<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WHrhjr5vQfJcK4ptLnPbYSm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000400270</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005008101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160038</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Potential Utility of the SYNTAX Score 2 in Patients Undergoing Left Main Angioplasty</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Madeira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Raposo</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teles</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gabriel</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Carnaxide</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">UNICARV - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Santa Cruz - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Luz Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital da Luz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz - Luz Sa&#250;de, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: S&#233;rgio Louren&#231;o Madeira</bold>, Hospital de Santa Cruz. Avenida Prof. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2790-134, Carnaxide. Postal Code 2700, Lisboa - Portugal. E-mail: <email>serg.lou.madeira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Madeira S, Raposo L, Brito J; Acquisition of data: Madeira S, Rodrigues R, Gon&#231;alves P, Teles R, Gabriel H, Machado F, Almeida M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Madeira S, Raposo L, Brito J, Rodrigues R; Statistical analysis: Madeira S, Raposo L, Brito J, Rodrigues R; Writing of the manuscript: Madeira S; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Raposo L, Brito J, Rodrigues R, Gon&#231;alves P, Teles R, Gabriel H, Machado F, Almeida M, Mendes M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>270</fpage>
      <lpage>278</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The revascularization strategy of the left main disease is determinant for clinical outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We sought to 1) validate and compare the performance of the SYNTAX Score 1 and 2 for predicting major cardiovascular events at 4 years in patients who underwent unprotected left main angioplasty and 2) evaluate the long-term outcome according to the SYNTAX score 2-recommended revascularization strategy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We retrospectively studied 132 patients from a single-centre registry who underwent unprotected left main angioplasty between March 1999 and December 2010. Discrimination and calibration of both models were assessed by ROC curve analysis, calibration curves and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Total event rate was 26.5% at 4 years.The AUC for the SYNTAX Score 1 and SYNTAX Score 2 for percutaneous coronary intervention, was 0.61 (95% CI: 0.49-0.73) and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.57-0.78), respectively. Despite a good overall adjustment for both models, the SYNTAX Score 2 tended to underpredict risk. In the 47 patients (36%) who should have undergone surgery according to the SYNTAX Score 2, event rate was numerically higher (30% vs. 25%; p=0.54), and for those with a higher difference between the two SYNTAX Score 2 scores (Percutaneous coronary intervention vs. Coronary artery by-pass graft risk estimation greater than 5.7%), event rate was almost double (40% vs. 22%; p=0.2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The SYNTAX Score 2 may allow a better and individualized risk stratification of patients who need revascularization of an unprotected left main coronary artery. Prospective studies are needed for further validation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Angioplasty Balloon Coronary / adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Bypass / adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Unprotected left main coronary artery disease (ULMD) is associated with poor prognosis when medically treated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Large-scale trials and meta-analysis support that survival is at least similar for both coronary artery by-pass graft (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) up to 5 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> This consistent non-inferiority has been reflected in the current European revascularization guidelines with PCI of the ULMD being upgraded to a class I and IIa for patients with a low and intermediate SYNTAX (Synergy Between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) score, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Nonetheless, selecting the optimal revascularization strategy remains challenging. Despite the inherent strengths and limitations, risk stratification tools are useful as adjuncts for decision-making particularly in the Heart Team setting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The SYNTAX Score 1 (SS1) was created as part of the SYNTAX trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in order to objectively characterize the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), stratifying patients into low (SS1 &lt;22), intermediate (SS1 23-32) and high (SS1 &gt;33) risk tertiles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Within this population, the 5-year follow-up supports PCI as an acceptable alternative in patients with ULMD and a low or intermediate risk SS1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In addition, the prognostic value and usefulness of the SS1 has been extensively studied and substantiated ULMD PCI patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However some limitations have been pointed out, namely the absence of clinical variables, the lack of a personalised approach to decision-making and the lack of predictive ability in the CABG subset of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The SYNTAX Score 2 (SS2) emerged to overcome those limitations, by incorporating prognostically important clinical variables and by making an individualised estimate of mortality risk associated with each revascularization strategy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> By applying the SS2 in the all-comers population of the SYNTAX trial it was shown that subsets of patients existed in all tertiles of SS1 in which both CABG and PCI would confer mortality benefit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We sought to validate and compare the performances of the SS1 and the SS2 as predictors of major cardiovascular events (MACE) at 4 years in patients who underwent ULMD PCI. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the long-term outcome according to the SS2 recommended revascularization in a ULMD PCI population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient population and data collection</title>
        <p>This was a single-centre, retrospective, observational study that included 132 patients who underwent ULMD PCI between March 1999 and December 2010 with at least one stent implanted in the left main coronary artery. The interventional strategy was left to the discretion of the treating operator. Acceptance of the patient for ULMD stenting required consensus of the Heart Team in the elective cases. All data concerning demographic, clinical, angiographic and procedural characteristics were prospectively entered in our institutional cath lab-based and dedicated database. Post-discharge clinical follow-up was performed during scheduled outpatient visits or telephone interviews. All angiograms were retrospectively analyzed, by two operators blinded for clinical outcomes, for assessment of the angiographic variables necessary for the calculation of the SS1. The SS1 was calculated using the online calculator. The SS2 was estimated manually in each patient for both revascularization strategies (SS2 for PCI and SS2 for CABG) by matching the sum of points of both clinical (age, sex, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, creatinine clearance, left ventricular ejection fraction and peripheral artery disease) and angiographic variables (SS1 and left main disease) with the corresponding prediction, using the published nomogram.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definitions</title>
        <p>The left main stem was defined as unprotected if there was no patent bypass graft to the left anterior descending artery or the circumflex artery. Acute myocardial infarction during follow-up was defined according to the 2012 third universal definition of myocardial infarction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> applied retrospectively. Target vessel revascularization and target lesion revascularization were defined as any revascularization procedure of the target vessel or target lesion (from 5 mm distal to the stent up to 5 mm proximal to the stent), respectively. Cardiovascular death was defined as death due to a demonstrable cardiovascular cause or any unexplained death. Stroke was defined as new neurological defect adjudicated by a neurologist based on clinical and imaging features. The primary endpoint (MACE) was defined as the composite outcome of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, target-vessel revascularization and stroke.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviation when normally distributed, and as medians and interquartile range when not normally distributed. Normality was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and/or Q-Q Plot visual assessment. Discrete variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Event-free survival was computed using Kaplan-Meyer estimates.</p>
        <p>The performance of the SYNTAX models was analyzed focusing on discriminative power and calibration. Discrimination indicates the extent to which the model distinguishes between patients who will or will not have MACE. It was evaluated by constructing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for each model. The comparison between curves was assessed with the method described by DeLong et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Calibration refers to the agreement between observed outcomes and predictions, and was evaluated by using calibration curves and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Calibration curves were constructed by plotting predictions in the X-axis and the observed outcome in the Y-axis (by decile of the score-derived predictions). Subsequently a linear regression was applied to the plot and a trend line was inferred. The resulting plots allow for a visual comparison between the predicted and the observed probability of the outcome and are characterized by an intercept, which indicates the extent to which predictions are systematically low or high, and a calibration slope, which should be zero in the ideal scenario. The perfectly calibrated predictions stay on the 45-degree line, while a curve below or above the diagonal, respectively, reflects over- and under-prediction, respectively. Furthermore, calibration was tested with the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test.</p>
        <p>The comparison of baseline characteristics and MACE occurrence between patients in whom SS2 favored CABG versus those in whom it favored PCI was performed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, when appropriate, for categorical variables, and the Student <italic>t</italic> test or the Satterthwaite test for continuous variables.</p>
        <p>Additionally, the best discriminative value of the difference between SS2 PCI and SS2 CABG for MACE prediction at four years in patients in whom SS2 favoured CABG was determined by c-statistics.</p>
        <p>All tests were two-sided and differences were considered statistically significant at a p-value of 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 20.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and MedCalc version 9.3.8.0 (MedCalc Software, Acacialaan Ostend, Belgium).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline clinical, angiographic and procedural variables</title>
