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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fZWLC9HgktCNKg7yCcpryYS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000300201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005005101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160019</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resistance Training in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Severe Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Vanerson Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Michel Kendy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#233;via Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacurau</surname>
            <given-names>Reury Frank Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simoes</surname>
            <given-names>Herbert Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prestes</surname>
            <given-names>Jonato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boim</surname>
            <given-names>Mirian Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;mara</surname>
            <given-names>Niels Olsen Saraiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Milton Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Translacional</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Nefrologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Imunologia Cl&#237;nica e Experimental</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Imunologia Cl&#237;nica e Experimental, Divis&#227;o de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Nefrologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Artes, Ci&#234;ncias e Humanidades</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Artes, Ci&#234;ncias e Humanidades, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Milton Rocha Moraes,</bold> Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia. Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Stricto Sensu em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica. QS 07, Lote 01 - EPCT - Campus I, Bloco G, Sala G, 119, &#193;guas Claras. Postal Code 71966-700, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil. E-mail: <email>milton.moraes@ucb.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Neves RP, Souza MK, Bacurau RFP, Franco MC, Moraes MR; Acquisition of data: Neves RP, Souza MK, Passos CS, Boim MA, Franco MC, Moraes MR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Neves RP, Souza MK, Passos CS, Bacurau RFP, Sim&#245;es HG, Prestes J, Franco MC, Moraes MR; Statistical analysis: Neves RP, Souza MK, Prestes J, Moraes MR; Obtaining financing: Neves RP, Souza MK, C&#226;mara NO, Moraes MR; Writing of the manuscript: Neves RP, Souza MK, Passos CS, Sim&#245;es HG, Prestes J, C&#226;mara NO, Franco MC, Moraes MR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Neves RP, Souza MK, Passos CS, Bacurau RFP, Sim&#245;es HG, Prestes J, Boim MA, C&#226;mara NO, Franco MC, Moraes MR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>201</fpage>
      <lpage>209</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Resistance training (RT) has been recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for moderate hypertension. In spite of the important role of exercise intensity on training prescription, there is still no data regarding the effects of RT intensity on severe hypertension (SH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study examined the effects of two RT protocols (vertical ladder climbing), performed at different overloads of maximal weight carried (MWC), on blood pressure (BP) and muscle strength of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with SH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Fifteen male SHR ENT#091;206 &#177; 10 mmHg of systolic BP (SBP)ENT#093; and five Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY; 119 &#177; 10 mmHg of SBP) were divided into 4 groups: sedentary (SED-WKY) and SHR (SED-SHR); RT1-SHR training relative to body weight (~40% of MWC); and RT2-SHR training relative to MWC test (~70% of MWC). Systolic BP and heart rate (HR) were measured weekly using the tail-cuff method. The progression of muscle strength was determined once every fifteen days. The RT consisted of 3 weekly sessions on non-consecutive days for 12-weeks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Both RT protocols prevented the increase in SBP (delta - 5 and -7 mmHg, respectively; p &gt; 0.05), whereas SBP of the SED-SHR group increased by 19 mmHg (p &lt; 0.05). There was a decrease in HR only for the RT1 group (p &lt; 0.05). There was a higher increase in strength in the RT2 (140%; p &lt; 0.05) group as compared with RT1 (11%; p &gt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Our data indicated that both RT protocols were effective in preventing chronic elevation of SBP in SH. Additionally, a higher RT overload induced a greater increase in muscle strength.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Strength Muscular</kwd>
        <kwd>Resistance Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Animal model</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertension is well known as one of the main chronic diseases affecting modern society.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is highly prevalent worldwide and is considered a major risk factor for increased mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The progressive increase in BP may result in severe hypertension (SH), with systolic BP (SBP) reaching values over 180 mmHg, leading to subsequent end-organ damage, elevated arterial stiffness and left ventricular hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Among the treatment methods, physical exercise is considered an interesting non-pharmacological adjunct to conventional therapy because of its efficacy and low cost, with minimal side effects if prescribed properly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The antihypertensive effects of resistance training (RT) in individuals with hypertension are less studied, with most of these studies being conducted in medicated hypertensive individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Yet, our studies showed the beneficial effects of RT on muscle strength, body composition and blood pressure (BP) in non-medicated hypertensive stage-1 patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Other studies with RT evidenced reductions in cardiovascular risk factors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> including a lower cardiovascular overload during physical activities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In turn, muscle strength is also directly associated with lower mortality in hypertensive patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Of note, a reduced number of studies investigated the effects of the aerobic exercise (AE) intensity on individuals with SH at a high risk of mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> We have demonstrated that AE intensity influences both nitric oxide release and post-exercise BP reduction in hypertensive women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, the effect of the RT intensity has been less studied.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Although RT at higher intensity leads to greater neuromuscular adaptations, such as increased strength and muscle hypertrophy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> which are important for health and quality of life,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> there is a lack of data in literature regarding the role of the RT intensity on BP control.</p>
      <p>Moreover, there is no consensus regarding the dose-response of RT intensity on BP of humans with SH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Thus, the resistance exercise mode and intensity to be tolerated by patients with hypertension that would optimize the hemodynamic benefits while avoiding musculoskeletal injuries and acute cardiac complications still remain to be determined.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Yet, there is no study investigating the effects of different intensities of RT in BP control for individuals with SH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) - a polygenic animal model for essential hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> has been widely used to investigate the effects of AE on BP control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> They are normotensives at birth and become hypertensive throughout life, like some humans. Without treatment, these animals will develop SH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, studies regarding resistance exercise in SHR were conducted only under acute interventions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of two RT protocols, one prescribed relative to body weight (BW),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and the other based on the maximal weight carried test (MWC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> performed at different intensities, on BP and muscle strength in hypertensive rats with SH. We hypothesize that a higher intensity RT may be safe and would be more effective in reducing BP and increasing muscle strength in animals with SH.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>All the procedures were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee on Animal Use, Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo-UNIFESP (CEUA: 922985/2014).</p>
