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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8qGYVMKBqHWWYBXD5bwqNCN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000300182</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160027</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Atherosclerosis/Endothelium/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sex Differences in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Subjects with Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Pacheco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Helena Naly Miguens</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Allan Robson Kluser</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Galito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Claudio Lucas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio - Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular e Fisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Claudio Lucas da N&#243;brega</bold>, Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio - Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia - Universidade Federal Fluminense. Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo, 101, Sala 106, S&#227;o Domingos, Postal Code 24210-130, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>anobrega@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Garcia VP, Sales ARK, Rocha NG, N&#243;brega ACL; Acquisition of data: Garcia VP, Rocha HNM, Sales ARK, Rocha NG; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Garcia VP, Rocha HNM, Sales ARK, Rocha NG, N&#243;brega ACL; Statistical analysis: Garcia VP, Rocha HNM, Rocha NG, N&#243;brega ACL; Obtaining financing: N&#243;brega ACL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>182</fpage>
      <lpage>187</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a prototypic marker of inflammation usually increased in MetS. Women with MetS-related diseases present higher hsCRP levels than men with MetS-related diseases, suggesting sex differences in inflammatory markers. However, it is unclear whether serum hsCRP levels are already increased in men and/or women with MetS risk factors and without overt diseases or under pharmacological treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the impact of the number of MetS risk factors on serum hsCRP levels in women and men.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>One hundred and eighteen subjects (70 men and 48 women; 36 &#177; 1 years) were divided into four groups according to the number of MetS risk factors: healthy group (CT; no risk factors), MetS &#8804; 2, MetS = 3, and MetS &#8805; 4. Blood was drawn after 12 hours of fasting for measurement of biochemical variables and hsCRP levels, which were determined by immunoturbidimetric assay.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The groups with MetS risk factors presented higher serum hsCRP levels when compared with the CT group (p &lt; 0.02). There were no differences in hsCRP levels among groups with MetS risk factors (p &gt; 0.05). The best linear regression model to explain the association between MetS risk factors and hsCRP levels included waist circumference and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.40, p &lt; 0.01). Women with MetS risk factors presented higher hsCRP levels when compared with men (p<sub>sex</sub> &lt; 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Despite the absence of overt diseases and pharmacological treatment, subjects with MetS risk factors already presented increased hsCRP levels, which were significantly higher in women than men at similar conditions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Sex Characteristics</kwd>
        <kwd>Protein C</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic risk factors that includes high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity. When these risk factors are present together, the probability of future cardiovascular problems becomes greater than with any of the factors alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Previous studies estimate that 40% of North Americans<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and 25% of Europeans<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> or Latin Americans<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> may present MetS by the time they reach the age of 60 years. Currently, most efforts are directed towards early detection and treatment of individuals with established MetS to avoid the development of cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>Patients with MetS usually present increased levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), which is a prototypic marker of inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Several studies have shown that there is a clear relationship between metabolic disorders and higher hsCRP levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> It has also been shown that women with cardiometabolic risks, <italic>i.e.</italic> those with MetS, diabetes, or hypertension, usually present higher hsCRP levels than men with MetS-related diseases, suggesting sex differences in inflammatory markers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, it is unclear whether serum hsCRP levels are already increased in subjects with MetS risk factors and without overt diseases or under pharmacological treatment. Also, information about hsCRP levels in men and women with MetS risk factors are inconclusive.</p>
      <p>Cardiometabolic diseases seem to have a cumulative effect on serum hsCRP levels. It has been demonstrated that hsCRP levels are higher in patients presenting simultaneously MetS and type 2 diabetes than in those with MetS alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, it is unknown whether the number of MetS risk factors (two or less, three, or four or more factors) can influence the levels of serum hsCRP. Considering these aspects together, this study aimed to determine the effects of the number of MetS risk factors on serum hsCRP levels in women and men. We hypothesized that serum hsCRP levels would increase according to the number of MetS risk factors in women.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical approval</title>
