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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JCnsRphgThCd8zStbJHy3Sg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000300210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005004103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis Treatment Guideline versus Clinical Practice Protocol in Patients Hospitalized due to Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra da Gra&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Makdisse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Thamires Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yokota</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Kiyomi Onaga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana de Fatima Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Fernando Bacal</bold>, Av. Divino Salvador 395, ap 201. Postal Code 04078-011, Moema, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fbacal@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Correa AG, Makdisse M, Yokota PKO, Bacal F; Acquisition of data: Correa AG, Santana TC, Yokota PKO; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Correa AG, Makdisse M, Katz M, Bacal F; Statistical analysis: Correa AG, Katz M, Bacal F; Writing of the manuscript: Correa AG, Makdisse M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Correa AG, Makdisse M, Katz M, Galvao TFG, Bacal F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>210</fpage>
      <lpage>217</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licen&#231;a Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribui&#231;&#227;o e reprodu&#231;&#227;o em qualquer meio, sem restri&#231;&#245;es desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Despite the availability of guidelines for treatment of heart failure (HF), only a few studies have assessed how hospitals adhere to the recommended therapies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Compare the rates of adherence to the prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) at hospital discharge, which is considered a quality indicator by the Joint Commission International, and to the prescription of beta-blockers at hospital discharge, which is recommended by national and international guidelines, in a hospital with a case management program to supervise the implementation of a clinical practice protocol (HCP) and another hospital that follows treatment guidelines (HCG).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective observational study that evaluated patients consecutively admitted to both hospitals due to decompensated HF between August 1st, 2006, and December 31st, 2008. We used as comparing parameters the prescription rates of beta-blockers and ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge and in-hospital mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We analyzed 1,052 patients (30% female, mean age 70.6 &#177; 14.1 years), 381 (36%) of whom were seen at HCG and 781 (64%) at HCP. The prescription rates of beta-blockers at discharge at HCG and HCP were both 69% (p = 0.458), whereas those of ACEI/ARB were 83% and 86%, respectively (p = 0.162). In-hospital mortality rates were 16.5% at HCP and 27.8% at HCG (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>There was no difference in prescription rates of beta-blocker and ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge between the institutions, but HCP had lower in-hospital mortality. This difference in mortality may be attributed to different clinical characteristics of the patients in both hospitals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure /therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Inpatients</kwd>
        <kwd>Protocol</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality Indicators, Health Care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is the most frequent cause of hospitalization due to circulatory system diseases in individuals older than 20 years in Brazil. It represents 3% of the total hospital admissions and 23% of the hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In the United States alone, annual estimates indicate 500 thousand new HF cases generating an approximate cost of 34.8 million dollars.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Patients with HF have a substantial risk of recurrent acute exacerbations and up to 50% of those who are discharged from the hospital are readmitted within 6 months. Treatment advances have increased the life expectancy of patients with HF. However, the mortality rate associated with the disease is still high, and approximately 12% of the patients die within 30 days, and 33% within 1 year after the first hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering this scenario and seeking to improve the care of these patients, quality accreditation organizations such as the <italic>Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services</italic> (CMS) along with the <italic>Joint Commission International</italic> (JCI) have developed metrics to assess how hospitals perform in HF treatment based on four quality indicators: 1) record of assessment of left ventricular function, 2) prescription rate of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB), 3) smoking cessation counseling, and 4) record of the hospital discharge instructions. However, the availability of care guidelines does not guarantee that HF management is standardized among the institutions. Also, little is known about the adherence of the institutions to these clinical practice guidelines and how the quality indicators, which reflect the degree of adherence to these guidelines, differ between the institutions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The implementation of a clinical practice protocol is an alternative to increase the adherence to quality indicators in HF. However, the real impact of the implementation of a protocol in clinical practice as analyzed by quality indicators has not yet been clearly established.</p>
      <p>Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the adherence rates to the prescription of ACEI/ARB and beta-blocker at hospital discharge in a hospital that adopts case management to supervise the implementation of a clinical practice protocol and another hospital that follows treatment guidelines, both located in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This prospective observational study compared the rates of ACEI/ARB and beta-blocker prescription at hospital discharge in patients hospitalized due to HF in two Brazilian hospitals, one with a care management program that supervises a clinical practice protocol (HCP), and another that only follows care guidelines (HCG), both located in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Hospitals</title>
        <p>The HCG is a public university hospital of high complexity specialized in cardiology, pulmonology, and cardiac and thoracic surgeries. Approximately 80% of the costs with care at the HCG are financed by the Brazilian unified health system <italic>(Sistema Unico de Saude,</italic> SUS). This hospital is a large teaching and research center, and a hub for health care ranging from disease prevention to treatment. The hospital has 629 beds distributed in seven inpatient units and six intensive care units (ICU). It also has research laboratories and a unit dedicated to complex diagnostic tests. This hospital has an annual average of 260 thousand medical consultations, 13 thousand admissions, 5 thousand surgeries, 2 million laboratory tests, and 330 thousand complex diagnostic tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The HCP is a private and not-for-profit general hospital focused on the treatment of complex diseases. The hospital incorporates all the dimensions of health care, including disease promotion, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. This hospital offers care in several medical specialties, including cardiology. It has 647 beds distributed in inpatient, semi-intensive and coronary units, and ICU. In 2013, the hospital had approximately 36,857 surgical procedures, 50,311 hospitalizations and 5,413,834 diagnostic tests.</p>
        <p>In 2006, the HCP implemented a clinical practice protocol for HF with nurse-supervised case management. The protocol was based on clinical care guidelines and information based on evidence, and aimed at standardizing the care of patients with HF.</p>
        <p>The main aim of the case management is to analyze the quality indicators by following the patients included in the protocol from hospital admission to discharge. Information relevant to HF is then collected from the medical charts and organized in a database for analysis and preparation of reports.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>We analyzed 1,052 patients consecutively admitted with a main diagnosis of HF functional class III/IV according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] lower than or equal to 45%), between August 1st, 2006, and December 31st, 2008. Of these patients, 671 (64%) were seen at the HCP and 381 (36%) at the HCG.</p>