        <p>Five male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and fifteen SHR rats with 17 weeks of age were obtained from the CEDEME/UNIFESP. The animals were housed in collective cages (5 animals/cage) and were maintained at a 12-12h dark-light cycle at 22 &#177; 2&#176;C and 55 &#177; 10% relative humidity, and fed standard chow (Nuvital<sup>&#174;</sup> CR1, Sao Paulo, Brazil), receiving water <italic>ad libitum</italic>. The BP values of the SHR groups start to increase after the fourth week of life, and from the fifth to the seventh week hypertension is installed. From this period, if left untreated, these animals will develop SH - SBP &#8805; 180 mmHg, according to the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> This shows that, following 12 weeks of training (excluding the two weeks of training adaptation), the age of the studied animals was 31 weeks at the end of the intervention.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental Groups</title>
        <p>The animals were divided into four groups: sedentary WKY rats (SED-WKY), sedentary SHR (SED-SHR), SHR RT relative to BW (RT1) and SHR RT based on MWC (RT2). The animals in the trained groups completed 3 weekly sessions of RT for 12 weeks between 06:00 and 08:00 p.m. The SED groups were kept in a box with the same dimensions of the training apparatus for 10 min to simulate the stress of handling and the environmental conditions experienced by the trained groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Familiarization with the Vertical Ladder</title>
        <p>Initially, all rats were adapted to the RT protocol by climbing a vertical ladder (110 cm high&#8226;18 cm wide, 2 cm grid, 80&#176; incline) <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. A housing chamber (L&#8226;W&#8226;H = 20&#8226;20&#8226;20 cm) was located at the top of the ladder and served as a shelter during the resting period. The familiarization consisted of climbing the ladder with the load apparatus without weight for two consecutive weeks, three times per week every other day with a total of six sessions for adaptation as has already been described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Apparatus used to perform resistance training in the rats, adapted from Cassilhas et al. 2012. Ladder 110cm high, 18 cm wide, 2 cm between grid steps and 80&#176; incline. Box (L &#215; W &#215; H = 20 &#215; 20 &#215; 20 cm) located centrally at the top of the ladder served as a shelter during the resting period for the exercising rats.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0201-60019-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>BP Measurement</title>
        <p>The SBP was measured using the tail-cuff method with the rats under conscious condition with PowerLab system (ADInstruments, Inc., Sydney, Australia). This tail-cuff method (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) is a sensitive and accurate approach for the noninvasive measurement of BP in conscious SHR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> SBP was measured once a week at the same time each day (between 6:00- 8:00 p.m.) to allow the animals to become adapted to the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The rate-pressure product (RPP) was calculated as the product of HR and SBP. SBP, HR and BW measurements were taken on a weekly basis by the same evaluator.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Blood pressure measured by the tail-cuff method with the rats under conscious condition.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0201-60019-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Maximal Weight Carried Test (MWC)</title>
        <p>Two days after the familiarization procedure, all animals of the training groups had their MWC determined. For the initial climb, the weight carried was 75% of the animal's BW. After this, an additional 30g of load was added, until a maximal load was reached when the rat could not climb the entire length of the ladder between 4-9 attempts. Failure was determined when the animal could not progress up the ladder after three consecutive stimuli in the tail (using tweezers), with a 60-s rest period between each climb. The heaviest load that the animal successfully carried over the entire length of the ladder was considered the rat's MWC for that test session. Then, the next test session consisted of a ladder climb with 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100% of the rat's previous MWC with a rest interval of 60 seconds between each climb. For the subsequent ladder climbs, a 30-g load was added until a new MWC was determined; the recovery period between each climb was 120 s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> This procedure was applied in the first week and repeated every 15 days throughout the 12 weeks in both groups (RT1 and RT2) in order to determine the time-course adaptations of muscle strength and the prescription of the RT2 group training intensity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>RT Protocols</title>
        <p>Following the MWC, both RT groups (RT1 and RT2) completed three sessions / week in non-consecutive days, between 6:00 and 8:00 p.m. for 12 weeks, totalizing 36 sessions consisting of 6-8 climbing sets of 10-12 repetitions, 1' pause between sets, with a mean duration of each training session of ~10-12 minutes. The load adjustments were performed every 15 days according to the animal's BW or the MWC test. The relative intensity of each training protocol is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Progression of the intensity and volume of training loads for both protocols of resistance training</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Training week</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Ladder climbs</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Relative to the MWC</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Relative to the BW</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>RT1 Total overload lifted (g)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>RT2 Total overload lifted (g)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>% Load RT1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>% Load RT2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>% Load RT1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>% Load RT2</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">1<sup>st</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1 to 3</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2226&#177;100</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2390 &#177; 94<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">4 to 6</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">2<sup>nd</sup> - 3<sup>rd</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1 to 2</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">6014 &#177; 54</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">7745 &#177; 969<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3 to 6</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">4<sup>th</sup> - 12<sup>th</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1 to 2</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">37853 &#177; 88</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">74164 &#177; 1366<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3 to 4</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">5 to 6</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">7 to 8</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">118</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Modified from Cassilhas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> MWC: maximal weight carried; BW: body weight; Total overload = sets&#8226;repetitions&#8226;weight. All values are presented as means &#177; SD.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. RT1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>RT1 Protocol: This protocol used the animal's BW to determine the intensity of the RT sessions. A progressively heavier load using conical tubes of 50 mL with weights inside and fixed to the proximal part of the animal's tail with a Coastlock Snap Swivel and Scotch Rubber Tape (Scotch 3 M, Sao Paulo, Brazil) was used as described by Cassilhas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> RT2 Protocol: Rat's MWC test was used to calculate and prescribe intensity for RT; this protocol was adapted from Hornberger and Farrar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tissue Collection</title>
        <p>Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the rats were euthanized by decapitation. The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were removed and weighed immediately.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Gastrocnemius was chosen because of its greater proportion of type-II muscle fibers, while soleus presents a higher amount of type-I fibers. Moreover, these muscles present almost all fibers across the middle belly of the muscle and are distributed from tendon to tendon.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>All results are expressed as means &#177; standard deviation of the mean (SD). To compare BP, strength gains, sum of all weight lifted, and the animal's BW values within and between sessions Split plot ANOVA (mixed ANOVA) with <italic>post hoc</italic> Bonferroni was used and the level of significance was p &lt; 0.05.Statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism 6.0 software (GraphPad Software, Inc, CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Body and Muscle Weights</title>