        <p>The overall baseline clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics in the whole population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Population baseline characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="%20"/>
              <col width="%20"/>
              <col width="%20"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total (n=132)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SS_2 PCI&gt;SS2_CABG (n=47)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SS2_PCI&lt;SS2_CABG (n=85)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Baseline characteristics</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SYNTAX Score 2 clinical features</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                <td align="center">66&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">63&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center">67&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">105 (79.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (53%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (94%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinin clearance (ml/min) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                <td align="center">74&#177;33</td>
                <td align="center">69&#177;33</td>
                <td align="center">77&#177;32</td>
                <td align="center">0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulmonary chronic obstructive disease</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peripheral artery disease</td>
                <td align="center">20 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (16.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction &gt;50%</td>
                <td align="center">93 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (53%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (85%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI</td>
                <td align="center">26 [24-28.6]</td>
                <td align="center">26 [23-29]</td>
                <td align="center">26 [24-28]</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">35 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidaemia or statin treatment</td>
                <td align="center">92 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (77%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (66%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension on drug therapy</td>
                <td align="center">95 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (71%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history of cardiovascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">15 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking (current)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous PCI</td>
                <td align="center">43 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Clinical setting</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stable CAD</td>
                <td align="center">70 (53%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (38%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (61%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acute coronary syndrome</td>
                <td align="center">61 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (62%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (38%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Unstable angina</td>
                <td align="center">16 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center">28 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ST-elevation myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center">17 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiogenic shock</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Multi-vessel CAD</td>
                <td align="center">62 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Three-vessel disease</td>
                <td align="center">19 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SYNTAX Score</td>
                <td align="center">22 [13.3-32]</td>
                <td align="center">29 [18-38.5]</td>
                <td align="center">18 [13-26]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Procedure-related characteristics</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center">52 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Drug-eluting stent implantation</td>
                <td align="center">95 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other vessel PCI</td>
                <td align="center">71 (64%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (59%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (61%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complete revascularization</td>
                <td align="center">90 (76%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (66%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (82%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>SS2: SYNTAX Score 2; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The median [interquartile range] SS1, SS2 for PCI and SS2 for CABG were 22 [13.3&#8722;31.8], 7.2 [3.5&#8722;17.7] and 8.5 [4.6&#8722;18.8], respectively. Forty-seven patients (36%) had a SS2 for PCI greater than SS2 for CABG and therefore, theoretically, should preferably have undergone CABG instead of PCI, according to the SS2 recommendation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Patients in whom SS2 for PCI was higher than SS2 for CABG (thus favoring CABG) were more likely to be females, smokers, have depressed left ventricular ejection fraction, history of previous PCI, three-vessel disease and presented more often with an acute coronary syndrome (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>SYNTAX Score results</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Score</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Median (IQR)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SYNTAX 1</td>
                <td align="center">22 [13.3 - 31.8]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SYNTAX 2 PCI</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 [3.5 - 17.7]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SYNTAX 2 CABG</td>
                <td align="center">8.5 [4.6 - 18.8]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SYNTAX 2 PCI - SYNTAX 2 CABG</td>
                <td align="center">-1.1 [-4.3 - 1.4]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SYNTAX 2 PCI &gt; SYNTAX 2 CABG [n (%)]</td>
                <td align="center">47 (36%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; IQR: interquartile range.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Four-year outcomes</title>
        <p>During the post-procedure 4-year interval, 35 MACE occurred: 13 deaths, 14 repeated revascularization procedures (7 percutaneous interventions and 7 CABG), 4 nonfatal myocardial infarction, and 4 strokes.</p>
        <p>The median [interquartile range] time to first event was 117 [25-200] days, with most events (n=28; 80%) occurring during the first year after the index procedure. The cumulative annualized MACE rate was 21%, 26%, 27% and 28% for the first, second, third and fourth years after the intervention, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Major cardiovascular event (MACE)-free survival.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0270-60038-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Performance of the SYNTAX 2 models</title>
        <p>Because this is a cohort of patients that underwent PCI, we only compared the SS1 with the SS2 for PCI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Discriminative Power</title>
        <p>With respect to 4-year MACE, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the SS1 was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.49-0.73) and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.57-0.78) for the SS2 for PCI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Despite being numerically superior for the SS2, the difference was not statistically significant (DeLong test p=0.08), but there was a relevant trend towards better performance. Concerning 4-year mortality, the AUC for the SS1 was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.46-0.78) and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.59-0.79) for the SS2 for PCI (DeLong test p=0.1).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>1) SS1 and SS2 ROC curves for major cardiovascular events. (MACE) prediction at 4 years. 2) SS1 and SS2 ROC curves for mortality prediction at 4 years.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0270-60038-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Calibration</title>
        <p>The pattern of calibration was different between the two scores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>): the SS1 tended to underpredict risk in patients at lower risk and to overpredict it in those at high risk. On the other hand, the SS2 for PCI seemed to underpredict risk across almost all risk spectrum, however it gradually approaches the optimal calibration curve as risk increases.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>SS1 and SS2 for PCI calibration curves. MACE: major cardiovascular events</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0270-60038-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The calibration curve slope and intercept for SS1 and SS2 for PCI are summarized on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Both scores had nonsignificant p-values (p=0.31 for SS1, and p=0.27 for SS2) for the Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicating that they would provide accurate probabilities.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Calibration parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SYNTAX 1</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SYNTAX 2 PCI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Calibration curve</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Slope</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
                <td align="center">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intercept</td>
                <td align="center">12.3</td>
                <td align="center">15.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hosmer-Lemeshow test</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p-value</td>
                <td align="center">0.31</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chi-square</td>
                <td align="center">9.4</td>
                <td align="center">9.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nagelkerke R<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.059</td>
                <td align="center">0.079</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcome of patients in whom SS2 would have recommended a different revascularization strategy</title>
        <p>Total MACE rate was numerically but nonsignificantly higher in patients in whom the SS2 would have favoured CABG (30% vs 25%; p=0.54) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Outcomes according to SYNTAX Score 2 recommended revascularization strategy</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total (n=132)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SS2_PCI&gt;SS2_CABG (n=47)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SS2_PCI&lt;SS2_CABG (n=85)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total MACE</td>
                <td align="center">35 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Death</td>
