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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YKTPvMBQzcjrLPZvGck4RbT</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000300226</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005005102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Value of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance by Magnetic Resonance in Systolic Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fabregat-Andr&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>&#211;scar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Estornell-Erill</surname>
            <given-names>Jordi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ridocci-Soriano</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#233;rez-Bosc&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
            <given-names>Pilar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pay&#225;-Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morell</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cortijo</surname>
            <given-names>Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital General Universitario de Valencia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Valencia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia - Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital General Universitario de Valencia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Fundaci&#243;n para la Investigaci&#243;n</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Valencia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fundaci&#243;n para la Investigaci&#243;n - Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia - Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital General Universitario de Valencia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidad de Imagen Cardiaca - ERESA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Valencia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidad de Imagen Cardiaca - ERESA - Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia - Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Valencia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Valencia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina. Universitat de Valencia, Valencia - Spain</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universitat de Valencia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Valencia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Valencia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia. Universitat de Valencia, Valencia- Spain</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universitat de Valencia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Addres: &#211;scar Fabregat Andr&#233;s,</bold> Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia. Servicio de Cardiolog&#237;a. Av Tres Cruces, 2. Postal Code: 46014,Valencia - Spain. E-mail: <email>osfabregat@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O, Estornell-Erill J, Ridocci-Soriano F, P&#233;rez-Bosc&#225; JL, Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez P, Pay&#225;-Serrano R, Morell S, Cortijo J; Acquisition of data: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O, Estornell-Erill J, P&#233;rez-Bosc&#225; JL, Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez P, Pay&#225;-Serrano R; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O, Estornell-Erill J, Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez P; Statistical analysis: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O, Estornell-Erill J; Obtaining financing: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O; Writing of the manuscript: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O, Ridocci-Soriano F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>226</fpage>
      <lpage>235</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Pulmonary hypertension is associated with poor prognosis in heart failure. However, non-invasive diagnosis is still challenging in clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We sought to assess the prognostic utility of non-invasive estimation of pulmonary vascular resistances (PVR) by cardiovascular magnetic resonance to predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective registry of patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 40% and recently admitted for decompensated heart failure during three years. PVRwere calculated based on right ventricular ejection fraction and average velocity of the pulmonary artery estimated during cardiac magnetic resonance. Readmission for heart failure and all-cause mortality were considered as adverse events at follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>105 patients (average LVEF 26.0 &#177;7.7%, ischemic etiology 43%) were included. Patients with adverse events at long-term follow-up had higher values of PVR (6.93 &#177; 1.9 vs. 4.6 &#177; 1.7estimated Wood Units (eWu), p &lt; 0.001). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, PVR &#8805; 5 eWu(cutoff value according to ROC curve) was independently associated with increased risk of adverse events at 9 months follow-up (HR2.98; 95% CI 1.12-7.88; p &lt; 0.03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In patients with HFrEF, the presence of PVR &#8805; 5.0 Wu is associated with significantly worse clinical outcome at follow-up. Non-invasive estimation of PVR by cardiac magnetic resonance might be useful for risk stratification in HFrEF, irrespective of etiology, presence of late gadolinium enhancement or LVEF. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Vascular Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The occurrence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is considered an indicator of poor prognosis in the progression of chronic heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Some patients, along with increased pulmonary venous pressures secondary to persistently high left ventricular end-diastolic pressures, also develop abnormalities in pulmonary arterial (PA) structure which leads to an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The presence of this pre-capillary contribution to PH was recently associated with worse prognosis in advanced HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In clinical practice, estimation of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) and other parameters by Doppler echocardiography is widely used to identify PH in patients with HFrEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nonetheless, the inconsistency of these methods is well recognized, and right heart catheterization still remains the gold standard for establishing a diagnosis of PH, despite of radiation exposure and risks associated with invasive procedures.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), however, allows comprehensive non-invasive evaluation of anatomy and function of right ventricle as well as pulmonary artery. Furthermore, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) assessment has become essential in risk stratification of patients with chronic HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Based on accurate non-invasive methods for measurement of PVR previously reported,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> we have recently described the prognostic value of PVR in patients with heart failure admitted for acute decompensation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In this analysis, we focused on the group of patients with systolic dysfunction in order to assess if it preserves its prognostic utility in this context.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient population</title>
        <p>We prospectively enrolled 105 consecutive patients (average age 65.7 &#177; 11.7 years, 72% male) referred to our cardiac imaging unit between March 2011 and April 2014. Of these patients, 84 come from our previous analysis in HF patients with both reduced and preserved ejection fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> All patients were recently admitted for acute decompensated HF in different hospitals of the reference area and underwent a CMR under clinician criterion for the evaluation of chronic HF when they were stabilized, either during admission or within the first two weeks after discharge. Only were included in this analysis those patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 40% estimated by CMR. Diagnosis of HF was achieved as recommended by current guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Written informed consent was obtained before CMR in each patient.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical variables</title>
        <p>Medical history was examined in all patients, recording cardiovascular risk factors and medication. Relevant blood tests values (hemoglobin and creatinine at admission) were also recorded as well as significant electrocardiographic parameters (duration of QRS complex, and the presence of atrial fibrillation or left bundle branch block).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coronary angiography</title>
        <p>All patients underwent coronary angiography at our institution as referral hospital during current admission or previously. Data from coronariography were recorded to define ischemic etiology of HF according Felker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> criteria: history of myocardial infarction or revascularization, &#8805; 75% stenosis of left main or proximal left anterior descending artery, or &#8805; 75% stenosis of two or more epicardial vessels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic data for analysis were recorded from studies during admission. LVEF, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, E/e' ratio and sPAP were examined, although LVEF was the only parameter recorded in medical history in all patients. The other variables were considered when available.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
        <p>CMR was performed with a 1.5 T unit (Magnetom Sonata, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). For cine imaging, breath-holding ECG-gated steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequences were used as normally to acquire long and short axis slices, and hence evaluate ventricular volumes and function. A standard 17-segmented cardiac-model was used for segmentation and assessing areas of LGE images,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> acquired after intravenous injection (0.15 mL/kg) of dimeglubine gadobenate 0.5 M. The areas of necrosis or fibrosis were assessed using inversion recovery-SSFP sequences (repetition time 2.9-3.9 ms, echo time 1.5-2.0 ms, flip angle 45-90&#186;, slice thickness 6 mm with inter-slice gap 4mm, in-plane spatial resolution 1.5-2 mm, temporal resolution 35-45 ms) ten minutes after contrast administration adjusting the inversion time (between 250 to 300 ms generally) to null normal myocardium. Flow imaging was performed perpendicular to the PA trunk with a velocity-encoded gradient echo sequence using an upper velocity limit of 150 cm/s (or the minimum velocity without signal aliasing). Two double-oblique orthogonal views oriented along the main PA were acquired with SSFP cine sequence and used as the reference to prescribe the plane perpendicular to the PA trunk for the acquisition of phase-contrast images. These parameters were applied as usually: repetition time/echo time 5.9-7.5/3.1-6.5 ms, slice thickness 6 mm, in-plane resolution 1.5-3 mm, 20 reconstructed cardiac phases, and temporal resolution 55-105 ms.</p>
