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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bQQPJGcMK9LNhnKQx7Shs7f</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200162</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Fontan Operation is Not the End of the Road</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caneo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neirotti</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turquetto</surname>
            <given-names>Aida Luiza Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca Pedi&#225;trica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP - InCor - HCFMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Michigan State University</institution>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clinical Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics, Emeritus - Michigan State University - USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Michigan State University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Fernando Caneo</bold> , Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC - FMUSP. Av Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - 2&#186; andar - sala 5. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:<email>caneo@mac.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Caneo LF, Neirotti RA, Turquetto ALR; Acquisition of data: Caneo LF, Turquetto ALR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Caneo LF, Neirotti RA, Turquetto ALR, Jatene MB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>162</fpage>
      <lpage>165</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <response id="r01" response-type="reply">
        <related-article id="r01" page="162-165" related-article-type="article-commentary" vol="106"/>
        <front-stub>
          <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
            <title>Keywords</title>
            <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology</kwd>
            <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery</kwd>
            <kwd>Fontan Procedure/trends</kwd>
            <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
          </kwd-group>
        </front-stub>
      </response>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The purpose of this essay is to increase the awareness on what patients, families and those involved in the treatment and follow-up can face in the long run regarding the survivors of the Fontan operation (FO) and to provide some clues to diminish the deleterious effects of the single ventricle (SV) physiology. Although a significant number of patients survive and are initially asymptomatic, most probably due to adaptation to their limitations, an active approach without being pessimistic is needed in order to prevent problems and thereby improve the long-term prognosis of these patients.</p>
    <p>When William Harvey described the circulation he stated: "<italic>Those who believe that one ventricle can drive blood full of spirit into the body and the lungs likewise, are heretics. They forget that nature, being divine, never gave a heart to any where there was no need.</italic>" When Fontan and Baudet published their procedure they advised us that "<italic>this procedure is not an anatomical correction, which would require the creation of a right ventricle, but a way of physiological pulmonary blood flow restoration, with suppression of right and left blood flow mixing</italic>".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> They also described the "Ten commandments", a list of precise recommendations regarding the indications for surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Some of the problems that we see today are the result of not following their guidelines. Although they clearly defined the main purpose of this procedure, they could not anticipate the long-term implications of this improvement.</p>
    <p>More than forty years later, we are witnessing the consequences of not having a sub-pulmonary ventricle. Although clinical experience shows that to survive we do not need a pumping chamber to drive blood into the lungs, the non-pulsatile flow of both vena cava directly connected to the pulmonary circulation results in the following unintended consequences: 1) <italic>elevated central venous pressure</italic>, and 2)<italic>suboptimal cardiac output</italic>, relative to the normal two-ventricle state due to: a) impaired chronotropic response to exercise; b) decreased capability to transport a normal blood volume across the pulmonary vascular bed, resulting in reduced ventricular filling and low stroke volume; c) inability to adequately increase stroke volume during periods of increased demand; and, d) elevated systemic vascular resistance with deprived tissue perfusion and anaerobic metabolism.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Are we changing the natural history of the SV physiology?</title>