        <p>At the HCP the information was collected in real time. Actions were then implemented based on the adherence to the clinical practice protocol. The following inclusion criteria that were defined for the clinical practice protocol at the HCP and were also applied for data collection at the HCG were valid for the present study:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Age &#8805;18 years;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Presence of documented systolic ventricular dysfunction (LVEF &#8804; 45% or description in the medical chart of moderate to severe systolic dysfunction).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>In addition to the above criteria, the patient should also have one of the following manifestations as a reason for admission:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Acute HF (HF clinical syndrome without a prior diagnosis);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Decompensated chronic HF (hospitalization for acute or gradual exacerbation of signs and symptoms in patients with a previous diagnosis of HF) or refractory (chronic low output, with or without signs of congestion).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Cardiogenic shock;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Acute pulmonary edema.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>To analyze the indicator <italic>rate of prescription of ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge,</italic> we considered as eligible, according to the JCI criteria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> those patients:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Discharged from the hospital with less than 120 days from their admission;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>With an LVEF &lt; 40%;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Admitted directly to the hospitals (no transferences);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Without description in the medical charts of palliative care;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Who requested to be discharged from the hospital;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Without registration in the medical charts of drug intolerance.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>To analyze the indicator <italic>prescription of beta-blocker at hospital discharge</italic>, we considered as eligible those patients without contraindication to use the medication according to the guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality indicators</title>
        <p>The indicators selected for the comparison between the hospitals were the rate of prescription of beta-blockers and the rate of prescription of ACEI/ARB, both analyzed at hospital discharge. The information on the prescription rates of these medications was collected from chart notes and prescriptions recorded within 24 hours from the discharge of the patient.</p>
        <p>The formula used for the calculation of the rate of prescription of the indicators was the ratio between the number of patients with HF who were eligible to receive the medication and effectively received it over the total number of patients eligible to receive the medication multiplied by 100.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical outcome</title>
        <p>In-hospital mortality data were collected from both hospitals and considered in the analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Numerical variables were presented as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile variation. We used the Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test for comparisons when appropriate.</p>
        <p>Categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative frequencies and analyzed with the chi-square test.</p>
        <p>To test the association of variables with the rate of prescription of beta-blocker and ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge, we used a logistic regression model adjusted for hospital type, gender, age, presence of permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, left ventricular function, creatinine, heart rate, blood pressure, and history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, diabetes, and hypothyroidism.</p>
        <p>To test the association of the variables with the in-hospital mortality rate we used a logistic regression model adjusted for the type of hospital, gender, age, presence of a permanent pacemaker, etiology of HF, blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular function, creatinine, presence of anemia, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, diabetes, hypothyroidism, and chronic renal failure. All tests were two-tailed, and the criterion for statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05. All analyzes were performed with the statistical program SPSS, version 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Patients at the HCG when compared with those at the HCP were younger and had more comorbidities. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of the patients according to the hospital. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> compares the prevalence of different etiologies between the hospitals. The predominant etiologies were ischemic (73%) at the HCP and ischemic, chagasic, and hypertensive at the HCG.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between heart failure etiologies in patients at the HCP and HCG. p &lt; 0.001 for the comparison of the etiology frequency at both hospitals.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0210-60018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline clinical characteristics of the patients at both hospitals</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristic</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HCP (n = 671)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HCG (n = 381)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">74.6 &#177; 12.1</td>
              <td align="center">63.7 &#177; 14.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">476 (71)</td>
              <td align="center">262 (69)</td>
              <td align="center">0.459</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">126.2 &#177; 25.0</td>
              <td align="center">110.9 &#177; 10.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">74.8 &#177; 16.3</td>
              <td align="center">70.2 &#177; 17.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR, bpm</td>
              <td align="center">84.1 &#177; 20.6</td>
              <td align="center">87.0 &#177; 13.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
              <td align="center">32.0 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 8.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (7)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.119</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior stroke, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.737</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, n ( %)</td>
              <td align="center">237 (35)</td>
              <td align="center">169 (44)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRF, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">851 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">121 (32)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Permanent pacemaker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">159 (24)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypothyroidism, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (17)</td>
              <td align="center">121 (32)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>HCG: hospital that follows treatment guidelines; HCP: hospital with a clinical practice protocol and case management; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate (in beats per minute); LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRF: chronic renal failure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality indicators</title>
        <p>The comparison between the institutions showed no difference in rates of beta-blocker prescription at discharge: HCP = 373/537 (69%) and HCG = 170/246 (69%), p = 0.458. There was also no difference in rates of ACEI/ARB prescription at hospital discharge: HCP = 213/257 (83%) and HCG = 141/163 (86%), p = 0.162.</p>
        <p>In the adjusted model of logistic regression, we observed that the greater the age of the patients, the lower were their chances of receiving a beta-blocker prescription at hospital discharge at both institutions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). In contrast, lower LVEF and higher cardiac rate were associated with an increased chance of receiving the prescription at discharge (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses testing the association of different variables with the prescription of a beta-blocker at discharge.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Univariate Analysis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Multivariate Analysis</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(95%) CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(95%) CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">1.32</td>
                <td align="center">(0.95 - 1.83)</td>
                <td align="center">0.095</td>
                <td align="center">1.19</td>
                <td align="center">(0.84 - 1.67)</td>
                <td align="center">0.328</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">0.82</td>
                <td align="center">(0.44 -1.53)</td>
                <td align="center">0.531</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">0.91</td>
                <td align="center">(0.58 - 1.42)</td>
                <td align="center">0.689</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">1.06</td>
                <td align="center">(0.78 - 1.45)</td>
