments were unable to promote a reduction in C-reactive protein levels in any of the groups, which makes it less likely to be an additional mechanism of improvement in endothelial function.</p>
      <p>The lack of differences in clinical characteristics among the groups, both at baseline (promoted by the randomization process), and during follow-up (confirmed by intergroup comparisons at 4 and 8 weeks) assured the control of possible confounding variables that could have influenced the comparative results of the outcome variable. The methodological care adopted in this study, especially that regarding the FMV analysis, also contributed to the internal validation process.</p>
      <p>The recent study of Westerink et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> is in line with our results. In this study, the authors demonstrated a similar impact on the endothelium of simvastatin at a high dose <italic>versus</italic> low dose associated with ezetimibe in subjects with metabolic syndrome, as previously reported by Settergren et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> as well in patients with diabetes or coronary disease. In contrast, Liu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> only obtained improvement in FMV with a higher dose of simvastatin and suggested the occurrence of pleiotropic benefits of the statins based on results obtained at 4 weeks. Their option to only observe for a short period of time may have precluded the observation of effects requiring longer treatment duration.</p>
      <p>Some limitations of this study deserve recognition. The method to measure FMV followed all the steps of the protocol recommended by the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. However, the method has an inherent large variability of measurements influenced by several external factors. This variability may be a limiting factor to reproduce the FMV findings and, consequently, their interpretation. The wider circumferences of the arms of obese women could have led to technical challenges in the measurements. However, this was not an interfering factor in this study since the cuff of the sphygmomanometer was positioned in the forearm, which has a shorter circumference than the arm, leaving a larger area for identification of the brachial artery when the transducer was positioned on the arm. Although the automated technique is more robust and accurate,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> the manual technique used in this study is also reliable and considered feasible to diagnose and monitor the endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The study was performed with a small sample, which only consisted of women with excess weight from a single outpatient clinic. However, since this is a small study, it justifies the option for homogenizing the sample and including only women. The selection of women with excess weight had the purpose of including a group more predisposed to impaired endothelial function,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> favoring the possibility to observe a corrective effect of the therapy. Although the choice of this type of population is justifiable, we must recognize that it reduces the generalization of the study to the overall population. We must also remember that this study has a surrogate outcome (purely mechanistic objective) that should not be interpreted as evidence that the clinical effect of the two therapies is similar. Another limitation is related to the low statistical power and refers to the fact that to avoid detecting differences among the variables we would need a very large sample, which would make the study unfeasible. Regarding the analyzes of the deltas in the general variations (including FMV and LDL-cholesterol), we found no difference among the treatments. These findings may have been influenced by a large measurement variability, hindering the statistical analysis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, the present randomized clinical study showed that the most probable mechanism of improvement in endothelial function obtained with statins is the decrease in LDL-cholesterol, independent of the dose of statin used. In this context, the pleiotropic effects of statins have lower relevance.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESB.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Maristela Magnavita Oliveira Garcia , from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Aterosclerose/Endot&#233;lio/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito Endotelial da Terapia com Estatina em Alta Dose versus Baixa Dose Associada &#224; Ezetimiba</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Maristela Magnavita Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Varela</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Garcez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Fontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#243;es</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Meira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia Galeffi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Lourdes Lima Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marice Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Arm&#234;nio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (EBMSP)- FBDC, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis C. L. Correia</bold>, Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. CEP 40.150-080, Salvador - BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O efeito das estatinas na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em seres humanos permanece em discuss&#227;o. Particularmente, ainda carece resposta se a melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial deve-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol ou a um efeito pleiotr&#243;pico arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Testar a hip&#243;tese de que a modula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial promovida por estatinas &#233; prioritariamente mediada pelo grau de redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol, independente da dose de estatina utilizada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado com dois grupos de tratamento hipolipemiante (16 pacientes/cada) e um grupo placebo (14 pacientes). Os dois grupos ativos foram desenhados para promover graus semelhantes de redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-colesterol: o primeiro utilizou estatina em alta dose (80 mg, grupo sinvastatina 80) e o segundo em baixa dose (10 mg) associada a ezetimiba (10 mg, grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba) para otimizar o efeito hipolipemiante. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi analisada pela vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (VMF) antes e ap&#243;s 8 semanas de tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o no LDL-colesterol foi semelhante entre os grupos sinvastatina 80 e sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba (27% &#177; 31% e 30% &#177; 29%, respectivamente, p = 0,75). O grupo sinvastatina 80 apresentou incremento da VMF de 8,4% &#177; 4,3% no basal para 11% &#177; 4,2% ap&#243;s 8 semanas (p = 0,02). Da mesma forma, o grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba apresentou melhora da VMF de 7,3% &#177; 3,9% para 12% &#177; 4,4% (p = 0,001). O grupo placebo n&#227;o apresentou varia&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel de LDL-colesterol ou da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com uso de estatina parece depender mais da redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol, independente da dose de estatina utilizada, do que de mecanismos pleiotr&#243;picos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hidroximetil glutaril-CoA Redutases / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ezetimiba</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticolesterolemiantes.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares da terapia redutora de colesterol com estatinas est&#227;o demonstrados nos cen&#225;rios de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e secund&#225;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> sendo a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial um dos mecanismos envolvidos. Este mecanismo &#233; creditado ao efeito hipolipemiante das estatinas, amparado na associa&#231;&#227;o entre a magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol e redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Por outro lado, alguns autores sugerem que a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tamb&#233;m &#233; mediada por a&#231;&#227;o pleiotr&#243;pica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> independente do colesterol: efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rio, antioxidante e antitromb&#243;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estas observa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o baseadas em estudos <italic>in vitro,</italic> por&#233;m a confirma&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; limitada pela dificuldade em isolar o te&#243;rico efeito pleiotr&#243;pico do efeito hipolipemiante das estatinas. O advento da ezetimiba como droga para tratamento da hipercolesterolemia viabilizou um modelo cient&#237;fico adequado para testar a hip&#243;tese pleiotr&#243;pica por permitir a obten&#231;&#227;o do mesmo grau de redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol com dose menor de estatina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Para uma mesma redu&#231;&#227;o de colesterol, doses maiores de estatina promovendo maior benef&#237;cio endotelial do que doses menores representariam evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica a favor da a&#231;&#227;o pleiotr&#243;pica. Este modelo se pauta no fato de que a ezetimiba n&#227;o interfere na via do mevalonato, sendo seu efeito mediado apenas pela absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal do colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#243;s realizamos este ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado com o intuito de testar a hip&#243;tese de que o fator que influencia a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol, independente da dose de estatina utilizada. Neste estudo, o desfecho do efeito da estatina na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliado pela compara&#231;&#227;o do grau de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o arterial mediada por fluxo entre indiv&#237;duos randomizados para alta dose de sinvastatina <italic>versus</italic> baixa dose de estatina associada &#224; ezetimiba.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, duplo-cego e placebo-controlado, sob registro identificador NCT01241097 no <italic>ClinicalTtrials.gov</italic>, realizado no Ambulat&#243;rio de Obesidade da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o sob protocolo de n&#250;mero 157/2009 e todas as participantes assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da Amostra</title>
          <p>Mulheres matriculadas no ambulat&#243;rio foram selecionadas consecutivamente de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: idade superior a 18 anos, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e LDL-colesterol &gt; 100 mg/dL. Como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, foram definidas as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: uso de estatina, ezetimiba, fibrato ou terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses; n&#237;vel de triglic&#233;rides &gt; 400 mg/dL; n&#237;vel de creatinina s&#233;rica superior a 2,0 mg/dL; n&#237;vel de enzimas hep&#225;ticas pelo menos 1,5 vezes acima do limite de refer&#234;ncia da normalidade; n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de creatina fosfoquinase (CPK) superior a tr&#234;s vezes o limite da normalidade; gravidez ou amamenta&#231;&#227;o; ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, colagenoses, processo inflamat&#243;rio agudo ou doen&#231;a psiqui&#225;trica. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;das pacientes que haviam iniciado uso nas &#250;ltimas 4 semanas de betabloqueador, inibidor de enzima de convers&#227;o, ou bloqueador de canais de c&#225;lcio e aquelas com art&#233;rias braquiais com di&#226;metros inferiores a 2,5 mm, j&#225; que a medida do grau de dilata&#231;&#227;o est&#225; comprometida nesta circunst&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do Estudo</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s sele&#231;&#227;o, as mulheres foram randomizadas em blocos de tr&#234;s para as seguintes modalidades de tratamento: 1) sinvastatina 80 mg, 2) sinvastatina 10 mg e ezetimiba 10 mg e 3) placebo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Os seguintes crit&#233;rios de interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce da terapia foram utilizados: intoler&#226;ncia ao uso das medica&#231;&#245;es, aumento das enzimas hep&#225;ticas tr&#234;s vezes acima do limite superior da normalidade, ou medida isolada de CPK 10 vezes acima do limite superior da normalidade.