        <p>The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Fluminense Federal University and conformed to the standards set by the latest revision of the Declaration of Helsinki. All subjects gave written informed consent before participating in the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>Subjects were recruited through advertisements at the University and in local newspapers. One hundred and eighteen subjects (70 men and 48 women) aged 36 &#177; 1 years were enrolled. We considered the following risk factors of MetS:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> 1) waist circumference &#8805; 90 cm in men and &#8805; 80 in women; 2) serum triglycerides levels &#8805; 150 mg/dL; 3) serum HDL cholesterol levels &lt; 40 mg/dL in men and &lt; 50 mg/dL in women; 4) systolic blood pressure &#8805; 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 85 mmHg; and 5) fasting serum glucose levels &#8805; 100 mg/dL. We divided the subjects into four groups according to the number of MetS risk factors: healthy group (CT; no risk factors); MetS &#8804; 2 (two or fewer risk factors); MetS = 3 (three risk factors); and MetS &#8805; 4 (four or more risk factors). Other inclusion criteria included the absence of any diagnosed disease, recent infection, use of medication (except contraceptives) or smoking, and the presence of regular menstrual cycles (in women) and sedentary lifestyle (defined as lack of engagement in exercise activities lasting &#8805; 30 min, three times per week during the last 3 months).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements</title>
        <p>The subjects visited the laboratory three times. On the first visit, a physician conducted an evaluation that included assessment of clinical history and resting electrocardiogram (CardioCare 2000, Bionet, Tustin, CA, USA). On the second visit, the patients underwent a physical evaluation. Anthropometric variables, such as weight and height, were measured using a calibrated medical beam scale (Welmy, Santa B&#225;rbara d&#180;Oeste, SP, Brazil). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by the squared height (in meters). Waist circumference was measured at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the lower (XII) rib. Blood pressure was measured twice, once in each arm, on two separate days (at the first and second visits) and with the patient in the upright sitting position. On the third visit, blood was drawn from the subjects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical blood analyses and hsCRP</title>
        <p>Blood was drawn from an anterior cubital vein in the morning after a 12-hour fast. Cholesterol and its subfractions (HDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein [VLDL] cholesterol) as well as triglycerides and glucose were determined using enzymatic colorimetric methods. Serum levels of hsCRP were measured by immunoturbidimetric assay (Tina-quant&#174; latex, Roche, Basel, Switzerland).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical methods</title>
        <p>The data distribution was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. A total sample size of 110 subjects was necessary to detect differences on CRP concentration among the groups (group main effect), considering a one-way ANOVA p value of 0.05 and power of 0.90. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was also used to compare the variable hsCRP among MetS risk factors groups between males and females. Associations between hsCRP and individual components of MetS were determined by multiple linear regression analysis. Data are presented as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM). Significance was accepted at a 0.05 level. All analyses were performed with the software Statistica (version 8, StatSoft Inc., Oklahoma, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents the anthropometric, metabolic, and hemodynamic variables. The groups matched for sex and age (p &gt; 0.05). Waist circumference, BMI, VLDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly different in the CT groups compared with the MetS risk factors groups. In addition, the MetS = 3 and MetS &#8805; 4 groups also had higher BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and serum levels of VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose, as well as lower serum HDL cholesterol levels compared with the MetS &#8804; 2 group (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Biochemical and hemodynamic characteristics of healthy subjects and individuals with MetS risk factors</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4">
                <bold>Groups</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CT</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>MetS &#8804; 2</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>MetS = 3</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>MetS &#8805; 4</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">N (M/W)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (11/7)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (34/33)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (19/4)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (6/4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">33 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">36 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">37 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">39 &#177; 1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">22.90 &#177; 0.62</td>
              <td align="center">28.76 &#177; 0.40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">32.26 &#177; 0.88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">31.15 &#177; 0.97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">78.98 &#177; 1.88</td>