        <p>Images were analyzed by a single expert cardiologist in cardiac imaging using a specific software (Argus<sup>&#174;</sup>, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Short axis slices were used to calculate ejection fractions and ventricular volumes using Simpson's method. LGE of the myocardium was visually identified by the CMR expert blinded to hemodynamic and echocardiographic data, considering both the presence (ischemic and non-ischemic patterns) as distribution of LGE (number of myocardial segments with LGE). PA cross-section were outlined in each cardiac phase to estimate PA area and flow, and calculate peak and average velocities during the complete cardiac cycle, minimum and maximum areas, and PA net forward volume (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Ventricular volumes, ejection fractions and PA area were adjusted to body surface area.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance of a representative patient with high pulmonary vascular resistances. 72-year-old female patient with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and biventricular systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction of 33% and right ventricular ejection fraction of 40%). (A) Phase-contrast images for quantification of pulmonary artery velocities. (B) Off-line analysis of pulmonary artery flow rate vs. time to calculate velocities and flows.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0226-60020-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>PVR were calculated with this formula previously reported: PVR (in estimated Wood units [eWu]) = 19.38 - [4.62 x ln PA average velocity (in cm/s)] - [0.08 x right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) (in %)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical follow-up</title>
        <p>Readmission for HF and all-cause mortality were considered as major adverse events at follow-up. Combination of both outcomes constitutes the primary endpoint. Data were collected from electronic centralized medical history, shared by all hospitals involved.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical values were expressed as absolute number and percentages, and continuous variables as mean &#177; standard deviation. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for normality of the distribution. Patients were initially divided into tertiles according to the value of PVR on CMR. Comparisons between groups were made using analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA, with post-hoc multiple comparisons using Bonferroni test), and its prognostic role was assessed by construction of Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Subsequently, the sample was divided in two groups according to the optimal cut-off value of PVR calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to predict primary endpoint at follow up. Comparisons between both groups were made by Chi-Square test or unpaired t-Student test as appropriate.</p>
        <p>A multivariate Cox regression model was performed with all variables with a p value &lt; 0.10 in the univariate analysis to define the prognostic utility of PVR. Survival curves according PVR cut-off point were again constructed with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by Log-rank test.</p>
        <p>All tests were two-tailed and p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS <sup>&#174;</sup> software (version 17.0).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline patient characteristics according to PVR</title>
        <p>Baseline characteristics of patients according to tertiles of PVR are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. We found a study population optimally medicated, with average LVEF by CMR 26.0 &#177; 7.7%, 43% with ischemic etiology of HF, and 29% of patients with atrial fibrillation. No differences were found in cardiovascular risk factors, medication, laboratory values or ECG parameters between different groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General characteristics of patients according to tertiles of pulmonary vascular resistance by cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>All (n = 105)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>1<sup>st</sup> tertile (PVR &#8804; 4 Wu)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2<sup>nd</sup> tertile (PVR &gt; 4 &#8804; 6 Wu)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile (PVR &#8805; 6 Wu)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td align="center">65.7 &#177; 11.7</td>
                <td align="center">67.2 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">66.1 &#177; 11.8</td>
                <td align="center">63.8 &#177; 13.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (77)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (63)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (71)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (71)</td>
                <td align="center">0.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (43)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (52)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (52)</td>
                <td align="center">0.67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking history, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (74)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (63)</td>
                <td align="center">0.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ischemic aethiology (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (43)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0.36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medication, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betablockers</td>
                <td align="center">92 (88)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (88)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (85)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (88)</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACEI or ARBs</td>
                <td align="center">102 (97)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (97)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (94)</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center">105 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aldosterone antagonists</td>
                <td align="center">55 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulants</td>
                <td align="center">24 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Blood values</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">12.8 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">12.5 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinine (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.09 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.15 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.06 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Electrocardiogram</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LBBB, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QRS complex (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">105.6 &#177; 25.5</td>
                <td align="center">105.3 &#177; 26.4</td>
                <td align="center">110.5 &#177; 25.1</td>
                <td align="center">101.5 &#177; 25.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.41</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>PVR: Pulmonary vascular resistance; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; LBBB: Left bundle branch block. Quantitative data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Worse ventricular function and higher ventricular diameters and volumes estimated by CMR were found in patients in upper tertiles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). A significant increase of sPAP by echocardiography was also observed in these patients (63.5 &#177; 14.6 mmHg in third tertile vs 38.6 &#177; 13.2 mmHg in first tertile, p = 0.03; based on available data).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance parameters according to tertiles of pulmonary vascular resistance</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>All (n = 105)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>1<sup>st</sup> tertile (PVR &lt; 4 Wu)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2<sup>nd</sup> tertile (PVR &gt; 4 &lt; 6 Wu)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile (PVR &gt; 6 Wu)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27.4 &#177; 10.9</td>
                <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 13.5</td>
                <td align="center">27.1 &#177; 10.5</td>
                <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 10.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEDD (mm)<sup>(a)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">60.3 &#177; 7.3</td>
                <td align="center">57.2 &#177; 5.0</td>
                <td align="center">59.1 &#177; 6.4</td>
                <td align="center">63.2 &#177; 8.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVESD (mm)<sup>(b)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">48.3 &#177; 7.9</td>
                <td align="center">46.5 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">47.8 &#177; 7.0</td>
                <td align="center">49.7 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE (mm)<sup>(c)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">16.7 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">19.0 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">16.2 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">16.6 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>sPAP (mmHg)<sup>(d)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">51.6 &#177; 13.7</td>
                <td align="center">38.6 &#177; 13.2</td>
                <td align="center">49.3&#177; 12.2</td>
                <td align="center">63.5 &#177; 14.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cardiac resonance</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 7.7</td>
                <td align="center">30.0 &#177; 6.6</td>
                <td align="center">24.9 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td align="center">23.1 &#177; 6.6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RVEF(%)</td>
                <td align="center">44.8 &#177; 17.2</td>
                <td align="center">55.6 &#177; 15.0</td>
                <td align="center">47.3 &#177; 12.1</td>
                <td align="center">31.5 &#177; 15.0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iLVEDV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">132.7 &#177; 39.5</td>
                <td align="center">122.0 &#177; 37.0</td>
                <td align="center">130.8 &#177; 38.8</td>
                <td align="center">145.3 &#177; 40.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iLVESV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">98.2 &#177; 37.0</td>
                <td align="center">85.8 &#177; 33.4</td>
                <td align="center">99.0 &#177; 33.3</td>
                <td align="center">109.9 &#177; 40.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iRVEDV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">71.7 &#177; 28.7</td>
                <td align="center">60.9 &#177; 26.1</td>
                <td align="center">71.8 &#177; 22.1</td>
                <td align="center">82.9 &#177; 33.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iRVESV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41.0 &#177; 23.7</td>
                <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 15.6</td>
                <td align="center">38.1 &#177; 15.5</td>
                <td align="center">56.6 &#177; 28.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presence of LGE, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (64)</td>
                <td align="center">18(51)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (77)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (63)</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#176; of segments with LGE</td>
                <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">2.3 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PVR (Wu)</td>