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma do protocolo do estudo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0279-60048-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Foram realizadas tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es sequenciais para an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e coleta de dados laboratoriais: a primeira antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento, a segunda ap&#243;s 4 semanas de tratamento e a terceira, que representou a avalia&#231;&#227;o final, ap&#243;s 8 semanas de tratamento. Nestas avalia&#231;&#245;es foram registrados poss&#237;veis eventos adversos maiores (rabdomi&#243;lise, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, insufici&#234;ncia renal, pancreatite, icter&#237;cia obstrutiva, morte), intermedi&#225;rios (mialgia, diarreia e v&#244;mitos, entre outros) e menores (constipa&#231;&#227;o, n&#225;usea e flatul&#234;ncia, entre outros).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Bioqu&#237;mica</title>
          <p>As coletas de sangue foram realizadas ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum seguindo as t&#233;cnicas e m&#233;todos padronizados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica. A dosagem de prote&#237;na C reativa foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo nefelom&#233;trico de alta sensibilidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Dade Behring Inc., Newark, DE, EUA). As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de colesterol total, HDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides foram obtidas por meio de m&#233;todo bioqu&#237;mico enzim&#225;tico (Dade Behring Inc., Newark, DE, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o Mediada por Fluxo da Art&#233;ria Braquial</title>
          <p>Todas as participantes foram previamente orientadas quanto &#224; necessidade de, no dia do exame, estarem em jejum, n&#227;o terem realizado atividade f&#237;sica, ou feito uso de medica&#231;&#245;es, caf&#233;, ou cigarro. A ader&#234;ncia a estas orienta&#231;&#245;es foi checada antes do procedimento.</p>
          <p>Foi utilizado aparelho de ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o da marca GE, modelo Vivid 3. O exame foi realizado segundo diretriz previamente publicada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> sendo as volunt&#225;rias estudadas ap&#243;s jejum de 4 horas e repouso de 10 minutos na posi&#231;&#227;o deitada, com temperatura ambiente controlada (22&#176; a 24&#176; C). Os exames foram realizados por um &#250;nico examinador, que estava cego para os dados das participantes. Uma monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica simult&#226;nea, acoplada ao sistema de ultrassonografia, permitiu a sincroniza&#231;&#227;o das imagens com o ciclo card&#237;aco. A art&#233;ria braquial foi identificada no eixo longitudinal, 3 cent&#237;metros acima da fossa antecubital e demarcada na pele com pincel para evitar mudan&#231;as na sua posi&#231;&#227;o ou inclina&#231;&#227;o. Uma imagem longitudinal de 6 a 8 cent&#237;metros foi adquirida como refer&#234;ncia basal. Posteriormente, foi obtido o fluxo e estimada a velocidade m&#233;dia de uma amostra-volume no centro da art&#233;ria, com 60&#176; de angula&#231;&#227;o do vaso. Em seguida, o manguito de um esfigmoman&#244;metro foi posicionado no antebra&#231;o e inflado at&#233; pelo menos 50 mmHg acima da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica basal durante 5 minutos para ocluir a art&#233;ria. Subsequentemente, o manguito foi desinflado, induzindo breve estado de alto fluxo, ou hiperemia reativa, e ap&#243;s 1 minuto, obtida a imagem da VMF, representante da dilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio devida &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico causada por <italic>shear stress</italic>. Foram digitalizadas imagens em movimento, com in&#237;cio 30 segundos antes da desinfla&#231;&#227;o do manguito at&#233; 2 minutos depois. Uma imagem correspondente &#224; segunda fase de repouso foi adquirida ap&#243;s 15 minutos. Novamente, adquiria-se o Doppler do fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do manguito e 15 segundos antes da desinfla&#231;&#227;o do manguito, registrava-se a velocidade do fluxo durante a hiperemia. Por &#250;ltimo, a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o independente do endot&#233;lio foi medida pelo c&#225;lculo da resposta vasodilatadora 4 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o sublingual de 5 mg de dinitrato de isossorbida.</p>
          <p>As etapas dos exames de VMF foram digitalizadas, o que permitiu posterior an&#225;lise das correla&#231;&#245;es entre as medidas dos di&#226;metros arteriais basais, di&#226;metros arteriais m&#225;ximos ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o e dos percentuais de VMF. Essa an&#225;lise foi feita com 22% da amostra e as correla&#231;&#245;es intraobservador para as referidas medidas foram de 0,99, 0,98 e 0,88, respectivamente, enquanto as correla&#231;&#245;es interobservadores foram de 0,98, 0,91 e 0,82, respectivamente. Contudo, n&#227;o foram feitas avalia&#231;&#245;es em momentos diferentes, ou seja, novas aquisi&#231;&#245;es de VMF especificamente para esse tipo de an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos Dados</title>
          <p>O tamanho amostral foi estimado <italic>a priori</italic> no intuito de promover poder estat&#237;stico de 90% (&#945; = 5%) para detectar diferen&#231;a absoluta de 20% entre os grupos (sinvastatina 80 e sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba) na varia&#231;&#227;o da VMF obtida com o tratamento (compara&#231;&#227;o intergrupo). Utilizamos a premissa pessimista de que o desvio-padr&#227;o do delta em cada grupo seria em torno de 15%, resultando na necessidade de 13 pacientes em cada grupo.</p>