              <td align="center">95.02 &#177; 1.12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">105.86 &#177; 1.70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">103.2 &#177;1.54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">114 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">116 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">126 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">129 &#177; 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">75 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">76 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">81 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">85 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">174.89 &#177; 6.77</td>
              <td align="center">193.30 &#177; 4.94</td>
              <td align="center">207.22 &#177; 8.53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">215.30 &#177; 8.66<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">56.67 &#177; 2.60</td>
              <td align="center">53.85 &#177; 1.47</td>
              <td align="center">41.48 &#177; 1.54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">38 &#177; 2.82<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">102.06 &#177; 6.68</td>
              <td align="center">119.77 &#177; 4.50</td>
              <td align="center">124 &#177; 7.63</td>
              <td align="center">138.38 &#177; 8.43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VLDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">13.11 &#177; 1.25</td>
              <td align="center">19.56 &#177; 0.85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">41.87 &#177; 3.24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">46.13 &#177; 4.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">54.83 &#177; 2.35</td>
              <td align="center">98.52 &#177; 4.51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">209.09 &#177; 16.28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">230.88 &#177; 22.26<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">86.72 &#177; 1.57</td>
              <td align="center">87.61 &#177; 0.76</td>
              <td align="center">95.76 &#177; 2.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">97 &#177; 4.40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values are displayed as mean &#177; SEM. CT: healthy subjects; MeTS: metabolic syndrome; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. CT;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. MetS &#8804; 2.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The groups with MetS risk factors presented higher serum hsCRP levels compared with the CT group (p &#8804; 0.02). However, there were no differences in hsCRP levels among groups with MetS risk factors (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>; p &gt; 0.05). When the analysis was adjusted for BMI, similar results were noted (data not shown).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of serum hsCRP levels according to number of MetS risk factors. (*) p &lt; 0.05 vs. CT.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0182-60027-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Stepwise multivariate regression analysis of serum hsCRP levels and MetS risk factors demonstrated that waist circumference and HDL cholesterol levels were the major predictors of increased hsCRP levels [y = -1.214+0.13*(waist circumference)+ 0.0006*(HDL cholesterol)] (r = 0.40, p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <p>Regarding sex-differences on hsCRP levels, no difference was observed between women and men in the CT group (p = 0.84), whereas in the groups with MetS- related risk factors, women presented higher levels of hsCRP when compared with men (p<sub>sex</sub> &lt; 0.01). However, hsCRP levels were still similar among the groups with MetS risk factors (p &gt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>- Serum hsCRP levels in men and women according to the number of MetS risk factors. hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; CT: healthy subjects; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MetS &#8804; 2, subjects with one or two MetS risk factors; MetS = 3, subjects with three MetS risk factors; MetS &#8805; 4, subjects with four or five MetS risk factors.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0182-60027-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we tested the hypothesis that serum levels of hsCRP would increase according to the number of MetS risk factors in women. New findings of our study were threefold: 1) hsCRP levels were already higher in subjects with MetS risk factors when compared with controls; 2) the number of MetS risk factors did not influence the levels of hsCRP; 3) women with MetS risk factors presented higher hsCRP levels when compared with men with MetS risk factors.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have shown associations between markers of inflammation and components of MetS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> CRP levels in subjects with MetS have also been reported to be four times higher than those in healthy subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Our study demonstrated that subjects with MetS risk factors, even without preexisting diseases or under pharmacological treatment, already present early changes in hsCRP levels. Taken together, these data suggest that MetS risk factors may be associated with systemic low-grade inflammation.</p>
      <p>We found no differences in hsCRP levels among groups with MetS risk factors. In contrast, other studies have demonstrated that CRP levels are positively associated with the number of MetS components.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> These studies have also demonstrated a gradual increase in CRP levels with the number of MetS components. It is important to observe that subjects in these other studies presented overt cardiometabolic diseases and/or were taking regular medications. Thus, increased serum CRP levels could be associated with the number of cardiometabolic diseases.</p>