                <td align="center">0.729</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypothyroidism</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
                <td align="center">(0.65 - 1.35)</td>
                <td align="center">0.756</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pacemaker</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
                <td align="center">(0.65 - 1.36)</td>
                <td align="center">0.741</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICD</td>
                <td align="center">0.81</td>
                <td align="center">(0.42 - 1.58)</td>
                <td align="center">0.540</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HCP</td>
                <td align="center">1.02</td>
                <td align="center">(0.74 - 1.41)</td>
                <td align="center">0.920</td>
                <td align="center">1.37</td>
                <td align="center">(0.96 - 1.97)</td>
                <td align="center">0.087</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
                <td align="center">(0.96 - 0.99)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
                <td align="center">(0.97 - 0.99)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
                <td align="center">(0.99 - 1.01)</td>
                <td align="center">0.974</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">(0.99 - 1.01)</td>
                <td align="center">0.340</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">1.010</td>
                <td align="center">(1.00 - 1.01)</td>
                <td align="center">0.024</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">(1.00 - 1.02)</td>
                <td align="center">0.041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
                <td align="center">(0.95 - 0.99)</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
                <td align="center">(0.96 - 1.00)</td>
                <td align="center">0.023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1.07</td>
                <td align="center">(0.92 - 1.23)</td>
                <td align="center">0.351</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; HCP: hospital with a case management program; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate (in beats per minute); LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As for the prescription of ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge, the presence of a pacemaker and lower LVEF showed association with a greater chance of prescription of ACEI/ARB (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). In contrast, the occurrence of hypothyroidism was associated with a lower chance of prescription of one of these medications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses testing the association of different variables with the use of ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Univariate Analysis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Multivariate Analysis</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(95%) CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(95%) CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">1.08</td>
                <td align="center">(0.61 - 1.91)</td>
                <td align="center">0.783</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">3.08</td>
                <td align="center">(0.72 - 13.19)</td>
                <td align="center">0.111</td>
                <td align="center">3.36</td>
                <td align="center">(0.74 - 15.26)</td>
                <td align="center">0.117</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
                <td align="center">(0.414 - 1.82)</td>
                <td align="center">0.706</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">1.77</td>
                <td align="center">(0.92 - 3.39)</td>
                <td align="center">0.082</td>
                <td align="center">1.54</td>
                <td align="center">(0.77 - 3.08)</td>
                <td align="center">0.225</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypothyroidism</td>
                <td align="center">2.30</td>
                <td align="center">(1.00 - 5.25)</td>
                <td align="center">0.042</td>
                <td align="center">2.66</td>
                <td align="center">(1.09 - 6.47)</td>
                <td align="center">0.031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pacemaker</td>
                <td align="center">0.34</td>
                <td align="center">(0.19 - 0.61)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.37</td>
                <td align="center">(0.20 - 0.70)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICD</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
                <td align="center">(0.25 - 1.96)</td>
                <td align="center">0.564*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HCP</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
                <td align="center">(0.42 - 1.30)</td>
                <td align="center">0.289</td>
                <td align="center">1.05</td>
                <td align="center">(0.54 - 2.02)</td>
                <td align="center">0.893</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">(0.42 - 1.30)</td>
                <td align="center">0.323</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">(0.42 - 1.30)</td>
                <td align="center">0.159</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">(0.99 - 1.03)</td>
                <td align="center">0.23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">(0.42 - 1.30)</td>
                <td align="center">0.128</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
                <td align="center">(0.97 - 1.02)</td>
                <td align="center">0.711</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">1.03</td>
                <td align="center">(0.42 - 1.30)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
                <td align="center">1.02</td>
                <td align="center">(1.00 - 1.04)</td>
                <td align="center">0.082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
                <td align="center">(0.42 - 1.30)</td>
                <td align="center">0.012</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
                <td align="center">(0.90 - 0.99)</td>
                <td align="center">0.019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0.38</td>
                <td align="center">(0.42 - 1.30)</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
                <td align="center">0.49</td>
                <td align="center">(0.22 - 1.06)</td>
                <td align="center">0.068</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; HCP: hospital with a case management program; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>In-hospital mortality</title>
        <p>The rate of in-hospital mortality at the HCP was 16.5% (n = 106/381) compared with 27.8% (n = 111/671) at the HCG (p &lt; 0.001). In the adjusted logistic regression model, the implementation of a clinical practice protocol was independently associated with a lower mortality rate (odds ratio = 2.94, 95% confidence interval = 1.92-4.55, p = 0.001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses testing the association of different variables with in-hospital mortality</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Univariate Analysis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Multivariate Analysis</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(95%) CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(95%) CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HCG</td>
                <td align="center">4.23</td>
                <td align="center">(2.97 - 6.03)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">2.94</td>
                <td align="center">(1.92 - 4.55)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">(0.98 - 1.00)</td>
                <td align="center">0.073</td>
                <td align="center">1.02</td>
                <td align="center">(1.01 - 1.03)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
                <td align="center">(0.66 - 1.36)</td>
                <td align="center">0.759</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic CHF</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
                <td align="center">(0.57 - 1.12)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.96</td>
                <td align="center">(0.64 - 1.42)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
                <td align="center">(0.96 - 0.97)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
                <td align="center">(0.97 - 0.98)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">0.96</td>
                <td align="center">(0.95 - 0.97)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">(0.97 - 1.00)</td>
                <td align="center">0.117</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">(1.00 - 1.02)</td>
                <td align="center">0.020</td>
                <td align="center">1.02</td>
                <td align="center">(1.00 - 1.02)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
                <td align="center">(0.93 - 0.97)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
                <td align="center">(0.95 - 0.99)</td>
                <td align="center">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1.30</td>