          <p>A VMF foi calculada como a varia&#231;&#227;o percentual no di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria ap&#243;s a hiperemia. O efeito do tratamento na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi medido primariamente pela varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da VMF entre o momento basal e ap&#243;s 8 semanas de tratamento. Esta vari&#225;vel foi comparada entre os dois grupos de tratamento pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Na an&#225;lise intragrupo, a medida da VMF foi comparada separadamente em cada grupo antes e depois do tratamento pelo teste de Wilcoxon <italic>signed rank</italic>. Para compara&#231;&#227;o pareada da VMF entre os tr&#234;s momentos (basal, 4 semanas e 8 semanas) foi utilizada an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas. Esta an&#225;lise tamb&#233;m foi utilizada para comparar os efeitos dos tratamentos considerando os tr&#234;s momentos, atrav&#233;s da intera&#231;&#227;o entre grupo e momento. Al&#233;m disto, visando avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia durante o seguimento de eventuais diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas entre os grupos que pudessem constituir vieses de confus&#227;o, a ANOVA foi realizada para compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre os tr&#234;s grupos.</p>
          <p>Secundariamente, a varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da VMF entre o basal e a oitava semana nos grupos de tratamento ativo foram comparadas com a do grupo placebo pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Neste caso, optamos por n&#227;o comparar simultaneamente os tr&#234;s grupos (ANOVA), pois esta an&#225;lise foi considerada complementar e n&#227;o relacionada ao teste da hip&#243;tese principal do trabalho. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos considerando a an&#225;lise intermedi&#225;ria (quarta semana), o tratamento foi realizado da mesma forma, por tamb&#233;m ser an&#225;lise complementar.</p>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre as varia&#231;&#245;es de LDL-colesterol e a VMF foi testada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. A an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA) foi utilizada para ajustar o efeito dos tratamentos para a idade. Valores de probabilidade bicaudais &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. Os resultados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e porcentagem para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Vari&#225;veis que fugiram da normalidade na distribui&#231;&#227;o foram expressas por mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). Foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic>, vers&#227;o 20 para Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Il, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Da Amostra</title>
          <p>A amostra caracterizou-se por mulheres adultas jovens (43 &#177; 10 anos) e com excesso de peso, evidenciado por IMC de 35 &#177; 5,8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A m&#233;dia dos valores plasm&#225;ticos de LDL-colesterol encontrava-se discretamente elevada (137 &#177; 31 mg/dL), enquanto a mediana dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C reativa (3,6 mg/L, IIQ = 1,7 - 6,7 mg/L) indicava um <italic>status</italic> inflamat&#243;rio exacerbado. Quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a m&#233;dia da VMF foi 8,5% &#177; 4,3%, abrangendo medidas reduzidas e valores normais de VMF (considera-se que pacientes saud&#225;veis tenham VMF acima de 7%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O diagn&#243;stico de diabetes estava presente em 8,7% das participantes, todas em uso de metformina, enquanto 41% eram hipertensas em uso de anti-hipertensivos. Nenhuma participante apresentava comprometimento hep&#225;tico ou renal.</p>
          <p>Seguindo a randomiza&#231;&#227;o, 16 mulheres foram alocadas para o grupo sinvastatina 80, 16 para o grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba e 14 para o grupo placebo. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos de tratamento quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e classes de drogas anti-hipertensivas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). Ao longo do seguimento, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas mantiveram-se semelhantes entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). A m&#233;dia dos valores de VMF foram semelhantes entre os grupos sinvastatina 80 (8,4% &#177; 4,3%), sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba (7,6% &#177; 3,9%) e placebo (9,8% &#177; 4,5%; p = 0,31).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais entre os grupos de tratamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Sinvastatina 80</th>
                  <th align="center">Sinvastatina 10/Ezetimiba</th>
                  <th align="center">Placebo</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Amostra</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cintura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 &#177; 7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">108 &#177; 9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">107 &#177;17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cintura/quadril</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 &#177; 0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">132 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">86 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">205 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">225 &#177; 47</td>
                  <td align="center">206 &#177; 33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">149 &#177; 43</td>
                  <td align="center">136 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 &#177; 51</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 67</td>
                  <td align="center">115 &#177; 41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 (2,1 &#8211; 8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 (1,8 &#8211; 5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3 (1,2 &#8211; 7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">94 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GGT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 &#177; 11,74</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 22,99</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 23,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CPK (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 &#177; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">168 &#177; 88</td>