                <td align="center">5.42 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">3.30 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">5.19 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">7.77 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>LVEF and RVEF: Left and right ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD and LVESD: Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters; TAPSE: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; sPAP: Systolic pulmonary artery pressure; iLVEDV and iLVESV: Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexed to body surface; iRVEDV and iRVESV: Right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexed to body surface; LGE: Late gadolinium enhancement; PVR: Pulmonary vascular resistance; Wu: Wood units; NS: No significant. Quantitative data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. *Available data from: (a) 71 patients (b) 65 patients (c) 31 patients (d) 48 patients.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prognostic impact of PVR estimated by CMR</title>
        <p>Patients with primary endpoint at long-term follow-up had higher values of PVR calculated by CMR (6.93 &#177; 1.9 vs. 4.6 &#177; 1.7 eWu, p &lt; 0.001). When we analyze the probability of survival free of readmission for heart failure and all-cause mortality according to tertiles of PVR, patients in upper tertiles were significantly more likely to reach the composite adverse event (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pulmonary vascular resistance tertiles and clinical outcome. Kaplan-Meier survival curves according to tertiles of pulmonary vascular resistance estimated by cardiac magnetic resonance showing time to primary endpoint at follow up. Comparisons between groups were made using Log-rank test: p = 0.033 between first and second tertile, p &lt; 0.001 between first and third tertile, and p = 0.106 between second and third tertile.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0226-60020-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Univariate analysis</title>
        <p>Univariate analysis of all cardiovascular risk factors and parameters of echocardiography and CMR are reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Thereby, univariate predictors (with p &lt; 0.1) of primary endpoint included age, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter by echocardiography, left and right ventricular end-diastolic volumes assessed by CMR, and PVR. Despite p value was above this limit, semiquantitative size of LGE (as measured by number of segments with LGE) was also included given its strong prognostic value in patients with HFrEF.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate analysis for total adverse events at follow-up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HR (95% CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cardiovascular Risk Factors</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.96 (0.91-1.01)</td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">1.75 (0.42-7.21)</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">1.37 (0.43-4.33)</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0.79 (0.26-2.39)</td>
                <td align="center">0.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">1.81 (0.61-5.35)</td>
                <td align="center">0.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ischemic etiology</td>
                <td align="center">2.32 (0.72-7.46)</td>
                <td align="center">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">6.58 (1.88-19.98)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.81 (0.37-1.19)</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEDD (mm)<sup>(a)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2.38 (1.03-5.46)</td>
                <td align="center">0.041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE (mm)<sup>(b)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.99 (0.81-1.21)</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAPs (mmHg)<sup>(c)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.03 (0.95-1.12)</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.01 (0.93-1.10)</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iLVEDV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 (1.00-1.04)</td>
                <td align="center">0.020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00 (0.96-1.04)</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iRVEDV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0.97 (0.95-1.01)</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PVR (uW)</td>
                <td align="center">2.31 (1.54-3.46)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presence of LGE</td>
                <td align="center">1.31 (0.44-3.88)</td>
                <td align="center">0.61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Number of segments with LGE</td>
                <td align="center">1.11 (0.94-1.33)</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>LVEF and RVEF: Left and right ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; TAPSE: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; sPAP: Systolic pulmonary artery pressure; iLVEDV and iRVEDV: Left and right ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface; PVR: Pulmonary vascular resistance; Wu: Wood units; LGE: Late gadolinium enhancement. *Available data from: (a) 71 patients (b) 31 patients (c) 48 patients.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>PVR &#8805; 5 Wu as independent predictor of adverse outcome</title>
        <p>In order to establish the optimal cutoff value of PVR to predict adverse events at follow-up, a ROC curve was carry out considering the primary endpoint as clinical outcome (PVR cut point: 5.0 eWu, area under the curve 0.81 [95% confidence interval 0.72-0.89], p &lt; 0.001). General characteristics of both groups according to this cutoff value are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>. A higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation was observed when compared cardiovascular risk factors. As expected, patients with PVR &#8805; 5.0 eWu had also worse biventricular systolic function and higher ventricular volumes, with a trend toward more frequent presence of LGE on CMR.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General characteristics of patients according to optimal cutoff value of pulmonary vascular resistance to predict adverse events at follow-up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>All (n=105)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>PVR &lt; 5.0 Wu (n=48)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>PVR &#8805; 5.0 Wu (n=57)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td align="center">65.7 &#177; 11.7</td>
                <td align="center">66.9 &#177; 9.9</td>
                <td align="center">64.6 &#177; 13.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (79)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">0.58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidaemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (49)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (49)</td>
                <td align="center">0.90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ischemic aethiology (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48(46)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (43)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27.4 &#177; 10.9</td>
                <td align="center">30.7 &#177; 13.1</td>
                <td align="center">26.1 &#177; 9.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEDD (mm)<sup>(a)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">60.2 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">56.8 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">61.6 &#177; 7.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVESD (mm)<sup>(b)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">48.3 &#177; 7.9</td>
                <td align="center">44.2 &#177; 6.3</td>
                <td align="center">49.8 &#177; 8.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE (mm)<sup>(c)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">16.9 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">18.0 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">16.5 &#177; 5.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>sPAP (mmHg)<sup>(d)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">43.6 &#177; 13.7</td>
                <td align="center">39.3 &#177; 13.3</td>
                <td align="center">51.2 &#177; 14.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cardiac magnetic resonance</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 7.7</td>
                <td align="center">28.9 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">22.8 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44.8 &#177; 17.2</td>
                <td align="center">54.5 &#177; 13.5</td>
                <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 15.7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iLVEDV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">132.7 &#177; 39.5</td>
                <td align="center">124.8 &#177; 35.3</td>
                <td align="center">139.4 &#177; 41.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iLVESV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">98.3 &#177; 37.0</td>
                <td align="center">87.9 &#177; 31.4</td>
                <td align="center">107.0 &#177; 39.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iRVEDV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">71.7 &#177; 28.7</td>
                <td align="center">62.3 &#177; 24.7</td>
                <td align="center">79.6 &#177; 29.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iRVESV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">40.1 &#177; 23.7</td>
                <td align="center">29.4 &#177; 14.9</td>
                <td align="center">50.7 &#177; 25.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presence of LGE, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (64)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (52)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Number of segments with LGE</td>
                <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PVR (Wu)</td>
                <td align="center">5.42 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">3.64 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">6.93 &#177; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>LVEF and RVEF: Left and right ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD and LVESD: Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters; TAPSE: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; sPAP: Systolic pulmonary artery pressure; iLVEDV and iLVESV: Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexed to body surface; iRVEDV and iRVESV: Right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexed to body surface; LGE: Late gadolinium enhancement; PVR: Pulmonary vascular resistance; Wu: Wood units; NS: No significant. Quantitative data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. *Available data from: (a) 71 patients (b) 65 patients (c) 31 patients (d) 48 patients.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>To assess whether this cutoff value of PVR had an independent prognostic impact at follow-up, a Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed including all significant factors in univariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). After that, both PVR &#8805; 5 eWu (HR 3.95; 95% CI 1.49-10.49; p = 0.006) and semiquantitative size of LGE (HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.01-1.37; p = 0.032) remained statistically significant.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate Cox regression analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HR (95% CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td align="center">1.00 (0.97-1.04)</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">1.51 (0.74-3.09)</td>
                <td align="center">0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iLVEDV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.01 (0.99-1.02)</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iRVEDV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.01 (0.99-1.01)</td>