                <td align="center">(1.16 - 1.46)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">1.21</td>
                <td align="center">(1.06 - 1.38)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">1.80</td>
                <td align="center">(1.07 - 3.03)</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
                <td align="center">1.84</td>
                <td align="center">(1.02 - 3.34)</td>
                <td align="center">0.043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">0.75</td>
                <td align="center">(0.43 - 1.31)</td>
                <td align="center">0.314</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">1.37</td>
                <td align="center">(0.98 - 1.92)</td>
                <td align="center">0.066</td>
                <td align="center">1.24</td>
                <td align="center">(0.84 - 1.82)</td>
                <td align="center">0.274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRF</td>
                <td align="center">2.52</td>
                <td align="center">(1.74 - 3.64)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypothyroidism</td>
                <td align="center">1.63</td>
                <td align="center">(1.12 - 2.36)</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
                <td align="center">1.35</td>
                <td align="center">(0.88 - 2.06)</td>
                <td align="center">0.164</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anemia</td>
                <td align="center">1.34</td>
                <td align="center">(0.68 - 2.62)</td>
                <td align="center">0.392</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Permanent pacemaker</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
                <td align="center">(0.45 - 1.11)</td>
                <td align="center">0.134</td>
                <td align="center">0.66</td>
                <td align="center">(0.40 - 1.10)</td>
                <td align="center">0.112</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>HCG: hospital that follows treatment guidelines; CHF: congestive heart failure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate (in beats per minute); LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRF: chronic renal failure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of this study were that 1) the rates of beta-blocker and ACEI/ARB prescription at hospital discharge were similar in both institutions, and 2) in-hospital mortality was lower at the HCP</p>
      <p>The implementation of the protocol through case management at the HCP imposed a professional challenge to the managing nurse due to the open medical staff of the institution. As described in previous publications, the skills required from the nurse improved over time, including assessment, planning, implementation, coordination, and monitoring of therapeutic options.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The clinical practice protocol established at the HCP has not yet reached a mature stage, which may explain the similar rates of ACEI/ARB and beta-blocker prescription at discharge at both hospitals. Makdisse et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> have shown that the implementation of a clinical practice protocol undergoes different phases of development: pre-implementation (around 2 years), maturation (around 3 years), and protocol establishment (5 years or more after implementation). In these phases, the adherence to the quality indicators tends to improve with time through constant approaches and direct actions to reinforce the protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In fact, the achievement of an establishment phase in a protocol seems to be an important factor to increase the adherence to the medications. As demonstrated in the ADHERE study that analyzed more than 280 million data from <italic>Medicare</italic> and <italic>Medicaid</italic> beneficiaries, the use of oral medications to treat HF, such as beta-blockers, increased over time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The data collection period of this study was 3 years. This short period hinders a comparison of the results obtained in consecutive years within the same institution, but is long enough to compare the two institutions. Although hospital accreditation organizations do not consider the prescription of beta-blockers as a gold-standard quality indicator, there is evidence that the use of beta-blockers at hospital discharge with or without ACEI/ARB decreases the rates of mortality and hospital readmission between 60 and 90 days after discharge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In elderly patients, this initiative decreases the mortality and readmission rates for any cause during 4 years of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In addition, the study <italic>Carvedilol ACE-Inhibitor Remodeling Mild CHF Evaluation</italic> (CARMEN), carried out in 67 centers in 13 European countries, also pointed out that the use of beta-blockers associated with ACEI produced more favorable effects in reversing left ventricular remodeling. The CARMEN study also showed that these drugs add valuable contributions to the clinical condition and life expectancy of the patient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We selected the prescription of ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge as a quality indicator since these medications are selected by care guidelines and accreditation agencies such as the JCI for their robust scientific evidence on mortality reduction in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Both institutions analyzed in this study, regardless of adopting a protocol, follow recommendations of the best available scientific evidence. Since the HCG is linked to a university, the medical decisions in this institution are based on guidelines and academic decisions. As for the HCP the professional in charge of case management takes a synergistic approach to standardize the practice based on the guidelines. Another issue that may be raised is the possibility that part of the clinical staff may work in both institutions, which would justify similar approaches in both hospitals. Although we have no information regarding the medical staff at the HCG, we speculate that this fact may have contributed in part to the similar findings. Although we found similar rates of medication adherence between the hospitals, we hope that this study can be used as a resource to evaluate the implementation of guidelines in clinical practice. As other previous studies, we hope this also offer insight for professionals assessing the quality of the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We can infer that the HCP benefited from the protocol. The case management approach increased the chance to identify reasons why the medications were not prescribed. Also, the prescription rate of ACEI/ARB could have been lower in the absence of the protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The difference in rates of in-hospital mortality between the institutions cannot be attributed only to the implementation of the protocol at the HCP but also to different clinical characteristics of the patients in both institutions. Although the patients at the HCG were younger and had more advanced stages of the disease, they also presented higher rates of hypotension and cardiorenal syndrome. The logistic regression model used in this study was not sensitive enough to capture the distinctive feature between the populations. This hindered the minimization of the impact of the result in mortality rates between the institutions. This analysis, therefore, should have been more accurate to produce a more precise result.</p>
      <p>In another analysis, we will discuss in greater depth the many benefits and adverse effects of drug therapy during hospitalization and its impact on long-term outcomes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>There was no difference in prescription rates of beta-blocker and ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge between the institutions. There was lower in-hospital mortality at the HCP The difference in mortality may be attributed to distinct clinical characteristics of the patients in both hospitals.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We thank both institutions for making the data available.