                  <td align="center">109 &#177; 62</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Menopausa</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (6,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (69%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dieta hipocal&#243;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Consumo de caf&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (88%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (88%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (86%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VMF</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4% &#177; 4,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6% &#177; 3,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8% &#177; 4,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; GGT: gama-glutamiltransferase; CPK: creatina fosfoquinase; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; VMF: vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre os tr&#234;s grupos durante o seguimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Seguimento (semanas)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupos de tratamento</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Sinvastatina 80</th>
                  <th align="center">Sinvastatina 10/ Ezetimiba</th>
                  <th align="center">Placebo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 4,3<break/>34 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 4,4<break/>35 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 6,6<break/>36 &#177; 9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,870,77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">133 &#177; 13,5<break/>133 &#177; 14,5</td>
                  <td align="center">132 &#177; 15,3<break/>133 &#177; 15,5</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#177; 15,7<break/>132 &#177; 15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,840,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">86 &#177; 7,3<break/>84 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">83 &#177; 9,3<break/>84 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 12<break/>81 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,390,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 9,8<break/>51 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 14<break/>52 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 14<break/>50 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,760,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">91 &#177; 29<break/>99 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">124 &#177; 60<break/>122 &#177; 73</td>
                  <td align="center">132 &#177; 38<break/>127 &#177; 52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,300,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">93 &#177; 11<break/>95 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">102 &#177; 22<break/>102 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">111 &#177; 54<break/>103 &#177; 32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,280,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177; 5,0<break/>29 &#177; 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 4,7<break/>28 &#177; 6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 4,7<break/>27 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,300,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 &#177; 0,14<break/>0,82 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,15<break/>0,80 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78 &#177; 0,12<break/>0,87 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,420,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 4<break/>19 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">22 &#177; 9<break/>23 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 7<break/>18 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,170,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 6<break/>21 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 15<break/>25 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 10<break/>18 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GGT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177; 9,3<break/>32 &#177; 11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 18,8<break/>38 &#177; 15,3</td>
                  <td align="center">44 &#177; 30,8<break/>42 &#177; 33,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,320,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CPK (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">136 &#177;64<break/>155 &#177; 84</td>
                  <td align="center">185 &#177; 127<break/>195 &#177; 118</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 60<break/>120 &#177; 67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3 (2,1 &#8211; 6,4)<break/>2,9 (1,9 &#8211; 8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 (1,7 &#8211; 4,2)<break/>2,0 (1,6 &#8211; 4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0 (2,4 &#8211; 8,2)<break/>4,4 (2,7 &#8211; 8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,190,43</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; GGT: gama-glutamiltransferase; CPK: creatina fosfoquinase; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito Antilip&#234;mico dos Tratamentos</title>