        <p>BW and wet weight of the gastrocnemius and soleus are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Pre and post-training BW within all groups were significantly different (p &lt; 0.05). There was no significant difference in gastrocnemius and soleus muscle weight (p &gt; 0.05). Therefore it was not need to normalize muscle mass for differences in BW.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Anthropometric and hemodynamic data for the WKY and SHR rats pre and post-resistance training</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>SED-WKY (n = 5)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>SED-SHR (n = 5)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>RT1-SHR (n = 5)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>RT2-SHR (n = 5)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pre</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Post</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pre</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Post</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pre</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Post</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pre</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Post</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>BW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">268 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">321 &#177; 18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">330 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">355 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">309 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">c</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">342 &#177; 23<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">324 &#177; 24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">345 &#177; 21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">1.77 &#177; 0.15</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">1.77 &#177; 0.16</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">1.84 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">1.83 &#177; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">0.13 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">0.14 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">0.13 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">0.14 &#177; 0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 0.14</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">1.63 &#177; 0.15</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">1.69 &#177; 0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">119 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">206 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">225 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">199 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">194 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">c</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">206 &#177; 13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">199 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">c</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">343 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">377 &#177; 42</td>
                <td align="center">426 &#177; 30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">435 &#177; 55</td>
                <td align="center">482 &#177; 15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">430 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">445 &#177; 27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">407 &#177; 50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RPP (mmHg&#8226;bpm)/100</td>
                <td align="center">408 &#177; 42</td>
                <td align="center">490 &#177; 41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">877 &#177; 80<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">979 &#177; 134<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">959 &#177; 41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">834 &#177; 28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">917 &#177; 26<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">810 &#177; 101<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">c</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>WKY: Wistar Kyoto Rat; SHR: Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat; SED: sedentary; BW: body weight; MW: muscle weights (gastrocnemius+soleus); SW: soleus weight; GW: gastrocnemius weight; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; RPP: rate-pressure product. The values were compared within each group and between groups.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs PRE;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs SED-WKY;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs SED-SHR. Data are presented as mean &#177; SD.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular Changes</title>
        <p>The reproductibility of SBP measures was assessed by Pearson's coefficient of variation of BP data, which demonstrated a good reliability of BP data over the 12-week experimental period, SED-WKY 2 &#177; 1%, SED-SHR 1 &#177; 1%, RT1-SHR 3 &#177; 1% and RT2-SHR 2 &#177; 1%. The results of cardiovascular parameters are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. The baseline SBP of the SHR groups (206 &#177; 10, 199 &#177; 6, and 206 &#177; 13 mmHg, SED-SHR, RT1, and RT2 - respectively) were higher as compared with those of the SED-WKY group (119 &#177; 4 mmHg - p &lt; 0.05). After twelve weeks, SBP of the SED-SHR increased by 9% (&#8710; = 19 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05) as compared with baseline, while SHR RT1 and RT2 groups presented a decrease by 2.5% (&#8710; = -5 mmHg; p &gt; 0.05) and 3.4% (&#8710; = -7 mmHg; p &gt; 0.05) in BP at the end of training, respectively.</p>
        <p>There was a decrease in HR for the group RT1 post-training (482 &#177; 15 <italic>vs</italic>. 430 &#177; 11 bpm; p &lt; 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in HR in the higher-intensity RT2 group (445 &#177; 27 <italic>vs</italic>. 407 &#177; 50; p &gt; 0.05). The baseline RPP of the hypertensive rats (SED-SHR, RT1, and RT2) assessed throughout the training was higher when compared with that of the normotensive rats (SED-WKY, p &lt; 0.05). The RT1 group presented a decrease in RPP pre vs. post-training (959 &#177; 41 vs. 834 &#177; 28 (mmHg&#8226;bpm)/100; p &lt; 0.05), while there was no significant difference for the RT2 group on RPP pre vs. post-training (917 &#177; 26 vs 810 &#177; 101 (mmHg&#8226;bpm)/100; p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Time course BP</title>
        <p>There was no difference in SBP within groups (pre-training vs post; p &gt; 0.05; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), except in the SED-SHR group (p &lt; 0.05). The SBP in the SED-SHR group increased at week 8 of protocol as compared with the trained groups; this response remained until the end of the study (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Behavior of systolic blood pressure in WKY rats and SHR. a, p &lt; 0.05 vs. pre (1<sup>st</sup> week); b, p &lt; 0.05 vs. RT1; c, p &lt; 0.05 vs. RT2; d, p &lt; 0.05 vs. SHR groups. All values are presented as means &#177; SD.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0201-60019-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Muscle Strength</title>
        <p>SHR RT2 group presented a progressive increase in muscle strength compared with the first week (p &lt; 0.05), while the muscle strength of the RT1 group did not increase throughout the intervention (p &gt; 0.05). Considering both training protocols, the RT2 group had a muscle strength gain of 140 &#177; 16.6%, while the SHR RT1 group increased strength by 11 &#177; 4.8% (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). Although BW of the hypertensive rats remained unchanged during the study, the RT2 group showed a progressive increase in muscle strength relative to BW (p &lt; 0.05). The RT2 group exhibited a muscle strength gain relative to BW of 118 &#177; 28.3 %, and this increase was significantly different as compared with the RT1 group in which the increase was of only 0.1 &#177; 3.4% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Delta strength gain seen by maximum weight carried in two different protocols for 12 weeks. a, p &lt; 0.05 vs. pre (1<sup>st</sup> week); b, p &lt; 0.05 VS. RT1. All values are presented as means &#177; SD.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0201-60019-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Total Overload</title>