      <p>Presently, this operation is the gold standard destination for patients with SV physiology. Along the years, techniques and strategies have evolved from the original right atrium to pulmonary artery connection to the lateral tunnel and the extra-cardiac conduit, including staged procedures and fenestrations. Better results with this operation have been assigned to these technical modifications. There are many data showing excellent early and long-term outcome with good survival rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, despite the remarkable improvements in quality of life and prognosis of patients treated by the FO, there is a decreased exercise capacity and a suboptimal ventricular performance, subsequent to the reduced preload of the functional SV. In addition, these patients often develop scoliosis, kyphosis, have small lungs and consequently a restrictive pulmonary pattern due to previous thoracic surgical procedures. Altogether, it affects different subsystems with a negative impact on functional status, quality of life and the long-term transplant-free survival ratio. Multiple studies assessing the results of the FO demonstrated a decrease in survival with a continuous attrition 15 years after the procedure, regardless of the surgical type of cavopulmonary connection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In a recent single-institutional study, the actuarial freedom from death or transplantation was 87%, 83%, and 70% at 15, 20, and 25 years respectively after surgery. In this group, death was sudden and unexplained in 9%, thromboembolic in 8%, and heart failure-related in 7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In another study assessing morphologically left SV, actuarial survival was 73% at 15 years. Atrial arrhythmias were present in 57%, protein-losing enteropathy in 9%, and thromboembolic events in 6%. In other words, odds are 1 out of 4 that a child after FO will be dead by the time he or she reaches their late 20s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In a large multi-center cohort, the Pediatric Heart Network (PHN) reviewed 546 children that were on average 11.9 years of age at the time of the study and 8.5 years after the FO. Stroke or thromboembolism was seen in 8% of the patients, exercise performance was abnormal and peak oxygen consumption was only 65% of the predicted for age and gender in a relatively young group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Adolescents ("older" patients) fared worse than the younger children, suggesting a time-related decrement in functionality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In another PHN study, parent-reported patient morbidities included deficits in vision in 33%, speech in 27%, and hearing in 7%, as well as problems with attention in 46%, learning in 43%, development in 24%, behavior in 23%, anxiety in 17%, and depression in 8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      <p>In our center, Turquetto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> recently reported suboptimal cardiac function, diminished lung volumes and capacities, as well as reduced respiratory muscle strength in asymptomatic patients - the so-called "perfect Fontan".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> These are important components of a complex system in which performance and outcomes depend on intricate dynamic interactions that could explain the deficiencies found in the late postoperative period. In other words, despite the low early mortality, when we assess long-term morbidities, the number of patients that are free from problems is low. These findings cannot be ignored, and certainly do not reflect a successful management strategy for patients with single-ventricle physiology.</p>
      <p>In summary, despite the good early results, long-term survivors could experience some of the following complications:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Arrhythmias</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Thromboembolism</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Delayed somatic growth</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Deferred pubertal development</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Protein losing enteropathy (PLE)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Plastic bronchitis (PB)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Exercise intolerance</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Liver fibrosis</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Renal dysfunction</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Venous insufficiency</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>The above mentioned issues justify a regular and careful follow-up of these patients every three to four-year intervals, with major testing at 10 years after FO. The health status of children and adolescents after FO is suboptimal and the management of the late complications represents a significant challenge. If possible, every patient should have serial echocardiogram studies, cardiopulmonary test, abdominal ultrasound, whole body dual energy X-ray absorbtiometry scan and complete blood analysis including CBC with differential, electrolytes, liver enzymes, GGT, total protein, albumin, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D 25-hydroxy and serum ionized Ca<sup>+2</sup>. Urine calcium/creatinine for nutritional assessment, B-natriuretic peptide, cystatin C and basic immune panel should also be performed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      <p>In the late follow-up, we might face a failing Fontan. Failing Fontan patients have two modes of presentation: a) impaired ventricular function and b) those with preserved ventricular function, but with failing subsystems such as PLE and PB. As many as two thirds of adult Fontan patients who die or require transplantation do so with preserved ventricular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Due to the increasing amount of patients that are being palliated with FO, the number of children, adolescents, and young adults requiring