          <p>Durante as 8 semanas do estudo, n&#227;o ocorreram interrup&#231;&#245;es nos tratamentos, tendo sido plena e id&#234;ntica a ader&#234;ncia nos tr&#234;s grupos. Nenhum efeito colateral que necessitasse a suspens&#227;o do tratamento foi registrado. Sintomas menores foram referidos, sendo cefaleia o mais frequente (um caso no grupo sinvastatina 80, um caso no grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba e tr&#234;s casos no grupo placebo), seguido de dores nas pernas (um caso no grupo sinvastatina 80 e um caso no grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba) e v&#244;mitos (um caso no grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba).</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 8 semanas de tratamento ativo, foi observada uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol de forma semelhante entre os grupos sinvastatina 80 (27% &#177; 31%) e sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba (30% &#177; 29%, p = 0,75). A redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta foi de 36 &#177; 45 mg/dL no grupo sinvastatina 80 e 45 &#177; 36 mg/dL no grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba (p = 0,57). O grupo placebo n&#227;o apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito dos tratamentos nos perfis lip&#237;dico e metab&#243;lico nos tr&#234;s grupos ap&#243;s 4 e 8 semanas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center">8 Semanas</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">4 Semanas</th>
                  <th align="center">p (4 <italic>versus</italic> 8 semanas)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Sinvastatina 80</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">95 &#177; 44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">205 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">166 &#177; 48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">141 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 &#177; 51</td>
                  <td align="center">99 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">91 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">95 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">93 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Sinvastatina 10/Ezetimiba</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 &#177; 43</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#177; 45</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">97 &#177; 49</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">226 &#177; 51</td>
                  <td align="center">176 &#177; 54</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">169 &#177; 52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 67</td>
                  <td align="center">122 &#177; 73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">124 &#177; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">102 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">102 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Placebo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">137 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">123 &#177; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">206 &#177; 33</td>
                  <td align="center">212 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">201 &#177; 35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">50 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 &#177; 41</td>
                  <td align="center">127 &#177; 52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">132 &#177; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">111 &#177; 54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <p>LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito dos tratamentos no LDL-colesterol, mostrando significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da lipoprote&#237;na nos grupos ativos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0279-60048-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel do LDL-colesterol esteve j&#225; presente na medida realizada nas 4 semanas de tratamento, a qual n&#227;o diferiu da medida na oitava semana no grupo sinvastatina 80 (p = 0,15) ou no grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba (p = 0,90).</p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de HDL-colesterol ou triglic&#233;rides em nenhum dos tr&#234;s grupos de tratamento, exceto por redu&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides limitada ao grupo sinvastatina 80. Da mesma forma, a glicemia permaneceu constante. As enzimas hep&#225;ticas, prote&#237;na C reativa, CPK e o peso n&#227;o sofreram mudan&#231;as significativas ao longo dos tratamentos institu&#237;dos. As &#250;nicas exce&#231;&#245;es a isto foram um aumento no n&#237;vel da CPK no grupo sinvastatina 80, que ocorreu sem queixas cl&#237;nicas ou valores considerados de risco, e ALT no grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito dos tratamentos no peso e caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Basal</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>4 Semanas</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>8 Semanas</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Sinvastatina</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aspartato transaminase (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alanina transaminase (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">21 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinofosfoquinase (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 &#177; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">136 &#177;64</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">155 &#177; 84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 (2,1 &#8211; 8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3 (2,1 &#8211; 6,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 (1,9 &#8211; 8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Sinvastatina/Ezetimibe</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aspartato transaminase (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">22 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">23 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alanina transaminase (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinofosfoquinase (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">168 &#177; 88</td>
                  <td align="center">185 &#177; 127</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">195 &#177; 118</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 (1,8 &#8211; 5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 (1,7 &#8211; 4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 (1,6 &#8211; 4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Placebo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aspartato transaminase (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">18 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alanina transaminase (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">18 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinofosfoquinase (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 &#177; 62</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">120 &#177; 67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3 (1,2 &#8211; 7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0 (2,4 &#8211; 8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 (2,7 &#8211; 8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <p>PCR: Prote&#237;na C reativa (mediana e intervalo interquartil).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito dos Tratamentos na Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o Arterial Mediada por Fluxo</title>