        <p>The total overload consisted of the sets&#8226;repetitions&#8226;weight performed throughout the training weeks (i.e., all climbing sets held in the week added), and is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref> for the studied groups. The RT1 group displayed an increase in total load carried from the second week and the remaining weeks as compared to the first week (p &lt; 0.05). The RT2 group also displayed a significant increase in this variable from the second week, and this difference was maintained throughout the experimental protocol compared with the first week (p &lt; 0.05). In the 3<sup>rd</sup> week of training the RT2 group had a significant increase as compared with the RT1 group, and this pattern was maintained until the 12<sup>th</sup> week of training (4337 &#177; 280 vs. 9659 &#177; 928 g, RT1 and RT2 respectively; p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Total overload in grams for the 12 weeks of resistance training. a, p &lt; 0.05 VS. pre (1<sup>st</sup> week); b, p &lt; 0.05 vs. RT1 group. All values are presented as means &#177; SD.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0201-60019-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The effects of the intensity of RT (as % of MWC) on BP and muscle strength of SHR were evaluated. The results indicated that, although the heavier RT protocol had elicited higher muscle strength gains, the chronic benefits of both protocols on controlling BP in animals with SH were similar. While some studies have demonstrated the benefits of AE in untreated severely hypertensive rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and humans under medication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Moraes et al showed that moderate-intensity RT also reduces BP in non-medicated men with stage 1 hypertension similarly to the AE, and in addition to gains in muscle strength.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study analyzing the efficacy of resistance exercise and the role of training intensity for SHR with SH. Other authors, such as Araujo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> already had demonstrated the efficacy of RT on BP control in animals with stage-1 hypertension (drug-induced) trained at moderate-intensity RT (50% of one-repetition maximum for four weeks). In the present study it was possible to prevent the BP increase in SHR undergoing 12 weeks of RT, regardless of the training intensity, suggesting that both intensities of RT protocols (i.e.~40% and 70% MWC) were effective as an antihypertensive nonpharmacological therapy. Furthermore, intensities of approximately 40-70% 1RM are considered suitable as a safe recommendation for hypertensive patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Maintaining BP levels is very important, since each 10 mmHg increase in BP levels is associated with a 25% increase in the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that 12 weeks of RT induce changes in the cardiovascular risk factors, such as decreased lipid content in the liver, mesenteric and retroperitoneal fat depot, blood lipids and atherogenic index in ovariectomized rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>By the end of the training protocols, RT1 and RT2 groups showed a downward trend on SBP by 5 mmHg and 7 mmHg (p &gt; 0.05), respectively. These results reflect a low cardiac overload demonstrated by the evaluation of the RPP. In contrast, in the SED-SHR group there was a significant increase by 19 mmHg in BP, with a high RPP (p &lt; 0.05). It has been shown that the decrease in HR, as observed in our RT1 group (lower intensity), may be explained by a modulation of baroreflex sensitivity leading to a decreased sympathetic tone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>When we compared our data to those of other studies using AE in SHR also with elevated BP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> a similar result was found in terms of inhibition of the resting BP elevation throughout the experimental period. In view of these findings, a moderate-intensity RT also appeared to be promising in a severe condition of hypertension. Faria et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e Lizardo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> found that moderate-intensity acute resistance exercises lower BP and increase the production of nitric oxide in SHR. In this sense, probably this mechanism is involved in the decrease of BP in hypertensive rats.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, when a higher intensity was applied (70% MWC), a higher increase of muscle strength (approximately 140% and 118% relative to BW) was elicited for the RT2 group. However, the RT1 group (40% MWC) showed a little but not negligible increase in absolute strength (11%). When these values were adjusted to BW gain in this low power disappeared (0.1%). There is evidence showing that the increase in muscle strength is essential for individuals with hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> probably because of a lower cardiovascular overload presented during activities of the daily living, mainly those in which strength performance is needed, such as carrying shopping bags, climbing stairs or dragging furniture.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Additionally, RT may increase muscle mass, which may be beneficial for the resting metabolic rate, improvement of the immune system, and prevention of falls in the elderly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Likewise, a recent study conducted, for two decades, in 1,506 men with hypertension suggested that high levels of muscular strength seem to protect these individuals from all-cause mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, the weight of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles did not increase in the trained groups in comparison to SED-SHR (p &gt; 0.05). Hornberger and Farrar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> found the weight of the flexor hallucis longus muscle to be increased after 8 weeks of RT, but not the weight of the soleus, plantar, gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscles. Corroborating our findings, Duncan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> also did not find muscle hypertrophy gains in the extensor digitorum longus or soleus muscles after a heavy RT model in Wistar rats. Possibly, both the intensities used, duration of the training, muscles assessed, animal model, and training may explain these distinct results.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The lack of measurements such as morphological, biochemical and molecular parameters are a limitation of this study, and should be addressed in further investigations. For the present, however, the initial idea was to demonstrate that RT appears to be safe, even in extreme conditions of arterial hypertension. Throughout the training no deaths or incidents with animals were observed. This absence of complications in the study may be linked to the sample size.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In summary, these findings suggest that different intensities of RT prevent the rise of BP in rats with SH. Moreover, an important result was that the greater-intensity RT induced more expressive gain in muscle strength, without raising the resting BP levels. Thus, RT may function as an adjuvant to pharmacological treatment to prevent BP elevation at rest, in addition to benefiting the muscle strength of hypertensive patients attending a rehabilitation program.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Capes and CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rodrigo Vanerson Passos Neves, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>The authors thank Prof. Ricardo Cardosos Cassilhas, Ph.D. for support with training apparatus. We would like to thank the CAPES and CNPq for the financial support for the development of this study. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treinamento de For&#231;a em Ratos Espontaneamente Hipertensos com Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Grave</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
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          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Vanerson Passos</given-names>
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          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Michel Kendy</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#233;via Santos</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacurau</surname>
            <given-names>Reury Frank Pereira</given-names>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simoes</surname>
            <given-names>Herbert Gustavo</given-names>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prestes</surname>
            <given-names>Jonato</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boim</surname>
            <given-names>Mirian Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;mara</surname>
