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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mqZ838D3RRNVCtDmk8g4xXM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000300236</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160042</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>When is the Best Time for the Second Antiplatelet Agent in Non-St Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baruzzi</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Claudio do Amaral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Expedito Eust&#225;quio Ribeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital TotalCor</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital TotalCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital TotalCor</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (BCRI), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP- Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Expedito Eust&#225;quio Ribeiro da Silva</bold>, Rua Tom&#225;s Carvalhal, 555 Ap 62, Postal Code 04006-001 S&#227;o Paulo - SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>expribeiro@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barros e Silva PGM; Acquisition of data: Barros e Silva PGM, Ribeiro HB, Silva EER; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Barros e Silva PGM, Ribeiro HB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Baruzzi ACA, Silva EER.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Expedito Eust&#225;quio Ribeiro da Silva, MD, is a lecturer for Daiichi Sankyo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>236</fpage>
      <lpage>246</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licen&#231;a Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribui&#231;&#227;o e reprodu&#231;&#227;o em qualquer meio, sem restri&#231;&#245;es desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Dual antiplatelet therapy is a well-established treatment in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS), with class I of recommendation (level of evidence A) in current national and international guidelines. Nonetheless, these guidelines are not precise or consensual regarding the best time to start the second antiplatelet agent. The evidences are conflicting, and after more than a decade using clopidogrel in this scenario, benefits from the routine pretreatment, i.e. without knowing the coronary anatomy, with dual antiplatelet therapy remain uncertain. The recommendation for the upfront treatment with clopidogrel in NSTE-ACS is based on the reduction of non-fatal events in studies that used the conservative strategy with eventual invasive stratification, after many days of the acute event. This approach is different from the current management of these patients, considering the established benefits from the early invasive strategy, especially in moderate to high-risk patients. The only randomized study to date that specifically tested the pretreatment in NSTE-ACS in the context of early invasive strategy, used prasugrel, and it did not show any benefit in reducing ischemic events with pretreatment. On the contrary, its administration increased the risk of bleeding events. This study has brought the pretreatment again into discussion, and led to changes in recent guidelines of the American and European cardiology societies. In this paper, the authors review the main evidence of the pretreatment with dual antiplatelet therapy in NSTE-ACS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / administration &amp; dosage</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirin / administration &amp; dosage</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Large clinical studies have demonstrated a beneficial effect of the antiplatelet therapy using the combination of a P2Y12 receptor and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> This association has been widely used in the last decade with successful application in real world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Nevertheless, after ten years of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in NSTE-ACS, some gaps still exist. One of the controversial practical issue relates to the timing for starting the second antiplatelet agent to inhibit P2Y12 receptor (adenosine diphosphate - ADP - pathway). It is still unclear whether the pretreatment is really beneficial compared to the introduction of the second antiplatelet drug after the knowledge of the coronary anatomy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present article presents a brief discussion about the indication of DAPT in NSTE-ACS, and evaluates the benefits of the early invasive strategy and the main evidence of the best time for the use of antiplatelet therapy in NSTE-ACS.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Main studies on dual antiplatelet therapy</title>
        <p>The three major studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> that demonstrated the clinical benefit of the DAPT were the CURE (Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events) with clopidogrel, the TRITON-TIMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> (Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition with Prasugrel-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> with prasugrel, and the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) with ticagrelor. While the first study included only patients with NSTE-ACS, the others also involved patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Another difference was that while in the CURE study, the second antiplatelet agent (in this case, clopidogrel) was compared to placebo, in the TRITON and PLATO studies, the new antiplatelet was compared with clopidogrel. Considering the inclusion criteria (which included the presence of ST-segment deviation in the electrocardiogram or increased markers for myocardial necrosis), it becomes evident that the study population was composed by NSTE-ACS patients with a greater risk, being most of them composed of non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). With respect to lower-risk patients, they were included in the initial phase of the CURE study, represented by patients aged over 60 years, with no changes in the electrocardiogram, but with previous history of coronary disease. After a review of the event rates in the first 3,000 patients, however, the study committee recommended that only those patients with changes in the electrocardiogram or myocardial necrosis markers should be included, since therapeutic benefit could not be demonstrated in less severe cases. This preliminary analysis demonstrated that the routine use of a second antiplatelet agent (clopidogrel) in lower-risk patients had little or no benefit as compared with placebo. The TRITON and PLATO clinical trials did not include unstable angina patients without ST deviation. This information should be considered in the initial care of patients with chest pain and no changes in ST-segment or markers for myocardial necrosis, since even though the evidence of these studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> may be applicable to lower-risk patients, in general, the lower the risk, the lower the absolute benefit, and a more individualized therapy should be selected.</p>
        <p>The primary and safety outcomes were similar among the three studies. From the critical analysis of these studies, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) the DAPT should be routinely performed in patients with NSTE-ACS, especially when they have positive myocardial necrosis markers and/or st-segment changes on the electrocardiogram; (2) with respect to the primary outcome (study question) - composed by cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke - clopidogrel was superior to placebo, with a number needed to treat (NNT) of 48, and the two new antiplatelet agents (prasugrel and ticagrelor) were superior to clopidogrel (both with a NNT around 50); (3) the risk of bleeding was higher with clopidogrel than with placebo, with a number needed to harm (NNH) of 100, whereas the new antiplatelet agents increased the risk of major bleeding not related to surgery (both with a NNH near 150).</p>
        <p>Prasugrel was superior to clopidrogrel in patients with scheduled percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the TRITON study, whereas in the PLATO trial, ticagrelor was tested in three types of treatment (medical only, PCI or surgical). There is no direct comparison between prasugrel and ticagrelor that would suggest a better option between them. Both are superior to clopidogrel in patients undergoing PCI in ACS. Secondary outcomes and subgroup analysis in the TRITON and PLATO studies may help in the decision of the best therapy for each patient. Also, drug-related issues, including costs, posology and adverse effects may be useful in the therapeutic decision making.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Early invasive strategy and the concept of pre-treatment</title>
        <p>Several studies have compared the early invasive strategy vs. conservative or selective invasive strategy in NSTE-ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Different concepts of these strategies and different adjuvant therapies explain, in part, discrepancies in the results. However, studies using more contemporary concepts regarding adjunctive treatments (ASA, thienopyridines and/or glycoprotein iib/iiia inhibitors) and use of stents in patients undergoing PCI have shown greater benefit from early invasive strategy (coronary angiography and sequential revascularization). A meta-analysis conducted in 2006,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> including seven studies and 8,375 patients showed a significant reduction of 25% in all-cause mortality (4.9% vs. 6.5%; p = 0.001), and of 17% in non-fatal AMI (7.6% vs. 9.1%; p = 0.012) within two years of follow-up, with no increase of adverse effects.</p>
        <p>In light of the benefits of early invasive strategy with revascularization in NSTE-ACS, new studies have tested earlier strategies of stratification. A recent meta-analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> involving 4,013 patients compared the early stratification within 1 and 14 hours with the strategy between 20.8 e 86 hours. No difference in the endpoints - death and non-fatal infarction - was observed between the interventions. However, the early strategy was associated with a lower risk of recurrent ischemia, shorter hospitalization, and a trend of lower risk of bleeding and the composite of death, AMI and stroke. Although this metanalysis has not stratified the patients according to the risk, the TIMACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>(Timing of Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome) study showed a 35% reduction of death, infarction and stroke in the high-risk subgroup assigned to invasive stratification within 24 hours. The positive results of these studies, showing the safety and potential benefit of the invasive stratification within 24 hours have led to changes in the recommendations of recent international guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Time for the second antiplatelet agent</title>