                <td align="center">13 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Repeat revascularization</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CABG</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCI</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>SS2: SYNTAX Score 2; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; MACE: major cardiovascular events.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>To further explore what could be the difference in the scores (SS2 PCI vs. SS2 CABG) that may be clinically relevant, we used the best discriminative value for MACE at 4 years of the difference between SS2 for PCI and SS2 for CABG in the 47 patient subgroup in whom SS2 would have favoured CABG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). When the difference was greater than 5.7% (the cut-off value found by ROC curve analysis), MACE rate was almost double (22% vs. 40%); however this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.2) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Relationship between the absolute difference between the SS2 for PCI and SS2 for CABG with the observed mortality by decile of the difference, in patients in whom SS2 favoured CABG (n=47); B) 4-year MACE in patients in whom SS2 favoured CABG (n=47), stratified according to the ROC-defined best cut-off of the difference between SS2-PCI and SS2-CABG. * p value for the comparison between the values of each column.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0270-60038-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of our study were: 1) both scoring systems had a modest performance; 2) overall, the SS2 improved only slightly the performance of the purely anatomic SS1; 3) MACE was nonsignificantly higher in those patients that would have had a different revascularization strategy according to the SS2; and 4) a difference between SS2 PCI and CABG estimates greater than 5.7% may be clinically relevant.</p>
      <p>In general, these findings are in line with prior studies assessing the association between the SS1 and clinical outcomes, at different time points,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> indicating that anatomical complexity alone may be rather insufficient to warrant reliable risk stratification. Although in most of the analysis the overall rate of ischemic events has been systematically higher in patients in the highest risk tertiles,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> the discriminative power for mortality and MACE, in both PCI and especially in CABG-treated patients, has been inconsistent. In a population of 949 UMLD cases (400 PCI and 549 CABG), the AUCs of SS1 for 2-year mortality were 0.73 and 0.56 for PCI- and CABG-treated patients, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In another ULMD cohort (n=1580), the SS1 showed only modest 3-year MACE prediction in patients treated with drug-eluting stents (AUC 0.60), was even worse for patients treated with bare metal stents and CABG (0.48 and 0.51, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In our study, the AUC of the SS1 for 4-year MACE was 0.61, which is comparable to that shown in other cohorts of ULMD PCI with shorter follow-up (AUCs for SS1 between 0.53 and 0.64).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> As in our dataset, others have also shown a poorer discrimination of SS1 for overall composite MACE than for cardiac mortality alone in patients undergoing PCI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Scarce data exists on the additional value of the SS2. It has been externally validated for long-term mortality in the <italic>Drug Eluting stent of left main coronary artery disease</italic> (DELTA) registry,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and in a large single-centre registry by Xu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> that included 1,528 patients with ULMD submitted to PCI. In these cohorts, the SS2 showed an AUC for 4-year mortality of 0.72 and 0.69, respectively, similar to that shown in the original SYNTAX trial population (AUC of 0.73), clearly outperforming the SS1 (AUCs of 0.57, 0.61 and 0.59, in the SYNTAX, DELTA and Xu populations, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Our results concerning mortality also compared favorably to the ones obtained in these larger cohorts: the AUC of the SS1 for 4-year mortality was 0.62 (which is similar to the DELTA registry) and the c-statistic for the SS2-PCI was 0.69 (equal to the reported by the Xu registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and only slightly lower than the observations in the DELTA registry validation sets). These small differences may be due to a smaller sample size, differences in the rate of the primary endpoint and to the overfitting of the predictive score to its derivation cohort. Recently, the SS2 was prospectively applied to patients included in the <italic>Evaluation of the Xience Everolimus Eluting Stent vs. Coronary Artery Bypas Surgery for Effectiveness of Left Main Revascularization</italic> (EXCEL) trial. It indicated equipoise for long-term mortality between CABG and PCI in subjects with ULMD and intermediate anatomical complexity, and strengthened the notion that both clinical and anatomical features influence mortality predictions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Hosmer-Lemeshow test p-value indicated an overall acceptable calibration for both scoring systems; moreover, the SS1 demonstrated a comparable p-value to other registries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> The SS1 behaved differently for low- and high-risk patients, underpredicting it in the former and overpredicting in the latter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). This kind of performance can theoretically lead to an unrealistic optimism in patients with less risk and at a preposterous concern in those at highest risk. On the other hand, the SS2 tends to underestimate risk progressively less along the spectrum, with the worst performance for low-risk patients and better for high-risk patients. For practical and clinical purposes, the SS2 seems to have a more predictable behavior and therefore should be better suitable for assisting decision-making concerning the optimal revascularization strategy. Overall, as previously outlined, the SS2 performed better (although nonsignificantly) than the SS1 for predicting MACE at 4 years (p=0.08 for the comparison between ROC curves).</p>
      <p>It was expected that patients, who should have had CABG instead of PCI according to the SS2 estimates, might have had a higher MACE rate when undergoing PCI. However, despite actually being numerically higher (30% vs. 25%), the difference was not statistically significant. In the Xu et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> registry, which included nearly 10 times as many patients as we did, there was no significant difference in MACE rate between patients that would have had other revascularization strategy according to SS2 (21.6% vs. 24.8%; p=NS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Still, in all cases it is not known whether patients in either cohort would have had any less MACE if they had undergone CABG instead in the first place. On the other hand, in a pooled analysis of a heterogeneous low-risk profile for a PCI cohort of 5,433 patients enrolled in contemporary coronary stent trials, patients who should have had CABG (less than 1% of all population) according to the SS2 had higher 3-year mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> However, in that population, the difference in CAD complexity (assessed by SS1) between the recommended treatment groups was higher than in our cohort. This fact may in part explain the difference found in outcome.</p>
      <p>Conceptually, the SS2 would direct the decision between either CABG or PCI on the basis of the estimated risk for each revascularization strategy. The choice would than theoretically "fall" for the strategy associated with the lowest risk. Although this seems to be an intuitive and rational policy, there is no established clinically relevant threshold for the difference between SS2-PCI and SS2-CABG that should mandate a change in strategy. Small and intermediate differences will remain controversial and only large differences will be categorical when deciding the optimal revascularization strategy.</p>
      <p>In our cohort of patients undergoing PCI who would have been reclassified for CABG by the SS2, the threshold of the difference between SS2-PCI and SS2-CABG for prediction of MACE was 5.7%. The MACE rate was almost double in those patients with a difference greater than 5.7% (40% vs. 22%). Despite not being statistically significant (analysis of only 47 patients), this finding may be clinically relevant, is surely hypothesis generating, should be explored in larger cohorts including patients submitted to both CABG and PCI, and, if confirmed, validated prospectively in a clinical trial.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Some important limitations should be pointed out in our study. First, the inherent limitations of a single-centre retrospective study. Second, the limited number of patients may have limited the power of the statistical analysis and the ability to find statistical significance for many of the comparisons. Third, the long time span of the registry (~10 years) renders the group highly heterogeneous, especially considering that a significant number of patients treated with bare metal stents was included. This goes against contemporary practice in ULMD PCI and is in marked contrast with the original SYNTAX trial cohort, in which TAXUS stents were used, and from which the original scores have been derived. Fourth, our analysis did not take into account the location of the lesions in the left main coronary artery and the different stenting techniques for distal and bifurcation lesions. Not only have there been variations in the stenting strategies throughout the study period, but these also play a role in defining the complexity and success of the procedure and would help to interpret our results. However, in our cohort of ULMD patients, lesion location within the left main coronary artery was not an independent predictor of 5-year MACE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and Capodano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have not found a prognostic impact of the stenting technique, regardless of the baseline SS1. Fifth, it is not possible to ascertain the extent to which confounders inherent to specific selection criteria for left main stenting have influenced MACE rates and thus the predictive ability of the scores, especially if we bear in mind that a large part of this population was included at a period when CABG would be regarded as a more common choice. Finally, true validation of SS2 would require random assignment to either CABG or PCI in a prospective study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The SYNTAX Score 2, by combining and weighting clinical and anatomical features, may allow a better and individualized risk stratification of patients who need revascularization of an unprotected left main coronary artery. A difference greater than 5.7% between SYNTAX Score 2 estimates for PCI versus CABG may be clinically relevant in selecting the optimal revascularization strategy. Prospective studies are needed for further validation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, Fisher LD, Takaro T, Kennedy JW, et al. Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: Overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the coronary artery bypass graft surgery trialists collaboration. Lancet. 1994;344(8922):563-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zucker</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peduzzi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takaro</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kennedy</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: Overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the coronary artery bypass graft surgery trialists collaboration</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>344</volume>
          <issue>8922</issue>
          <fpage>563</fpage>
          <lpage>570</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Athappan G, Patvardhan E, Tuzcu ME, Ellis S, Whitlow P, Kapadia SR. Left main coronary artery stenosis: a meta-analysis of drug-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6(12):1219-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Athappan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patvardhan</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuzcu</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellis</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whitlow</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapadia</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left main coronary artery stenosis: a meta-analysis of drug-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1219</fpage>