            <given-names>Niels Olsen Saraiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">2</xref>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Milton Rocha</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Imunologia Cl&#237;nica e Experimental, Divis&#227;o de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Artes, Ci&#234;ncias e Humanidades, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Milton Rocha Moraes,</bold> Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia. Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Stricto Sensu em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica. QS07, Lote 01 - EPCT - Campus I, Bloco G, Sala G 119, &#193;guas Claras. CEP 71966-700, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil. E-mail: <email>milton.moraes@ucb.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Neves RP, Souza MK, Bacurau RFP, Franco MC, Moraes MR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Neves RP, Souza MK, Passos CS, Boim MA, Franco MC, Moraes MR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Neves RP, Souza MK, Passos CS, Bacurau RFP, Sim&#245;es HG, Prestes J, Franco MC, Moraes MR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Neves RP, Souza MK, Prestes J, Moraes MR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Neves RP, Souza MK, C&#226;mara NO, Moraes MR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Neves RP, Souza MK, Passos CS, Sim&#245;es HG, Prestes J, C&#226;mara NO, Franco MC, Moraes MR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Neves RP, Souza MK, Passos CS, Bacurau RFP, Sim&#245;es HG, Prestes J, Boim MA, C&#226;mara NO, Franco MC, Moraes MR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Rodrigo Vanerson Passos Neves pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O treinamento de for&#231;a (TF) tem sido recomendado como tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico para hipertens&#227;o arterial moderada. Apesar do papel importante que a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio desempenha sobre a prescri&#231;&#227;o do treinamento, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum dado avaliando os efeitos da intensidade do TF sobre a hipertens&#227;o arterial grave (HAG). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo analisou os efeitos de dois protocolos do TF(subida em escada vertical), realizados com diferentes sobrecargas do peso m&#225;ximo carregado (PMC), sobre a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e a for&#231;a muscular de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) com HAG. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Quinze SHR machos (206 &#177; 10 mmHg de PA sist&#243;lica (PAS)) e cinco ratos Wistar Kyoto (WKY; 119 &#177; 10 mmHg de PAS) foram divididos em 4grupos:sedent&#225;rios: (SED-WKY) e SHR (SED-SHR); treinados: TF1-SHR conforme o peso corporal (~40% do PMC); e TF2-SHR conforme o teste de PMC (~70% do PMC). Foram coletadas medidas de PAS e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) semanalmente usando o m&#233;todo de press&#227;o arterial caudal. A progress&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular foi determinada a cada 15 dias. O TF consistiu de 3 sess&#245;es semanais em dias n&#227;o consecutivos durante 12 semanas. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os dois protocolos de TF preveniram o aumento da PAS(respectivamente, delta - 5 e -7 mmHg; p &gt; 0, 05), enquanto que a PAS do grupo SED-SHR aumentou em 19 mmHg (p &lt; 0, 05). Houve queda na FC apenas para o grupo TF1 (p &lt; 0, 05). Foi observado um aumento mas significativo de for&#231;a no grupo do protocolo TF2 (140%; p &lt; 0, 05) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o TF1 (11%; p&gt;0, 05). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nossos dados indicam que ambos os protocolos de TF foram efetivos na preven&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da PAS na HAG. Al&#233;m disso, sobrecargas maiores de TF induziram a um maior aumento de for&#231;a muscular. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>For&#231;a Muscular</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento Resistido</kwd>
        <kwd>Modelo Animal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; bem conhecida como uma das principais doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas que afetam a sociedade moderna, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> sendo altamente prevalente no mundo todo e considerada um fator de risco importante para o aumento de mortalidade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup> O aumento progressivo na PA pode resultar em hipertens&#227;o arterial grave (HAG), com a PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) atingindo valores acima de 180 mmHg, levando a uma subsequente les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, intensa rigidez arterial e hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entre os m&#233;todos de tratamento, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; considerado um interessante adjuvante n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico no tratamento convencional, devido a sua efic&#225;cia e baixo custo, com efeitos colaterais m&#237;nimos, se prescrito adequadamente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os efeitos anti-hipertensivos do treinamento de for&#231;a (TF) em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o s&#227;o menos estudados, tendo a maioria dos estudos realizados em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos medicados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Ainda assim, nossos estudos mostraram os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do TF sobre a for&#231;a muscular, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e press&#227;o arterial (PA) em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 n&#227;o medicados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup> Outros estudos com TF evidenciaram redu&#231;&#245;es nos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> incluindo menor sobrecarga cardiovascular durante as atividades f&#237;sicas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Por sua vez, a for&#231;a muscular tamb&#233;m est&#225; diretamente associada a menor mortalidade em pacientes hipertensos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Vale notar que um pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos investigou os efeitos da intensidade de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos (EA) em indiv&#237;duos com HAG e alto risco de mortalidade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>Demonstramos que a intensidade do EA influencia tanto a libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico quanto a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio em mulheres hipertensas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup> No entanto, o efeito da intensidade do TF tem sido menos estudado. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup> Embora o TF em intensidades mais altas leve a maiores adapta&#231;&#245;es neuromusculares como aumento da for&#231;a e de hipertrofia muscular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> que s&#227;o importantes para a sa&#250;de e a qualidade de vida, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> a literatura carece de informa&#231;&#245;es relativas ao papel da intensidade do TF no controle da PA. </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre a dose-resposta da intensidade do TF sobre a PA de humanos com HAG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Assim, o tipo de exerc&#237;cio de for&#231;a e a intensidade a ser tolerada por pacientes hipertensos que permitam otimizar os benef&#237;cios hemodin&#226;micos, enquanto previnam les&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas e complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas agudas, ainda precisam ser determinados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup> Mesmo assim, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos investigando os efeitos de diferentes intensidades do TF sobre o controle da PA em indiv&#237;duos com HAG. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR-spontaneously hypertensive rats), um modelo animal polig&#234;nico para hipertens&#227;o essencial, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> t&#234;m sido amplamente utilizados na investiga&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos do EA sobre o controle da PA, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup> sendo normotensos ao nascimento e tornando-se hipertensos ao longo da vida, assim como alguns humanos. N&#227;o tratados, esses animais evoluem para HAG. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup> No entanto, os estudos relativos ao exerc&#237;cios de for&#231;a em SHR foram realizados apenas em interven&#231;&#245;es agudas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, o presente estudo foi desenhado para investigar os efeitos de dois protocolos de TF, sendo um prescrito conforme o peso corporal (PC), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup> e o outro, baseado no teste do peso m&#225;ximo carregado (PMC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup> realizado em diferentes intensidades, sobre a PA e for&#231;a muscular de ratos hipertensos com HAG. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; de que um TF de maior intensidade pode ser seguro e mais efetivo na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e no aumento da for&#231;a muscular em animais com HAG. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; Institucional de &#201;tica no Uso Animal da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP (CEUA: 922985/2014). </p>
          <p>Foram utilizados cinco ratos Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) e 15 ratos (SHR) com 17semanas de idade, do CEDEME/UNIFESP. Os animais foram abrigados em gaiolas coletivas(5 animais / gaiola), foram mantidos em um ciclo claro-escuro de12-12 horas a22 &#177; 2&#176;C com umidade relativa de 55 &#177; 10%, alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o (Nuvital<sup>(r)</sup> CR1, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e receberam &#225;gua &#224; vontade. Os valores de PA dos grupos SHR come&#231;am a subir ap&#243;s a quarta semana de vida, e a partir da quinta &#224; s&#233;tima semana, est&#225; instalada a hipertens&#227;o. A partir deste per&#237;odo, se n&#227;o tratados, esses animais evoluem com HAG - PAS &#8805; 180 mmHg, de acordo com as VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Isso reflete que, ap&#243;s 12 semanas de treinamento(excluindo-se as 2 semanas de adapta&#231;&#227;o ao treino), a idade dos animais estudados foi de 31 semanas ao final da interven&#231;&#227;o. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Grupos Experimentais</title>