          <p>O grupo sinvastatina 80 apresentou incremento da VMF de 8,4% &#177; 4,3% para 11% &#177; 4,2% ap&#243;s 8 semanas de tratamento (p = 0,02). De forma semelhante, o grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba apresentou melhora da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, de 7,3% &#177; 3,9% para 12% &#177; 4,4% (p = 0,001). Em termos relativos, a varia&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o arterial apresentou mediana de +39% (IIQ = 2,2% a 105%) no grupo sinvastatina 80, que foi semelhante ao grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba (+41%, IIQ = 13% a 227%, p = 0,36). Esta compara&#231;&#227;o permaneceu n&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s ajuste para a diferen&#231;a de idade entre estes dois grupos (ANCOVA, p = 0,30). O grupo placebo apresentou m&#237;nima varia&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o arterial, apresentando mediana de +6,2% (IIQ = - 6,6% a 56%), sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na compara&#231;&#227;o entre a medida basal e a da oitava semana (p = 0,28; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). Ao se comparar de forma pareada os tr&#234;s momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o (basal, 4 semanas e 8 semanas) por ANOVA de medidas repetidas, os grupos sinvastatina 80 (p = 0,045) e sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba (p = 0,001) apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o significativa, diferente do grupo placebo (p = 0,25). Nesta an&#225;lise, n&#227;o houve intera&#231;&#227;o entre grupo e momento quando apenas os tratamentos ativos foram considerados (p = 0,30), indicando semelhan&#231;a na varia&#231;&#227;o entre estes dois grupos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito dos tr&#234;s tratamentos na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center">8 Semanas</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">4 Semanas</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Sinvastatina 80</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VMF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o da VMF</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">+ 39% (2,2% &#8211; 105%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">+ 27% (-13% &#8211; 63%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Sinvastatina 10/Ezetimiba</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VMF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o da VMF</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">+ 41% (13% &#8211; 227%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">+ 25% (-4% &#8211; 92%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Placebo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VMF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">10 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o da VMF</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">+ 9% (-6,6% &#8211; 56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">+13% (-8% &#8211; 31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>Par&#234;nteses - intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. VMF: vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo, indicando aumento nos dois grupos ativos. Painel A: Gr&#225;fico de linhas mostra varia&#231;&#227;o na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o com 4 e 8 semanas dos tratamentos; Painel B: Gr&#225;fico de barras mostra percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o do basal para oitava semana.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0279-60048-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos ativos na varia&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o independente do endot&#233;lio mediada por nitrato.</p>
          <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do efeito no LDL-colesterol, 4 semanas de tratamento n&#227;o foram suficientes para impacto na VMF arterial compar&#225;vel ao obtido ao final da oitava semana, embora uma tend&#234;ncia na melhora da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o j&#225; tivesse sido observada nesta medida interina. Esta melhora foi representada por uma mediana de +27% (IIQ = -13% a 63%, p = 0,09) no grupo sinvastatina 80 e +25% (IIQ = -4% a 92%, p = 0,03) no grupo sinvastatina 10/ezetimiba.</p>
          <p>Houve correla&#231;&#227;o (r = -0,33, p = 0,03) entre as varia&#231;&#245;es de LDL-colesterol e da VMF na an&#225;lise conjunta da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo sugere que a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial promovida pela terapia com estatina depende basicamente do efeito hipolipemiante deste medicamento, sem evid&#234;ncia de a&#231;&#227;o pleiotr&#243;pica. A hip&#243;tese pleiotr&#243;pica foi testada pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de doses diferentes de sinvastatina (80 mg <italic>versus</italic> 10 mg), sob a premissa de que haveria um gradiente dose-resposta caso este mecanismo estivesse presente. No intuito de evitar que o grau de redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol fosse um fator confundidor, a ezetimiba foi associada ao grupo de menor dose de sinvastatina, proporcionando o mesmo efeito hipolipemiante do grupo de alta dose. Desta forma, ao observar que ambas as terapias apresentaram o mesmo benef&#237;cio na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inferimos pela aus&#234;ncia do gradiente dose-reposta.