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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Xsypv93h7jQTdcz6fjjdLzb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000300259</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150087</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Giant and Calcified Post-Infarction True Left Ventricular Aneurysm: What to Do?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kajita</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Hideo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Danillo Peixoto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baraciolli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcos Danillo Peixoto Oliveira</bold>, InCor-HCFMUSP. Rua Oscar freire, 2121 apto 1303, Pinheiros. Postal Code 05409-011, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>marcosdanillo@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcosdanillo_dr@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Kajita AH, Oliveira MDP, Baraciolli LM. Acquisition of data:Kajita AH, Oliveira MDP, Menezes FR. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kajita AH, Oliveira MDP, Baraciolli LM, Nicolau JC. Writing of the manuscript:Kajita AH, Oliveira MDP. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kajita AH, Oliveira MDP, Menezes FR, Franken M, Baraciolli LM, Nicolau JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>259</fpage>
      <lpage>262</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Aneurysm</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>A calcified true left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) is a serious complication in the chronic phase post an acute myocardial infarction (MI); however, it is seldom observed in modern clinical practice&#185;. LVA may be asymptomatic; however, it can be the cause of refractory heart failure, sustained ventricular arrhythmias, and arterial embolism. The indications for left calcified ventricular aneurysmectomy remain controversial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> We report a case of a giant, true LVA that was reasonably managed clinically in an inoperable patient.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 70-year-old male patient with a history of smoking, anterior MI, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure (HF), and LV thrombus anticoagulated with warfarin was hospitalized for invasive stratification after an episode of high-risk unstable angina. Coronary angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) revealed severe multivessel disease: right coronary artery (RCA) with multiple lesions, the larger one in its proximal segment; proximal occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD); and proximal subocclusion of the left circumflex artery (LCx). The left ventriculography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Videos 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref>) evidenced a giant and calcified true LV aneurysm. LCx was considered the culprit vessel and subjected to an unsuccessful attempt of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This PCI was complicated by a type II coronary perforation, solved by prolonged local balloon inflation and reversal of anticoagulation. The patient developed cardiogenic shock, received circulatory support by intra-aortic balloon pumping and intensive medical care with vasopressors (norepinephire and vasopressin), an inotrope (dobutamine), and invasive ventilatory assistance. Transthoracic echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>, left panel) showed dilated left chambers (62 &#215; 50 mm), poor LV ejection fraction (20% using Simpson's rule), a giant antero-apical LVA with a large apical thrombus (19 &#215; 36 mm), and akinesia of the middle segments of the anterior, septal, and inferior LV walls. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the absence of viability and transmural delayed enhancement in the anterior, anteroseptal, medium, and lower inferoseptal wall and all apical LV wall segments. There was a giant anteroapical LVA (65 &#215; 59 &#215; 6 5 mm; volume of 117 mL and indexed volume of 61 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>, right panel). After recovery from the critical status described above, the medical treatment was gradually optimized (aspirin 100 mg/day, clopidogrel 75 mg/day, atorvastatin 40 mg/day, metoprolol succinate 100 mg/day, enalapril 40 mg/day, spironolactone 25 mg/day, furosemide 80 mg/day, and warfarin). The patient had no impairment of his functional status, no complex ventricular arrhythmia, and no thromboembolic arterial events. He remained treated with a conservative strategy. Twenty months after hospital discharge, under the above described medical treatment for HF plus oral anticoagulation (warfarin), there were no readmissions because of cardiovascular reasons. In addition, there was no documentation of any thromboembolic event or malignant ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Video 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left ventriculography in right anterior oblique view.</title>
          </caption>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Xsypv93h7jQTdcz6fjjdLzb/41d45142638997303d89d1a3202fceb10ddfceb1.mp4"/>
        </fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Video 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left ventriculography in left anterior oblique view.</title>
          </caption>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Xsypv93h7jQTdcz6fjjdLzb/3e3354f11e1169986acd90423bb029b242d6c765.mp4"/>