          <p>Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: ratos WKY sedent&#225;rios (SED-WKY), SHR sedent&#225;rios (SED-SHR), SHR TF conforme PC (TF1), e SHR TF baseado no PMC(TF2). Os animais nos grupos treinados completaram 3 sess&#245;es semanais de TF por 12semanasentre 18:00 e 20:00 horas. Os grupos SED foram mantidos, por 10minutos, em uma caixa com as mesmas dimens&#245;es do equipamento de treino para simular o estresse da manipula&#231;&#227;o e as condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais experimentadas pelos grupos treinados. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Familiariza&#231;&#227;o com a Escada Vertical</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, todos os ratos foram adaptados ao protocolo do TF subindo uma escada vertical (110 cm de altura&#8226;18 cm de largura, grade de 2 cm, 80&#186; de inclina&#231;&#227;o) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). Uma c&#226;mara de alojamento (C&#8226;L&#8226;A=20&#8226;20&#8226;20 cm) ficava localizada no topo da escada e servia de abrigo durante o per&#237;odo de descanso. A familiariza&#231;&#227;o consistia em subir a escada com um equipamento de carga sem peso durante 2 semanas consecutivas, 3vezes por semana em dias alternados, num total de 6 sess&#245;es de adapta&#231;&#227;o, como descrito anteriormente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Equipamento usado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do treinamento de for&#231;a em ratos, adaptado de Cassilhas et al. , 2012. Escada com 110 cm de altura, 18 cm de largura, 2cm entre os degraus e 80&#176;de inclina&#231;&#227;o. A caixa (C &#215; L &#215; A = 20 &#215;20 &#215; 20cm) localizada ao centro no topo da escada serviu de abrigo durante o per&#237;odo de descanso para os ratos submetidos aos exerc&#237;cios.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0201-60019-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida da Press&#227;o Arterial</title>
          <p>A PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) foi medida utilizando-se o m&#233;todo de press&#227;o arterial caudal com os ratos conscientes, atrav&#233;s do sistema PowerLab (ADInstruments, Inc, Sidnei, Austr&#225;lia). O m&#233;todo de press&#227;o arterial caudal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>) &#233; uma abordagem sens&#237;vel e precisa para a medida n&#227;o-invasiva da PA em SHR conscientes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A PAS foi medida uma vez por semana no mesmo hor&#225;rio do dia (entre 18:00 e 20:00 horas) de forma a permitir que os animais se familiarizassem com o procedimento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> O duplo produto (DP) foi calculado como sendo o produto da FC pela PAS. As medidas de PAS, FC (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), e PC foram tomadas semanalmente pelo mesmo avaliador. </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Press&#227;o arterial medida pelo m&#233;todo do manguito de cauda, em ratos conscientes.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0201-60019-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de Peso M&#225;ximo Carregado (PMC)</title>
          <p>Dois dias ap&#243;s o procedimento de familiariza&#231;&#227;o, determinou-se o PMC para todos os animais dos grupos de treinamento. Para a subida inicial, o peso carregado foi de 75% do PC do animal. Em seguida, era adicionada uma carga de 30 g, at&#233; atingir a carga m&#225;xima, quando o rato n&#227;o conseguisse mais subir toda a extens&#227;o da escada entre 4-9 tentativas. A falha era definida quando o animal n&#227;o conseguisse continuar a subir a escada ap&#243;s 3 est&#237;mulos consecutivos na cauda (com o uso de pin&#231;as), com um per&#237;odo de descanso de 60s entre cada subida. A carga mais pesada que o animal conseguisse carregar por toda a extens&#227;o da escada era considerada o PMC para aquela sess&#227;o de teste. Depois, a pr&#243;xima sess&#227;o deteste consistia em subir a escada com 50%, 75%, 90% e 100% do PMC, com intervalo de descanso de 60 segundos entre cada subida. Para as subidas de escada subsequentes, foi acrescida uma carga de 30 g at&#233; se determinar um novo PMC; o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o entre cada subida era de 120 s. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup> Este procedimento foi aplicado na primeira semana e repetido a cada 15 dias durante as 12 semanas nos dois grupos (TF1 e TF2) a fim de determinar as adapta&#231;&#245;es da for&#231;a muscular ao longo do tempo e a prescri&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de treinamento do grupo TF2. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolos de Treinamento de For&#231;a</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o teste do PMC, os 2 grupos de TF (TF1 e TF2) completaram 3sess&#245;es/semana em dias n&#227;o consecutivos, entre 18:00 e 20:00 horas, durante 12semanas, num total de 36 sess&#245;es consistindo de 6-8 s&#233;ries de subida com 10-12repeti&#231;&#245;es, 1'de pausa entre as s&#233;ries e dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de cada sess&#227;o de treino de ~10-12minutos. Os ajustes de carga foram realizados a cada 15 dias, de acordo com o peso corporal do animal ou o teste do PMC. A intensidade relativa de cada protocolo de treinamento &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Progress&#227;o da intensidade e volume de cargas de treino para os 2 protocolos do treinamento de for&#231;a</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Semana de treinamento</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Subidas de escada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Confrome PMC</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Conforme PC</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>TF1 Sobrecarga total levantada (g)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>TF2 Sobrecarga total levantada (g)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>% Carga TF1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>% Carga TF2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>% Carga TF1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>% Carga TF2</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">1&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">1 a 3</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2226&#177;100</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2390 &#177; 94<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4 a 6</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">2&#170; - 3&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">1 a 2</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">6014 &#177; 54</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">7745 &#177; 969<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3 a 6</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">101</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">4&#170; - 12&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">1 a 2</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">37853 &#177; 88</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">74164 &#177; 1366<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3 a 4</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">5 a 6</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">101</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">7 a 8</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">118</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>Modificado de Cassilhas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. PMC: peso m&#225;ximo carregado; PC: peso corporal; Sobrecarga total = s&#233;ries&#8226;repeti&#231;&#245;es&#8226;peso. Todos os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; DP</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 versus TF1.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Protocolo TF1: Este protocolo utilizou o PC do animal para determinar a intensidade das sess&#245;es de TF. Foi empregada uma carga progressivamente mais pesada atrav&#233;s de tubos c&#244;nicos de 50 mL com pesos em seu interior fixados &#224; parte proximal da cauda do animal por meio de cabo <italic>coastlock</italic> e fita de borracha Scotch (Scotch 3 M, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), como descrito por Cassilhas et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup> Protocolo TF2: Foi utilizado o teste do PMC do rato para calcular e prescrever a intensidade do TF; este protocolo foi adaptado de Hornberger e Farrar. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de Tecidos</title>