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Alessandra da Gra&#231;a Correa, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da USP</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise de Diretriz de Tratamento <italic>versus</italic> Protocolo Assistencial em Pacientes Internados por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra da Gra&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Makdisse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Thamires Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yokota</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Kiyomi Onaga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana de Fatima Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Bacal</bold>, Av. Divino Salvador 395, ap 201. CEP 04078-011, Moema, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fbacal@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Corr&#234;a AG, Makdisse M, Yokota PKO, Bacal F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Corr&#234;a AG, Santana TC, Yokota PKO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Corr&#234;a AG, Makdisse M, Katz M, Bacal F; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Corr&#234;a AG, Katz M, Bacal F; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Corr&#234;a AG, Makdisse M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Corr&#234;a AG, Makdisse M, Katz M, Galv&#227;o TFG, Bacal F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Apesar da disponibilidade de diretrizes de tratamento para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), h&#225; poucos estudos avaliando a ades&#227;o dos hospitais ao tratamento preconizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar as taxas de ades&#227;o &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou antagonista do receptor de angiotensina II (IECA/BRA) na alta hospitalar, considerada indicadora de qualidade pela Joint Commission International, e &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador na alta hospitalar, preconizada por diretrizes nacionais e internacionais, em um hospital que utiliza gerenciamento de casos para supervisionar a implementa&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo assistencial (HPA) e outro que utiliza diretrizes de tratamento (HDT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional prospectivo que avaliou pacientes consecutivamente admitidos em ambos os hospitais por IC descompensada entre 1&#186; de agosto de 2006 a 31 de dezembro de 2008. Os par&#226;metros comparados entre os hospitais foram as taxas de prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador e IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar e a mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Analisamos 1.052 pacientes (30% do sexo feminino, m&#233;dia de idade 70,6 &#177; 14,1 anos) dos quais 381 (36%) eram do HDT e 781 (64%) do HPA. No HDT e no HPA, as taxas de prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador na alta foram ambas de 69% (p = 0,458), e de prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA foi de 83% e 86%, respectivamente (p = 0,162). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 16,5% no HPA e de 27,8% no HDT (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as institui&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador e IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar, mas a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi menor no HPA. Esta diferen&#231;a na mortalidade pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas distintas dos pacientes em ambos os hospitais.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes Internados</kwd>
        <kwd>Protocolo</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de Qualidade em Assist&#234;ncia &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; a causa mais frequente de interna&#231;&#245;es por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio em indiv&#237;duos acima de 20 anos de idade no Brasil. Ela representa 3% do total de interna&#231;&#245;es gerais e 23% das interna&#231;&#245;es por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Somente nos Estados Unidos, a estimativa anual para a IC &#233; de 500 mil novos casos gerando custos que chegam a 34,8 milh&#245;es de d&#243;lares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pacientes com IC apresentam risco substancial de exacerba&#231;&#245;es agudas recorrentes e at&#233; 50% dos que recebem alta s&#227;o reinternados dentro de 6 meses. Avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos aumentaram a expectativa de vida dos pacientes com IC, por&#233;m a taxa de mortalidade associada &#224; doen&#231;a permanece alta, com aproximadamente 12% de mortes dentro de 30 dias, e 33% ap&#243;s 1 ano da primeira interna&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando este cen&#225;rio e visando melhorar o atendimento destes pacientes, organiza&#231;&#245;es de acredita&#231;&#227;o de qualidade, como os <italic>Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services</italic> (CMS) em conjunto com a <italic>Joint Commission International</italic> (JCI), desenvolveram m&#233;tricas para avaliar o desempenho dos hospitais no tratamento da IC baseadas em quatro indicadores de qualidade: 1) registro da avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, 2) taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou antagonista do receptor de angiotensina II (IECA/BRA), 3) orienta&#231;&#227;o para cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e 4) registro das orienta&#231;&#245;es de alta hospitalar. Contudo, a disponibilidade de diretrizes assistenciais n&#227;o garante que o processo de atendimento da IC seja padronizado entre as institui&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, pouco se sabe sobre a ades&#227;o das institui&#231;&#245;es &#224;s diretrizes assistenciais e sobre a varia&#231;&#227;o entre as institui&#231;&#245;es nos indicadores de qualidade que refletem o grau de ades&#227;o a estas diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A implanta&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo assistencial &#233; uma alternativa para aumentar a ades&#227;o aos indicadores de qualidade em IC. Entretanto, o impacto real da implanta&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo sobre pr&#225;ticas assistenciais atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise de indicadores de qualidade ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claramente estabelecido.</p>
        <p>Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a ades&#227;o &#224; taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA e betabloqueador na alta hospitalar entre um hospital que utiliza gerenciamento de casos para supervisionar a implementa&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo assistencial, hospital com protocolo assistencial (HPA) e outro que utiliza diretrizes de tratamento, hospital com diretrizes de tratamento (HDT), ambos localizados na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo observacional e prospectivo comparou as taxas de prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA e betabloqueador na alta hospitalar de pacientes internados por IC entre dois hospitais brasileiros, um com gerenciamento de cuidados por implementa&#231;&#227;o de protocolo assistencial (HPA), e outro que utiliza apenas diretrizes assistenciais (HDT), ambos localizados na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Hospitais</title>
          <p>O HDT &#233; um hospital p&#250;blico, universit&#225;rio, de alta complexidade, especializado em cardiologia, pneumologia e cirurgias card&#237;acas e tor&#225;cicas. Aproximadamente 80% dos atendimentos no HDT s&#227;o financiados pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). Este hospital se destaca por ser um grande centro de ensino e pesquisa, al&#233;m de um polo de atendimento que abrange desde a preven&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o tratamento de doen&#231;as. O hospital disp&#245;e de 629 leitos distribu&#237;dos em sete unidades de interna&#231;&#227;o e seis unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI). Al&#233;m disso, conta com laborat&#243;rios de pesquisa e uma &#225;rea de diagn&#243;stico de alta complexidade. Neste hospital s&#227;o realizados anualmente em m&#233;dia 260 mil consultas m&#233;dicas, 13 mil interna&#231;&#245;es, 5 mil cirurgias, 2 milh&#245;es de exames de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas e 330 mil exames de diagn&#243;stico de alta complexidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O HPA &#233; um hospital geral, privado, sem fins lucrativos, com &#234;nfase no tratamento de doen&#231;as de alta complexidade e que incorpora todas as dimens&#245;es de atendimento &#224; sa&#250;de, como promo&#231;&#227;o, preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e reabilita&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as. Este hospital atende diversas especialidades, incluindo cardiologia, e disp&#245;e de 647 leitos distribu&#237;dos em unidades de interna&#231;&#227;o, unidades semi-intensiva geral e coron&#225;ria, e UTI. Em 2013 foram realizados no hospital 36.857 procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, 50.311 interna&#231;&#245;es e 5.413.834 exames diagn&#243;sticos.</p>
          <p>Em 2006, o HPA implementou um protocolo assistencial de IC com gerenciamento de casos realizado por uma enfermeira. O protocolo &#233; baseado em diretrizes assistenciais e informa&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias e visa padronizar o atendimento de pacientes com IC.</p>
          <p>O gerenciamento de casos tem como principal objetivo analisar os indicadores de qualidade atrav&#233;s do acompanhamento dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no protocolo desde a admiss&#227;o at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o, os dados pertinentes &#224; IC s&#227;o coletados dos prontu&#225;rios e organizados em um banco de dados para an&#225;lise e preparo de relat&#243;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Analisamos 1.052 pacientes admitidos consecutivamente com diagn&#243;stico principal de IC classe funcional III/IV pela <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) e com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo [FEVE] menor ou igual a 45%), no per&#237;odo de 1&#176;. de agosto de 2006 a 31 de dezembro de 2008. Destes pacientes, 671 (64%) haviam sido atendidos no HPA e 381 (36%) no HDT.</p>