late rescue therapy with heart transplantation will increase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The insufficient availability of donors and the associated morbidities with immunosuppression make it imperative that this scarce resource is used appropriately by optimizing the timing of transplantation. Therefore, it is important to identify high-risk patients with failing Fontan physiology and diastolic dysfunction that might benefit from other modes of therapy. Ventricular assist devices (VAD) that may bridge patients more successfully are needed to better prepare the SV circulation over months in order to improve transplant outcomes through better patient selection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Children and adults with previous procedures undergoing heart transplantation require more complicated operations that should be performed by skilled surgeons. Outcomes of heart transplantation in children with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) have repeatedly been shown to be inferior to those in children with cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Although several centers have described that heart transplantation after the FO is associated with poorer outcomes when compared with those due to other forms of CHD, recent report has shown outstanding outcomes in the former group, comparable to those in children receiving transplants for cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Several factors have contributed to the substandard results in the Fontan group, including allosensitization, pulmonary hypertension, challenging operation because of multiple prior sternotomies, complex venous anatomy, requirement of concomitant pulmonary artery reconstruction and the presence of collaterals with subsequent risk of bleeding. In addition, poor clinical condition due to protein-losing enteropathy, malnutrition, liver and kidney dysfunction are aggravated conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> We speculate that early referral in better clinical conditions could be responsible for the outstanding results described in this recent publication.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Where are we going?</title>
      <p>Considering the late results of SV palliation, we should strongly consider following the right indications and timing for each step, not based on symptoms, but programmed in advance. Following the internationally recognized algorithm, early in life we ought to band the pulmonary artery to protect the pulmonary vasculature and prevent high pulmonary vascular resistance in those with high pulmonary blood flow, or to create a shunt in those with hypoxemia. The next step should be to diminish the SV volume overload by connecting the superior vena cava to the pulmonary artery - bidirectional Glenn operation - at 3 to 6 months and completing the FO at 2 to 4 years of age.</p>
      <p>At the end, we might face two different undesirable scenarios:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Pump failure that will need heart transplantation at the right time and before clinical deterioration.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Those with the negative impact of the SV physiology on other subsystems, due to the lack of sub-pulmonary ventricle, which can benefit from a VAD to gain time to optimize patient's condition for transplantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The latter has a greater risk of death when compared with the group that presents with poor ventricular function.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Further studies need to be performed to better understand the "unnatural" state of Fontan patients. Strategies targeted toward improving cardiac output and reducing central venous pressure can improve their overall well-being and mitigate the deleterious impact of the new physiology. Further research on methods to improve the circulation through additional interventions - pharmacological, mechanical and even exercise training - is required.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca Pedi&#225;trica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP - InCor - HCFMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Michigan State University</institution>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clinical Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics, Emeritus - Michigan State University - USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Michigan State University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Fernando Caneo</bold> , Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC - FMUSP. Av Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - 2&#186; andar - sala 5. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>caneo@mac.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Caneo LF, Neirotti RA, Turquetto ALR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Caneo LF, Turquetto ALR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Caneo LF, Neirotti RA, Turquetto ALR, Jatene MB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnica de Fontan/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O objetivo deste ensaio &#233; aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre o que os pacientes, fam&#237;lias e aqueles envolvidos no tratamento e seguimento podem enfrentar em longo prazo com a opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan (OF), assim como fornecer algumas pistas para diminuir os efeitos delet&#233;rios da fisiologia do ventr&#237;culo &#250;nico (VU). Embora um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes sobrevivam e sejam inicialmente assintom&#225;ticos, mais provavelmente devido a uma adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas limita&#231;&#245;es, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa e proativa se faz necess&#225;ria, a fim de evitar problemas e, assim, melhorar o progn&#243;stico a longo prazo destes pacientes.</p>