      <p>Waist circumference and HDL colesterol levels were the best predictors to explain the increase in hsCRP levels in subjects with MetS risk factors. Nakamura et al. have shown that among the MetS components, waist circumference is the main determinant of increase in CRP concentrations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Several studies have reported an inverse relationship between levels of HDL cholesterol and CRP in healthy individuals and subjects with MetS, suggesting that low HDL cholesterol levels may favor the inflammatory process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a previous study from our group, we have shown that subjects with MetS, even without overt diseases or under pharmacological treatment, already present an early endothelial dysfunction, demonstrated by a longer time to peak diameter and an increased sE-selectin level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Endothelial dysfunction appears to stimulate an inappropriate secretion of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines in subjects with MetS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and may lead to a systemic inflammatory condition, which activates genes encoding CRP and other agents in the acute phase.</p>
      <p>Regarding sex differences on hsCRP levels in groups with MetS risk factors, women presented higher levels of hsCRP when compared with men. Han et al. also demonstrated that CRP levels predict the development of MetS in women but not in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The sex differences observed in these studies could be explained by endogenous synthesis of estrogen, a hormone that might play a role on the inflammatory process in women. An alternative explanation would be that women might have a greater amount of total body adipose tissue compared with men, which could be the source of proinflammatory cytokines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We must mention a limitation of our study. Values of BMI were different among the CT and MetS risk factors groups (MetS &#8804; 2, MetS = 3, and MetS &#8805; 4). This is important, since it is well known that obesity <italic>per se</italic> induces an inflammatory response and increases the serum levels of hsCRP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, we obtained similar results when we performed a BMI-adjusted analysis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Despite the absence of overt diseases and pharmacological treatment, subjects with MetS risk factors presented increased hsCRP levels when compared with healthy subjects. Waist circumference and HDL cholesterol were identified as independent predictors of increased serum hsCRP levels in subjects with MetS risk factors. Moreover, women with MetS risk factors presented higher hsCRP levels than men in the same condition.</p>
      <p>These results indicate that an unspecific and subclinical inflammatory process is already present in early stages of the natural history of MetS, through the presence of high hsCRP levels. Measurements of this acute phase inflammatory protein may help determine an individual's cardiovascular risk and implement effective preventive strategies to avoid the development of cardiometabolic diseases, mainly in women.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ and FINEP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of monograph submitted by Vinicius Pacheco Garcia, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The authors appreciate the time and effort dedicated by all volunteer subjects in this study. Also, we would like to thank the people who work at the Laboratory of Exercise Sciences.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Aterosclerose/Endot&#233;lio/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diferen&#231;as na Prote&#237;na C Reativa Ultrassens&#237;vel associado ao g&#234;nero em Indiv&#237;duos com Fatores de Risco da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Pacheco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Helena Naly Miguens</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Allan Robson Kluser</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Galito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Claudio Lucas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio - Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular e Fisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Claudio Lucas da N&#243;brega</bold>, Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio - Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia - Universidade Federal Fluminense. Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo, 101, Sala 106, S&#227;o Domingos, CEP 24.210-130, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>anobrega@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Garcia VP, Sales ARK, Rocha NG, N&#243;brega ACL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Garcia VP, Rocha HNM, Sales ARK, Rocha NG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Garcia VP, Rocha HNM, Sales ARK, Rocha NG, N&#243;brega ACL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Garcia VP, Rocha HNM, Rocha NG, N&#243;brega ACL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: N&#243;brega ACL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) est&#225; associada a um maior risco de mortalidade por todas as causas. A prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCRus) &#233; um marcador protot&#237;pico de inflama&#231;&#227;o que est&#225; geralmente aumentado na SM. Mulheres com doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; SM apresentam n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCRus quando comparadas com homens com doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; SM, sugerindo diferen&#231;as associados ao g&#234;nero nos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios. No entanto, n&#227;o &#233; claro se os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus j&#225; est&#227;o aumentados em homens e/ou mulheres com fatores de risco da SM, sem doen&#231;as pr&#233;-estabelecidas ou sob tratamento farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar o impacto do n&#250;mero de fatores de risco da SM sobre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus em mulheres e homens.