        <p>In the three main clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of the three oral antiplatelet agents that have been approved to be used in combination with ASA (clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor), different approaches were used to administer the second antiplatelet agent. In the CURE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and PLATO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> studies, it was started during patients' recruitment, at 14 hours and 11 hours (median) from onset of pain in the CURE and PLATO study, respectively (and mean of 5 hours from hospital admission in the PLATO study). In the TRITON study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> patients received the second antiplatelet drug in the catheterization laboratory, similar to the CHAMPION PHOENIX (Cangrelor versus standard therapy to acHieve optimal Management of Platelet InhibitiON PHOENIX trial).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In this study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> the authors used cangrelor (not approved in Brazil yet), and they have chosen not to use the pre-treatment since this is a widely used practice in many centers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> These studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have not tested the pretreatment hypothesis, but rather evaluated the benefit (or not) of the second antiplatelet agent in comparison with placebo (the CURE study) or clopidogrel (PLATO and TRITON studies). An important aspect is that, in the CURE study, only 43% of patients underwent angiography and 21% PCI; the procedures were performed 10 days (median) from the acute event, and one third of them were conducted after hospital discharge. This is explained by the fact that the CURE study included particularly centers where the invasive stratification was not performed. Thus, the approach of this study is not suitable for the current concept of pretreatment in NSTE-ACS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> which includes early invasive strategy, especially in higher-risk cases.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <table frame="box" rules="groups">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">In NSTE-ACS, the concept of pretreatment should be applied to the therapy used before the coronary angiography in patients undergoing early invasive approach. The discussion about pretreatment does not apply to those cases in which a conservative approach has been initially chosen, since generally, there is no decision on whether or not (and when) a coronary angiography will be performed.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The main reasons in favor of or against the pretreatment, are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">chart 1</xref>, and will be fully described below.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Main arguments in favor and against the pretreatment in ACS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Reasons in favor of the pretreatment</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Reasons against the pretreatment</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Biological plausibility for reduction of ischemic events</td>
                <td align="left">Biological plausibility for increased bleeding risk</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">The benefits of the DAPT were consistent with all treatments, including surgical revascularization; a minority of patients with NSTE-ACS undergo myocardial revascularization in the first week</td>
                <td align="left">The main studies on DAPT in ACS have not been designed to evaluate pretreatment. There is an increased risk of surgical bleeding during the first days after the use of DAPT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A meta-analysis proved a reduction in the non-fatal ischemic events</td>
                <td align="left">Studies showing a reduction in the non-fatal ischemic events used selective invasive strategy, and such effect was not reproduced in similar studies on early catheterization</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">There is no class effect, and different characteristics have been found between prasugrel and ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="left">The only study that properly tested the pretreatment (ACCOAST) failed to prove the benefit of this hypothesis, and showed the risk of this strategy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">The CURE study showed a benefit in the first 24 hours</td>
                <td align="left">Evidence have suggested that the early catheterization may counterbalance the benefit of the pretreatment</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>NSTE-ACS: non-STsegment elevation acute coronary syndrome; DAPT dual antiplatelet therapy; ACS: acute coronary syndrome.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biological plausibility</title>
        <p>This is one of the most common explanations to justify the need to rapidly start the second antiplatelet drug, even before evaluating the anatomy of the coronary arteries. Considering that NSTE-ACS results from platelet-rich thrombus formation, and that the DAPT shows clinical benefit, it is expected that the earlier the administration of the second antiplatelet agent, the better for the patient. Besides being a reasonable decision, this practice also brings comfort to the physician, since an early intervention seems to avoid complications related to acute thrombotic events. However, the routine use of pretreatment may also pose risks, since the same potentially protective antiplatelet effect could also increase the bleeding risk, especially considering the most potent antiplatelet drugs, when associated with other antithrombotic agents or during invasive interventions. In addition to this potential risk, nearly 10% of patients with NSTE-ACS would not benefit from the upfront DAPT, since these patients do not have angiographic features of obstructive coronary disease, according to data from the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines). This percentage reaches 15% among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Finally, besides the theoretical uncertainties about the net benefit (ischemia <italic>vs</italic>. bleeding), one should take into account that there are many examples of practices in the scientific literature based on biological plausibility that do not show any clinical benefit, and may rather be harmful when tested with rigorous methodology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Therefore, despite the stronger hypothesis of the benefit from the pretreatment, the evaluation of its clinical effect is still needed. Also, whether a more potent antiplatelet agent prior to early catheterization would safely reduce ischemia should also be assessed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Surgical risk</title>
        <p>The potential harm of the pretreatment is even more plausible in patients undergoing surgical treatment, especially within less than one week after the P2Y12 inhibitor is discontinued. In the CURE study, 16.5% of patients underwent myocardial revascularization surgery; the median time from randomization to the surgery was 26 days, and 12 days among hospitalized patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> An argument in favor of the pretreatment is that, even in a specific analysis of the surgical patients, the combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, STEMI or stroke was lower for those patients receiving clopidogrel, although this did not reach statistical significance vs. placebo (relative risk - RR: 0.82; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI 0.58-1.16). However, the comparison of the major bleeding outcomes were also consistent with the main study, indicating a higher risk of bleeding in such patients undergoing the pretreatment with clopidogrel vs. placebo but without statistical significant difference (RR: 1.27; 95%CI 0.96-1.69; p=0.095). Although post-hoc observations of other clinical trials have not found increased major bleeding rates,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> observational studies have demonstrated a significant increase of transfusion and reoperation in patients that received clopidogrel up to 5 days before surgical myocardial revascularization. This was corroborated by a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational data showing a 30% increase in mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>On the other hand, only 10% to 20% of patients with NSTE-ACS are treated with surgical revascularization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and many of them after 5 days of the initial hospitalization. Thus, the potential benefit in a large group of patients (which will not undergo surgical myocardial revascularization), may suggest that the risk of pretreatment would not outweigh the benefits. However, neither the benefits nor the risks have been defined in early stratification, and the definition of the best moment for DAPT should be based on adequate studies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Studies that tested the pretreatment hypothesis</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref> depicts a summary of the main studies that evaluated the pretreatment hypothesis in NSTE-ACS and in the following paragraphs are additional aspects of two of them.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of clinical trials that evaluated the use of pretreatment with thienopyridines in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Study</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Type of study</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>NSTE-ACS n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Patients undergoing PCI n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pretreatment</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Loading dose in the group of patients without pretreatment</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Main study outcome (composite)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Safety outcome</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>NNT/ NNH</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Clopidogrel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CREDO</td>
                <td align="center">Randomized, clinical trial</td>
                <td align="center">1,407/2,116 (66.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,820/2,116 (86.0)</td>
                <td align="center">300 mg of loading dose 3-24 hours before PCI (mean of 9.8 hours)</td>
                <td align="center">Without loading dose; patients received clopidogrel 75 mg during 28 days</td>
                <td align="center">Death, AMI, UTVR (per protocol analysis)</td>
                <td align="center">TIMI major and minor bleeding</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>/<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CURE</td>
                <td align="center">Randomized, clinical trial</td>
                <td align="center">12,562/12,562 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">2,663/12,562 (21.2)</td>
                <td align="center">300 mg of loading dose (median of 10 days pre-PCI), followed by 75 mg for 3-12 months</td>
                <td align="center">Without loading dose; patients with PCI received clopidogrel 75 mg during 28 days</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death, AMI, stroke</td>
                <td align="center">Major bleeding</td>
                <td align="center">48/100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCI-CURE</td>
                <td align="center">Subgroup of a randomized, clinical trial</td>
                <td align="center">2,658/2,658 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">2,658/2,658 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">300 mg of loading dose (median of 10 days pre-PCI), followed by 75 mg for 3-12 months</td>
                <td align="center">Without loading dose; patients received clopidogrel 75 mg during 28 days</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death, AMI, UTVR</td>
                <td align="center">Major bleeding</td>
                <td align="center">53/<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACUITY</td>
                <td align="center">Subgroup of a randomized, clinical trial</td>
                <td align="center">7,523/7,523 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">4,243/7,523 (56.4)</td>
                <td align="center">Subgroup &#8805; 300 mg of loading dose</td>
                <td align="center">Subgroup &#8805; 300 mg of loading dose post-PCI &lt; 2 hours</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death, AMI, UTVR</td>
                <td align="center">Major bleeding</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>/<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACUITY-PCI</td>
                <td align="center">Non randomized, prespecified analysis of a subgroup of a clinical trial</td>
                <td align="center">5,039/5,039 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">5,039/5,039 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">Subgroup &#8805; 300 mg of loading dose</td>
                <td align="center">Subgroup &#8805; 300 mg of loading dose post-PCI &lt; 2 hours</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death, AMI, UTVR</td>
                <td align="center">Major bleeding</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>/<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Prasugrel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACCOAST</td>
                <td align="center">Randomized, clinical trial</td>
                <td align="center">4,033/4,033 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">2,770/4,033 (68.7)</td>
                <td align="center">30 mg of Prasugrel 30 mg 2-48 hours before angiography (median of 4.4 hours), followed by 30 mg prior to PCI</td>