          <lpage>1230</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Davierwala P, Mohr FW. Five years after the syntax trial: what have we learnt? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;44(1):1-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davierwala</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohr</surname>
              <given-names>FW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Five years after the syntax trial: what have we learnt?</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Kappetein AP, Feldman TE, Mack MJ, Morice MC, Holmes DR, Stahle E, et al. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with drug-eluting stenting for the treatment of left main and/or three-vessel disease: 3-year follow-up of the syntax trial. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(17):2125-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kappetein</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morice</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stahle</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with drug-eluting stenting for the treatment of left main and/or three-vessel disease: 3-year follow-up of the syntax trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2125</fpage>
          <lpage>2134</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F, Collet JP, Cremer J, Falk V, et al. The task force on myocardial revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (Eapci). Eur Heart J. 2014;35(37):2541-619.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Windecker</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kolh</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alfonso</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collet</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cremer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falk</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The task force on myocardial revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (Eapci)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>37</issue>
          <fpage>2541</fpage>
          <lpage>2619</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Kolh P, Wijns W, Danchin N, Di Mario C, Falk V, Folliguet T, et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;38 Suppl:S1-S52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kolh</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wijns</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danchin</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Mario</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falk</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Folliguet</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines on myocardial revascularization</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <fpage>S1</fpage>
          <lpage>S52</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Farooq V, Brugaletta S, Serruys PW. The SYNTAX score and SYNTAX-based clinical risk scores. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;23(2):99-105.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Farooq</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brugaletta</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serruys</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The SYNTAX score and SYNTAX-based clinical risk scores</article-title>
          <source>Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>105</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Farooq V, van Klaveren D, Steyerberg EW, Meliga E, Vergouwe Y, Chieffo A, et al. Anatomical and clinical characteristics to guide decision making between coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention for individual patients: development and validation of SYNTAX score II. Lancet. 2013;381(9867):639-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Farooq</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Klaveren</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steyerberg</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meliga</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vergouwe</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chieffo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anatomical and clinical characteristics to guide decision making between coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention for individual patients: development and validation of SYNTAX score II</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>381</volume>
          <issue>9867</issue>
          <fpage>639</fpage>
          <lpage>650</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Mohr FW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, Feldman TE, Stahle E, Colombo A, et al. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three-vessel disease and left main coronary disease: 5-year follow-up of the randomised, clinical SYNTAX trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9867):629-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mohr</surname>
              <given-names>FW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morice</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kappetein</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stahle</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colombo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three-vessel disease and left main coronary disease: 5-year follow-up of the randomised, clinical SYNTAX trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>381</volume>
          <issue>9867</issue>
          <fpage>629</fpage>
          <lpage>638</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Head SJ, Kaul S, Mack MJ, Serruys PW, Taggart DP, Holmes DR Jr, et al. The rationale for heart team decision-making for patients with stable, complex coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(32):2510-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Head</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaul</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serruys</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taggart</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The rationale for heart team decision-making for patients with stable, complex coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>32</issue>
          <fpage>2510</fpage>
          <lpage>2518</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, Colombo A, Holmes DR, Mack MJ, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(10):961-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Serruys</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morice</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kappetein</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colombo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>360</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>961</fpage>
          <lpage>972</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Sianos G, Morel MA, Kappetein AP, Morice MC, Colombo A, Dawkins K, et al. The syntax score: an angiographic tool grading the complexity of coronary artery disease. EuroIntervention. 2005;1(2):219-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sianos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morel</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kappetein</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morice</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colombo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dawkins</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The syntax score: an angiographic tool grading the complexity of coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>219</fpage>
          <lpage>227</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Head SJ, Davierwala PM, Serruys PW, Redwood SR, Colombo A, Mack MJ, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting vs. Percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with three-vessel disease: final five-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(40):2821-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Head</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davierwala</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serruys</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redwood</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colombo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary artery bypass grafting vs. Percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with three-vessel disease: final five-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>40</issue>
          <fpage>2821</fpage>
          <lpage>2830</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Brito J, Teles R, Almeida M, de Araujo Gon&#231;alves P, Raposo L, Sousa P, et al. Predictive value of syntax score in risk stratification of patients undergoing unprotected left main coronary artery angioplasty. J Invasive Cardiol. 2011;23(12):494-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brito</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teles</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Araujo Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raposo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive value of syntax score in risk stratification of patients undergoing unprotected left main coronary artery angioplasty</article-title>
          <source>J Invasive Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>494</fpage>
          <lpage>499</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Capodanno D, Di Salvo ME, Cincotta G, Miano M, Tamburino C, Tamburino C, et al. Usefulness of the syntax score for predicting clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention of unprotected left main coronary artery disease. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2(4):302-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Capodanno</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Salvo</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cincotta</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamburino</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamburino</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Usefulness of the syntax score for predicting clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention of unprotected left main coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>302</fpage>
          <lpage>308</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Park DW, Kim YH, Yun SC, Song HG, Ahn JM, Oh JH, et al. Complexity of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and long-term outcomes in patients with unprotected left main disease treated with drug-eluting stents or coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(21):2152-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yun</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahn</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Complexity of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and long-term outcomes in patients with unprotected left main disease treated with drug-eluting stents or coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2152</fpage>
          <lpage>2159</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Shiomi H, Morimoto T, Hayano M, Furukawa Y, Nakagawa Y, Tazaki J, et al. Comparison of long-term outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(7):924-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shiomi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morimoto</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furukawa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakagawa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tazaki</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of long-term outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>924</fpage>