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Cento e dezoito pacientes (70 homens e 48 mulheres; 36&#177;1 anos) foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco da SM: grupo saud&#225;vel (CT; sem fatores de risco), SM &#8804; 2, SM = 3 e SM &#8805; 4. Ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum, amostras de sangue foram coletadas para determina&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas e n&#237;veis de PCRus, analisada pelo m&#233;todo imunoturbidim&#233;trico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os grupos com fatores de risco da SM apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de PCRus quando comparados com o grupo CT (p &lt; 0,02). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de PCRus entre os grupos com fatores de risco da SM (p &gt; 0,05). O melhor modelo de regress&#227;o linear para explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco da SM com n&#237;veis de PCRus foram a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e os n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol (r = 0,40, p &lt; 0,01). Mulheres com fatores de risco da SM apresentaram valores mais elevados de PCRus quando comparadas com homens (p<sub>sexo</sub> &lt; 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as pr&#233;-estabelecidas e tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, os indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco da SM j&#225; apresentaram aumento nos n&#237;veis de PCRus, que foram significativamente mais elevados nas mulheres do que nos homens em condi&#231;&#245;es semelhantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Caracteres Sexuais</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na C</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; um conjunto de fatores de risco metab&#243;licos que inclui o aumento da press&#227;o arterial, hiperglicemia, dislipidemia e obesidade abdominal. Quando esses fatores de risco est&#227;o presentes em conjunto, a probabilidade de problemas cardiovasculares futuros se torna maior do que com qualquer dos fatores isoladamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Estudos anteriores estimam que 40% dos norte-americanos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e 25% dos europeus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e latino-americanos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> podem apresentar SM quando atingem a idade de 60 anos. Atualmente, a maioria dos esfor&#231;os s&#227;o direcionados &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e ao tratamento de indiv&#237;duos com SM estabelecida para evitar o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com SM geralmente apresentam n&#237;veis elevados de prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCRus), um marcador protot&#237;pico de inflama&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m demonstrado uma clara correla&#231;&#227;o entre dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e aumento nos n&#237;veis de PCRus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que mulheres com riscos cardiometab&#243;licos, ou seja, aquelas com SM, diabetes, ou hipertens&#227;o arterial, geralmente apresentam n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCRus quando comparadas com homens com doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; SM, sugerindo diferen&#231;as associadas ao g&#234;nero nos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o &#233; claro se os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus j&#225; est&#227;o aumentados em indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco da SM sem doen&#231;as pr&#233;-estabelecidas ou sob tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Al&#233;m disso, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os n&#237;veis de PCRus em homens e mulheres com fatores de risco da SM s&#227;o inconclusivas.</p>
        <p>Doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas parecem ter um efeito cumulativo sobre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus. Tem sido demonstrado que os n&#237;veis de PCRus s&#227;o mais elevados em pacientes que apresentam simultaneamente SM e diabetes tipo 2 do que naqueles somente com SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o se sabe se o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco da SM (dois ou menos, tr&#234;s, ou quatro ou mais fatores) pode influenciar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus. Considerando estes aspectos em conjunto, este estudo teve o objetivo de determinar os efeitos do n&#250;mero de fatores de risco da SM sobre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus em mulheres e homens. Nossa hip&#243;tese foi de que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus aumentariam de acordo com o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco da SM em mulheres.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica</title>