                <td align="center">60 mg of Prasugrel prior to PCI (after angiography)</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death, AMI, UTVR, stroke. Use of glycoprotein iib/iiia inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center">TIMI major and minor bleeding</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>/83</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>No statistically significant difference was observed between the pretreated group and the group without pretreatment. NNT/NNH: number needed to treat / number needed to cause harm; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; UTVR: urgent target-vessel revascularization; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>PCI-CURE</title>
        <p>The PCI-CURE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> study assessed patients who have undergone PCI in the CURE study (21% of initial sample). After PCI, more than 80% of patients received open-label thienopyridine for 4 weeks, after which they received the study drug again for a mean of 8 months. As compared with placebo, the authors found a benefit from the use of clopidogrel (for a median of 10 days) before PCI, with reduction of the composite endpoint of lower cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or urgent target-vessel revascularization (UTVR) within 30 days of PCI (4.5% <italic>vs</italic>. 6.4%; p = 0.03). There was no reduction in cardiovascular death alone, but there was a reduction in cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction at 30 days, although this benefit was not statistically significant at 48 hours or 7 days of follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CREDO</title>
        <p>This study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> was designed to specifically evaluate pretreatment with clopidogrel, and included more than half of patients with ACS. The loading dose of clopidogrel was initiated at 3-24 hours (mean of 9.8 hours) before PCI. No significant reduction was found with regard to ischemic events (death, AMI, and UTVR) at 28 days of pretreatment (6.8% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.23), and there was a trend for increased major bleeding events (8.8% vs. 6.7%; p = 0.07).</p>
        <p>Considering the above mentioned studies, the PCI-CURE study was the main investigation that demonstrated a benefit from the therapy with clopidogrel before catheterization in NSTE-ACS. However, considering that both angiography and PCI were rarely indicated in this study, the PCI-CURE results may not be applicable to the current pretreatment concept, since this therapeutic regimen is based on performing coronary angiography routinely. Studies with appropriate methodology (prospective and randomized) to answer this question, such as the CREDO study, did not corroborate the benefit of clopidogrel pretreatment. Despite this fact, a joint analysis of these studies in a systematic review and meta-analyses would increase the power of this investigation and minimize the probability of type II error.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Meta-analyses</title>
        <p>In 2012, a meta-analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> that included both observational studies and clinical trial showed that DAPT with clopidogrel and ASA before angioplasty did not reduce mortality, but reduced the risk for major cardiovascular events. This meta-analysis included not only studies with different methodologies, but also studies on different clinical conditions (stable coronary disease, NSTE-ACS and STEMI) and distinct stages of angiographic evaluation. The main analysis, which included only clinical trials, showed that the pretreatment with clopidogrel was not associated with lower mortality (1.54% vs. 1.97%; p = 0.17), but did associate with lower risk for cardiovascular events (9.83% vs. 12.35%; p = 0.001). Likewise, no significant association was found between the pretreatment and higher major bleeding rates (3.57% vs. 3.08%; p = 0.18). The results were heterogeneous according to the clinical presentation: in patients with stable coronary disease, no reduction of ischemic events was observed, and there was a trend towards a higher risk of bleeding; while in the context of NSTE ACS there were lower cardiovascular events (13.91% vs. 17.19%; p = 0.002) and a trend for more bleeding risk (Odds Ratio - OR: 1.28; p = 0.07).</p>
        <p>In 2013, a new systematic review and meta-analysis on patients undergoing PCI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> was conducted. These patients are the ones who may benefit the most from pre-catheterization DAPT. Nonehteless, the authors found no clinical benefit and a potential risk of bleeding in the pretreatment group.</p>
        <p>In 2014, a systematic review and meta-analysis on pretreatment in NSTE-ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> was published. The study included 32,383 patients, 18,711 of whom from randomized, controlled studies. Fifty-five percent of the patients underwent PCI. Only studies on thienopyridine were included, since there were no investigations on other antiplatelet agents in NSTE-ACS. Although the pretreatment did not significantly affect the mortality rate, a significant increase of 30-45% in major bleeding events was detected. These results were consistent with the assessment of all patients as well as in the PCI subgroup. A lower cardiovascular event rate in the pretreatment group was identified in the CURE study. However, surprisingly, no significant difference in the cardiovascular event rate was found in the group of patients undergoing PCI (condition in which a higher benefit from the pretreatment would be expected). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> depicts the forest plot of all clinical trials included in this meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis do not support the pretreatment strategy as a routine practice in NSTE-ACS, due to the lack of a favorable risk-benefit balance, especially with respect to the absence of a benefit in cardiovascular events among contemporary studies.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest-Plot of the clinical trials included in the meta-analysis on pretreatment with thienopyridines in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0236-60042-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>ACCOAST study and the class effect</title>
        <p>As previously mentioned, most of the evidence of pretreatment with clopidogrel in NSTE-ACS comes from studies about other practices different from the early invasive strategy (which is the currently recommended approach). The only clinical trial that tested the hypothesis of the pretreatment using early invasive stratification was the ACCOAST (Comparison of Prasugrel at the Time of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or as Pretreatment at the Time of Diagnosis in Patients with Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> which used prasugrel as the second antiplatelet agent. The study included 4,033 patients with NSTEMI, who were randomized, in a double-blind manner, to receive 30 mg of prasugrel or placebo (control group) before coronary angiography was performed. After this procedure, 69% of patients underwent PCI and received an additional 30 mg or 60 mg (control group) of prasugrel. No difference in the primary composite endpoint (death from cardiovascular causes, AMI, stroke, urgent revascularization, or use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor) was found between the groups within 7 days (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> - HR: 1.02; p = 0.81), or 30 days. On the other hand, the frequency of major bleeding episodes was twice higher in the pretreatment group at day 7 and day 30 after randomization (p &lt; 0.01). The study was interrupted early due to excess bleeding complications and lack of clinical benefit. Both the lack of efficacy and the safety issues of the pretreatment were consistent throughout the analyses of subgroups. In patients undergoing PCI, there was a three-time higher rate of TIMI major bleeding, and six-time higher rate of life-threatening bleeding not related to myocardial revascularization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In light of this study, the best time for administration of the second antiplatelet agent has been questioned again in the contemporary practice of early invasive stratification, especially involving more recent drugs, and led to changes in recent guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Considering that routine angiography is performed in many centers, and that recent antiplatelet drugs have high potency and very fast action, a possible benefit of achieving an antiplatelet effect before the angiography is performed may seem irrelevant. The possibility that a higher antiplatelet action would be sufficient to minimize the ischemic events was also questioned in this study, since the pharmacodynamic analysis revealed a lower platelet aggregation in the pretreatment group than in the controls at the time of the procedure. Therefore, although the pretreatment led to a higher antiplatelet action, such effect was not sufficient to reduce clinical endpoints related to myocardial ischemia, but was associated with higher bleeding complications rate. At 2 hours after the second loading dose, the antiplatelet activity was similar in the two groups. In addition, analysis of patients undergoing PCI showed that, although the identification of thrombus in the angiography was an independent predictor of a three-time higher rate of events when compared to patients without thrombus, no difference was found in the presence of thrombus between the pretreatment group and controls. Finally, there was no reduction in stent thrombosis post-PCI, and the incidence of ischemic events was the same in both therapeutic strategies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A rationale for the use of pretreatment even after the ACCOAST trial is based on the absence of class effect among the antiplatelet agents. Differently from thienopyridines, ticagrelor does not require metabolic activation, and acts in the ADP pathway by reversible inhibition of the P2Y12 receptor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Besides, other effects via adenosine may explain differences between the classes of antiplatelet drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> So far, there is no randomized clinical trial that compared the use of ticagrelor before and after knowing the coronary anatomy in NSTE-ACS. The ATLANTIC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> study evaluated the early introduction of ticagrelor in STEMI, by comparing the administration of a loading dose in the ambulance <italic>vs</italic> in the catheterization laboratory. Although the STEMI patients have the greatest potential to benefit from the pretreatment,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> the ATLANTIC study did not show any benefit from this strategy in the coprimary endpoints. Although the results of the ATLANTIC study may raise doubts about the real benefits of the pretreatment, ticagrelor was shown to be safe in relation to bleeding events in primary angioplasty in STEMI. Also, it suggested a potential benefit related to lower stent thrombosis rate (secondary outcome), which, in general, supports the practice of early DAPT in STEMI but does not change the question regarding pretreatment in NSTE-ACS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pretreatment and the moment for the coronary angiography</title>
        <p>In the ACCOAST trial, the time elapsed from the loading dose of prasugrel to angiography was 4.3 hours; it was a relatively short period, but longer than other recent studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> As compared to the clinical practice, this time would be longer, since it did not include the time required for diagnosis, presentation of the informed consent form and randomization, which occurred before the loading dose administration. No benefit, however, was observed from the pretreatment in reducing ischemic events even in patients undergoing PCI above the median time of 4.3 hours in the ACCOAST trial, in which a maximum time of 48 hours was tolerated for stratification. Since clinical trials may not reflect the real world, any therapy found effective in these studies should be assessed in clinical practice. In this context, the recent TRANSLATE-ACS (Treatment with ADP receptor Inhibitors: Longitudinal Assessment of Treatment Patterns and Events after Acute Coronary Syndrome) study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> which evaluated current practices of adjunct therapy, showed that pretreatment with both clopidogrel and prasugrel was associated with a similar risk of intrahospital major cardiovascular events as compared with the treatment after knowing the coronary anatomy. Nevertheless, in the TRANSLATE-ACS study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, there was no evidence of differences in bleeding rates between pretreatment and control (without pretreatment).</p>