        </fig>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coronary angiography showing severe multivessel disease. The white arrows outline the giant and calcified aneurysm. ROA: Right oblique anterior; LOA: Left oblique anterior.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0259-50087-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left panel: Transthoracic echocardiogram showing dilated left chambers with a large apical thrombus (red arrows) and a giant antero-apical LV aneurysm (white arrows). Right panel: MRI findings of the reported aneurysm (white arrows) with a large apical thrombus (red arrows). LV, left ventricle; MRI, Magnetic Ressonance Imaging.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0259-50087-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>A true LVA usually involves the anterior wall. LVA may be asymptomatic; however, it can be the cause of refractory heart failure, sustained ventricular arrhythmias, and arterial embolism. Although the exact definition of LVA remains controversial, it is usually defined as a well-delineated, thin, scarred, or fibrotic wall, devoid of muscle or containing necrotic muscle as a result of a healed transmural MI. The involved wall segment is either akinetic or dyskinetic during systole. It was previously estimated that LVA develops in up to 30%-35% of patients with Q wave MI. However, its incidence is clearly decreasing, and it currently occurs in approximately 8%-15% of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> This is because of the introduction of major improvements in the management of MI, such as thrombolytic agents, PCI, and the administration of afterload-reducing agents. As in our case, most LVAs are located in the anterior and/or apical walls a result of total occlusion of LAD and the absence of collateralization. Only 10%-15% involve the inferior wall because of right coronary artery occlusion. Lateral LVA secondary to LCx occlusion is exceedingly rare.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography can usually distinguish a pseudoaneurysm (PA) from a true LVA by the appearance of the connection between the aneurysm and ventricular cavity. PA has a narrow neck, typically less than 40% of the maximal aneurysm diameter; this causes an abrupt interruption in the ventricular wall contour and turbulent flow by pulsed Doppler at the neck or within the cavity itself.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In contrast, true LVAs are nearly as wide at the neck as at the apex.</p>
      <p>One of the most reliable methods for the diagnosis of PA is coronary angiography and ventriculography, demonstrating a narrow orifice that leads to a saccular aneurysm and the lack of surrounding coronary arteries.</p>
      <p>MRI can clearly localize the site of the aneurysm. An additional advantage includes the capability to distinguish between the pericardium, thrombus, and myocardium, which are not easily distinguished by ventriculography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Myocardial viability by MRI uses a delayed contrast-enhanced imaging technique for accurately delineating the infarct size and its extent. In the case of a true aneurysm, the tissue forming the wall of the aneurysm will show delayed enhancement, indicating the scar tissue as a result of the infarcted myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The indications for left calcified ventricular aneurysmectomy remain controversial. Some authors advocate that the existence of recurrent ventricular arrhythmias, systemic embolization, and refractory congestive HF are good reasons for surgery. Previous studies have reported that surgical repair achieves worse outcomes than medical treatment in cases of satisfactory response to this approach. The aneurysmectomy associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is reserved for refractory cases (a Class IIa recommendation according to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines), with no impact on functional class improvement, reduction in mortality, or hospitalization rates from cardiovascular disease according to the STICH trial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>During the course of hospitalization, our patient did not experience any new impairment of his functional status, neither with complex arrhythmias nor with thromboembolic arterial events. Therefore, we proposed a conservative treatment strategy.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>The authors Alexandre Hideo Kajita and Marcos Danillo Peixoto Oliveira have contributed equally to the construction of this manuscript.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <article-title>Insights from the STICH trial: Change in left ventricular size after coronary artery bypass grafting with and without surgical ventricular reconstruction</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1139</fpage>