          <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da Universidade Federal Fluminense e esteve em conformidade com as normas estabelecidas pela &#250;ltima revis&#227;o da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Todos os volunt&#225;rios assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes de participarem do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>Os participantes foram recrutados por meio de an&#250;ncios na Universidade e em jornais locais. Cento e dezoito indiv&#237;duos (70 homens e 48 mulheres) com idade de 36 &#177; 1 anos foram inclu&#237;dos. Foram considerados os seguintes fatores de risco da SM:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> 1) circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &#8805; 90 cm em homens e &#8805; 80 em mulheres; 2) n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dL; 3) n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de HDL-colesterol &lt; 40 mg/dL em homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL em mulheres; 4) press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 130 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; 85 mmHg; 5) glicemia de jejum &#8805; 100 mg/dL. N&#243;s dividimos os indiv&#237;duos em quatro grupos de acordo com o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco da SM: grupo saud&#225;vel (CT; sem fatores de risco), SM &#8804; 2 (dois fatores de risco ou menos), SM = 3 (tr&#234;s fatores de risco) e SM &#8805; 4 (quatro fatores de risco ou mais). Outros crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram a aus&#234;ncia dos seguintes fatores: qualquer doen&#231;a diagnosticada, infec&#231;&#227;o recente, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es (exceto contraceptivos), tabagismo, ciclos menstruais irregulares (em mulheres) e sedentarismo (considerado como a falta de engajamento em exerc&#237;cios com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 30 minutos, tr&#234;s vezes por semana, durante os &#250;ltimos 3 meses).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas</title>
          <p>Os participantes compareceram tr&#234;s vezes ao laborat&#243;rio. Na primeira visita, um m&#233;dico realizou uma avalia&#231;&#227;o que incluiu hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e eletrocardiografia de repouso (CardioCare 2000 Bionet, Tustin, CA, EUA). Na segunda visita, os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica. As vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, como peso e altura, foram medidas com uma balan&#231;a m&#233;dica calibrada e com r&#233;gua antropom&#233;trica (Welmy, Santa B&#225;rbara d'Oeste, SP, Brasil). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado com o peso (em quilogramas) dividido pelo quadrado da altura (em metros). A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre a crista il&#237;aca e a &#250;ltima costela (XII). A press&#227;o arterial foi medida duas vezes, em cada bra&#231;o, em dois dias separados (na primeira e segunda visitas) e com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. Na terceira visita foi realizada coleta de sangue dos participantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas de sangue e PCRus</title>
          <p>O sangue foi coletado da veia cubital anterior pela manh&#227; ap&#243;s um jejum de 12 horas. Colesterol e subfra&#231;&#245;es [HDL-colesterol, lipoprote&#237;na de muita baixa densidade (VLDL) colesterol], bem como triglicer&#237;deos e glicose foram determinados por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos colorim&#233;tricos. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo imunoturbidim&#233;trico (Tina-quant&#174; latex, Roche, Basel, Su&#237;&#231;a).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos</title>
          <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Um tamanho amostral de 110 sujeitos foi necess&#225;rio para detectar diferen&#231;as na concentra&#231;&#227;o de PCR entre os grupos (efeito principal de grupo), considerando-se por ANOVA unifatorial um valor de p de 0,05 e poder de 0,90. ANOVA de dois fatores para amostras repetidas foi tamb&#233;m utilizada para comparar a vari&#225;vel PCRus entre os grupos de fatores de risco da SM entre homens e mulheres. Associa&#231;&#245;es dentre PCRus e os componentes individuais da SM foram determinadas por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla. Os dados est&#227;o representados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi aceita ao n&#237;vel de 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa Statistica (vers&#227;o 8, StatSoft Inc., Oklahoma, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas. Os grupos se mostraram pareados para idade e sexo (p &gt; 0,05). A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, IMC, VLDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos foram significativamente diferentes no grupo CT em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos com fatores de risco da SM. Al&#233;m disso, os grupos SM = 3 e SM &#8805; 4 tamb&#233;m apresentaram valores mais elevados de IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de VLDL-colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos e glicose, assim como n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais baixos de HDL-colesterol em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SM &#8804; 2 (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas e hemodin&#226;micas de Indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e Indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco da SM</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Grupos</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>CT</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SM &#8804; 2</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SM = 3</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SM &#8805; 4</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#176; (H/M)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (11/7)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (34/33)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (19/4)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (6/4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">22,90 &#177; 0,62</td>
                <td align="center">28,76 &#177; 0,40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">32,26 &#177; 0,88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">31,15 &#177; 0,97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">78,98 &#177; 1,88</td>