        <p>In light of these questions, indirect data may be interesting to define a maximum tolerable period without pretreatment. Time analysis of the CURE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> study demonstrated a reduction in the composite endpoint of death due to coronary disease, stroke and AMI in the first 30 days, and in these three conditions when associated with ischemia in the first 24 hours (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Subanalysis of CREDO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> suggested that a loading dose of clopidogrel at least 6 hours before PCI may be beneficial (38.6% reduction in RR; p = 0.051), although the cutoff in hours best associated with differences in favor of the pretreatment was 15 hours (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Event curve (composite endpoint of death due to cardiovascular disease, stroke, acute myocardial infarction and major ischemia) in clopidogrel group vs. placebo group in the first 24 hours in the CURE study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>. Relative risk of 0.66; p &lt; 0.01.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0236-60042-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Analysis of the benefit (death, infarction or urgent target-vessel revascularization) of pretreatment, by the time from drug administration to catheterization in the CREDO study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Dotted line indicates the placebo group (without pretreatment). A significant reduction in events at 15 hours from the pretreatment with clopidogrel is observed. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; UTVR: urgent target-vessel revascularization</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0236-60042-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The hypothesis of a benefit in the pretreatment group at a time longer than 6 hours, as suggested in the CREDO study, was assessed in two clinical trials with appropriate methodology, although these studies did not include patients with ACS. The PRAGUE-8<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> (Clopidogrel Only Before Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or Before Every Coronarography?) and ARMYDA-5 (Antiplatelet therapy for Reduction of Myocardial Damage during Angioplasty)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> studies evaluated patients with stable disease, using a loading dose of 600mg of clopidogrel &gt; 6 hours before the PCI, and no reduction of ischemic events was observed. In the PRAGUE-8 study, this result was associated with excessive bleeding.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recommendations of guidelines</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> summarizes changes in the recommendations about pretreatment in recent guidelines of the main international cardiology organizations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Summary of changes in the guidelines' recommendations through the time</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Cardiology society</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Year</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Recommendation of pretreatment</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="6">American Cardiology of Cardiology/ American Heart Association</td>
                <td align="center">2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">The pretreatment is recommended, although the guideline also present the following sentence: "initiation of clopidogrel may be deferred until a revascularization decision is made"</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients diagnosed with moderate or high-risk NSTE-ACS should receive dual antiplatelet therapy (pre-catheterization)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">There is no clear recommendation for DAPT before knowing the coronary anatomy. It recommends a loading with P2Y12 inhibitor in patients who will undergoing PCI with stenting</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">"Postponing clopidogrel to after angiography cannot be recommended"</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">A P2Y12 inhibitor should be used as soon as possible</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">European Society of Cardiology</td>
                <td align="center">2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pretreatment with prasugrel in patients in whom coronary anatomy is not known: class of recommendation III, level of evidence B<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">There is a specific session to discuss the best moment for P2Y12 administration, which highlights the controversy of the subject. Since there is no appropriate investigation on clopidogrel and ticagrelor, the guidelines do not specify any recommendation (in favor or against) on pretreatment in early invasive strategy, and do not recommend pretreatment with prasugrel. In conservative approach, P2Y12 inhibitor should be initiated (preferentially ticagrelor) as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</td>
                <td align="center">2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">In both, there is no formal recommendation about the best moment for the second antiplatelet agent, and prasugrel is recommended only after the coronary anatomy is known</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>With respect to clopidogrel and ticagrelor in NSTE-ACS, these guidelines do not make any specific recommendation, but bring a discussion about related evidence, and reinforce that the pretreatment with ticagrelor had not been tested yet. NSTE-ACS: non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome; DAPT: dual antiplatelet therapy; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Considering the currently available evidence, although biologically attractive and intuitive, the benefit from the pretreatment with DAPT has not been proved in randomized, prospective studies, and diverging opinions about the best approach have been lingering in the medical community.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In centers in which early invasive stratification is not performed in NSTE-ACS, evidence from the PCI-CURE study should be applied and the P2Y12 should be early administered. On the other hand, in centers in which the early invasive stratification is performed, the evidence and recommendation of current guidelines provide us with two therapeutic options - pretreat or not pretreat, according to the choice of the second antiplatelet agent (the use of pretreatment is not recommended by current guidelines when the second antiplatelet is prasugrel).</p>
      <p>Further studies may shed some light on issues including the pretreatment with ticagrelor in NSTE-ACS (similar to what was performed in the ACCOAST study for prasugrel); maximal tolerable time until angiography is performed when the non-pretreatment strategy is chosen; subgroups with a favorable risk-benefit balance for the pretreatment (e.g. patients with a low bleeding risk according to validated scores and high probability of obstructive disease before angiography).</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni C, Fox KK; CURE Study Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2001;(7):494-502.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chrolavicius</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tognoni</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>CURE Study Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>494</fpage>
          <lpage>502</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottliebe S, et al. Prasugrel vs clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(20):2001-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wiviott</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Qual o Melhor Momento para o Segundo Antiplaquet&#225;rio na S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda sem Eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baruzzi</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Claudio do Amaral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Expedito Eust&#225;quio Ribeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital TotalCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (BCRI), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Expedito Eust&#225;quio Ribeiro da Silva</bold>, Rua Tom&#225;s Carvalhal, 555 Ap 62, CEP 04006-001 S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>expribeiro@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barros e Silva PGM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Barros e Silva PGM, Ribeiro HB, Silva EER; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barros e Silva PGM, Ribeiro HB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Baruzzi ACA, Silva EER.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Expedito Eust&#225;quio Ribeiro da Silva &#233; palestrante da Daiichi Sankyo. Os demais autores n&#227;o t&#234;m conflitos de interesse a declarar.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de dupla terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria para o tratamento da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST est&#225; bem estabelecida e &#233; recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe I (N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia A) nas atuais diretrizes nacionais e internacionais. No entanto, essas mesmas diretrizes n&#227;o s&#227;o muito claras e consensuais quanto ao melhor momento para utiliza&#231;&#227;o do segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio. As evid&#234;ncias sobre este tema s&#227;o conflitantes e, ap&#243;s mais de uma d&#233;cada do uso do clopidogrel neste cen&#225;rio, ainda h&#225; discuss&#227;o se o pr&#233;-tratamento com dupla terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria teria benef&#237;cio de maneira rotineira, ou seja, quando aplicada sem conhecer a anatomia coron&#225;ria. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o de tratamento <italic>upfront</italic> com clopidogrel na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST se baseia em redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos n&#227;o fatais identificados em estudos que utilizavam estrat&#233;gia conservadora, com eventual estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva tardia, v&#225;rios dias ap&#243;s o evento agudo. Essa abordagem &#233; bastante diferente da que &#233; feita atualmente, tendo em vista os benef&#237;cios j&#225; demonstrados da estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce nos pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio/alto. O &#250;nico ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado que testou a hip&#243;tese do pr&#233;-tratamento na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST sob a atual estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce utilizou o antiplaquet&#225;rio prasugrel e mostrou que n&#227;o houve benef&#237;cio em redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos, tendo, por outro lado, aumentado o risco de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos. Este estudo trouxe novamente o pr&#233;-tratamento &#224; discuss&#227;o e modificou recomenda&#231;&#245;es nas atuais diretrizes das sociedades americana e europeia de cardiologia. Neste artigo, os autores apresentam uma revis&#227;o sobre as principais evid&#234;ncias do pr&#233;-tratamento com dupla terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores da Agrega&#231;&#227;o de Plaquetas / administra&#231;&#227;o &amp; dosagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirina / administra&#231;&#227;o &amp; dosagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos demonstraram que, na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST (SCASST), h&#225; benef&#237;cio da associa&#231;&#227;o de um antiplaquet&#225;rio inibidor do receptor P2Y12 ao &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Essa terapia tem sido utilizada em larga escala na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada e demonstrou ter excelente aplica&#231;&#227;o no "mundo real".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, ap&#243;s mais de 10 anos de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (DAPT) na SCASST, ainda h&#225; algumas lacunas que n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente esclarecidas. Um aspecto pr&#225;tico que ainda gera controv&#233;rsia &#233; o melhor momento para administrar o antiplaquet&#225;rio que atua na inibi&#231;&#227;o do receptor P2Y12 (via do ADP). Ainda &#233; incerto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> se o pr&#233;-tratamento &#233; ben&#233;fico em rela&#231;&#227;o a seu uso ap&#243;s o conhecimento da anatomia coron&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>O presente artigo apresenta uma breve discuss&#227;o sobre a indica&#231;&#227;o da DAPT na SCASST, seguida da avalia&#231;&#227;o dos benef&#237;cios da estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce e, finalmente, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o das principais evid&#234;ncias do melhor momento para o uso do segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio na SCASST.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Principais Estudos para dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria</title>