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m do resultado principal, alguns achados secund&#225;rios merecem discuss&#227;o. Primeiro, a presen&#231;a de um grupo placebo que n&#227;o apresentou mudan&#231;a na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nos assegura que a melhora observada nos dois grupos de tratamento ativo n&#227;o decorreu do fen&#244;meno de regress&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia. Segundo, a correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-colesterol e a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial representa mais um dado a favor do mecanismo hipolipemiante, ainda que tenha sido uma correla&#231;&#227;o de fraca magnitude e que esta an&#225;lise, como se sabe, seja principalmente de cunho explorat&#243;rio e n&#227;o denote causalidade. Terceiro, observamos que a influ&#234;ncia positiva na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ocorre de forma progressiva de acordo com o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o, visto que os resultados tardios (8 semanas) foram melhores que os resultados precoces (4 semanas), a despeito do nadir de LDL-colesterol ter ocorrido &#224;s 4 semanas de tratamento. Quanto ao mecanismo anti-inflamat&#243;rio, o tratamento n&#227;o promoveu redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C reativa em nenhum dos grupos, tornando menos prov&#225;vel que este tenha sido um mecanismo adicional de melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        <p>A aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre os grupos, tanto basais (promovidas pelo processo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o), quanto ao longo do seguimento (confirmadas pela compara&#231;&#227;o intergrupos com 4 e 8 semanas), garantiu o controle de poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o capazes de influenciar os resultados comparativos da vari&#225;vel desfecho. Os cuidados metodol&#243;gicos adotados neste trabalho, especialmente os referentes &#224; an&#225;lise da VMF, tamb&#233;m contribu&#237;ram no processo de valida&#231;&#227;o interna.</p>
        <p>Corrobora com nossos resultados o recente estudo de Westerink et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> que demonstrou o mesmo impacto endotelial da sinvastatina em alta dose <italic>versus</italic> baixa dose associada &#224; ezetimiba em indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, como tamb&#233;m reportado anteriormente por Settergren et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> em portadores de diabetes ou doen&#231;a coronariana. Contrariamente, Liu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> obtiveram melhora da VMF apenas com maior dose de sinvastatina e sugeriram benef&#237;cios pleiotr&#243;picos das estatinas baseados nos resultados de 4 semanas. A op&#231;&#227;o destes autores por observar apenas por um curto prazo pode ter impedido a observa&#231;&#227;o de efeitos dependentes de maior tempo de tratamento.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo merecem reconhecimento. O m&#233;todo de aferi&#231;&#227;o da VMF seguiu todas as etapas do protocolo recomendado pelo <italic>International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Contudo, &#233; inerente ao m&#233;todo grande variabilidade nas medidas, j&#225; que estas sofrem influ&#234;ncia de in&#250;meros fatores externos. Tal variabilidade pode ser um fator limitante da reprodutibilidade dos achados da VMF e, consequentemente, da sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o. As circunfer&#234;ncias mais largas dos bra&#231;os das mulheres obesas poderiam ter trazido dificuldade t&#233;cnica para a realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas. Entretanto, este fator n&#227;o interferiu nesta pesquisa, pois n&#243;s posicionamos o manguito do esfigmoman&#244;metro no antebra&#231;o das pacientes, cuja circunfer&#234;ncia &#233; menor do que a do bra&#231;o, deixando assim um campo maior para identifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial quando o transdutor estava posicionado no bra&#231;o. Apesar da t&#233;cnica automatizada ser mais robusta e acurada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> a t&#233;cnica manual utilizada neste trabalho tamb&#233;m &#233; confi&#225;vel e considerada vi&#225;vel para uso em diagn&#243;stico e monitoramento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O trabalho foi realizado com uma amostra pequena, que consistiu apenas de mulheres com excesso de peso provenientes de um &#250;nico ambulat&#243;rio. Contudo, por ser um estudo pequeno, justifica-se a op&#231;&#227;o pela homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o da amostra com inclus&#227;o somente de mulheres. A sele&#231;&#227;o de mulheres com excesso de peso teve o intuito de incluir um grupo mais predisposto a altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> favorecendo a possibilidade de observar o efeito corretivo da terapia. A despeito da escolha deste tipo de amostra populacional ser justific&#225;vel, devemos reconhecer que reduz a abrang&#234;ncia do estudo para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Tamb&#233;m devemos lembrar que o desfecho deste estudo &#233; substituto (objetivo puramente mecanicista), n&#227;o podendo ser interpretado como evid&#234;ncia de que o efeito cl&#237;nico das duas terapias &#233; semelhante. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o est&#225; relacionada ao baixo poder estat&#237;stico e se refere ao fato de que para n&#227;o detectarmos diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis precisar&#237;amos de uma amostra muito grande, o que tornaria o estudo invi&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, a respeito das an&#225;lises dos deltas das varia&#231;&#245;es gerais (inclusive da pr&#243;pria VMF e do LDL-colesterol), verificamos n&#227;o ter havido diferen&#231;a entre os tratamentos. Estes achados podem ter sido influenciados por uma grande variabilidade das medidas, dificultando a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o presente ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado demonstrou que o mecanismo mais prov&#225;vel de melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial obtida com estatinas &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol, independente da dose de estatina utilizada. Neste contexto, os efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos das estatinas t&#234;m menor relev&#226;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Maristela Magnavita Oliveira Garcia pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