          <lpage>1145</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aneurisma Verdadeiro Gigante e Calcificado do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo: como Proceder?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kajita</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Hideo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Danillo Peixoto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baraciolli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcos Danillo Peixoto Oliveira</bold>, InCor-HCFMUSP. Rua Oscar freire, 2121 apto 1303, Pinheiros. CEP 05409-011, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>marcosdanillo@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcosdanillo_dr@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Kajita AH, Oliveira MDP, Baraciolli LM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Kajita AH, Oliveira MDP, Menezes FR. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kajita AH, Oliveira MDP, Baraciolli LM, Nicolau JC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kajita AH, Oliveira MDP. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Kajita AH, Oliveira MDP, Menezes FR, Franken M, Baraciolli LM, Nicolau JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O aneurisma verdadeiro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (AVE) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o s&#233;ria da fase cr&#244;nica ocorrida ap&#243;s um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), mas raramente visto na pr&#225;tica da cl&#237;nica moderna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Ele pode ser assintom&#225;tico, contudo, pode ser a causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria, de arritmias ventriculares permanentes e de embolismo arterial. As indica&#231;&#245;es para aneurismectomia ventricular calcificada permanecem controversas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A seguir, relatamos o caso de um paciente inoper&#225;vel com AVE verdadeiro, gigante, manejado clinicamente de forma razo&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Este artigo refere-se ao estudo de caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, de 70 anos de idade com hist&#243;rico de IM anterior pr&#233;vio, ex-fumante, portador de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC), trombo no VE, em tratamento anticoagulante (varfarina) e hospitalizado para estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de angina inst&#225;vel de alto risco. A angiografia coron&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>) apresentou doen&#231;a multiarterial severa: Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Direita (ACD) com les&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, com a maior delas em seu segmento proximal; oclus&#227;o proximal da Descendente Anterior Esquerda (DAE) e sub-oclus&#227;o proximal da Art&#233;ria Circunflexa Esquerda (ACxE). A ventriculografia esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">v&#237;deos 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">2</xref>) mostrou - evid&#234;ncias de um aneurisma verdadeiro gigante e calcificado do VE. A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ACxE foi considerada o vaso respons&#225;vel e, ent&#227;o, submetida a uma tentativa sem sucesso de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, complicada por uma perfura&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria do tipo II corrigida pela infla&#231;&#227;o prolongada de bal&#227;o no local e pela revers&#227;o da anti-coagula&#231;&#227;o. O paciente desenvolveu choque cardiog&#234;nico, recebeu suporte circulat&#243;rio atrav&#233;s de bombeamento com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e cuidados m&#233;dicos intensivos com uso de vasopressores (norepinefrina e vasopressina), inotr&#243;picos (dobutamina) e assist&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria invasiva. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>, painel esquerdo) apresentou c&#226;meras esquerdas dilatadas (62x50 mm), pobre fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE pelo m&#233;todo "Simpson" (20%), aneurisma gigante &#226;ntero-apical do VE com trombo apical grande (19x36 mm) e acinesia dos segmentos medianos das paredes anterior, septal e inferior do VE. A imagem de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (IRM) evidenciou aus&#234;ncia de viabilidade, realce tardio transmural em todos os segmentos da parede anterior, anteroseptal, inferoseptal m&#233;dia e inferior, todas apicais do VE e uma anteroapical gigante do AVE (65x59x65 mm; volume:117 mL e 61 mL/m<sup>2</sup> de volume indexado) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>, painel direito). Ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o do estado cr&#237;tico, descrito acima, o tratamento m&#233;dico foi gradualmente otimizado para (ASA 100 mg/d, clopidogrel 75 mg/d, atorvastatina 40 mg/d, succinato de metoprolol 100 mg/d, enalapril 40 mg/d, espironolactona 25 mg/d, furosemida 80 mg/d e varfarina) sem comprometimento de estado funcional, de arritmias ventriculares complexas ou eventos arteriais tromboemb&#243;licos, permanecendo o paciente em tratamento com estrat&#233;gia conservadora, sendo levado em conta o manejo do aneurisma. Ap&#243;s 20 meses de alta hospitalar, sob tratamento m&#233;dico prescrito para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na IC e varfarina oral, n&#227;o houve readmiss&#245;es por motivos cardiovasculares, nem documenta&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos ou arritmias ventriculares malignas.</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ventriculografia esquerda na posi&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior direita.</title>
          </caption>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Xsypv93h7jQTdcz6fjjdLzb/41d45142638997303d89d1a3202fceb10ddfceb1.mp4"/>
        </fig>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>V&#237;deo 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ventriculografia esquerda na posi&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda.</title>
          </caption>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Xsypv93h7jQTdcz6fjjdLzb/3e3354f11e1169986acd90423bb029b242d6c765.mp4"/>