          <p>Os tr&#234;s estudos principais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> que demonstraram benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico da DAPT foram o CURE (<italic>The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events</italic>), para o clopidogrel; o TRITON-TIMI 38 (<italic>Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition with Prasugrel-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 38</italic>), para o prasugrel; e PLATO (<italic>Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes</italic>), para o ticagrelor. Enquanto o primeiro incluiu apenas pacientes com SCASST, os dois &#250;ltimos inclu&#237;ram tamb&#233;m pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST (SCACST). Outra diferen&#231;a importante &#233; que no CURE, o segundo antiagregante (no caso o clopidogrel) foi comparado ao placebo em associa&#231;&#227;o ao AAS, enquanto que, nos estudos TRITON e PLATO, o novo antiagregante foi comparado ao clopidogrel. Pelos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, fica evidente de que foram casos de SCASST de maior risco, pois a inclus&#227;o passava necessariamente pela presen&#231;a de desvio do ST no eletrocardiograma ou aumento de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (MNM), sendo inclusive a maioria composta por casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do ST (IAMSST). Quanto aos pacientes de menor risco, estes foram inclu&#237;dos apenas na fase inicial do estudo CURE, sendo representado por aqueles com idade acima de 60 anos, sem nova altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, mas que tinham hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria. Ap&#243;s revis&#227;o das taxas gerais de eventos nos primeiros 3000 pacientes, entretanto, o comit&#234; do estudo recomendou que apenas casos com altera&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma ou de marcadores fossem inclu&#237;dos, pois n&#227;o seria poss&#237;vel demonstrar benef&#237;cio terap&#234;utico em casos menos graves. Essa an&#225;lise preliminar mostrou que, mesmo comparado ao placebo, em pacientes de menor risco, o uso rotineiro do segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio (no caso, clopidogrel) pode ter algum benef&#237;cio, por&#233;m este deve ser pouco relevante neste contexto. Os estudos TRITON e PLATO n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram casos de angina inst&#225;vel sem altera&#231;&#227;o do ST em nenhuma fase do ensaio cl&#237;nico. Isso &#233; algo importante a ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o no atendimento inicial dos casos de dor tor&#225;cica sem altera&#231;&#227;o do ST e de MNM, pois, mesmo considerando que a evid&#234;ncia destes estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> seja aplic&#225;vel tamb&#233;m a tais pacientes de menor risco, como regra geral, quanto menor o risco, menor o benef&#237;cio absoluto, e mais criteriosa deve ser a avalia&#231;&#227;o individual na indica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.</p>
          <p>Os desfechos prim&#225;rios avaliados foram semelhantes nos tr&#234;s estudos, assim como os desfechos de seguran&#231;a. Nesse sentido, a an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica destes estudos permite chegar &#224;s seguintes conclus&#245;es: (1) a DAPT deve ser feita rotineiramente para casos de SCASST, especialmente quando apresentam MNM positivo e/ou altera&#231;&#227;o do ST no eletrocardiograma; (2) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho prim&#225;rio (pergunta do estudo) - composto por morte cardiovascular, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), houve superioridade do clopidogrel em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo, com n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar (NNT) de 48 e dos dois novos antiplaquet&#225;rios (prasugrel e ticagrelor) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao clopidogrel (ambos com NNT pr&#243;ximo de 50); (3) o risco de sangramento foi maior com o clopidogrel em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo, com n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para causar dano (NNH) de 100, enquanto os novos antiplaquet&#225;rios aumentaram risco de sangramento maior n&#227;o relacionado &#224; cirurgia (ambos com NNH pr&#243;ximo de 150).</p>
          <p>O prasugrel demonstrou superioridade ao clopidogrel em pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) no estudo TRITON, enquanto no estudo PLATO, o ticagrelor foi testado com os tr&#234;s tipos de tratamento (cl&#237;nico, ICP e cir&#250;rgico). N&#227;o h&#225; compara&#231;&#227;o direta de desfechos cl&#237;nicos entre prasugrel vs. ticagrelor para avaliarmos se existiria uma melhor op&#231;&#227;o entre os dois antiplaquet&#225;rios. Ambos s&#227;o prefer&#237;veis ao clopidogrel, em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP na SCA. Desfechos secund&#225;rios e an&#225;lises de subgrupo dos estudos TRITON e PLATO podem ajudar na decis&#227;o de qual seria o melhor medicamento para cada paciente, assim como quest&#245;es de custo, posologia e efeitos adversos tamb&#233;m podem ser &#250;teis na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce e conceito de pr&#233;-tratamento</title>
          <p>Diversos estudos compararam a estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce vs. a conservadora, ou seletivamente invasiva, nos casos de SCASST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Conceitos diferentes dessas estrat&#233;gias, aliados a diferen&#231;as nas terapias adjuvantes utilizadas nestes estudos, justificam, em parte, alguns resultados discrepantes. Por&#233;m estudos que utilizaram conceitos contempor&#226;neos, incluindo o tratamento cl&#237;nico apropriado (AAS, tienopirid&#237;nicos e/ou inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa) e uso de stents nos pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP mostraram maior benef&#237;cio ao utilizar a estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce (cineangiocoronariografia e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o sequencial). Metan&#225;lise de 2006,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> agrupando sete estudos e um total de 8.375 pacientes, mostrou que, em seguimento de 2 anos, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 25% na mortalidade por todas as causas (4,9% vs. 6,5%; p = 0,001) e de 17% para IAM n&#227;o fatal (7,6% vs. 9,1%; p = 0,012) sem aumento de eventos adversos com a estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce.</p>
          <p>Diante dos benef&#237;cios demonstrados pela estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce nas SCASST, novos estudos avaliaram os benef&#237;cios de estratifica&#231;&#227;o ainda mais precoce. Tais estudos foram agrupados em metan&#225;lise recente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> totalizando 4.013 pacientes, avaliando a estratifica&#231;&#227;o mais precoce entre 1 e 14 horas em compara&#231;&#227;o com a estrat&#233;gia mais tardia entre 20,8 e 86 horas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as duas abordagens quanto aos desfechos de morte e infarto n&#227;o fatal. No entanto, a estrat&#233;gia mais precoce se associou a menor risco de isquemia recorrente, menor tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, e tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de hemorragias e do composto de morte, IAM e AVC. Embora essa metan&#225;lise n&#227;o tenha estratificado os pacientes de acordo com o risco, o estudo TIMACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>(<italic>Timing of Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome</italic>) mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o de 35% em morte, infarto e AVC no subgrupo de alto risco submetido &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva nas primeiras 24 horas. Os resultados positivos desses conjunto de estudos, demonstrando a seguran&#231;a e o potencial benef&#237;cio da estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva nas primeiras 24 horas, modificaram recomenda&#231;&#245;es recentes das diretrizes de sociedades internacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Momento da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio</title>
          <p>Os tr&#234;s principais ensaios cl&#237;nicos que avaliaram a efic&#225;cia dos tr&#234;s antiplaquet&#225;rios orais aprovados para uso em associa&#231;&#227;o ao AAS (clopidogrel, prasugrel ou ticagrelor) iniciaram o segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio de maneira diferente. No CURE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e no PLATO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> a recomenda&#231;&#227;o foi para utilizar o segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio no momento da inclus&#227;o, o qual ocorreu numa mediana de 14 horas do in&#237;cio da dor no CURE e 11 horas no PLATO (mediana de 5 horas ap&#243;s hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no PLATO). No estudo TRITON,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> o segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio foi administrado na sala de hemodin&#226;mica, assim como no estudo CHAMPION PHOENIX (<italic>Cangrelor versus standard therapy to acHieve optimal Management of Platelet InhibitiON PHOENIX trial</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - no caso, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do antiplaquet&#225;rio endovenoso cangrelor que ainda n&#227;o &#233; aprovado no Brasil. Ressalta-se que essa abordagem sem pr&#233;-tratamento &#233; bastante utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em v&#225;rios servi&#231;os.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os estudos citados acima<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> n&#227;o testaram a hip&#243;tese do pr&#233;-tratamento e sim avaliaram o benef&#237;cio ou n&#227;o do segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo, no estudo CURE, e compararam novos agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios em rela&#231;&#227;o ao clopidogrel, nos estudos PLATO e TRITON. Outro aspecto importante &#233; que, no estudo CURE, apenas 43% dos pacientes foram para angiografia, 21% foram submetidos &#224; ICP e o procedimento foi realizado numa mediana de 10 dias ap&#243;s o evento agudo, sendo que mais de um ter&#231;o dos procedimentos foi realizado ap&#243;s alta hospitalar. Isso se deve ao fato de que o estudo CURE incluiu primariamente centros que n&#227;o faziam estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva. Dessa forma, a abordagem feita neste estudo n&#227;o se aplica adequadamente ao conceito atual de pr&#233;-tratamento nas SCASST,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> que inclui estrat&#233;gia atual invasiva precoce, em especial naqueles casos de maior risco.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">O conceito de pr&#233;-tratamento em SCASST deve ser aplicado ao tratamento realizado antes da angiografia coron&#225;ria em pacientes submetidos &#224; abordagem invasiva precoce. Esta discuss&#227;o sobre pr&#233;-tratamento n&#227;o se aplica a casos em que se opta por manejo inicialmente conservador, j&#225; que, habitualmente, n&#227;o h&#225; defini&#231;&#227;o sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cineangiocoronariografia, ou esta ser&#225; tardia.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As principais raz&#245;es a favor e contra o pr&#233;-tratamento evidenciadas no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Quadro 1</xref>, ser&#227;o pormenorizadas a seguir.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Quadro 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais argumentos a favor e contra o pr&#233;-tratamento na SCASST</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>A favor do pr&#233;-tratamento</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Contra o pr&#233;-tratamento</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Plausibilidade biol&#243;gica para redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos</td>