          <lpage>932</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Capodanno D, Capranzano P, Di Salvo ME, Caggegi A, Tomasello D, Cincotta G, et al. Usefulness of SYNTAX score to select patients with left main coronary artery disease to be treated with coronary artery bypass graft. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2(8):731-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Capodanno</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capranzano</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Salvo</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caggegi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomasello</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cincotta</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Usefulness of SYNTAX score to select patients with left main coronary artery disease to be treated with coronary artery bypass graft</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>731</fpage>
          <lpage>738</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Capodanno D, Caggegi A, Miano M, Cincotta G, Dipasqua F, Giacchi G, et al. Global risk classification and clinical SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXUS and cardiac surgery) score in patients undergoing percutaneous or surgical left main revascularization. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4(3):287-97.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Capodanno</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caggegi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cincotta</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dipasqua</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giacchi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global risk classification and clinical SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXUS and cardiac surgery) score in patients undergoing percutaneous or surgical left main revascularization</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>287</fpage>
          <lpage>297</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Farooq V, Head SJ, Kappetein AP. Widening clinical applications of the SYNTAX score. Heart. 2014;100(4):276-87.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Farooq</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Head</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kappetein</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Widening clinical applications of the SYNTAX score</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>276</fpage>
          <lpage>287</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Kim YH, Park DW, Kim WJ, Lee JY, Yun SC, Kang SJ, et al. Validation of SYNTAX (Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) score for prediction of outcomes after unprotected left main coronary revascularization. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3(6):612-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yun</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validation of SYNTAX (Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) score for prediction of outcomes after unprotected left main coronary revascularization</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>612</fpage>
          <lpage>623</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(4):2551-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thygesen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alpert</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaffe</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simoons</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Third universal definition of myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>2551</fpage>
          <lpage>2567</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44(3):837-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeLong</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeLong</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarke-Pearson</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach</article-title>
          <source>Biometrics</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>837</fpage>
          <lpage>845</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Capodanno D, Stone GW, Morice MC, Boss TA, Tamburino C. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery in left main coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(14):1426-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Capodanno</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morice</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boss</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamburino</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery in left main coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical data</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1426</fpage>
          <lpage>1432</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Chakravarty T, Buch MH, Naik H, White AJ, Doctor N, Schapira J, et al. Predictive accuracy of syntax score for predicting long-term outcomes of unprotected left main coronary artery revascularization. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(3):360-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chakravarty</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buch</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naik</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doctor</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schapira</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive accuracy of syntax score for predicting long-term outcomes of unprotected left main coronary artery revascularization</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>360</fpage>
          <lpage>366</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Morice MC, Serruys PW, Kappetein AP, Feldman TE, Stahle E, Colombo A, et al. Outcomes in patients with de novo left main disease treated with either percutaneous coronary intervention using paclitaxel-eluting stents or coronary artery bypass graft treatment in the synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery (syntax) trial. Circulation. 2010;121(24):2645-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morice</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serruys</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kappetein</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stahle</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colombo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcomes in patients with de novo left main disease treated with either percutaneous coronary intervention using paclitaxel-eluting stents or coronary artery bypass graft treatment in the synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery (syntax) trial</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2645</fpage>
          <lpage>2653</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Sinning JM, Stoffel V, Grube E, Nickenig G, Werner N. Combination of angiographic and clinical characteristics for the prediction of clinical outcomes in patients undergoing unprotected left main coronary artery stenting. Clin Res Cardiol. 2012;101(6):477-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sinning</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stoffel</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grube</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nickenig</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Werner</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Combination of angiographic and clinical characteristics for the prediction of clinical outcomes in patients undergoing unprotected left main coronary artery stenting</article-title>
          <source>Clin Res Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>477</fpage>
          <lpage>485</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Xu B, Genereux P, Yang Y, Leon MB, Xu L, Qiao S, et al. Validation and comparison of the long-term prognostic capability of the syntax score-ii among 1,528 consecutive patients who underwent left main percutaneous coronary intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7(10):1128-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genereux</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qiao</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validation and comparison of the long-term prognostic capability of the syntax score-ii among 1,528 consecutive patients who underwent left main percutaneous coronary intervention</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1128</fpage>
          <lpage>1137</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Campos CM, van Klaveren D, Farooq V, Simonton CA, Kappetein AP, Sabik JF 3<sup>rd</sup>, et al. Long-term forecasting and comparison of mortality in the evaluation of the xience everolimus eluting stent vs. Coronary artery bypass surgery for effectiveness of left main revascularization (excel) trial: Prospective validation of the SYNTAX score II. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(20):1231-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Klaveren</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farooq</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simonton</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kappetein</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabik</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term forecasting and comparison of mortality in the evaluation of the xience everolimus eluting stent vs. Coronary artery bypass surgery for effectiveness of left main revascularization (excel) trial: Prospective validation of the SYNTAX score II</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>1231</fpage>
          <lpage>1241</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Campos CM, Garcia-Garcia HM, van Klaveren D, Ishibashi Y, Cho YK, Valgimigli M, et al. Validity of SYNTAX score II for risk stratification of percutaneous coronary interventions: a patient-level pooled analysis of 5,433 patients enrolled in contemporary coronary stent trials. Int J Cardiol. 2015;187:111-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Klaveren</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishibashi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>YK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valgimigli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validity of SYNTAX score II for risk stratification of percutaneous coronary interventions: a patient-level pooled analysis of 5,433 patients enrolled in contemporary coronary stent trials</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>187</volume>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>115</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Dores H, Raposo L, Almeida MS, Brito J, Santos PG, Sousa PJ, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention of unprotected left main disease: five-year outcome of a single-center registry. Rev Port Cardiol. 2013;32(12):997-1004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dores</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raposo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brito</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous coronary intervention of unprotected left main disease: five-year outcome of a single-center registry</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>997</fpage>