          <p>A busca das informa&#231;&#245;es no HPA era realizada em tempo real e a&#231;&#245;es eram ent&#227;o implementadas de acordo com a ades&#227;o ao protocolo assistencial. Os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o que haviam sido definidos para o protocolo assistencial do HPA haviam sido tamb&#233;m aplicados no HDT para coleta de dados e foram consequentemente v&#225;lidos para o presente estudo:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Idade &#8805;18 anos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica documentada (FEVE &#8804; 45% ou descri&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica moderada a grave em prontu&#225;rio).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Al&#233;m dos crit&#233;rios acima, o paciente deveria apresentar como motivo da interna&#231;&#227;o uma das seguintes caracter&#237;sticas diagn&#243;sticas:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>IC aguda (s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica de IC sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>IC cr&#244;nica descompensada (hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por exacerba&#231;&#227;o aguda ou gradual de sinais e sintomas em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de IC) ou refrat&#225;ria (baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco cr&#244;nico, com ou sem sinais de congest&#227;o);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Choque cardiog&#234;nico;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Edema agudo de pulm&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise do indicador <italic>taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar,</italic> consideramos como eleg&#237;veis, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da JCI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> os pacientes:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Que receberam alta hospitalar com menos de 120 dias de interna&#231;&#227;o;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Com valor de FEVE &lt; 40%;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Admitidos diretamente nos hospitais (sem transfer&#234;ncias);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Sem descri&#231;&#227;o em prontu&#225;rio de cuidados paliativos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Com alta a pedido;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Sem registro em prontu&#225;rio de intoler&#226;ncia medicamentosa.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise do indicador <italic>prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador na alta hospitalar,</italic> consideramos eleg&#237;veis os pacientes que n&#227;o possu&#237;am contraindica&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa, de acordo com as diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indicadores de qualidade</title>
          <p>Os indicadores selecionados para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os hospitais foram a taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador e a taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA, ambas analisadas na alta hospitalar. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as taxas de prescri&#231;&#227;o das medica&#231;&#245;es foram coletadas de registros em prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico e prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica registrados nas 24 horas anteriores &#224; alta hospitalar do paciente.</p>
          <p>A f&#243;rmula para o c&#225;lculo da taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o dos indicadores foi a raz&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de pacientes com IC eleg&#237;veis para receber a medica&#231;&#227;o e que efetivamente a receberam sobre o n&#250;mero total de pacientes eleg&#237;veis para receber a medica&#231;&#227;o, multiplicado por 100.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfecho cl&#237;nico</title>
          <p>Os dados referentes &#224; mortalidade intra-hospitalar foram coletados de ambos os hospitais e considerados na an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, ou mediana e varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil. Para compara&#231;&#227;o, utilizamos os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student ou Mann-Whitney, quando apropriado.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa e analisadas com o teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
          <p>Para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis com a taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador e IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar, utilizamos um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustado para tipo de hospital, sexo, idade, presen&#231;a de marca-passo definitivo e cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel, fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, creatinina, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial e hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, acidente vascular cerebral, diabetes e hipotireoidismo.</p>
          <p>Para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis com a mortalidade intra-hospitalar utilizamos um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustado para o tipo de hospital, sexo, idade, presen&#231;a de marca-passo definitivo, etiologia da IC, press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, creatinina, presen&#231;a de anemia e hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, acidente vascular cerebral, diabetes, hipotireoidismo e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica. Todos os testes foram bicaudais e o crit&#233;rio para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi de p &lt; 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa de estat&#237;stica SPSS, na vers&#227;o 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os pacientes do HDT em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do HPA eram mais jovens e apresentavam mais comorbidades. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes em ambos os hospitais. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> compara as preval&#234;ncia das diferentes etiologias entre os hospitais. As etiologias predominantes foram a isqu&#234;mica (73%) no HPA e isqu&#234;mica, chag&#225;sica e hipertensiva no HDT.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas clinicas basais dos pacientes em ambos os hospitais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;stica</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HPA (n = 671)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HDT (n = 381)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">74,6 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">63,7 &#177; 14,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">476(71)</td>
                <td align="center">262(69)</td>
                <td align="center">0,459</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">126,2 &#177; 25,0</td>
                <td align="center">110,9 &#177; 10,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">74,8 &#177; 16,3</td>
                <td align="center">70,2 &#177; 17,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">84,1 &#177; 20,6</td>
                <td align="center">87,0 &#177; 13,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">32,0 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">50(7)</td>
                <td align="center">39(10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,119</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC pr&#233;vio, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">84(12)</td>
                <td align="center">45(12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,737</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">237(35)</td>
                <td align="center">169(44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IRC, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">851(12)</td>
                <td align="center">121(32)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marca-passo definitivo, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">159(24)</td>
                <td align="center">56(15)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipotireoidismo, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">115(17)</td>
                <td align="center">121(32)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>HDT hospital que segue diretrizes de tratamento; HPA: hospital com protocolo assistencial e gerenciamento de cuidados; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (em batimentos por minuto); FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das etiologias da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes do HPA e HDT p &lt; 0,001 para a compara&#231;&#227;o das frequ&#234;ncias das etiologias de acordo com os hospitais.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0210-60018-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Indicadores de qualidade</title>
          <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as institui&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador na alta hospitalar: HPA = 373/537 (69%) e HDT = 170/246 (69%, p = 0,458). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a tamb&#233;m na taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar: HPA = 213/257 (83%) e HDT = 141/163 (86%, p = 0,162).</p>