                  <td align="left">Plausibilidade biol&#243;gica para aumento do risco hemorr&#225;gico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Os benef&#237;cios da dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria foram consistentes em todos os tipos de tratamento, inclusive no grupo cir&#250;rgico; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na primeira semana representa a minoria dos pacientes com SCASST</td>
                  <td align="left">Estudos principais de DAPT na SCA n&#227;o foram delineados para avaliar pr&#233;-tratamento. H&#225; aumento do risco de sangramento cir&#250;rgico nos primeiros dias ap&#243;s o uso</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Metan&#225;lise comprova redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos n&#227;o fatais</td>
                  <td align="left">Estudos que demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos n&#227;o fatais utilizaram estrat&#233;gia seletivamente invasiva e tal benef&#237;cio n&#227;o foi reproduzido em estudos semelhantes com cateterismo precoce</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o h&#225; efeito de classe e o prasugrel tem particularidades diferentes do ticagrelor</td>
                  <td align="left">&#218;nico estudo que testou pr&#233;-tratamento de maneira adequada (ACCOAST) falhou em comprovar benef&#237;cio dessa hip&#243;tese e demonstrou risco nesta estrat&#233;gia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estudo CURE mostrou benef&#237;cio j&#225; nas primeiras 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="left">Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo precoce poderia &#8220;anular&#8221; o benef&#237;cio do pr&#233;-tratamento</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>SCASST s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do ST; DAPT dupla terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Plausibilidade biol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um dos argumentos mais usados para justificar a necessidade de administrar rapidamente o segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio, antes mesmo de avaliar a anatomia coron&#225;ria, pois, considerando que a SCASST decorre da forma&#231;&#227;o de um trombo rico em plaquetas, e que o esquema antiplaquet&#225;rio duplo apresenta benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico, espera-se que quanto antes o segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio for administrado, melhor para o paciente. Al&#233;m de plaus&#237;vel, essa conduta traz conforto para o m&#233;dico, pois se tem a percep&#231;&#227;o de ter atuado precocemente, evitando complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao evento tromb&#243;tico agudo. Por&#233;m, no caso do pr&#233;-tratamento, h&#225; tamb&#233;m racional para riscos associados ao seu uso de maneira rotineira, pois o mesmo efeito antiplaquet&#225;rio potencialmente protetor poderia causar dano pelo aumento dos riscos de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, especialmente com os antiplaquet&#225;rios mais potentes, num cen&#225;rio de associa&#231;&#227;o de antitromb&#243;ticos e procedimentos invasivos. Al&#233;m do risco potencial, cerca de 10% dos pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento n&#227;o teriam provavelmente grande benef&#237;cio da dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o <italic>upfront</italic>, pois esses pacientes n&#227;o apresentam doen&#231;a obstrutiva na angiografia segundo dados do registro CRUSADE (<italic>Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable. Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early. Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines</italic>) - em mulheres, esse porcentual chega a 15%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Finalmente, al&#233;m de um impasse te&#243;rico sobre o benef&#237;cio l&#237;quido (isquemia vs. sangramento), deve-se levar em considera&#231;&#227;o de que a literatura cient&#237;fica apresenta in&#250;meros exemplos de condutas intuitivas baseadas em plausibilidade biol&#243;gica que n&#227;o apresentam benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico e, eventualmente, podem ser danosas quando testadas na pr&#225;tica com rigor metodol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Dessa forma, apesar da hip&#243;tese mais forte ser para benef&#237;cio l&#237;quido do pr&#233;-tratamento, h&#225; necessidade de se testar cientificamente seu efeito cl&#237;nico e avaliar se uma antiagrega&#231;&#227;o mais potente antes de um cateterismo precoce proporciona redu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia com boa seguran&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risco cir&#250;rgico</title>
          <p>O potencial malef&#237;cio do pr&#233;-tratamento &#233; mais compreens&#237;vel nos casos submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico, especialmente com menos de 1 semana da suspens&#227;o do inibidor de P2Y12. No estudo CURE, 16,5% dos pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM); a mediana de tempo at&#233; a CRM foi de 26 dias, sendo 12 dias naqueles que permaneceram hospitalizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Um argumento favor&#225;vel ao pr&#233;-tratamento &#233; que, mesmo na an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica destes pacientes cir&#250;rgicos, a taxa do desfecho combinado de morte cardiovascular, IAM e AVC foi numericamente menor entre os pacientes que receberam clopidogrel na randomiza&#231;&#227;o embora n&#227;o tenha atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica neste subgrupo (Risco Relativo - RR: 0,82; Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% - IC95% 0,58-1,16). Al&#233;m disso, a compara&#231;&#227;o do desfecho sangramento maior tamb&#233;m foi consistente com o estudo principal, indicando maior risco hemorr&#225;gico nos pacientes pr&#233;-tratados com clopidogrel em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo, mas n&#227;o atingiu diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (RR: 1,27; IC95% 0,96-1,69; p = 0.095). Embora outras observa&#231;&#245;es <italic>post-hoc</italic> de ensaios cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o tenham demonstrado aumento da taxa de sangramento maior,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> estudos observacionais mostraram aumento significativo de transfus&#227;o e reopera&#231;&#227;o nos casos que receberam clopidogrel dentro de 5 dias antes da CRM, o que foi corroborado por revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura e metan&#225;lise de dados observacionais que mostraram aumento de 30% na mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Por outro lado, apenas 10 a 20% dos casos de SCASST s&#227;o tratados com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e muitos desses pacientes ap&#243;s 5 dias. Dessa forma, a maioria dos casos de SCASST n&#227;o ser&#225; submetida &#224; CRM, especialmente nos primeiros 5 dias, e o benef&#237;cio potencial em um grupo maior de pacientes leva a uma aceita&#231;&#227;o intuitiva de que o risco do pr&#233;-tratamento n&#227;o superaria seu eventual benef&#237;cio. Por&#233;m tanto os benef&#237;cios quanto os riscos n&#227;o est&#227;o definidos num cen&#225;rio de estratifica&#231;&#227;o precoce e precisariam ser testados adequadamente para definir qual o melhor momento para a DAPT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudos que testaram hip&#243;tese de pr&#233;-tratamento</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 1</xref> faz um resumo dos principais estudos que avaliaram a hip&#243;tese do pr&#233;-tratamento na SCASST. Al&#233;m destes dados, cabe destacar aspectos adicionais de alguns estudos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos que avaliaram o uso de pr&#233;-tratamento com tienopirid&#237;nicos em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivalmento do ST (SCASST)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Estudo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Tipo de estudo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>SCASST n (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pacientes submetidos a ICP n (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;-tratamento</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Dose de ataque no grupo sem pr&#233;-tratamento</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Desfecho principal do estudo (combinado)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Desfecho de seguran&#231;a</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>NNT/ NNH</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Clopidogrel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CREDO</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">1.407/2.116 (66,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.820/2.116 (86,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 mg dose de ataque 3-24 horas pr&#233;-ICP (m&#233;dia de 9,8 horas)</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem dose de ataque, recebem 28 dias de clopidogrel 75 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte, IAM, RUVA (an&#225;lise por protocolo)</td>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento TIMI maior e menor</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>/<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CURE</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">12.562/12.562 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.663/12.562 (21,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 mg dose de ataque (mediana de 10 dias pr&#233;-ICP) depois 75 mg por 3-12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem dose de ataque e, se ICP, recebiam 28 dias de clopidogrel 75mg</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV, IAM, AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior CURE</td>
                  <td align="center">48/100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCI-CURE</td>
                  <td align="center">Subgrupo de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">2.658/2.658 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.658/2.658 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 mg dose de ataque (mediana de 10 dias pr&#233;-ICP) depois 75 mg por 3-12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem dose de ataque e recebiam 28 dias de clopidogrel 75 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV, IAM, RUVA</td>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior CURE</td>
                  <td align="center">53/<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ACUITY</td>
                  <td align="center">Subgrupo de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">7.523/7.523 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.243/7.523 (56,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">Subgrupo &#8805; 300 mg dose de ataque</td>
                  <td align="center">Subgrupo &#8805; 300 mg dose de ataque p&#243;s-ICP &lt; 2 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV, IAM, RUVA</td>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior ACUITY</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>/<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ACUITY-PCI</td>
                  <td align="center">An&#225;lise pr&#233;-especificada n&#227;o randomizada de subgrupo de ensaio cl&#237;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">5.039/5.039 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.039/5.039 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">Subgrupo &#8805; 300 mg dose de ataque</td>
                  <td align="center">Subgrupo &#8805; 300 mg dose de ataque p&#243;s-ICP &lt; 2 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV, IAM, RUVA</td>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior ACUITY</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>/<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Prasugrel</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ACCOAST</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado</td>
                  <td align="center">4.033/4.033 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.770/4.033 (68,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">Prasugrel 30 mg 2-48 horas pr&#233;-angiografia (mediana 4,4 horas) e depois 30 mg antes da ICP</td>