          <p>Quarenta e oito horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de treinamento, os ratos foram submetidos &#224; eutan&#225;sia por decapita&#231;&#227;o. Os m&#250;sculos gastrocn&#234;mio e s&#243;leo foram removidos e pesados imediatamente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> O gastrocn&#234;mio foi escolhido devido a uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de fibras musculares tipo II, enquanto que o s&#243;leo apresenta uma maior quantidade de fibras do tipo I. Al&#233;m disso, quase todas as fibras desses m&#250;sculos atravessam o centro do ventre muscular e est&#227;o distribu&#237;das de tend&#227;o a tend&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os resultados est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia(DP). Foi usada ANOVA de desenho misto (<italic>Split plot</italic> ANOVA) com post-hoc de Bonferroni para comparar PA, ganhos de for&#231;a, soma de todos os pesos levantados e os valores do PC dos animais durante as sess&#245;es e entre elas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido como p &lt; 0, 05. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada atrav&#233;s do software GraphPad Prism 6. 0 (Graphpad Software, Inc. , CA, Estados Unidos). </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Peso Corporal e Muscular</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra o peso corporal e o peso &#250;mido do gastrocn&#234;mio e s&#243;leo. Os pesos corporais pr&#233; e p&#243;s-treinamento dentro de todos os grupos foram significativamente diferentes (p &lt; 0, 05). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no peso dos m&#250;sculos gastrocn&#234;mio e s&#243;leo (p &gt; 0, 05). Portanto, n&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio normalizar a massa muscular para diferen&#231;as no peso corporal.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados antropom&#233;tricos e hemodin&#226;micos para os ratos WKY e SHR pr&#233; e p&#243;s-treinamento de for&#231;a</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>SED-WKY (n = 5)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>SED-SHR (n = 5)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>TF1-SHR (n = 5)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>TF2-SHR (n = 5)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>P&#243;s</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>P&#243;s</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>P&#243;s</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>P&#243;s</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PC (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">268 &#177; 32</td>
                  <td align="center">321 &#177; 18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">330 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">355 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">309 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">c</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">342 &#177; 23<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">324 &#177; 24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">345 &#177; 21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PM (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77 &#177; 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">1,84 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">1,83 &#177; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PS (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14 &#177; 0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PG (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">1,69 &#177; 0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS(mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">206 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">225 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">199 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">194 &#177; 6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">c</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">206 &#177; 13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">199 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">c</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">343 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">377 &#177; 42</td>
                  <td align="center">426 &#177; 30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">435 &#177; 55</td>
                  <td align="center">482 &#177; 15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">430 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">445 &#177; 27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">407 &#177; 50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DP (mmHg&#8226;bpm)/100</td>
                  <td align="center">408 &#177; 42</td>
                  <td align="center">490 &#177; 41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">877 &#177; 80<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">979 &#177; 134<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">959 &#177; 41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">834 &#177; 28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">917 &#177; 26<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">810 &#177; 101<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">c</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>WKY: Wistar Kyoto Rat; SHR: Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat; SED: sedentary; BW: body weight; MW: muscle weights (gastrocnemius+soleus); SW: soleus weight; GW: gastrocnemius weight; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; RPP: rate-pressure product. The values were compared within each group and between groups.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs PRE;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs SED-WKY;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>c</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs SED-SHR. Data are presented as mean &#177; SD.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares</title>
          <p>A reprodutibilidade das medidas de PAS foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o de Pearson dos dados de PA, que mostraram boa confiabilidade dos dados de PA ao longo do per&#237;odo experimental de 12 semanas, SED-WKY 2 &#177; 1%, SED-SHR 1 &#177; 1%, TF1-SHR 3 &#177; 1% e TF2-SHR 2 &#177; 1%. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os resultados de par&#226;metros cardiovasculares. Os valores iniciais de PAS dos grupos SHR (206 &#177; 10, 199 &#177; 6, e206 &#177; 13 mmHg, SED-SHR, TF1, e TF2 - respectivamente) foram mais altos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo SED-WKY (119 &#177; 4 mmHg -p &lt; 0, 05). Ap&#243;s 12 semanas, a PAS do grupo SHR sedent&#225;rios aumentou 9% (&#8710; = 19 mmHg, p &lt; 0, 05) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores iniciais, enquanto os grupos SHR TF1 e TF2 apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 2, 5% (&#8710; = -5 mmHg; p &gt; 0, 05) e 3, 4%(&#8710; = -7 mmHg; p &gt; 0, 05)na PA ao final do treinamento, respectivamente. </p>
          <p>Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o da FC do grupo TF1 ap&#243;s o treinamento (482 &#177; 15versus 430&#177; 11 bpm; p &lt; 0, 05). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na FC no grupo TF2 de maior intensidade(445 &#177; 27 versus 407 &#177; 50; p &gt; 0, 05). O DP inicial dos ratos hipertensos (SED-SHR, TF1 e TF2) avaliados durante o treinamento foi maior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao dos ratos normotensos (SED-WKY, p &lt; 0, 05). O grupo TF1apresentou queda no DP pr&#233; em rela&#231;&#227;o ao p&#243;s-treino (959 &#177; 41 versus 834 &#177; 28(mmHg&#8226;bpm)/100;p &lt; 0, 05), ao passo que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa para o grupo TF2 quanto ao DP pr&#233; versus p&#243;s-treino (917 &#177; 26 versus810 &#177; 101(mmHg&#8226;bpm)/100; p &gt; 0, 05). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na PAS dentro dos grupos (pr&#233;-treinamento versus p&#243;s;p &gt; 0, 05; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>), exceto no grupo SED-SHR (p &lt; 0, 05). A PAS no grupo SED-SHR aumentou na 8&#170; semana do protocolo em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos treinados; esta resposta permaneceu at&#233; o final do estudo (p &lt; 0, 05). </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em ratos WKY e SHR. a, p &lt; 0, 05 versus pr&#233; (1<sup>a.</sup> semana); b, p &lt; 0, 05 versus TF1; c, p &lt; 0, 05 versus TF2; d, p &lt; 0, 05 versus grupos SHR. Todos os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; DP.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0201-60019-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>For&#231;a Muscular</title>
          <p>O grupo SHR TF2 apresentou aumento progressivo da for&#231;a muscular em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; primeira semana (p &lt; 0, 05), enquanto a for&#231;a muscular do grupoTF1 n&#227;o aumentou durante a interven&#231;&#227;o (p &gt; 0, 05). Considerando-se os 2protocolos de treinamento, o grupo TF2 apresentou um ganho de for&#231;a muscular de140 &#177; 16, 6%, enquanto o grupo SHR TF1 teve um aumento de for&#231;a de 11 &#177; 4, 8% (p&lt; 0, 05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>). Embora o PC dos ratos hipertensos tenha permanecido inalterado durante o estudo, o grupo TF2 mostrou aumento progressivo da for&#231;a muscular relativo ao PC (p &lt; 0, 05). O grupo TF2 exibiu ganho de for&#231;a muscular relativo ao PC de 118 &#177; 28, 3%, sendo este aumento significativamente diferente em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo TF1 em que o aumento foi de apenas 0, 1 &#177;3, 4%(p &lt; 0, 05). </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Delta do ganho de for&#231;a vista pelo peso m&#225;ximo carregado nos 2 diferentes protocolos ao longo de12 semanas. a, p &lt; 0, 05 versus pr&#233; (1<sup>a.</sup> semana); b, p &lt; 0, 05versus TF1. Todos os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; DP.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0201-60019-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sobrecarga Total</title>