                <td align="center">0.40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Semiquantitative size LGE (n&#186; segments)</td>
                <td align="center">1.18 (1.01-1.37)</td>
                <td align="center">0.032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PVR &#8805; 5 Wu</td>
                <td align="center">3.95 (1.49-10.49)</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>iLVEDV and iRVEDV: Left and right ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface; LGE: Late gadolinium enhancement; PVR: Pulmonary vascular resistance; Wu: Wood units.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>At a mean follow-up of 9.1 (1-38) months, patients with PVR &#8805; 5.0 eWu had a significantly worse prognosis, as indicated in Kaplan-Meier survival curves, both for readmission to HF (Log Rank test, p = 0.001) as for all-cause mortality (Log Rank test, p = 0.043) and risk to reach the primary endpoint (Log Rank test, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pulmonary vascular resistance &#8805; 5.0 eWu predicts worse prognosis. Kaplan-Meier curves showed time to adverse events (readmission for heart failure, all-cause mortality, and primary endpoint) according to optimal cutoff value of PVR.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0226-60020-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The main body of cardiac events during follow-up in these patients was represented by readmissions for HF, as follows: 5 readmissions for HF with no deaths in patients with lower PVR, and 28 readmissions for HF with 5 deaths in those with PVR &#8805; 5.0 eWu. Of these total fatal events, 3 patients were previously admitted for acute decompensated HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Following the publication of the prognostic utility of PVR estimated by CMR to predict adverse events in chronic HF, the results of this study reinforce the prognostic value of this technique in the selected group of patients with systolic dysfunction. Thereby, we could observe that increased PVR by CMR remained as an independent predictor of worse prognosis at long-term follow up as well as semiquantitative size of LGE, and interestingly, irrespective of the presence of LGE. In clinical practice, routine use of this parameter could therefore provide additional valuable prognostic information for patients with HFrEF.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Noninvasive diagnosis of PH</title>
        <p>Diagnosis of PH in chronic HF remains challenging, because of inconsistency of echocardiography and risks derived from right heart catheterization, usually reserved for selected cases. Even so, in clinical practice, sPAP is often calculated by echocardiography from the velocity of the tricuspid regurgitant jet as an indirect estimation of the presence of PH, although as known remains a method with widely varying results and therefore unreliable in patients with suspected PH.</p>
        <p>Other more accurate methods such as pulmonary artery acceleration time, right ventricular isovolumic relaxation time, or PVR itself, have been also described although systematically neglected in routine practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Indeed, in our study with data recorded from real clinical practice, sPAP was calculated only in 48 of 105 patients, either because there was no significant tricuspid regurgitation or because inadequate visualization of right ventricle. This means, as shown, a major limitation of echocardiography.</p>
        <p>A promising novel tool in this regard comes from CMR, which allows an accurate non-invasive estimation of PVR, as reported in previous studies. In our study, we employed the model proposed by Garcia-Alvarez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> using an equation with only two variables: RVEF and PA average velocity. This method showed a good limits of agreement with PVR quantified by right heart catheterization and allowed identify accurately those patients with increased PVR (considered as &gt; 3 eWu). In addition, this model has also demonstrated its ability to monitor acute and chronic changes of PVR in a well-designed study that included: an experimental phase in pigs to evaluate acute changes after pulmonary embolization; serial changes in patients with chronic PH; and acute changes in PVR during vasodilator testing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> This capability could therefore be valuable to noninvasive assessment and follow-up of patients with PH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prognostic utility of incorporating PVR on CMR protocol</title>
        <p>In patients with HFrEF, in which CMR is routinely used to define aetiology and clinical management, regular inclusion of PVR measurement could provide additional prognostic information in this respect, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In order to confirm the potential prognostic role of PVR in the group of patients with reduced LVEF, those referred to our cardiac imaging unit were long-term followed. We found that optimally medicated patients with increased PVR, according to optimal value calculated with ROC curve, had worse left and right ventricular systolic function and higher ventricular volumes, and showed an increased risk to achieve the primary endpoint at follow-up. This incremental risk was tested in univariate and multivariate analyses with other well-known prognostic factors such as LVEF, RVEF, presence and size of LGE or atrial fibrillation, and PVR remained as a solid predictor.</p>
        <p>Although prognostic relevance of PH in chronic HF is well known,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> few studies have assessed the relationship between different PH subtypes and clinical outcomes. In this regard, the presence of an elevated transpulmonary gradient (&gt; 12 mmHg) which reflects a significant contribution of pre-capillary component, appears to identify a subgroup of particular worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> This type of reactive PH is common among patients with acute decompensated HF, and therefore, taking into consideration the increased mortality rates observed in this subgroup of patients, it is essential to distinguish them at an early stage. Therefore, non-invasive estimation of PVR by CMR could emerge as a novel clinical tool in this context.</p>
        <p>Since the majority of previous studies assessing the relationship between PH and adverse outcomes have normally used noninvasive parameters such as sPAP, the different contributions of pre- and post-capillary components could not be properly assessed so far.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Both in our previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> as in this, we could indirectly evaluate the pre-capillary contribution to PH through the estimation of PVR which are closely related to increased pulmonary vascular tone. Thereby, we found that PVR by CMR were superior to predict adverse outcomes at long-term follow up when compared to sPAP by echocardiography and other consolidated risk factors such as LVEF, presence of LGE, or atrial fibrillation. As well as assessment of LGE on CMR has become an essential tool in the evaluation of HF patients in lasts years, among other variables with firmly established prognostic value such as LVEF, QRS duration or <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> functional class, our results suggest that inclusion of PVR measurement in standard CMR protocol could contribute to prognostic stratification of patients with HFrEF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The main limitation of the study is determined by the process of enrolling patients and subsequent analysis of clinical and echocardiographic data. Although inclusion was prospective, patients came referred from different centers to our cardiac imaging unit and therefore, there was no protocol on data record regarding blood tests, echocardiography or clinical management. This process caused data loss in some important echocardiographic parameters, and consequently were not included in univariate nor multivariate analysis, as indicated in methods.</p>
        <p>In this regard, another important limitation comes from semiquantitative estimation of necrosis size by CMR. Thus, estimating the extent of LGE by number of segments and not by percentage with respect total myocardial mass probably conditioned the results of univariate analysis, knowing the solid prognostic value of LGE extent in this context. In order to minimize this issue, this variable was included in multivariate analysis despite being non-significant in the univariate.</p>
        <p>Since right heart catheterization is still the reference test for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with PH, the absence of hemodynamic data could also be considered a limitation of the study.</p>
        <p>Other important limitations are the reduced size of study population, the limited follow-up period and the fact of considering all-cause mortality, rather than cardiac mortality, as fatal event in the primary endpoint. Further studies will be therefore necessary to consolidate the prognostic value of PVR by CMR in patients with HFrEF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In patients with HFrEF, the presence of PVR &#8805; 5.0 eWu on CMR is associated with significantly worse clinical outcome, considering both readmission for HF and all-cause mortality. Non-invasive estimation of PVR by CMR might be useful for risk stratification in HFrEF, irrespective of etiology, presence of LGE or LVEF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>This work was supported by <italic>Rio Hortega Program 2013</italic> from <italic>Instituto de Salud Carlos III</italic> to &#211;scar Fabregat-Andr&#233;s, and <italic>I3 Program 2012 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III</italic> to Francisco Ridocci-Soriano.</p>
    </ack>
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              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNallan</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nkomo</surname>
              <given-names>VT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weston</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary pressures and death in heart failure: a community study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>222</fpage>
          <lpage>231</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Beca Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiologia - Investigation Translacional.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico da Resist&#234;ncia Vascular Pulmonar atrav&#233;s de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fabregat-Andr&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>&#211;scar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Estornell-Erill</surname>
            <given-names>Jordi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ridocci-Soriano</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#233;rez-Bosc&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
            <given-names>Pilar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pay&#225;-Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morell</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cortijo</surname>