                <td align="center">95,02 &#177; 1,12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">105,86 &#177; 1,70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">103,2 &#177;1,54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">114 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">116 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">126 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">129 &#177; 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">174,89 &#177; 6,77</td>
                <td align="center">193,30 &#177; 4,94</td>
                <td align="center">207,22 &#177; 8,53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">215,30 &#177; 8,66<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">56,67 &#177; 2,60</td>
                <td align="center">53,85 &#177; 1,47</td>
                <td align="center">41,48 &#177; 1,54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 2,82<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">102,06 &#177; 6,68</td>
                <td align="center">119,77 &#177; 4,50</td>
                <td align="center">124 &#177; 7,63</td>
                <td align="center">138,38 &#177; 8,43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VLDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13,11 &#177; 1,25</td>
                <td align="center">19,56 &#177; 0,85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">41,87 &#177; 3,24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">46,13 &#177; 4,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">54,83 &#177; 2,35</td>
                <td align="center">98,52 &#177; 4,51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">209,09 &#177; 16,28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">230,88 &#177; 22,26<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">86,72 &#177; 1,57</td>
                <td align="center">87,61 &#177; 0,76</td>
                <td align="center">95,76 &#177; 2,39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">97 &#177; 4,40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Os valores est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. CT: indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, HDL-c: colesterol ligado &#224; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade VLDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de muita baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 versus CT;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 versus SM &#8804;2.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os grupos com fatores de risco da SM apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de PCRus em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CT (p &#8804; 0,02). No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de PCRus entre os grupos com fatores de risco da SM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>; p &gt; 0,05). Quando a an&#225;lise foi ajustada para os valores de IMC, resultados semelhantes foram observados (dados n&#227;o mostrados).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus em fun&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de fatores de risco da SM. (*) p &lt; 0,05 versus CT. CT: indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0182-60027-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise por regress&#227;o multivariada stepwise dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus e fatores de risco da SM mostrou que a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e os n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol foram os principais preditores de n&#237;veis elevados de PCRus [y = -1,214+0,13 * (circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura) + 0,0006 * (HDL-colesterol)] (r = 0,40, p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de PCRus associadas ao g&#234;nero, nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada entre mulheres e homens no grupo CT (p = 0,84), ao passo que nos grupos com doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; SM, as mulheres apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCRus quando comparadas aos homens (p<sub>sexo</sub> &lt; 0,01). No entanto, os n&#237;veis de PCRus foram tamb&#233;m semelhantes dentre os grupos com fatores de risco da SM (p &gt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da PCRus em homens e mulheres de acordo com o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco da SM. PCRus: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; CT: indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; SM &#8804; 2, indiv&#237;duos com um ou dois fatores de risco; SM = 3, indiv&#237;duos com tr&#234;s fatores de risco; SM &#8805; 4, indiv&#237;duos com quatro ou cinco fatores de risco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-03-0182-60027-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, testamos a hip&#243;tese de que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus aumentariam de acordo com o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco da SM em mulheres. O nosso estudo encontrou tr&#234;s novos achados: 1) Os n&#237;veis de PCRus j&#225; est&#227;o mais elevados em indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco da SM quando comparado com controle, 2) o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco da SM n&#227;o influenciou os n&#237;veis de PCRus e 3) as mulheres com fatores de risco da SM apresentaram valores mais elevados de PCRus quando comparadas com homens com fatores de risco da SM.