          <p>A sobrecarga total consistiu de s&#233;ries&#8226;repeti&#231;&#245;es&#8226;peso realizados durante as semanas de treinamento (ou seja, o somat&#243;rio da sobrecarga do TF realizado na semana), e &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref> para os grupos estudados. O grupo TF1mostrou aumento na carga total carregada a partir da segunda semana e manteve nas demais semanas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; primeira semana (p &lt; 0, 05). O grupo TF2tamb&#233;m mostrou aumento significativo e progressivo nesta vari&#225;vel a partir da segunda semana, e esta diferen&#231;a foi mantida durante o protocolo experimental em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; primeira semana (p &lt; 0, 05). Na terceira semana de treinamento, o grupo TF2 apresentou aumento significativo em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo TF1, e este padr&#227;o se manteve at&#233; a 12<sup>a.</sup> semana de treinamento(4337 &#177; 280 versus 9659 &#177; 928 g, TF1 eTF2, respectivamente; p &lt; 0, 05). </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Sobrecarga total em gramas durante as 12 semanas de treinamento de for&#231;a. a, p &lt; 0, 05 versus pr&#233; (1<sup>a.</sup> semana); b, p &lt; 0, 05 versus grupo TF1.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0201-60019-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Avaliamos os efeitos da intensidade do TF (como % do PMC) sobre a PA e a for&#231;a muscular de SHR. Os resultados mostraram que, embora o protocolo do TF mais pesado tenha provocado maiores ganhos de for&#231;a muscular, os benef&#237;cios cr&#244;nicos de ambos os protocolos sobre o controle da PA em animais com HAG foram semelhantes. Enquanto alguns estudos demonstraram os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em ratos com hipertens&#227;o severa n&#227;o tratados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e em humanos recebendo medica&#231;&#227;o. <sup>(11, 12)</sup> Moraes et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup> mostraram que o TF de moderada intensidade tamb&#233;m reduz a PA em homens n&#227;o medicados com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 de forma semelhante ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico, al&#233;m de proporcionar ganhos de for&#231;a muscular. </p>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este foi o primeiro estudo a analisar a efic&#225;cia do exerc&#237;cio de for&#231;a e o papel da intensidade do treinamento em SHR com HAG. Outros autores, como Araujo et al. , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> j&#225; haviam demonstrado a efic&#225;cia do TF sobre o controle da PA em animais com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1(induzida por droga) em uma intensidade moderada (50% de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima durante 4 semanas). No presente estudo, foi poss&#237;vel prevenir o aumento da PA em SHR submetidos ao TF por 12 semanas, independentemente da intensidade de treinamento, o que sugere que ambas as intensidades dos protocolos do TF (ou seja, ~40% e 70% do PMC)foram efetivas como tratamento anti-hipertensivo n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico. Al&#233;m disso, intensidades em torno de 40-70% de 1RM s&#227;o consideradas adequadas como recomenda&#231;&#227;o segura para pacientes hipertensos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A manuten&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PA &#233; muito importante, uma vez que cada aumento de 10mmHg na PAS est&#225; associado a um aumento em 25% no risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que 12 semanas do TF induzem mudan&#231;as nos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, tais como diminui&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do lip&#237;dico no f&#237;gado, dep&#243;sito de gordura mesent&#233;rica e retroperitoneal, l&#237;pides sangu&#237;neos e no &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico em ratas ovarioctomizadas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ao final dos protocolos de treinamento, os grupos TF1 e TF2 mostraram uma tend&#234;ncia de queda na PAS de 5 mmHg e 7 mmHg (p &gt; 0, 05), respectivamente. Tais resultados refletem uma baixa sobrecarga card&#237;aca demonstrada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do DP. Em contraste, no grupo SED-SHR, houve aumento significativo de 19 mmHg na PAS, com alto DP (p &lt; 0, 05). Tem sido demonstrado que a redu&#231;&#227;o na FC, como observada no grupo TF1 (de menor intensidade), pode ser explicada por uma modula&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade barorreflexa levando a um t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico diminu&#237;do. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quando comparamos nossos dados aos de outros estudos que utilizaram EA em SHR tamb&#233;m com PA elevada, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> encontramos resultados semelhantes em termos de inibi&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA de repouso ao longo do per&#237;odo experimental. Diante desses achados, o TF em moderada intensidade tamb&#233;m parece promissor em condi&#231;&#245;es de HAG. Faria et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e Lizardo et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup> verificaram que exerc&#237;cios de for&#231;a agudos em moderada intensidade reduziram a PA e aumentam a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico em SHR. Nesse sentido, este mecanismo provavelmente est&#225; envolvido na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA em ratos hipertensos. </p>
        <p>Por outro lado, quando foi aplicada uma intensidade maior (70% do PMC), induziu-se um maior aumento da for&#231;a muscular (aproximadamente 140% e118%relativo ao PC) no grupo TF2. No entanto, o grupo TF1 (40% do PMC) mostrou um pequeno, mas n&#227;o desprez&#237;vel, aumento de for&#231;a absoluta (11%). Quando esses valores foram ajustados pelo ganho de PC, esse pequeno ganho desapareceu(0, 1%). H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o aumento da for&#231;a muscular &#233; essencial para indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> provavelmente devido a menor sobrecarga cardiovascular apresentada durante atividades cotidianas, especialmente aquelas que requerem desempenho da for&#231;a, como carregar sacolas de compras, subir escadas ou arrastar m&#243;veis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o TF pode aumentar amassa muscular, o que pode ser ben&#233;fico para a taxa metab&#243;lica de repouso, melhora do sistema imune e preven&#231;&#227;o de quedas em idosos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Ademais, um estudo recente realizado em 1. 506 homens hipertensos durante 2 d&#233;cadas sugeriu que altos n&#237;veis de for&#231;a muscular parecem proteger esses indiv&#237;duos contra todas as causas de mortalidade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, o peso dos m&#250;sculos s&#243;leo e gastrocn&#234;mio n&#227;o aumentaram nos grupos treinados em compara&#231;&#227;o ao SED-SHR (p &gt; 0, 05). Hornberger e Farrar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup> demonstraram aumento de peso do m&#250;sculo flexor longo do h&#225;lux ap&#243;s 8 semanas de TF, mas n&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos s&#243;leo, plantar, gastrocn&#234;mio e quadr&#237;ceps. Corroborando nossos achados, Duncan et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostraram ganhos de hipertrofia muscular nos m&#250;sculos extensor longo dos dedos e s&#243;leo ap&#243;s um modelo de TF pesado em ratos Wistar. Possivelmente as duas intensidades utilizadas, a dura&#231;&#227;o dos treinos, os m&#250;sculos avaliados, o modelo animal e o treino possam explicar tais resultados distintos. </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
          <p>A falta de medidas como par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos, bioqu&#237;micos e moleculares s&#227;o limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo e devem ser consideradas em investiga&#231;&#245;es futuras. No momento, a ideia inicial foi demonstrar que o TF parece ser seguro, mesmo em condi&#231;&#245;es extremas de hipertens&#227;o arterial. N&#227;o foram observados mortes ou incidentes com os animais durante os treinos. Entretanto, essa aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es do estudo pode estar ligada ao tamanho da amostra. </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em resumo, estes achados sugerem que diferentes intensidades do TF previnem o aumento da PA em ratos com HAG. Al&#233;m disso, um resultado importante foi que a maior intensidade do TF induziu a um ganho de for&#231;a muscular mais expressivo, sem aumentar os n&#237;veis de PA de repouso. Assim, o TF pode funcionar como adjuvante do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico na preven&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA de repouso, al&#233;m de beneficiar a for&#231;a muscular de pacientes hipertensos que realizam um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Fontes de fincanciamento O presente estudo foi financiado pela Capes e CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem ao Prof. Dr. Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas pelo suporte como aparato de treinamento. Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer &#224; CAPES e CNPq pelo apoio financeiro para o desenvolvimento deste estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