            <given-names>Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia - Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Fundaci&#243;n para la Investigaci&#243;n - Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia - Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidad de Imagen Cardiaca - ERESA - Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia - Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina. Universitat de Valencia, Valencia - Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia. Universitat de Valencia, Valencia - Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: &#211;scar Fabregat Andr&#233;s,</bold> Cons&#243;rcio Hospital Universit&#225;rio Geral de Val&#234;ncia. Servi&#231;o de Cardiolog&#237;a. Av Tres Cruces, 2. C&#243;digo Postal: 46014, Val&#234;ncia - Espanha. E-mail: <email>osfabregat@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O, Estornell-Erill J, Ridocci-Soriano F, P&#233;rez-Bosc&#225; JL, Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez P, Pay&#225;-Serrano R, Morell S, Cortijo J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O, Estornell-Erill J, P&#233;rez-Bosc&#225; JL, Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez P, Pay&#225;-Serrano R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O, Estornell-Erill J, Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez P; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O, Estornell-Erill J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fabregat-Andr&#233;s O, Ridocci-Soriano F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar est&#225; associada a mau progn&#243;stico em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No entanto, o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o-invasivo &#233; desafiador na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a utilidade progn&#243;stica da estimativa n&#227;o-invasiva das resist&#234;ncias vasculares pulmonares (RVP) medidas atrav&#233;s de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular na previs&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares adversos em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Registro prospectivo de pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 40% internados recentemente por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, durante tr&#234;s anos. As RVP foram calculadas com base na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e velocidade m&#233;dia do fluxo na art&#233;ria pulmonar estimada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o, reinterna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e mortalidade por todas as causas foram consideradas eventos adversos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 105 pacientes (FEVE m&#233;dia de 26,0 &#177; 7,7%, etiologia isqu&#234;mica em 43%). Os valores de RVP nos pacientes que apresentaram eventos adversos durante o seguimento em longo prazo foram mais altos (6,93 &#177; 1,9 versus 4,6 &#177; 1,7 unidades Wood estimadas (uWe), p &lt; 0,001). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox, RVP &#8805; 5 eWu (valor de corte segundo a curva ROC) mostrou-se independentemente associada a um maior risco de eventos adversos aos 9 meses de seguimento (RR = 2,98; IC 95% = 1,12-7,88; p &lt; 0,03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com ICFEr, a presen&#231;a de RVP &#8805; 5,0 uW est&#225; associada a uma evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica significativamente pior. A estimativa n&#227;o-invasiva da RVP atrav&#233;s de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca pode ser &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em ICFEr, independentemente da etiologia, presen&#231;a de realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio ou FEVE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) &#233; considerada um indicador de mau progn&#243;stico na evolu&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) cr&#244;nica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m de press&#245;es venosas pulmonares aumentadas secundariamente a press&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao final da di&#225;stole persistentemente elevadas, alguns pacientes tamb&#233;m desenvolvem anormalidades na estrutura da art&#233;ria pulmonar (AP) que levam a um aumento na resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A presen&#231;a desta contribui&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-capilar &#224; HP foi recentemente associada a um pior progn&#243;stico em IC avan&#231;ada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a estimativa da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica (PAPs) e de outros par&#226;metros de Doppler ecocardiografia &#233; amplamente utilizada na identifica&#231;&#227;o de HP em pacientes portadores de ICFEr.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Entretanto, a inconsist&#234;ncia desses m&#233;todos &#233; bem estabelecida, e a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito continua sendo o padr&#227;o-ouro para firmar o diagn&#243;stico de HP, apesar da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e dos riscos associados a procedimentos invasivos.</p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC), no entanto, possibilita uma avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva abrangente da anatomia e da fun&#231;&#227;o tanto do ventr&#237;culo direito quanto da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o por realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (RTG) tornou-se essencial na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Com base em m&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos precisos para a medi&#231;&#227;o de RVP descritos anteriormente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> recentemente descrevemos o valor progn&#243;stico da RVP em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca internados por descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Na presente an&#225;lise, focamos no grupo de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica para avaliar se, neste contexto, essa medi&#231;&#227;o mant&#233;m sua utilidade progn&#243;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos prospectivamente 105 pacientes consecutivos (idade m&#233;dia de 65,7 &#177; 11,7 anos, 72% homens) encaminhados &#224; nossa unidade de exames de imagem card&#237;aca entre mar&#231;o de 2011 e abril de 2014. Desses, 84 eram provenientes de nossa an&#225;lise anterior no contexto de IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o tanto preservada quanto reduzida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Todos os pacientes haviam sido internados recentemente por IC descompensada em diferentes hospitais da &#225;rea de refer&#234;ncia e submetidos a RMC segundo crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de IC cr&#244;nica quando est&#225;veis, quer durante a interna&#231;&#227;o quer durante as duas primeiras semanas ap&#243;s a alta. Apenas os pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8804; 40%, conforme estimado pela RMC, foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise. O diagn&#243;stico de IC foi estabelecido como recomendado por diretrizes vigentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Foi obtido consentimento livre e esclarecido de cada paciente antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da RMC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Foram analisados os antecedentes cl&#237;nicos de todos os pacientes, registrando-se os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e medica&#231;&#245;es. Os valores dos exames de sangue relevantes (hemoglobina e creatinina &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o) tamb&#233;m foram registrados, assim como par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos importantes (dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou bloqueio de ramo esquerdo).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronariografia</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a coronariografia em nosso servi&#231;o como hospital de refer&#234;ncia durante ou antes da interna&#231;&#227;o atual. Os dados da coronariografia foram registrados para definir etiologia isqu&#234;mica da IC, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Felker et al.:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> antecedente de infarto ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, estenose da coron&#225;ria esquerda ou da descendente anterior esquerda proximal &#8805; 75%, ou estenose de dois ou mais vasos epic&#225;rdicos &#8805; 75%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que seriam analisados foram registrados a partir de exames realizados &#224; admiss&#227;o. Foram analisados a FEVE, di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' e PAPs, embora a FEVE tenha sido o &#250;nico par&#226;metro que constava no prontu&#225;rio de todos os pacientes. As demais vari&#225;veis foram consideradas quando dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>RMC foi realizada em um equipamento de 1,5 T (Magnetom Sonata, Siemens, Erlangen, Alemanha). Para as imagens em modo cine, foram usadas sequencias de precess&#227;o livre em estado de equil&#237;brio (SPLEE) acopladas ao ECG, em apneia, de forma habitual para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de cortes nos eixos longo e curto e, assim, avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o e volumes ventriculares. Foi usado um modelo padr&#227;o de 17 segmentos card&#237;acos para segmenta&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de imagens de RTG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> adquiridas ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de gadobenato de dimeglumina 0,5 M (0,15 mL/kg). As &#225;reas de necrose ou fibrose foram avaliadas atrav&#233;s de sequencias SPLEE de invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o (tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o 2,9-3,9 ms, tempo eco 1,5-2,0 ms, &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o de 45-90&#186;, espessura dos cortes de 6 mm com intervalo entre cortes de 4 mm, resolu&#231;&#227;o especial no plano de 1,5-2,0 mm, resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal de 35-45 ms) dez minutos ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste, ajustando-se o tempo de invers&#227;o (entre 250 e 300 ms, geralmente) para anular o mioc&#225;rdio normal. As imagens de fluxo foram obtidas perpendicularmente ao tronco da AP, com uma sequ&#234;ncia de gradiente eco com velocidade codificada usando um limite superior de velocidade de 150 cm/s (ou a m&#237;nima velocidade sem que houvesse distor&#231;&#227;o do sinal). Dois cortes ortogonais e duplo obl&#237;quo orientados ao longo da AP principal foram adquiridos com sequ&#234;ncia SPLEE em modo cine e usadas como refer&#234;ncia para prescrever o plano perpendicular ao tronco da AP para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens de contraste de fase. Esses par&#226;metros foram aplicados da forma habitual: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o/tempo de eco de 5,9-7,5/3,1-6,5 ms, espessura do corte de 6 mm, resolu&#231;&#227;o no plano de 1,5-3 mm, 20 fases card&#237;acas reconstru&#237;das, e resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal de 55-105 ms.</p>
          <p>As imagens foram analisadas por um &#250;nico cardiologista especializado em imagens card&#237;acas atrav&#233;s de um software espec&#237;fico (Argus (r), Simens, Erlangen, Alemanha). Os cortes no eixo curto foram utilizados para o c&#225;lculo das fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o e dos volumes ventriculares, atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Simpson. O RTG do mioc&#225;rdio foi identificado visualmente pelo especialista em RMC que desconhecia os dados hemodin&#226;micos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, considerando-se tanto a presen&#231;a (padr&#245;es isqu&#234;mico e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mico) como a distribui&#231;&#227;o do RTG (n&#250;mero de segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos com RTG). Os cortes transversais da AP foram delineados em cada fase card&#237;aca para estimar a &#225;rea e fluxo na AP e calcular as velocidades de pico e m&#233;dia durante o ciclo card&#237;aco completo, &#225;reas m&#237;nima e m&#225;xima, e volume ejetado l&#237;quido da AP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Os volumes ventriculares, fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o e &#225;rea da AP foram ajustados por superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca de uma paciente representativa com resist&#234;ncias vasculares pulmonares altas. Paciente do sexo feminino, 72 anos de idade, com miocardiopatia dilatada n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 33% e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito de 40%). (A) Imagens de contraste de fase para quantifica&#231;&#227;o das velocidades de fluxo na art&#233;ria pulmonar. (B) An&#225;lise off-line da taxa de fluxo na art&#233;ria pulmonar versus tempo, para calcular velocidades e fluxos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0226-60020-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A RVP foi calculada usando a f&#243;rmula descrita anteriormente: RVP (em unidades Wood estimadas [uWe]) = 19,38 - [4,62 x velocidade m&#233;dia da AP Ln (em cm/s) ] - [0,08 x fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (FEVD) (em %)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento cl&#237;nico</title>