          <lpage>1004</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Utilidade Potencial do SYNTAX Score 2 em Pacientes Submetidos a Angioplastia do Tronco Comum</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Madeira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Raposo</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teles</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gabriel</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">UNICARV - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Santa Cruz - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide - Portugal</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz - Luz Sa&#250;de, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: S&#233;rgio Louren&#231;o Madeira</bold>, Hospital de Santa Cruz. Avenida Prof. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2790-134, Carnaxide. Postal Code 2700, Lisboa - Portugal. E-mail: <email>serg.lou.madeira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Madeira S, Raposo L, Brito J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Madeira S, Rodrigues R, Gon&#231;alves P, Teles R, Gabriel H, Machado F, Almeida M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Madeira S, Raposo L, Brito J, Rodrigues R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Madeira S, Raposo L, Brito J, Rodrigues R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Madeira S; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Raposo L, Brito J, Rodrigues R, Gon&#231;alves P, Teles R, Gabriel H, Machado F, Almeida M, Mendes M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o na doen&#231;a do tronco comum &#233; determinante para os resultados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Procurou-se: 1) validar e comparar o desempenho do SYNTAX Score 1 e 2 na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares aos 4 anos, em pacientes submetidos a angioplastia do tronco comum n&#227;o protegido e 2) avaliar os resultados a longo prazo de acordo com a estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o recomendada pelo SYNTAX Score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico de 132 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a angioplastia do tronco comum n&#227;o protegido entre mar&#231;o de 1999 e dezembro de 2010. A discrimina&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o de ambos os modelos foram avaliadas por an&#225;lise de curva ROC, curvas de calibra&#231;&#227;o e teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A taxa de eventos aos 4 anos foi de 26,5%. A AUC para o SYNTAX Score 1 e 2 foi de 0,61 (IC 95% 0,49-0,73) e 0,67 (IC 95% 0,57-0,78), respectivamente. Apesar de uma calibra&#231;&#227;o global boa, o SYNTAX Score 2 tende a subestimar o risco. Nos 47 pacientes (36%) que deveriam ter sido submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o SYNTAX Score 2, a taxa de eventos foi numericamente superior (30% vs. 25%; p=0,54) e para os que tinham uma diferen&#231;a superior entre as estimativas do SYNTAX Score 2 (&gt;5,7%), a taxa de eventos foi quase o dobro (40% vs. 22%; p=0,2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O SYNTAX Score 2 permite uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco individualizada e melhor em pacientes que requerem revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do tronco comum n&#227;o protegido. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos prospectivos para valida&#231;&#227;o adicional. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o / efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ponte de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria / efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Redu&#231;&#227;o de Risco, Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a do tronco comum n&#227;o protegido (DTCNP) acha-se associada com mau progn&#243;stico quando tratada de modo conservador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Os ensaios de larga escala e meta-an&#225;lises relatam uma sobrevida de at&#233; 5 anos pelo menos semelhante para pacientes tratados tanto com cir&#250;rgica de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) quanto com interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Essa consistente n&#227;o inferioridade refletiu-se nas atuais diretrizes europeias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, onde a ICP de DTCNP foi elevada para classe I e IIa para pacientes com SYNTAX (<italic>Synergy Between ICP with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery</italic>) escore baixo e intermedi&#225;rio, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, a escolha da estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#243;tima permanece um desafio. A despeito dos seus pontos fortes e suas limita&#231;&#245;es, as ferramentas de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco s&#227;o &#250;teis como auxiliares na tomada de decis&#227;o, em particular em cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O SYNTAX Score 1 (SS1) foi criado como parte do estudo SYNTAX<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> para caracterizar de maneira objetiva a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), estratificando seus portadores nos seguintes tercis de risco: baixo (SS1 &lt;22), intermedi&#225;rio (SS1 23-32) e alto (SS1 &gt;33).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Naquela popula&#231;&#227;o, o seguimento de 5 anos mostrou ser a ICP uma alternativa aceit&#225;vel para os pacientes com DTCNP e um SS1 com risco baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o valor progn&#243;stico e a utilidade do SS1 foram exaustivamente estudados e confirmados em pacientes com DTCNP submetidos a ICP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do SS1, no entanto, foram apontadas, em especial a aus&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, a falta de uma abordagem personalizada para tomada de decis&#227;o e a falta de capacidade preditiva para o subgrupo de pacientes submetidos a CRM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O SYNTAX Score 2 (SS2) surgiu, ent&#227;o, para superar essas limita&#231;&#245;es, incorporando vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas importantes do ponto de vista de progn&#243;stico e fazendo uma estimativa individualizada do risco de mortalidade associado com cada estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A aplica&#231;&#227;o do SS2 em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo SYNTAX demonstrou a exist&#234;ncia de subgrupos de pacientes em todos os tercis do SS1, nos quais tanto CRM quanto ICP conferiam benef&#237;cios quanto a mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Procuramos validar e comparar os desempenhos do SS1 e do SS2 como preditores de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM) em 4 anos em pacientes com DTCNP submetidos a ICP. Al&#233;m disso, procuramos avaliar o desfecho de longo prazo de acordo com a estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o recomendada pelo SS2 na popula&#231;&#227;o com DTCNP submetida a ICP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e coleta de dados</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo observacional retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico, incluindo 132 pacientes com DTCNP submetidos a ICP entre mar&#231;o de 1999 e dezembro de 2010 com implanta&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos um <italic>stent</italic> no tronco comum. A estrat&#233;gia da interven&#231;&#227;o ficou a cargo do m&#233;dico intervencionista. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> para o paciente com DTCNP necessitou de consenso do grupo da cardiologia nos casos eletivos. Todos os dados relacionados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e procedurais foram prospectivamente introduzidos na base de dados dedicada da hemodin&#226;mica da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. O seguimento cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s a alta foi realizado em visitas ambulatoriais programadas ou entrevistas telef&#244;nicas. Todos os angiogramas foram retrospectivamente analisados por dois operadores cegos para os desfechos cl&#237;nicos para obter as vari&#225;veis angiogr&#225;ficas necess&#225;rias ao c&#225;lculo do SS1, que foi realizado com o calculador <italic>online</italic>. O SS2 foi estimado manualmente em cada paciente para as duas estrat&#233;gias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (SS2 para ICP e SS2 para CRM), fazendo-se a equival&#234;ncia da soma dos pontos das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (idade, sexo, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica) e das angiogr&#225;ficas (SS1 e doen&#231;a do tronco comum) com a correspondente predi&#231;&#227;o, usando o nomograma publicado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Definiu-se tronco comum n&#227;o protegido como a aus&#234;ncia de enxerto patente para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda ou para a art&#233;ria circunflexa. Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio durante seguimento foi definido de acordo com a terceira defini&#231;&#227;o universal de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de 2012,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> aplicada retrospectivamente. Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo foram definidas como qualquer procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo ou les&#227;o-alvo (de 5 mm distal ao <italic>stent</italic> at&#233; 5 mm proximal ao <italic>stent</italic>), respectivamente. Morte cardiovascular foi definida como aquela devida a causa cardiovascular demonstr&#225;vel ou qualquer morte inexplicada. Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico foi definido como novo defeito neurol&#243;gico designado pelo neurologista, com base em caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e de imagem. Desfecho prim&#225;rio (ECVM) foi definido como aquele composto por morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de vaso-alvo e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o, quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o era normal, e como medianas e intervalos interquartis, quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o era n&#227;o normal. A normalidade foi testada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e/ou avalia&#231;&#227;o visual do gr&#225;fico Q-Q Plot. As vari&#225;veis discretas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. Computou-se a sobrevida livre de eventos usando-se as estimativas de Kaplan-Meyer.</p>
          <p>Analisou-se o desempenho dos modelos SYNTAX com foco no poder discriminativo e na calibra&#231;&#227;o. A discrimina&#231;&#227;o indica o quanto o modelo distingue entre pacientes que ter&#227;o ou n&#227;o ECVM. Isso foi avaliado pela constru&#231;&#227;o de curvas <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (ROC) para cada modelo. Essas curvas foram comparadas com o m&#233;todo descrito por DeLong et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Calibra&#231;&#227;o refere-se &#224; concord&#226;ncia entre os desfechos observados e os preditos, tendo sido avaliada usando-se curvas de calibra&#231;&#227;o e o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow para bondade de ajuste. As curvas de calibra&#231;&#227;o foram constru&#237;das com gr&#225;ficos tendo 'predi&#231;&#227;o' no eixo X e 'desfecho observado' no eixo Y (por decil das predi&#231;&#245;es derivadas do escore). Subsequentemente, aplicou-se regress&#227;o linear ao gr&#225;fico, sendo inferida uma linha de tend&#234;ncia. Os gr&#225;ficos resultantes permitiram uma compara&#231;&#227;o visual entre a probabilidade de desfecho predita e a observada, sendo caracterizados por um intercepto, que indica at&#233; onde as predi&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o sistematicamente baixas ou altas, e uma inclina&#231;&#227;o de calibra&#231;&#227;o, que deve ser zero em um cen&#225;rio ideal. As predi&#231;&#245;es perfeitamente calibradas ficam em uma linha com inclina&#231;&#227;o de 45 graus, enquanto uma curva abaixo ou acima da diagonal, respectivamente, reflete predi&#231;&#227;o excessiva ou insuficiente, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, aferiu-se a calibra&#231;&#227;o com o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow para bondade de ajuste.</p>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais e a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECVM foram comparadas entre pacientes nos quais o SS2 favoreceu CRM <italic>versus</italic> aqueles nos quais o SS2 favoreceu ICP com o teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, quando apropriado, para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou de Satterthwaite, para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, o melhor valor discriminativo da diferen&#231;a entre recomenda&#231;&#227;o de ICP pelo SS2 e recomenda&#231;&#227;o de CRM pelo SS2 para predi&#231;&#227;o de ECVM em 4 anos em pacientes nos quais o SS2 favoreceu CRM foi determinado por estat&#237;stica C.</p>