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram associa&#231;&#245;es entre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e componentes da SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Os n&#237;veis de PCR em indiv&#237;duos com SM tamb&#233;m foram relatados como sendo quatro vezes maior do que em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Nosso estudo demonstrou que indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco da SM mesmo sem doen&#231;as preexistentes ou em tratamento farmacol&#243;gico j&#225; apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es precoces nos n&#237;veis de PCRus. Considerados em conjunto, estes dados sugerem que os fatores de risco da SM podem estar associados com um baixo grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de PCRus entre os grupos com fatores de risco da SM. Em contrapartida, outros estudos demonstraram que os n&#237;veis de PCR est&#227;o positivamente associados com o n&#250;mero de componentes da SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esses estudos tamb&#233;m demonstraram um aumento gradual nos n&#237;veis de PCR com o n&#250;mero de componentes da SM. &#201; importante observar que os indiv&#237;duos nesses outros estudos apresentavam doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas evidentes e/ou estavam em uso regular de medica&#231;&#245;es. Assim, o aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR pode ter sido associado com o n&#250;mero de doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas.</p>
        <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e os n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol foram os melhores preditores para explicar o aumento da PCRus em indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco da SM. Nakamura et al. mostraram que entre os componentes da SM, a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &#233; o principal determinante do aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de PCR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m relatado uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol e de PCR em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e sujeitos com SM, sugerindo que baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol podem favorecer o processo inflamat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em um estudo anterior, nosso grupo demonstrou que indiv&#237;duos com SM, sem doen&#231;as ou sob tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, j&#225; apresentam uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial precoce, demonstrada por um atraso no tempo para atingir o pico de di&#226;metro e n&#237;vel elevados de sE-selectina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial parece estimular a secre&#231;&#227;o inapropriada de adipocinas proinflamat&#243;rias e anti-inflamat&#243;rias em indiv&#237;duos com SM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e pode levar a um estado inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico que ativa genes que codificam a PCR e outros agentes na fase aguda.</p>
        <p>A respeito das diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de PCRus associadas ao g&#234;nero em grupos com fatores de risco da SM, as mulheres apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de PCRus em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens. Han et al. tamb&#233;m demonstraram que os n&#237;veis de PCR predizem o desenvolvimento de SM em mulheres, mas n&#227;o em homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> As diferen&#231;as sexuais observadas nestes estudos poderiam ser explicadas pela s&#237;ntese end&#243;gena de estrog&#234;nio, um horm&#244;nio que pode desempenhar um papel no processo inflamat&#243;rio em mulheres. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o alternativa seria a de que as mulheres podem ter uma maior quantidade de tecido adiposo corporal total em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens, o que poderia ser uma fonte de citocinas proinflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o podemos deixar de mencionar uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo. Os valores do IMC foram diferentes entre o grupo CT e os grupos com fatores de risco da SM (&#8804; 2, SM = 3 e SM &#8805; 4). Este achado &#233; importante, pois sabe-se que a obesidade por si s&#243; induz uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria e aumenta os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da PCRus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No entanto, n&#243;s obtivemos resultados semelhantes quando realizamos uma an&#225;lise ajustada para o IMC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as pr&#233;-estabelecidas e tratamentos farmacol&#243;gicos, indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco da SM apresentaram n&#237;veis de PCRus mais elevados quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e o HDL-colesterol foram identificados como preditores independentes do aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCRus em indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco da SM. Al&#233;m disso, as mulheres com fatores de risco da SM apresentaram n&#237;veis de PCRus mais elevados do que os homens na mesma condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Estes resultados indicam que um processo inflamat&#243;rio subcl&#237;nico e inespec&#237;fico j&#225; est&#225; presente nas fases iniciais da hist&#243;ria natural da SM por meio da presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis elevados de PCRus. A determina&#231;&#227;o desta prote&#237;na de fase inflamat&#243;ria aguda pode ajudar a determinar o risco cardiovascular de um indiv&#237;duo e implementar estrat&#233;gias efetivas de preven&#231;&#227;o para evitar o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas, principalmente em mulheres.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ e FINEP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da monografia de Vinicius Pacheco Garcia pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem o tempo e o esfor&#231;o dedicado por todos os volunt&#225;rios neste estudo. Tamb&#233;m gostar&#237;amos de agradecer as pessoas que trabalham no Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