          <p>Reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC e mortalidade por todas as causas foram consideradas eventos adversos maiores no seguimento. A associa&#231;&#227;o dos dois eventos foi considerada como desfecho prim&#225;rio. Os dados foram coletados de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos centralizados compartilhados por todos os hospitais envolvidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Foi usado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram inicialmente divididos em tercis, de acordo com o valor da RVP &#224; RMC. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos foram feitas atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA de um fator, com m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es <italic>post-hoc</italic> atrav&#233;s do teste de Bonferroni), e o papel progn&#243;stico foi avaliado atrav&#233;s da constru&#231;&#227;o da curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier. Na sequ&#234;ncia, a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos de acordo com o valor de corte ideal para RVP, calculado pela curva ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic>) para a previs&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio durante o seguimento. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os dois grupos foram feitas usando-se o teste do qui quadrado ou teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, conforme adequado.</p>
          <p>Foi realizado um modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox multivariado com todas as vari&#225;veis com valor de p &lt; 0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada para definir a utilidade progn&#243;stica da RVP. Foram novamente constru&#237;das curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de acordo com o ponto de corte da RVP usando o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier comparado pelo teste de Log-rank.</p>
          <p>Todos os testes foram bicaudais, e valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas atrav&#233;s do software SPSS &#174; (vers&#227;o 17.0).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas iniciais dos pacientes de acordo com a RVP</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas iniciais dos pacientes de acordo com tercis de RVP s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>. Encontramos uma popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo medicada da forma ideal, com uma FEVE m&#233;dia &#224; RMC de 26,0 &#177; 7,7%, 43% com IC de etiologia isqu&#234;mica, e 29% dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, medica&#231;&#245;es, valores laboratoriais ou par&#226;metros do ECG.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes de acordo com os tercis de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Todos (n = 105)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>1&#186; tercil (RVP &#8804; 4 uW)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2&#186; tercil (RVP &gt; 4 &#8804; 6 uW)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>3&#186; tercil (RVP &#8805; 6 uW)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">65,7 &#177; 11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">67,2 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">66,1 &#177; 11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">63,8 &#177; 13,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (77)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (63)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (71)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (52)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (52)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antecedente de tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (74)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etiologia isqu&#234;mica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (56)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (85)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA ou ARA-II</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (97)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (97)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antagonistas da aldosterona</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulantes</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Valores sangu&#237;neos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,8 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRE, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complexo QRS (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">105,6 &#177; 25,5</td>
                  <td align="center">105,3 &#177; 26,4</td>
                  <td align="center">110,5 &#177; 25,1</td>
                  <td align="center">101,5 &#177; 25,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>RVP: Resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; IECA: Inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; ARA-II: Antagonista do receptor de angiotensina II; BRE: Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. Dados quantitativos expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Foi encontrada pior fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e di&#226;metros e volumes ventriculares maiores, estimados por RMC, nos pacientes dos tercis superiores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). Foi tamb&#233;m observado um aumento significativo da PAPs &#224; ecocardiografia nesses pacientes (63,5 &#177; 14,6 mmHg no terceiro tercil versus 38,6 &#177; 13,2 mmHg no primeiro tercil, p = 0,03; com base em dados dispon&#237;veis).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros de ecocardiografia e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca de acordo com os tercis de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Todos (n = 105)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>1&#186; tercil (RVP &#8804; 4 uW)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>2&#186; tercil (RVP &gt; 4 &#8804; 6 uW)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile (RVP &gt; 6 uW)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 35)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,4 &#177; 10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">27,7 &#177; 13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">27,1 &#177; 10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVE (mm)<sup>(a)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">60,3 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">57,2 &#177; 5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">59,1 &#177; 6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">63,2 &#177; 8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSFVE (mm)<sup>(b)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">48,3 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">46,5 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">47,8 &#177; 7,0</td>
                  <td align="center">49,7 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESPAT (mm)<sup>(c)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16,7 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">19,0 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">16,2 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAPs (mmHg)<sup>(d)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">51,6 &#177; 13,7</td>
                  <td align="center">38,6 &#177; 13,2</td>
                  <td align="center">49,3&#177; 12,2</td>
                  <td align="center">63,5 &#177; 14,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">30,0 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">24,9 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">23,1 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,8 &#177; 17,2</td>
                  <td align="center">55,6 &#177; 15,0</td>
                  <td align="center">47,3 &#177; 12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">31,5 &#177; 15,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVEi (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">132,7 &#177; 39,5</td>
                  <td align="center">122,0 &#177; 37,0</td>
                  <td align="center">130,8 &#177; 38,8</td>
                  <td align="center">145,3 &#177; 40,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSFVEi (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,2 &#177; 37,0</td>
                  <td align="center">85,8 &#177; 33,4</td>
                  <td align="center">99,0 &#177; 33,3</td>
                  <td align="center">109,9 &#177; 40,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVDi (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,7 &#177; 28,7</td>
                  <td align="center">60,9 &#177; 26,1</td>
                  <td align="center">71,8 &#177; 22,1</td>
                  <td align="center">82,9 &#177; 33,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSFVDi (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,0 &#177; 23,7</td>
                  <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 15,6</td>
                  <td align="center">38,1 &#177; 15,5</td>
                  <td align="center">56,6 &#177; 28,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de RTG, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(51)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (77)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#186; de segmentos com RTG</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVP (uW)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,42 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">3,30 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">5,19 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">7,77 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>FEVE e FEVD: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito; DDFVE e DSFVE: Di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ESPAT: Excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica no plano do anel tric&#250;spide; PAPs: Press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar sist&#243;lica; VDFVEi e VSFVEi: Volume diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado por superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; VDFVDi e VSFVDi: Volume diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito indexado por superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; RTG: Realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio; RVP: Resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; uW: Unidades Wood; NS: N&#227;o significativo. Dados quantitativos expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. *Dados dispon&#237;veis de: (a) 71 pacientes (b) 65 pacientes (c) 31 pacientes (d) 48 pacientes.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Impacto progn&#243;stico da RVP estimada por RMC</title>