          <p>Todos os testes foram bicaudais, sendo as diferen&#231;as consideradas estatisticamente significativas para um valor de p de 0,05. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com os programas SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) e MedCalc vers&#227;o 9.3.8.0 (MedCalc Software, Acacialaan Ostend, B&#233;lgica).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis basais cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e procedurais</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas basais cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e procedurais de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total (n=132)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>SS2_ICP&gt;SS2_CRM (n=47)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>SS2_ICP&lt;SS2_CRM (n=85)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas clinicas do SYNTAX Score 2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">66&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">63&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">67&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (79,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (53%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (94%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina (ml/min) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">74&#177;33</td>
                  <td align="center">69&#177;33</td>
                  <td align="center">77&#177;32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (16,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (53%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">26 [24-28,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">26 [23-29]</td>
                  <td align="center">26 [24-28]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia ou tratamento com estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (77%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o em tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo (atual)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Quadro cl&#237;nico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC est&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (53%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (61%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (62%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supra de ST</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supra de ST</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC multiarterial</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a triarterial</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SYNTAX Score</td>
                  <td align="center">22 [13,3-32]</td>
                  <td align="center">29 [18-38,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">18 [13-26]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas procedurais</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICP de outro vaso</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (64%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (61%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (76%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (82%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>SS2: SYNTAX Score 2; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As medianas [intervalo interquartil] de SS1, SS2 para ICP e SS2 para CRM foram 22 [13,3&#8722;31,8], 7,2 [3,5&#8722;17,7] e 8,5 [4,6&#8722;18,8], respectivamente. Em 47 pacientes (36%), o SS2 para ICP foi maior do que o SS2 para CRM e, portanto, em teoria, eles deveriam ser preferencialmente submetidos a CRM e n&#227;o a ICP, de acordo com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do SS2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados do SYNTAX Score</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Score</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SYNTAX 1</td>
                  <td align="center">22 [13,3 - 31,8]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SYNTAX 2_ICP</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2 [3,5 - 17,7]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SYNTAX 22_CRM</td>
                  <td align="center">8,5 [4,6 - 18,8]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SYNTAX 2_ICP &#8211; SYNTAX 2_CRM</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,1 [-4,3 - 1,4]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SYNTAX 2_ICP &gt; SYNTAX 2_CRM [n (%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (36%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Pacientes em que o SS2 para ICP foi maior do que o SS2 para CRM (favorecendo, portanto, CRM) tinham maior probabilidade de: serem do sexo feminino e fumantes; terem reduzida fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, hist&#243;ria de ICP pr&#233;via e doen&#231;a triarterial; e se apresentarem com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos de 4 anos</title>
          <p>Nos 4 anos que se seguiram ao procedimento, houve 35 ECVM: 13 mortes; 14 procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o repetidos (7 ICP e 7 CRM); 4 infartos do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatais; e 4 acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos.</p>
          <p>A mediana [intervalo interquartil] do tempo para a ocorr&#234;ncia do primeiro evento foi de 117 [25-200] dias, tendo a maioria dos eventos (n=28; 80%) ocorrido durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o procedimento-&#237;ndice. A taxa de ECVM cumulativa anualizada foi de 21%, 26%, 27% e 28% para o primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto anos ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Sobrevida sem eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0270-60038-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desempenho dos modelos do SYNTAX Score 2</title>
          <p>Como esta &#233; uma coorte de pacientes submetidos a ICP, comparamos apenas o SS1 com o SS2 para ICP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Poder discriminativo</title>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia dos ECVM em 4 anos, a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC) para o SS1 foi de 0,61 (IC95%: 0,49-0,73) e de 0,67 (IC95%: 0,57-0,78) para o SS2 para ICP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). Ainda que numericamente superior para o SS2, a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (teste de DeLong p=0,08), mas houve uma tend&#234;ncia relevante para um melhor desempenho. Com rela&#231;&#227;o a mortalidade em 4 anos, a AUC para o SS1 foi de 0,62 (IC95%: 0,46-0,78) e de 0,69 (IC95%: 0,59-0,79) para o SS2 para ICP (teste de DeLong p=0,1).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>1) Curvas ROC para predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM) em 4 anos segundo SYNTAX Score 1 (SS1) e SS2. 2) Curvas ROC para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em 4 anos segundo SS1 e SS2. ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0270-60038-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Calibra&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O padr&#227;o de calibra&#231;&#227;o diferiu entre os dois escores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>): o SS1 tendeu a uma insufici&#234;ncia na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com risco mais baixo e a um excesso na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco naqueles com risco alto. Por outro lado, o SS2 para ICP pareceu predizer a menos o risco em praticamente todo o espectro, embora gradualmente se aproximasse da curva de calibra&#231;&#227;o &#243;tima &#224; medida que o risco aumentasse.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>SS1 and SS2 for PCI calibration curves. MACE: major cardiovascular events</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0270-60038-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta a inclina&#231;&#227;o e o intercepto da curva de calibra&#231;&#227;o para SS1 e SS2 para ICP. Os dois escores apresentaram valores de p n&#227;o significativos (p=0,31 para SS1; e p=0,27 para SS2) para um teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow indicando que eles forneceriam probabilidades acuradas.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros de calibra&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="3%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>SYNTAX 1</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>SYNTAX 2_ICP</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Curva de calibra&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Intercepto</td>
                  <td align="center">12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">15,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valor de p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Qui-quadrado</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">R<sup>2</sup> de Nagelkerke</td>
                  <td align="center">0,059</td>
                  <td align="center">0,079</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfecho de pacientes nos quais o SS2 teria recomendado uma estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o diferente</title>
          <p>A taxa total de ECVM foi num&#233;rica, mas n&#227;o significativamente, maior nos pacientes em que o SS2 teria favorecido CRM (30% vs. 25%; p=0,54) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfechos de acordo com a estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o recomendada pelo SYNTAX Score 2</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total (n=132)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>SS2_ICP&gt;SS2_CRM (n=47)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>SS2_ICP&lt;SS2_CRM (n=85)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total de ECVM</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Repeti&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CRM</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICP</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infarto do mloc&#225;rdlo</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>SS2: SYNTAX Score 2; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ECVM: eventos cardiovasculares maiores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Para melhor explorar a diferen&#231;a nos escores (recomenda&#231;&#227;o de ICP pelo SS2 vs. recomenda&#231;&#227;o de CRM pelo SS2) que seria clinicamente relevante, usamos o melhor valor discriminativo para ECVM em 4 anos da diferen&#231;a entre SS2 para ICP e SS2 para CRM no subgrupo de 47 pacientes, nos quais o SS2 teria favorecido CRM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>). Quando a diferen&#231;a foi maior do que 5,7% (o ponto de corte encontrado na an&#225;lise da curva ROC), a taxa de ECVM quase dobrou (22% vs. 40%); tal diferen&#231;a, no entanto, n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou significado estat&#237;stico (p=0,2) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Rela&#231;&#227;o da diferen&#231;a absoluta entre o SS2 para interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) e o SS2 para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) com a mortalidade observada por decil da diferen&#231;a, em pacientes nos quais SS2 favoreceu CRM (n=47); B) Eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM) em 4 anos em pacientes nos quais SS2 favoreceu CRM (n=47), estratificado de acordo com o melhor ponto de corte definido pela curva ROC da diferen&#231;a entre ICP recomendada pelo SS2 e CRM recomendada pelo SS2. * valor de p para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de cada coluna.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-04-0270-60038-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados do nosso estudo foram: 1) os dois sistemas de escore apresentaram um desempenho modesto; 2) o SS2 melhorou apenas discretamente o desempenho do SS1, que &#233; puramente anat&#244;mico; 3) a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECVM foi maior, mas n&#227;o significativamente, nos pacientes cujo SS2 teria recomendado uma diferente estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o; e 4) uma diferen&#231;a entre as estimativas de SS2 para ICP e para CRM maior do que 5,7% pode ser clinicamente relevante.</p>