                  <td align="center">Prasugrel 60 mg logo antes da ICP (ap&#243;s angiografia)</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV, IAM, RUVA, AVC, Uso de inibidor de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa</td>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento TIMI maior e menor</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>/83</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos com ou sem pr&#233;-tratamento para defini&#231;&#227;o de NNT ou NNH. NNT/NNH: n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar/ n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para causar dano; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; RUVA: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente do vaso alvo; TIMI: Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction; morte CV: morte cardiovascular; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>PCI-CURE</title>
          <p>O estudo PCI-CURE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> analisou os casos submetidos &#224; ICP no estudo CURE (21% da amostra original). Ap&#243;s a ICP, mais de 80% dos pacientes de ambos os grupos receberam tienopirid&#237;nicos de maneira n&#227;o cega por 4 semanas e, depois, voltaram &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o do estudo por uma m&#233;dia de 8 meses. Houve benef&#237;cio do uso pr&#233;vio de clopidogrel (mediana de 10 dias) antes da ICP comparado ao placebo, com redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho combinado de morte cardiovascular, IAM ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia aos 30 dias da ICP (4,5% vs. 6,4%; p = 0,03). N&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade cardiovascular isolada, mas houve redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho composto de morte cardiovascular e IAM nos primeiros 30 dias, por&#233;m o benef&#237;cio n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia nos desfechos medidos em 48 horas e 7 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CREDO</title>
          <p>Este estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> foi delineado para avaliar especificamente o pr&#233;-tratamento com clopidogrel. Incluiu mais da metade da amostra de pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel e a dose de ataque do clopidogrel foi feita 3 a 24 horas antes da ICP (m&#233;dia de 9,8 horas). N&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o significante de eventos isqu&#234;micos (morte, IAM e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente) aos 28 dias com o pr&#233;-tratamento (6,8% vs. 8,3%; p = 0,23), e houve tend&#234;ncia ao aumento de sangramento maior (8,8% vs. 6,7%; p = 0,07).</p>
          <p>Tendo em vista os dois trabalhos citados, o principal estudo que demonstrou benef&#237;cio do tratamento com clopidogrel pr&#233;-cateterismo na SCASST foi a an&#225;lise do PCI-CURE. Por&#233;m, ao considerarmos a baixa indica&#231;&#227;o de angiografia e ICP, provavelmente seus resultados n&#227;o se apliquem adequadamente ao conceito de pr&#233;-tratamento atual, uma vez que este esquema terap&#234;utico teria como base a realiza&#231;&#227;o rotineira de cineangiocoronariografia precoce. Estudos para responder essa pergunta com metodologia adequada (prospectivos e randomizados), como o CREDO, n&#227;o comprovaram benef&#237;cio do pr&#233;-tratamento com clopidogrel. Apesar de alguns estudos isolados n&#227;o terem demonstrado benef&#237;cio do pr&#233;-tratamento com clopidogrel na SCASST, a jun&#231;&#227;o destes estudos, selecionados por meio de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e avaliados conjuntamente por meio de metan&#225;lises, aumentaria o poder para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o e minimizaria a probabilidade de um eventual erro tipo beta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metan&#225;lises</title>
          <p>Em 2012, uma metan&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> que incluiu desde trabalhos observacionais a ensaios cl&#237;nicos mostrou que a dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o com clopidogrel e AAS antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma eventual angioplastia n&#227;o reduz mortalidade, mas apresentou menor risco para eventos cardiovasculares maiores. Al&#233;m de estudos com diferentes metodologias, essa metan&#225;lise incluiu avalia&#231;&#245;es em diversos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos (doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel, SCASST e SCACST) e com diferentes momentos da avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica. O resultado da an&#225;lise principal, que incluiu apenas ensaios cl&#237;nicos, mostrou que o pr&#233;-tratamento com clopidogrel n&#227;o se associou a menor mortalidade (1,54% vs. 1,97%; p = 0,17), mas foi relacionado a menor risco de eventos cardiovasculares (9,83% vs. 12,35%; p = 0,001). Essa mesma an&#225;lise n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa do pr&#233;-tratamento com maiores taxas de sangramento maior (3,57% vs. 3,08%; p = 0,18). Houve heterogeneidade dos resultados, de acordo com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica: nos pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel, n&#227;o foi identificada redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos e houve tend&#234;ncia a maior sangramento; no caso das SCASST, houve menores taxas de eventos cardiovasculares (13,91% vs. 17,19%; p = 0,002) e uma tend&#234;ncia a maior risco de sangramento (<italic>Odds Ratio</italic> - OR: 1,28; p = 0,07).</p>
          <p>Em 2013, foi realizada nova revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise apenas em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> os quais representam o grupo com maior plausibilidade de benef&#237;cio da DAPT pr&#233;-cateterismo. O resultado foi aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico e potencial risco de sangramento no grupo pr&#233;-tratamento.</p>
          <p>Em 2014, foi publicada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise espec&#237;fica sobre pr&#233;-tratamento na SCASST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Esse estudo incluiu 32.383 pacientes, sendo 18.711 oriundos de ensaios randomizados controlados e 55% dos pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ICP. Apenas estudos com tienopirid&#237;nicos foram inclu&#237;dos, pois n&#227;o havia estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-tratamento com outros antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios na SCASST. N&#227;o foi identificada diferen&#231;a de mortalidade com o pr&#233;-tratamento, mas houve aumento significante de 30 a 45% de sangramento maior no grupo submetido ao pr&#233;-tratamento. Estes resultados foram consistentes tanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o global, quanto para o subgrupo de ICP, permanecendo diferen&#231;a significativa na an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica com ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados. Houve menor taxa de eventos cardiovasculares no grupo pr&#233;-tratamento, sendo tal achado determinado por estudos como o CURE, mas, de maneira surpreendente, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante de eventos cardiovasculares no grupo de pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP (situa&#231;&#227;o em que se esperaria o maior benef&#237;cio do pr&#233;-tratamento). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 1</xref> representa o gr&#225;fico Forest-Plot apenas com ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados inclu&#237;dos nesta metan&#225;lise. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a estrat&#233;gia de pr&#233;-tratamento de rotina na SCASST n&#227;o apresentaria apoio neste estudo, tendo em vista a aus&#234;ncia de um balan&#231;o risco vs. benef&#237;cio favor&#225;vel - especialmente pela aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares em estudos contempor&#226;neos.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico Forest-Plot dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise sobre pr&#233;-tratamento com tienopirid&#237;nicos na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do ST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0236-60042-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo ACCOAST e o efeito de classe</title>
          <p>Como j&#225; explicitado, a maior parte das evid&#234;ncias do pr&#233;-tratamento com clopidogrel na SCASST &#233; origin&#225;ria de estudos com pr&#225;ticas diferentes da estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce atualmente recomendada. O &#250;nico ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado cego que testou a hip&#243;tese do pr&#233;-tratamento utilizando estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva precoce foi o ACCOAST (<italic>A comparison of Prasugrel ar the Time of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or as Pre-treatment At the Time of Diagnosis in Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</italic>),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> o qual utilizou o prasugrel como segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio. Este estudo incluiu 4.033 pacientes com IAM sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST, os quais foram randomizados, de maneira duplo-cega, para 30 mg de prasugrel ou placebo antes da cineangiocoronariografia. Ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o da angiografia, 69% dos casos foram submetidos &#224; ICP e receberam dose de 30 ou 60 mg de prasugrel respectivamente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos no desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo composto por morte cardiovascular, IAM, AVC, ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia e uso de inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa em 7 dias (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> - HR: 1,02; p = 0,81), tampouco aos 30 dias. Por outro lado, houve praticamente o dobro de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos graves em 7 e 30 dias no grupo pr&#233;-tratamento (p &lt; 0,01). O estudo foi interrompido precocemente pelas complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e pela aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico. A an&#225;lise de subgrupos mostrou que tanto o resultado de aus&#234;ncia de efic&#225;cia, como o de menor seguran&#231;a do pr&#233;-tratamento foram consistentes em todas as suban&#225;lises realizadas. No grupo tratado por ICP, houve aumento em tr&#234;s vezes nos sangramento maior TIMI e em seis vezes no sangramento com risco de morte n&#227;o relacionado &#224; CRM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Este estudo fez com que o melhor momento do segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio voltasse a ser questionado na pr&#225;tica contempor&#226;nea de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva precoce, especialmente com o uso dos novos antiplaquet&#225;rios, tendo modificado diretrizes recentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Considerando que muitos centros realizam a angiografia rotineiramente de maneira precoce, e que os novos antiplaquet&#225;rios apresentam elevada pot&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica e in&#237;cio de a&#231;&#227;o muito r&#225;pido, um eventual benef&#237;cio de fazer o procedimento j&#225; com a&#231;&#227;o antiplaquet&#225;ria se tornaria, provavelmente, menos relevante. O racional de que a plausibilidade de uma maior a&#231;&#227;o antiplaquet&#225;ria na ocasi&#227;o do procedimento seria suficiente para minimizar eventos isqu&#234;micos tamb&#233;m foi questionado neste estudo, j&#225; que a an&#225;lise farmacodin&#226;mica do ACCOAST mostrou menor agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria na ocasi&#227;o do procedimento no grupo pr&#233;-tratamento, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo placebo. Dessa forma, apesar do pr&#233;-tratamento ter apresentado maior a&#231;&#227;o antiplaquet&#225;ria na ocasi&#227;o do procedimento, isto n&#227;o foi suficiente para reduzir desfechos cl&#237;nicos relacionados &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no grupo pr&#233;-tratamento, embora tenha aumentado complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. Ap&#243;s 2 horas da segunda dose de ataque, a a&#231;&#227;o antiplaquet&#225;ria foi similar nos dois grupos. Al&#233;m disso, an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica de pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP no estudo ACCOAST mostrou que, apesar da presen&#231;a de trombo na angiografia ter sido preditor independente de uma taxa tr&#234;s vezes maior de eventos quando comparado aos casos sem trombo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a da presen&#231;a de trombo no grupo com e sem o pr&#233;-tratamento. Finalmente, n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o de trombose de stent p&#243;s-ICP, e a incid&#234;ncia deste evento foi id&#234;ntica em ambas as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Um argumento para o uso do pr&#233;-tratamento mesmo ap&#243;s o estudo ACCOAST &#233; de que n&#227;o h&#225; efeito de classe dentre os antiplaquet&#225;rios. O ticagrelor, diferentemente dos tienopirid&#237;nicos, n&#227;o necessita ativa&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica e atua na via do ADP por inibi&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel do receptor P2Y12.