          <p>Os pacientes que apresentaram o desfecho prim&#225;rio durante o seguimento de longo prazo mostraram valores mais altos de RVP calculada por RMC (6,93 &#177; 1,9 versus 4,6 &#177; 1,7 uWe, p &lt; 0,001). Quando analisamos a probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de reinterna&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e mortalidade por todas as causas de acordo com os tercis de RVP, os pacientes nos tercis superiores apresentaram uma probabilidade significativamente maior de atingir o evento adverso composto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Tercis de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier de acordo com os tercis de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar estimada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, mostrando o tempo at&#233; o desfecho prim&#225;rio durante o seguimento. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram feitas atrav&#233;s do teste de Log-rank: p = 0,033 entre o primeiro e segundo tercis, p &lt; 0,001 entre o primeiro e terceiro tercis, e p = 0,106 entre o segundo e o terceiro tercis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0226-60020-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise univariada</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise univariada de todos os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e par&#226;metros de ecocardiografia e RMC s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>. Assim, os preditores univariados (com p &lt; 0,1) do desfecho prim&#225;rio inclu&#237;ram idade, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#224; ecocardiografia, volumes diast&#243;licos finais dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito avaliados por RMC, e RVP. Embora o valor de p estivesse acima desse limite, o tamanho semiquantitativo do RTG (medido pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG) tamb&#233;m foi inclu&#237;do, dado seu forte valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes com ICFEr.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise univariada para os eventos adversos totais durante o seguimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>RR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fatores de Risco Cardiovasculares</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 (0,91-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,75 (0,42-7,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,37 (0,43-4,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 (0,26-2,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">1,81 (0,61-5,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etiologia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">2,32 (0,72-7,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">6,58 (1,88-19,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81 (0,37-1,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDFVE (mm)<sup>(a)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2,38 (1,03-5,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESPAT (mm)<sup>(b)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 (0,81-1,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAPs (mmHg)<sup>(c)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (0,95-1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,93-1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVEi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (1,00-1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,96-1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVDi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 (0,95-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVP (uW)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,31 (1,54-3,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de RTG</td>
                  <td align="center">1,31 (0,44-3,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11 (0,94-1,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>FEVE e FEVD: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito; DDFVE: Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ESPAT: Excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica no plano do anel tric&#250;spide; PAPs: Press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar sist&#243;lica; VDFVEi e VDFVDi: Volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito indexados por superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; RVP: Resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; uW: Unidades Wood; RTG: Realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio. *Dados dispon&#237;veis de: (a) 71 pacientes (b) 31 pacientes (c) 48 pacientes.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RVP &#8805; 5 uW como preditor independente de resultados adversos</title>
          <p>A fim de estabelecer o valor de corte ideal para RVP na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos durante o seguimento, realizou-se uma curva ROC considerando o desfecho prim&#225;rio como resultado cl&#237;nico (ponto de corte da RVP: 5,0 uWe, &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,81 [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 0,72-0,89, p &lt; 0,001]). As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos dois grupos de acordo com este valor de corte est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>. Observou-se uma maior preval&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial quando os fatores de risco cardiovasculares foram comparados. Como esperado, os pacientes com RVP &#8805; 5,0 uWe tamb&#233;m apresentaram pior fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular e maiores volumes ventriculares, com tend&#234;ncia a uma presen&#231;a mais frequente de RTG &#224; RMC.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes de acordo como o valor de corte ideal para resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar para predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos durante o seguimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>
									</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Todos (n=105)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>RVP &lt; 5,0 uW (n=48)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>RVP &#8805; 5,0 uW (n=57)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">65,7 &#177; 11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">66,9 &#177; 9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">64,6 &#177; 13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (79)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (68)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (49)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etiologia isqu&#234;mica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48(46)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,4 &#177; 10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">30,7 &#177; 13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDFVE (mm)<sup>(a)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">60,2 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">56,8 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">61,6 &#177; 7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSFVE (mm)<sup>(b)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">48,3 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">44,2 &#177; 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">49,8 &#177; 8,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESPAT (mm)<sup>(c)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16,9 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">18,0 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">16,5 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAPs (mmHg)<sup>(d)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">43,6 &#177; 13,7</td>
                  <td align="center">39,3 &#177; 13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">51,2 &#177; 14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">28,9 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">22,8 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,8 &#177; 17,2</td>
                  <td align="center">54,5 &#177; 13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVEi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">132,7 &#177; 39,5</td>
                  <td align="center">124,8 &#177; 35,3</td>
                  <td align="center">139,4 &#177; 41,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSFVEi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,3 &#177; 37,0</td>
                  <td align="center">87,9 &#177; 31,4</td>
                  <td align="center">107,0 &#177; 39,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVDi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,7 &#177; 28,7</td>
                  <td align="center">62,3 &#177; 24,7</td>
                  <td align="center">79,6 &#177; 29,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSFVDi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,1 &#177; 23,7</td>
                  <td align="center">29,4 &#177; 14,9</td>
                  <td align="center">50,7 &#177; 25,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de RTG, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (52)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de segmentos com RTG</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVP (uW)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,42 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">3,64 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">6,93 &#177; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>FEVE e FEVD: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito; DDFVE e DSFVE: Di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ESPAT: Excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica no plano do anel tric&#250;spide; PAPs: Press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar sist&#243;lica; VDFVEi e VSFVEi: Volume diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado por superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; VDFVDi e VSFVDi: Volume diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito indexado por superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; RTG: Realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio; RVP: Resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; uW: Unidades Wood; NS: N&#227;o significativo. *Dados dispon&#237;veis de: (a) 71 pacientes (b) 65 pacientes (c) 31 pacientes (d) 48 pacientes.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Para avaliar se esse valor de corte da RVP tinha impacto progn&#243;stico independente durante o seguimento, realizou-se uma an&#225;lise de risco proporcional de Cox incluindo todos os fatores significativos na an&#225;lise univariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). Na sequ&#234;ncia, tanto a RVP &#8805; 5,0 uWe (RR 3,95; IC 95% 1,49-10,49; p = 0,006) quanto o tamanho semiquantitativo do RTG (RR 1,18; IC 95% 1,01-1,37; p = 0,032) permaneceram estatisticamente significativos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>RR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,97-1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">1,51 (0,74-3,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVEi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,99-1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVDi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,99-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho semiquantitativo do RTG (n&#186; segmentos)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 (1,01-1,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVP &#8805; 5 uW</td>