        <p>Em linhas gerais, tais achados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos anteriores que avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o SS1 e desfechos cl&#237;nicos em diferentes momentos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> indicando que apenas a complexidade anat&#244;mica pode ser insuficiente para garantir uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco confi&#225;vel. Embora na maioria das an&#225;lises a taxa global de eventos isqu&#234;micos tenha sido sistematicamente maior em pacientes nos tercis mais altos de risco,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> o poder discriminativo para mortalidade e ECVM, tanto em pacientes tratados por ICP e especialmente por CRM, foi inconsistente. Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 949 casos de DTCNP (400 ICP e 549 CRM), a AUC do SS1 para mortalidade em 2 anos foi de 0,73 e 0,56 para pacientes tratados com ICP e CRM, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Em outra coorte de DTCNP (n=1580), o SS1 mostrou apenas uma modesta predi&#231;&#227;o de ECVM em 3 anos em pacientes tratados com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (AUC 0,60), tendo sido ainda pior para aqueles tratados com <italic>stents</italic> convencionais e CRM (0,48 e 0,51, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> No nosso estudo, a AUC do SS1 para ECVM em 4 anos foi 0,61, compar&#225;vel ao demonstrado em outras coortes de ICP para DTCNP com seguimento mais curto (AUC para SS1 entre 0,53 e 0,64).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Como no nosso conjunto de dados, outros mostraram menor discrimina&#231;&#227;o do SS1 para os ECVM compostos do que para apenas mortalidade card&#237;aca em pacientes submetidos a ICP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os dados sobre o valor adicional do SS2 s&#227;o escassos. Esse escore foi externamente validado para mortalidade de longo prazo no registro <italic>Drug Eluting stent of left main coronary artery disease</italic> (DELTA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e no grande registro de centro &#250;nico de Xu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> incluindo 1.528 pacientes com DTCNP submetidos a ICP. Nessas coortes, o SS2 mostrou uma AUC para mortalidade em 4 anos de 0,72 e 0,69, respectivamente, similares ao demonstrado no estudo populacional original SYNTAX (AUC de 0,73), com um desempenho claramente superior ao do SS1 (AUC de 0.57, 0,61 e 0,59, nas popula&#231;&#245;es dos estudos SYNTAX, DELTA e de Xu et al., respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Os nossos resultados referentes a mortalidade mostraram-se melhores do que os obtidos em coortes maiores: a AUC do SS1 para mortalidade em 4 anos foi 0,62 (similar &#224; do registro DELTA) e a estat&#237;stica C do SS2 para ICP foi 0,69 (igual &#224; relatada no registro de Xu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> sendo apenas levemente mais baixa do que as observa&#231;&#245;es nos conjuntos de valida&#231;&#227;o do registro DELTA). Essas pequenas diferen&#231;as podem dever-se ao menor tamanho da amostra, &#224;s diferen&#231;as na taxa do desfecho prim&#225;rio e ao excesso de ajuste do escore preditivo &#224; sua coorte de deriva&#231;&#227;o. Recentemente, o SS2 foi aplicado de modo prospectivo a pacientes inclu&#237;dos no ensaio <italic>Evaluation of the Xience Everolimus Eluting Stent vs. Coronary Artery Bypas Surgery for Effectiveness of Left Main Revascularization</italic> (EXCEL). Indicou equil&#237;brio entre CRM e ICP para a mortalidade de longo prazo em indiv&#237;duos com DTCNP e complexidade anat&#244;mica intermedi&#225;ria, refor&#231;ando a no&#231;&#227;o de que caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e anat&#244;micas influenciam as predi&#231;&#245;es de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O valor de p do teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow indicou uma calibra&#231;&#227;o global aceit&#225;vel para os dois sistemas de escore. Al&#233;m disso, o SS1 demonstrou um valor de p compar&#225;vel ao de outros registros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> O SS1 comportou-se de maneira diferente para pacientes de baixo e alto risco, com predi&#231;&#227;o insuficiente nos primeiros e excessiva nos segundos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). Esse tipo de desempenho pode, em teoria, levar a um otimismo irreal nos pacientes com menor risco e a uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o exagerada naqueles com alt&#237;ssimo risco. Por outro lado, o SS2 tende a subestimar o risco progressivamente menos ao longo do espectro, com pior desempenho para pacientes de baixo risco e melhor para os de alto risco. Para prop&#243;sitos pr&#225;ticos e cl&#237;nicos, o SS2 parece ter um comportamento mais previs&#237;vel e, consequentemente, deveria ser mais adequado para auxiliar na tomada de decis&#227;o quanto &#224; estrat&#233;gia &#243;tima de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Como j&#225; comentado, o SS2 apresentou melhor desempenho (embora n&#227;o significativo) do que o SS1 para predizer ECVM em 4 anos (p=0,08 para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as curvas ROC).</p>
        <p>Era de se esperar que pacientes para os quais as estimativas do SS2 favorecessem CRM em lugar de ICP tivessem maior taxa de ECVM quando submetidos a ICP. Entretanto, ainda que numericamente maior (30% vs. 25%), a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa. No registro de Xu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> que incluiu quase dez vezes mais pacientes do que o nosso, a taxa de ECVM n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre pacientes que teriam recebido outra indica&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o segundo o SS2 (21,6% vs. 24,8%; p=NS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o se sabe se pacientes nas duas coortes teriam tido menos ECVM se submetidos a CRM na primeira vez. Por outro lado, em uma an&#225;lise agrupada de um perfil heterog&#234;neo de baixo risco para uma coorte de ICP com 5.433 pacientes arrolados em estudos contempor&#226;neos de <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos, aqueles que deveriam ter sido submetidos a CRM (menos de 1% de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o) segundo o SS2 tiveram uma maior mortalidade em 3 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Entretanto, naquela popula&#231;&#227;o, a diferen&#231;a na complexidade da DAC (avaliada por SS1) entre os grupos de tratamento recomendado foi maior do que na nossa coorte. Esse fato pode explicar em parte a diferen&#231;a encontrada quanto ao desfecho.</p>
        <p>Conceitualmente, o SS2 orientaria a decis&#227;o entre CRM ou ICP com base no risco estimado para cada estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Em teoria, a escolha recairia na estrat&#233;gia associada ao mais baixo risco. Embora essa pare&#231;a uma pol&#237;tica intuitiva e racional, n&#227;o h&#225; um limite estabelecido clinicamente relevante para a diferen&#231;a entre ICP recomendada por SS2 e CRM recomendada por SS2 que exija uma mudan&#231;a de estrat&#233;gia. Diferen&#231;as pequenas e intermedi&#225;rias permanecer&#227;o controversas, sendo que apenas grandes diferen&#231;as ser&#227;o categ&#243;ricas quanto &#224; decis&#227;o pela estrat&#233;gia &#243;tima de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Na nossa coorte de pacientes submetidos a ICP que teriam sido reclassificados para CRM segundo o SS2, o limite para a diferen&#231;a entre a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de ICP segundo o SS2 e a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de CRM segundo o SS2 para predi&#231;&#227;o de ECVM foi 5,7%. A taxa de ECVM quase dobrou nos pacientes com uma diferen&#231;a maior do que 5,7% (40% vs. 22%). Ainda que n&#227;o estatisticamente significativo (an&#225;lise de apenas 47 pacientes), tal achado pode ter relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, certamente determina a gera&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses, deve ser explorado em coortes maiores incluindo pacientes submetidos a tanto CRM quanto ICP, e, caso confirmado, deve ser validado prospectivamente em um ensaio cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Algumas importantes limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser apontadas no nosso estudo. Em primeiro lugar, as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes a um estudo retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico. Segundo, o n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes pode ter reduzido o poder da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e a capacidade de descobrir significado estat&#237;stico para muitas das compara&#231;&#245;es. Terceiro, o longo intervalo de tempo do registro (~10 anos) resulta em um grupo altamente heterog&#234;neo, em especial quando se considera que um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes tratados com <italic>stents</italic> convencionais foi inclu&#237;do. Isso vai de encontro &#224; pr&#225;tica contempor&#226;nea da ICP na DTCNP, contrastando com a coorte original do estudo SYNTAX, em que <italic>stents</italic> TAXUS foram usados, e do qual os escores originais foram derivados. Quarto, nossa an&#225;lise n&#227;o considerou a localiza&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es no tronco comum e nem as diferentes t&#233;cnicas de implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> para les&#245;es distais e de bifurca&#231;&#227;o. Isso n&#227;o significa apenas varia&#231;&#227;o nas estrat&#233;gias de implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> ao longo do per&#237;odo do estudo, mas essas estrat&#233;gias tamb&#233;m desempenham um papel na defini&#231;&#227;o da complexidade e do sucesso do procedimento e ajudariam na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos nossos resultados. Entretanto, na nossa coorte de pacientes com DTCNP, a localiza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o no tronco comum n&#227;o foi preditor independente de ECVM em 5 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Al&#233;m disso, Capodano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> n&#227;o encontraram impacto progn&#243;stico na t&#233;cnica de implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>, independentemente do SS1 de base. Quinto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar at&#233; que ponto os confundidores inerentes aos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;ficos para implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> no tronco comum influenciaram as taxas de ECVM e, consequentemente, a capacidade preditiva dos escores, em especial se considerarmos que uma grande parte dessa popula&#231;&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da em um per&#237;odo em que a CRM era a escolha mais comum. Por fim, a verdadeira valida&#231;&#227;o do SS2 exigiria designa&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria para CRM ou ICP em um estudo prospectivo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O SS2, ao combinar e atribuir pesos a caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e anat&#244;micas, pode permitir uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco melhor e individualizada dos pacientes que necessitam de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do tronco comum n&#227;o protegido. Uma diferen&#231;a maior do que 5,7% entre as estimativas do SS2 para ICP <italic>versus</italic> CRM pode ter relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica para a sele&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#243;tima. Estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para valida&#231;&#227;o adicional.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