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; efeitos via adenosina que poderiam explicar outras diferen&#231;as entre as classes de antiplaquet&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado que tenha avaliado o uso de ticagrelor antes vs. o uso ap&#243;s conhecer a anatomia coron&#225;ria na SCASST. O estudo ATLANTIC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> avaliou a introdu&#231;&#227;o precoce do ticagrelor na SCACST, tendo comparado dose de ataque de ticagrelor na ambul&#226;ncia vs. uso no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo. Apesar de a SCACST ser o cen&#225;rio com maior potencial para benef&#237;cio do pr&#233;-tratamento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> o estudo ATLANTIC n&#227;o demonstrou benef&#237;cio do pr&#233;-tratamento nos desfechos co-prim&#225;rios. Embora os resultados dos desfechos principais do ATLANTIC possam refor&#231;ar as d&#250;vidas quanto ao real benef&#237;cio do pr&#233;-tratamento, o ticagrelor foi seguro, quanto a eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, nesse cen&#225;rio de angioplastia prim&#225;ria no IAMCST, e sugeriu potencial benef&#237;cio com respeito &#224;s menores taxas de trombose de stent (desfecho secund&#225;rio), o que, de maneira geral, mant&#233;m a pr&#225;tica de DAPT precoce no IAMCST e n&#227;o modifica a quest&#227;o do pr&#233;-tratamento na SCASST.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pr&#233;-tratamento e tempo para realiza&#231;&#227;o da cinecoronariografia</title>
          <p>No estudo ACCOAST, a mediana do tempo entre a dose de ataque do prasugrel e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da angiografia foi de 4,3 horas, o que, apesar de ser bastante r&#225;pido, &#233; ainda mais tardio do que em outros estudos recentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Ao se fazer um paralelo com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o tempo desde o diagn&#243;stico seria maior, j&#225; que, na mediana de tempo destes estudos, n&#227;o est&#227;o representados os tempos da avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, a aplica&#231;&#227;o do termo de consentimento e a randomiza&#231;&#227;o, os quais ocorrem antes da administra&#231;&#227;o da dose de ataque do ensaio cl&#237;nico. De qualquer forma, n&#227;o houve benef&#237;cio em redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos do pr&#233;-tratamento tamb&#233;m nos pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; ICP acima da mediana do estudo ACCOAST, o qual colocou 48 horas como tempo m&#225;ximo para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o. Como os ensaios cl&#237;nicos podem n&#227;o refletir o mundo real, qualquer terapia eficaz deve ser submetida tamb&#233;m a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Nesse sentido, o registro recente de SCA, chamado TRANSLATE-ACS (<italic>TReatment with ADP receptor iNhibitorS: Longitudinal Assessment of Treatment Patterns and Events after Acute Coronary Syndrome</italic>),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> que avaliou pr&#225;ticas atuais da terapia adjunta, evidenciou que, tanto com o clopidogrel como com o prasugrel, o pr&#233;-tratamento se associou a risco similar de eventos cardiovasculares maiores intra-hospitalares em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento ap&#243;s o conhecimento da anatomia. No entanto, neste registro,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram evidenciadas diferen&#231;as quanto &#224;s taxas de sangramento entre pr&#233;-tratamento ou n&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Diante destes questionamentos, alguns dados indiretos podem ser interessantes na defini&#231;&#227;o do prazo m&#225;ximo toler&#225;vel, sem que seja administrado o pr&#233;-tratamento. A an&#225;lise temporal do estudo CURE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o de desfecho composto de morte cardiovascular, AVC, IAM nos primeiros 30 dias, e destes tr&#234;s desfechos associados a isquemia importante j&#225; nas primeiras 24 horas, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figura 2</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, suban&#225;lise pr&#233;-especificada do CREDO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> sugeriu que, talvez, a dose de ataque de clopidogrel 6 horas ou mais antes da ICP possa ser ben&#233;fica (redu&#231;&#227;o de RR de 38,6%; p = 0,051), embora o tempo que foi identificado neste estudo como ponto de refer&#234;ncia para diferen&#231;a nos resultados do pr&#233;-tratamento foi de 15 horas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas de eventos (desfecho composto de morte cardiovascular, acidente vascular cerebral, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e isquemia importante) nos grupos clopidogrel vs. placebo durante as primeiras 24 horas no estudo CURE (The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events ). Risco relativo de 0,66; p &lt; 0,01.1</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0236-60042-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise do benef&#237;cio (morte, infarto ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente do vaso alvo) do pr&#233;-tratamento, de acordo com o tempo at&#233; o cateterismo no estudo CREDO (Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Linha pontilhada &#233; o grupo placebo (sem pr&#233;-tratamento). Nota-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de eventos a partir de 15 horas do pr&#233;-tratamento com clopidogrel. IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; RUVA: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente do vaso alvo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0236-60042-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A hip&#243;tese de benef&#237;cio no grupo de pr&#233;-tratamento num tempo &gt; 6 horas sugerido por suban&#225;lise do CREDO foi avaliada em dois ensaios cl&#237;nicos com metodologia adequada, por&#233;m estes estudos n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram pacientes com SCA. Os estudos PR AGUE-8<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> (<italic>Clopidogrel Only Before Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or Before Every Coronarography?</italic>) e ARMYDA-5 (<italic>Antiplatelet therapy for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> avaliaram pacientes com doen&#231;a est&#225;vel, sendo utilizada ataque de clopidogrel 600 mg &gt; 6 horas antes da ICP, e n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos em ambos os estudos sendo associado a um excesso de sangramento no estudo PRAGUE-8.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es de diretrizes</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 2</xref> resume as mudan&#231;as nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre o pr&#233;-tratamento nas &#250;ltimas diretrizes das principais sociedades de cardiologia mundiais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resumo das mudan&#231;as nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes ao longo do tempo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Sociedade de cardiologia</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ano da diretriz</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o sobre pr&#233;-tratamento</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="6">
                    <italic>American Cardiology of Cardiology / American Heart Association</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o de fazer o pr&#233;-tratamento, embora apresente tamb&#233;m a seguinte frase: "Inicia&#231;&#227;o do clopidogrel pode ser postergada at&#233; haver defini&#231;&#227;o sobre revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Diagn&#243;stico definido de SCASST de risco m&#233;dio e alto deve receber dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o na apresenta&#231;&#227;o (pr&#233;-cateterismo)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o faz recomenda&#231;&#227;o clara para DAPT antes de conhecer anatomia e recomenda ataque de inibidor P2Y12 antes, naqueles que ser&#227;o submetidos &#224; ICP com stent</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">"Postergar o clopidogrel para usar ap&#243;s a angiografia n&#227;o pode ser recomendado"</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Uso de um inibidor de P2Y12 o mais breve poss&#237;vel"</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">
                    <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#233;-tratamento com prasugrel em pacientes cuja anatomia coron&#225;ria n&#227;o &#233; conhecida &#233; classe III, N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">H&#225; uma se&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para discutir o momento de administrar o inibidor P2Y12, na qual se exp&#245;e que se trata de um tema controverso e que, por n&#227;o exisitr uma investiga&#231;&#227;o adequada com clopidogrel e ticagrelor, a diretriz n&#227;o formulou nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o a favor ou contra pr&#233;-tratamento na estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce, exceto para prasugrel, que n&#227;o se deve fazer pr&#233;-tratamento. Se manejo conservador, deve-se iniciar inibidor P2Y12 (preferencialmente ticagrelor) assim que o diagn&#243;stico for confirmado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</td>
                  <td align="center">2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Em ambas n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#227;o formal espec&#237;fica sobre o momento do segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio, mas indica usar prasugrel s&#243; ap&#243;s conhecer anatomia coron&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Quanto ao clopidogrel e ticagrelor na SCASST, esta diretriz n&#227;o faz recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, mas discute as evid&#234;ncias relacionadas. Refor&#231;a tamb&#233;m que o pr&#233;tratamento ainda n&#227;o foi testado com o ticagrelor. SCASST: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do ST; DAPT: dupla terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Tendo em vista as evid&#234;ncias atualmente dispon&#237;veis, o pr&#233;-tratamento com dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, apesar de biologicamente atraente e intuitivo, permanece sem comprova&#231;&#227;o definitiva em estudos prospectivos randomizados e ainda gera opini&#245;es divergentes na comunidade m&#233;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Servi&#231;os que n&#227;o realizam estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva precoce nos casos de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelmaneto do ST devem aplicar as evid&#234;ncias do estudo PCI-CURE e utilizar precocemente o inibidor de P2Y12. Por&#233;m, nos servi&#231;os que realizam estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva precoce, as evid&#234;ncias e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes atualmente nos deixam as duas op&#231;&#245;es (pr&#233;-tratar ou n&#227;o) como aceit&#225;veis, de acordo com a escolha do segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio a ser utilizado (atuais diretrizes n&#227;o recomendam o pr&#233;-tratamento quando o segundo antiplaquet&#225;rio escolhido for o prasugrel).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Novos estudos podem esclarecer algumas lacunas ainda remanescentes como pr&#233;-tratamento com ticagrelor na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelmaneto do ST (semelhante ao que foi feito com o prasugrel no estudo ACCOAST); tempo m&#225;ximo toler&#225;vel que se pode esperar para realiza&#231;&#227;o da angiografia, ao se optar pela estrat&#233;gia de n&#227;o pr&#233;-tratar; e poss&#237;veis subgrupos cujo balan&#231;o risco vs. benef&#237;cio seja favor&#225;vel para o pr&#233;-tratamento (talvez possa haver benef&#237;cio em pacientes com baixo risco de sangramento, segundo escores validados, e que apresentam alta probabilidade de doen&#231;a obstrutiva pr&#233;-angiografia).</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