                  <td align="center">3,95 (1,49-10,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>VDFVEi e VDFVDi: Volume diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito indexado por superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; RTG: Realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio; RVP: Resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; uW: Unidades Wood.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Num seguimento m&#233;dio de 9,1 (1-38) meses, os pacientes com RVP &#8805; 5,0 uWe apresentaram um progn&#243;stico significativamente pior, como mostrado pelas curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier, tanto por reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC (teste de log rank, p = 0,001) quanto por mortalidade por todas as causas (teste de log rank, p = 0,043) e risco para atingir o desfecho prim&#225;rio (teste de log rank, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar &#8805; 5,0 uWe &#233; preditiva de pior progn&#243;stico. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier mostram tempo para eventos adversos (reinterna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mortalidade por todas as causas, e desfecho prim&#225;rio) de acordo com o valore de corte ideal para RVP.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0226-60020-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A maioria dos eventos card&#237;acos durante o seguimento desses pacientes foi representada por reinterna&#231;&#245;es por IC, como se segue: 5 reinterna&#231;&#245;es por IC sem &#243;bitos em pacientes com RVP mais baixa e 28 reinterna&#231;&#245;es por IC com 5 &#243;bitos naqueles com RVP &#8805; 5,0 uWe. Do total de eventos fatais, 3 pacientes haviam sido internados anteriormente por IC aguda descompensada.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Seguindo-se &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o da utilidade progn&#243;stica da RVP estimada por RMC como preditora de eventos adversos em IC cr&#244;nica, os resultados deste estudo refor&#231;am o valor progn&#243;stico desta t&#233;cnica no grupo selecionado de pacientes portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Assim, pudemos observar que tanto a RVP aumentada &#224; RMC permaneceu como preditor independente de pior progn&#243;stico em seguimento de longo prazo, quanto o tamanho semiquantitativo do RTG e, interessante notar, independentemente da presen&#231;a de RTG. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o uso rotineiro desse par&#226;metro poderia, portanto, fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas adicionais valiosas para pacientes portadores de ICFEr.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o-invasivo de HP</title>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico de HP em IC cr&#244;nica continua sendo desafiador devido &#224; inconsist&#234;ncia da ecocardiografia e dos riscos derivados da cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito, que &#233; usualmente reservada a casos selecionados. Ainda assim, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a PAPs &#233; frequentemente calculada por ecocardiografia a partir da velocidade do jato regurgitante tric&#250;spide como estimativa indireta da presen&#231;a de HP, embora se saiba que se trata de um m&#233;todo que fornece resultados muito discrepantes e, portanto, n&#227;o confi&#225;veis, em pacientes com suspeita de HP.</p>
          <p>Outros m&#233;todos mais precisos como o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo direito, ou a pr&#243;pria RVP, tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido descritos, embora sejam sistematicamente negligenciados na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> De fato, em nosso estudo com dados registrados a partir da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica real, a PAPs foi calculada em apenas 48 dos 105 pacientes, seja porque n&#227;o houve regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide significativa, seja por inadequada visualiza&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. Isto significa, como mostramos, uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante da ecocardiografia.</p>
          <p>Uma nova ferramenta promissora nesse campo prov&#233;m da RMC, que permite uma estimativa n&#227;o-invasiva precisa da RVP, como relatado em estudos anteriores. Em nosso estudo, empregamos o modelo proposto por Garcia-Alvarez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> atrav&#233;s de uma equa&#231;&#227;o com apenas duas vari&#225;veis: FEVD e velocidade m&#233;dia do fluxo na AP. Esse m&#233;todo mostrou bom limite de concord&#226;ncia com RVP quantificada por cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito e permitiu identificar com precis&#227;o os pacientes com RVP aumentada (considerada como &gt; 3 uWe). Al&#233;m disso, esse modelo tamb&#233;m se mostrou capaz de monitorar as altera&#231;&#245;es agudas e cr&#244;nicas da RVP em um estudo bem desenhado que incluiu uma fase experimental em porcos para avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es agudas p&#243;s-emboliza&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, altera&#231;&#245;es em s&#233;rie em pacientes portadores de HP cr&#244;nica, e altera&#231;&#245;es agudas na RVP durante teste com vasodilatador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Essa capacidade pode, portanto, ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva e no seguimento de pacientes portadores de HP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Utilidade progn&#243;stica da incorpora&#231;&#227;o da RVP no protocolo de RMC</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com ICFEr, nos quais a RMC &#233; utilizada rotineiramente para definir a etiologia e a conduta cl&#237;nica, a inclus&#227;o regular da medida da RVP poderia fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas adicionais, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A fim de confirmar o papel progn&#243;stico potencial da RVP no grupo de pacientes com FEVE reduzida, aqueles encaminhados &#224; nossa unidade de exames de imagem card&#237;aca foram seguidos em longo prazo. Verificamos que os pacientes idealmente medicados e portadores de RVP aumentada, de acordo com o valor ideal calculado pela curva ROC, apresentavam pior fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo e maiores volumes ventricular, al&#233;m de um risco aumentado para atingir o desfecho prim&#225;rio durante o seguimento. Esse risco aumentado foi testado em an&#225;lises uni- e multivariada com outros fatores progn&#243;sticos bem estabelecidos como FEVE, FEVR, presen&#231;a e tamanho do RTG ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, e a RVP manteve-se como fator preditivo s&#243;lido.</p>
          <p>Embora a relev&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da HP em IC cr&#244;nica seja bem conhecida,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> poucos estudos avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os diferentes subtipos de HP e desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Nesse aspecto, a presen&#231;a de um gradiente transpulmonar elevado (&gt; 12 mmHg), que reflete uma contribui&#231;&#227;o significativa do componente pr&#233;-capilar, parece identificar um subgrupo com progn&#243;stico particularmente pior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Esse tipo de HP reativa &#233; comum entre pacientes com IC aguda descompensada e, portanto, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o as taxas de mortalidade aumentadas observadas neste subgrupo de pacientes, &#233; essencial identific&#225;-los em um est&#225;gio precoce. Portanto, a estimativa n&#227;o- invasiva da RVP por RMC poderia surgir como uma nova ferramenta cl&#237;nica neste contexto.</p>
          <p>Uma vez que a maioria dos estudos anteriores que avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre HP e desfechos adversos geralmente empregaram par&#226;metros n&#227;o-invasivos tais como PAPs, as diferentes contribui&#231;&#245;es dos componentes pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-capilar n&#227;o puderam ser adequadamente avaliadas at&#233; o momento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Tanto em nosso estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> como no presente, pudemos avaliar indiretamente a contribui&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-capilar para a HP atrav&#233;s da estimativa da RVP, que est&#225; intimamente relacionada a um t&#244;nus vascular pulmonar aumentado. Assim, verificamos que a RVP por RMC foi superior na predi&#231;&#227;o de resultados adversos em seguimento de longo prazo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a PAPs por ecocardiografia e outros fatores de risco consolidados como a FEVE, presen&#231;a de RTG, ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Ainda que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do RTG por RMC tenha se tornado uma ferramenta essencial na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC nos &#250;ltimos anos, entre outras vari&#225;veis com valor progn&#243;stico consistentemente estabelecido tais como FEVE, dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS ou classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>, nossos resultados sugerem que a inclus&#227;o da medida da RVP no protocolo padr&#227;o de RMC possa contribuir para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de pacientes portadores de ICFEr.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi determinada pelo processo de inclus&#227;o de pacientes e subsequente an&#225;lise dos dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Embora a inclus&#227;o tenha sido prospectiva, os pacientes foram encaminhados de diferentes centros &#224; nossa unidade de exames de imagem card&#237;aca e, portanto, n&#227;o havia um protocolo de registro de dados relacionados a exames de sangue, ecocardiografia ou conduta cl&#237;nica. Esse processo levou &#224; perda de dados de alguns par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos importantes que, consequentemente, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nas an&#225;lises uni- e multivariada, como descrito em m&#233;todos.</p>
          <p>Nesse aspecto, outra importante limita&#231;&#227;o adv&#233;m da estimativa semiquantitativa do tamanho da necrose por RMC. Assim, a estimativa da extens&#227;o do RTG pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos e n&#227;o pela porcentagem de massa mioc&#225;rdica total provavelmente condicionou os resultados da an&#225;lise univariada, conhecendo-se o s&#243;lido valor progn&#243;stico da extens&#227;o do RTG nesse contexto.</p>
          <p>Para minimizar este problema, essa vari&#225;vel foi inclu&#237;da na an&#225;lise multivariada apesar de n&#227;o ter sido significativa na univariada.</p>
          <p>Uma vez que a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito ainda &#233; o exame de refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico e seguimento de pacientes com HP, a aus&#234;ncia de dados hemodin&#226;micos tamb&#233;m poderia ser considerada uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
          <p>Outras limita&#231;&#245;es importantes s&#227;o o tamanho reduzido da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, o per&#237;odo limitado de seguimento, e o fato de ter sido considerada mortalidade por todas as causas em vez de mortalidade card&#237;aca como evento fatal no desfecho prim&#225;rio. Portanto, ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios outros estudos para consolidar o valor progn&#243;stico da RVP por RMC em pacientes portadores de ICFEr.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em pacientes com ICFEr, a presen&#231;a de RVP &#8805; 5.0 uWe &#224; RMC est&#225; associada a uma evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica significativamente pior, considerando-se tanto reinterna&#231;&#245;es por IC quanto mortalidade por todas as causas. A estimativa n&#227;o-invasiva da RVP por RMC pode ser &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em ICFEr, independentemente da etiologia, presen&#231;a de RTG ou da FEVE.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Programa Rio Hortega 2013 do Instituto de Sa&#250;de Carlos III para &#211;scar Fabregat-Andr&#233;s, e pelo Programa 13 para Francisco Ridocci-Soriano.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Beca Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiologia - Investigation Translacional</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