          <p>No modelo ajustado de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, observamos que em ambas as institui&#231;&#245;es quanto maior era a idade do paciente, menor a sua chance de receber a prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador na alta hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Por outro lado, FEVE menor e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca maior estiveram associados a uma maior chance de receber a prescri&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada testando a associa&#231;&#227;o de diferentes vari&#225;veis com a prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador na alta hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise Univariada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise Multivariada</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC (95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC (95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,95 - 1,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,095</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,84 - 1,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,328</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,44 -1,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,531</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,58 - 1,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,689</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,78 - 1,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,729</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipotireoidismo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,65 - 1,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,756</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,65 - 1,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,741</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CDI</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,42 - 1,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,540</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HPA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,74 - 1,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,920</td>
                  <td align="center">1,37</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,96 - 1,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,96 - 0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,97 - 0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,99 - 1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,974</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,99 - 1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,340</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">1,010</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,00 - 1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,00 - 1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,95 - 0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,96 - 1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,92 - 1,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,351</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <p>DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DM: diabetes mellitus; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; HPA: hospital que utiliza gerenciamento de cuidados; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (em batimentos por minuto); FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar, a presen&#231;a de marca-passo e menor FEVE mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com uma chance maior de prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Por outro lado, a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipotireoidismo esteve associada a uma chance menor de prescri&#231;&#227;o de uma destas medica&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada testando a associa&#231;&#227;o de diferentes vari&#225;veis com o uso de IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise Univariada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise Multivariada</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC (95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC (95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,61 - 1,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,783</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">3,08</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,72 - 13,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,111</td>
                  <td align="center">3,36</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,74 - 15,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,117</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,414 - 1,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,706</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,92 - 3,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,082</td>
                  <td align="center">1,54</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,77 - 3,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,225</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipotireoidismo</td>
                  <td align="center">2,30</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,00 - 5,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                  <td align="center">2,66</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,09 - 6,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,19 - 0,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,20 - 0,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CDI</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,25 - 1,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,564*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HPA</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,42 - 1,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,289</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,54 - 2,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,893</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,42 - 1,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,323</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,42 - 1,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,159</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,99 - 1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,42 - 1,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,128</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,97 - 1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,711</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,42 - 1,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,00 - 1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,082</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,42 - 1,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,90 - 0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,42 - 1,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,22 - 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,068</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <p>DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DM: diabetes mellitus; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; HPA: hospital que utiliza gerenciamento de cuidados; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (em batimentos por minuto); FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortalidade intra-hospitalar</title>
          <p>A taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar no HPA foi de 16,5% (n = 106/381) e no HDT de 27,8% (n = 111/671, p &lt; 0,001). No modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustada, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo assistencial associou-se de forma independente a uma menor taxa de mortalidade <italic>(odds ratio</italic> = 2,94, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% = 1,92 - 4,55, p = 0,001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada testando a associa&#231;&#227;o de diferentes vari&#225;veis com a mortalidade intra-hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise Univariada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise Multivariada</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC (95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC (95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDT</td>
                  <td align="center">4,23</td>
                  <td align="center">(2,97 - 6,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,94</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,92 - 4,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,98 - 1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,01 - 1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,66 - 1,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,759</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IC isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,57 - 1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,64 - 1,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,96 - 0,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,97 - 0,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,95 - 0,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,97 - 1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,117</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,00 - 1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,00 - 1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,93 - 0,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,95 - 0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,16 - 1,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,06 - 1,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,80</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,07 - 3,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                  <td align="center">1,84</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,02 - 3,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,43 - 1,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,314</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">1,37</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,98 - 1,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,84 - 1,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,274</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IRC</td>