        </fig>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>angiografia coron&#225;ria mostrando doen&#231;a multiarterial severa, como descrita no texto. As setas brancas indicam o aneurisma gigante e calcificado. OAD: Obl&#237;qua anterior direita; OAE: Obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0259-50087-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Painel esquerdo: Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrando c&#226;meras esquerdas com um trombo apical grande (setas vermelhas) e um aneurisma gigante &#226;ntero-apical do VE (setas brancas). Painel direito: Achados da IRM do aneurisma reportado (setas brancas com um trombo apical grande (setas vermelhas). VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IRM: imagem de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0259-50087-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O aneurisma verdadeiro usualmente envolve a parede anterior e pode ser assintom&#225;tico, mas pode ser a causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria, arritmias ventriculares sustentadas e embolismo arterial. Embora a defini&#231;&#227;o exata do AVE permane&#231;a controversa, ela &#233; usualmente descrita como uma parede bem definida, fina, com cicatrizes ou fibr&#243;tica, desprovida de m&#250;sculo ou contendo m&#250;sculo necr&#243;tico como resultado de IM transmural cicatrizado. O segmento da parede envolvida &#233; acin&#233;tico ou discin&#233;tico durante a s&#237;stole. Previamente, estimou-se que o AVE se desenvolve em at&#233; 30-35% dos pacientes com IM com onda Q. Entretanto, a sua incid&#234;ncia tem diminu&#237;do acentuadamente e atualmente o AVE ocorre em torno de 8-15% dos pacientes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> devido &#224; introdu&#231;&#227;o de maiores avan&#231;os no manejo do IM, como agentes trombol&#237;ticos, IPC (Interven&#231;&#227;o Percut&#226;nea Coronariana) e administra&#231;&#227;o de agentes na redu&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga. Como neste nosso caso, muitos dos AVEs est&#227;o localizados nas paredes anterior e/ou apical, como resultado de oclus&#227;o total da DAE e da aus&#234;ncia de colateraliza&#231;&#227;o. Somente 10-15% envolve a parede inferior devido &#224; oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. O AVE lateral secund&#225;rio &#224; oclus&#227;o ACxE &#233; extremamente raro.</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia pode usualmente distinguir um pseudoaneurisma (PA) de um AVE verdadeiro pela apar&#234;ncia da conex&#227;o entre o aneurisma e a cavidade ventricular. O PA tem colo estreito, tipicamente inferior a 40% do di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo do aneurisma que causa uma interrup&#231;&#227;o abrupta no contorno da parede ventricular e fluxo turbulento pelo Doppler pulsado no colo ou dentro da pr&#243;pria cavidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em contraste, os AVEs verdadeiros s&#227;o quase t&#227;o largos no colo quanto no &#225;pice.</p>
        <p>Os m&#233;todos mais confi&#225;veis para diagnosticar um PA s&#227;o a angiografia coron&#225;ria e a ventriculografia, quando a presen&#231;a de um orif&#237;cio estreito levando a um aneurisma sacular e aus&#234;ncia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nas &#225;reas adjacentes podem ser evidenciados.</p>
        <p>A IRM pode claramente localizar o local do aneurisma. As vantagens adicionais incluem a capacidade de fazer distin&#231;&#227;o entre peric&#225;rdio, trombos e mioc&#225;rdio, os quais n&#227;o s&#227;o facilmente distinguidos pela ventriculografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica pela IRM usa a t&#233;cnica de imagem contraste melhorado, de realce tardio para delinear de forma acurada o tamanho do infarto e sua extens&#227;o. No caso do aneurisma verdadeiro, o tecido que comp&#245;e a parede do aneurisma apresentar&#225; realce tardio, indicando tecido cicatricial como resultado do mioc&#225;rdio infartado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es para aneurismectomia calcificada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo permanecem controversas. Alguns autores defendem que a exist&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares recorrentes, emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e IC congestiva refrat&#225;ria s&#227;o raz&#245;es consider&#225;veis para que a cirurgia seja feita. Estudos pr&#233;vios relatam que o reparo cir&#250;rgico atinge resultados piores do que o tratamento m&#233;dico em casos de resposta satisfat&#243;ria a esta abordagem. A aneurismectomia associada ao enxerto de desvio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (EDAC) &#233; reservada a casos refrat&#225;rios (recomenda&#231;&#227;o Classe IIa de acordo com as diretrizes do American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association) sem impacto na melhora da classe funcional, na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade ou &#237;ndices de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em decorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular de acordo com o STICH Trial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, o nosso paciente n&#227;o apresentou comprometimento do seu estado funcional nem quaisquer arritmias complexas ou eventos tromboemb&#243;licos arteriais, raz&#227;o pela qual a estrat&#233;gia conservadora foi sugerida.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Os autores Alexandre Hideo Kajita e Marcos Danillo Peixoto Oliveira contribuiram igualmente para a constru&#231;&#227;o deste manuscrito.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