                  <td align="center">2,52</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,74 - 3,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipotireoidismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,12 - 2,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,88 - 2,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,164</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,68 - 2,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,392</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marca-passo definitivo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,45 - 1,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,134</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,40 - 1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,112</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <p>HDT hospital que segue diretrizes de tratamento; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (em batimentos por minuto); FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados deste estudo foram: 1) as taxas de prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador e IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar foram semelhantes em ambas as institui&#231;&#245;es e 2) a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi menor no HPA.</p>
        <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo por meio de gerenciamento de casos no HPA trouxe um desafio profissional &#224; enfermeira respons&#225;vel pelo gerenciamento devido ao corpo cl&#237;nico aberto da institui&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, as habilidades requeridas da gerenciadora, como avalia&#231;&#227;o, planejamento, implementa&#231;&#227;o, coordena&#231;&#227;o e monitoramento das op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, aprimoraram-se ao longo do tempo conforme descrito em publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O protocolo assistencial institu&#237;do no HPA ainda n&#227;o atingiu a fase de matura&#231;&#227;o, o que pode explicar as taxas semelhantes de prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA e betabloqueador na alta hospitalar em ambos os hospitais. Makdisse et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> apontaram que a implementa&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo assistencial passa por fases distintas de desenvolvimento: pr&#233;-implementa&#231;&#227;o (em torno de 2 anos), matura&#231;&#227;o (em torno de 3 anos) e estabelecimento do protocolo (a partir de 5 anos da implementa&#231;&#227;o). Nestas fases, a ader&#234;ncia aos indicadores de qualidade tende a melhorar com o tempo atrav&#233;s de abordagens constantes e a&#231;&#245;es diretas de refor&#231;o do protocolo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> De fato, o alcance do per&#237;odo de estabelecimento de um protocolo parece ser um fator importante para aumentar a ades&#227;o &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es. Conforme demonstrado pelo estudo ADHERE, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de mais de 280 milh&#245;es de dados de pacientes registrados no <italic>Medicare and Medicaid Services,</italic> houve um aumento ao longo do tempo no emprego de medica&#231;&#245;es orais para tratamento da IC, como o uso de betabloqueadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O per&#237;odo de coleta de dados do presente estudo foi de 3 anos. Esse curto per&#237;odo dificulta a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados obtidos em anos consecutivos em uma mesma institui&#231;&#227;o, mas &#233; suficiente para comparar duas institui&#231;&#245;es. Apesar das organiza&#231;&#245;es de acredita&#231;&#227;o hospitalar n&#227;o considerarem a prescri&#231;&#227;o do betabloqueador um indicador de qualidade padr&#227;o-ouro, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o uso de betabloqueadores ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar associado ou n&#227;o a IECA/BRA diminui as taxas de mortalidade e reinterna&#231;&#227;o entre 60 a 90 dias ap&#243;s a alta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em pacientes idosos, esta medida diminui as taxas de mortalidade e reinterna&#231;&#227;o por qualquer causa durante 4 anos de seguimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o estudo <italic>Carvedilol ACE-Inhibitor Remodeling Mild CHF EvaluatioN</italic> (CARMEN), realizado em 67 centros em 13 pa&#237;ses europeus, tamb&#233;m apontou que o uso do betabloqueador associado ao IECA, produziu efeitos mais favor&#225;veis na revers&#227;o do remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O estudo CARMEN tamb&#233;m mostrou que o uso destas medica&#231;&#245;es contribui valiosamente para a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e expectativa de vida do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#243;s selecionamos a prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar como um indicador de qualidade, j&#225; que estas medica&#231;&#245;es foram consagradas pelas diretrizes assistenciais e selecionadas por ag&#234;ncias de acredita&#231;&#227;o como a JCI devido a evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas robustas de que reduzem a mortalidade em pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ambas as institui&#231;&#245;es analisadas, independente de possu&#237;rem ou n&#227;o um protocolo, seguem condutas preconizadas pelas melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis. Pelo fato do HDT ser vinculado a uma universidade, as condutas tomadas dentro da institui&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o baseadas em diretrizes e decis&#245;es acad&#234;micas. No caso do HPA, a profissional respons&#225;vel pelo gerenciamento de casos realiza uma abordagem sin&#233;rgica para padronizar a pr&#225;tica baseada nas diretrizes. Outra quest&#227;o que pode ser levantada &#233; a possibilidade de que parte do corpo cl&#237;nico possa ser o mesmo em ambas as institui&#231;&#245;es, o que justificaria condutas semelhantes nos dois hospitais. Embora n&#227;o tenhamos os dados sobre o corpo cl&#237;nico do HDT, especulamos que este fato possa ter contribu&#237;do em parte com os achados semelhantes. Apesar de termos encontrado taxas semelhantes de ades&#227;o &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es entre os hospitais, esperamos que este estudo possa ser utilizado como um recurso para avaliar a implementa&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Como outros estudos pr&#233;vios, esperamos que este tamb&#233;m traga <italic>insights</italic> para profissionais que avaliam a qualidade do tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Podemos inferir que o HPA se beneficiou do protocolo, pois o gerenciamento aumentou as chances de identifica&#231;&#227;o dos motivos pelos quais as medica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram prescritas. Al&#233;m disso, a taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA poderia ter sido mais baixa na aus&#234;ncia do protocolo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A diferen&#231;a na taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar entre as institui&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o pode ser atribu&#237;da apenas &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo no HPA, mas tamb&#233;m &#224;s diferentes caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes em ambas as institui&#231;&#245;es. Embora os pacientes no HDT fossem mais jovens e apresentassem a doen&#231;a em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados, este grupo tamb&#233;m apresentou mais pacientes com hipotens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal. O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica utilizado no estudo n&#227;o foi sens&#237;vel a ponto de capturar a caracter&#237;stica distinta entre as popula&#231;&#245;es e nem de minimizar o impacto do resultado na taxa de mortalidade entre as institui&#231;&#245;es, portanto esta an&#225;lise deveria ter sido mais acurada para produzir um resultado mais preciso.</p>
        <p>Em uma outra an&#225;lise n&#243;s discutiremos com mais profundidade os in&#250;meros benef&#237;cios e efeitos adversos da terap&#234;utica medicamentosa intra-hospitalar e seu impacto nos desfechos a longo prazo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas taxas de prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador e IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar entre as institui&#231;&#245;es. Houve menor mortalidade intra-hospitalar no HPA. A diferen&#231;a na mortalidade pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas distintas dos pacientes em ambos os hospitais.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos ambas as institui&#231;&#245;es pela disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Alessandra da Gra&#231;a Corr&#234;a pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