      <p>Quando William Harvey descreveu a circula&#231;&#227;o, ele declarou: "<italic>Aqueles que acreditam que um &#250;nico ventr&#237;culo pode levar sangue efetivamente para o corpo e para os pulm&#245;es de forma semelhante, s&#227;o hereges. Eles esqueceram que a natureza, sendo divina, jamais colocaria um cora&#231;&#227;o num lugar que n&#227;o houvesse necessidade</italic>". Quando Fontan e Baudet publicaram seu procedimento, nos alertaram que "<italic>este procedimenton&#227;o &#233; uma corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, o que exigiria a cria&#231;&#227;o de um ventr&#237;culo direito, mas sim um modo de restaura &#231;&#227; o do fluxo sangu &#237; neo pulmonar fisiol&#243;gico, com a supress&#227;o da mistura dos fluxos sangu&#237;neos direito e esquerdo</italic>". <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>Eles tamb&#233;m descreveram os " Dez Mandamentos ", uma lista de recomenda&#231;&#245;es precisas para a indica&#231;&#227;o dessa cirurgia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Alguns dos problemas que vemos hoje s&#227;o o resultado de suas orienta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o terem sido seguidas. Embora eles tenham definido claramente o principal objetivo desse procedimento, n&#227;o poderiam prever as implica&#231;&#245;es a longo prazo nesse avan&#231;o no tratamente desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Mais de quarenta anos depois, estamos testemunhando as consequ&#234;ncias de n&#227;o se ter um ventr&#237;culo sub-pulmonar. Embora a experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica mostre que para sobreviver n&#227;o precisamos de uma c&#226;mara de bombeamento para conduzir o sangue para os pulm&#245;es, o fluxo n&#227;o puls&#225;til de ambas as veias cavas ligadas diretamente &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar resulta nas seguintes consequ&#234;ncias: 1) <italic>eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o venosa central</italic> e 2) <italic>d&#233;bito card&#237;aco abaixo do ideal</italic> quando comparado a circula&#231;&#227;o na presen&#231;a de dois ventr&#237;culos funcionais. Esse d&#233;bito card&#237;aco sub&#243;timo &#233; decorrente de: a) resposta cronotr&#243;pica deficiente ao exerc&#237;cio; b) diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de transportar um volume normal de sangue atrav&#233;s do leito vascular pulmonar, resultando em enchimento ventricular reduzido e baixo volume sist&#243;lico; c) incapacidade de aumentar adequadamente o volume sist&#243;lico durante os per&#237;odos de aumento da demanda e, d) elevada resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica com baixa perfus&#227;o tecidual e metabolismo anaer&#243;bico.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estamos mudando a hist&#243;ria natural da fisiologia do VU?</title>
        <p>Atualmente, esta opera&#231;&#227;o &#233; o procedimento padr&#227;o-ouro para pacientes com fisiologia de VU. Ao longo dos anos, t&#233;cnicas e estrat&#233;gias t&#234;m evolu&#237;do desde a conex&#227;o direta do &#225;trio direito &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar, passando pela confec&#231;&#227;o de um t&#250;nel lateral intracard&#237;aco, at&#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um tubo extracard&#237;aco entre a cava inferior e a art&#233;ria pulmonar, incluindo procedimentos de estadiamento e fenestra&#231;&#245;es. Os melhores resultados obtidos mais recentemente com esta opera&#231;&#227;o foram atribu&#237;dos a essas modifica&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas. H&#225; muitos dados mostrando excelente resultado imediato e em longo prazo com boa taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> No entanto, apesar das melhorias not&#225;veis na qualidade de vida e progn&#243;stico dos pacientes tratados pela OF, h&#225; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e um desempenho ventricular abaixo do ideal, subsequente &#224; pr&#233;-carga reduzida do VU funcional. Al&#233;m disso, esses pacientes frequentemente desenvolvem escoliose, cifose, t&#234;m pulm&#245;es pequenos e, consequentemente, um padr&#227;o pulmonar restritivo devido a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos tor&#225;cicos anteriores. De forma geral, o procedimento afeta diferentes subsistemas com um impacto negativo sobre o estado funcional, qualidade de vida e a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de transplante em longo prazo. Diversos estudos avaliando os resultados da OF demonstraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na sobreviv&#234;ncia com uma piora progressiva 15 anos ap&#243;s o procedimento, independentemente do tipo cir&#250;rgico da conex&#227;o cavopulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Em um estudo recente unic&#234;ntrico, a sobreviv&#234;ncia atuarial livre de morte ou transplante foi de 87%, 83% e 70% em 15, 20 e 25 anos, respectivamente, ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Neste grupo, a morte foi s&#250;bita e inexplicada em 9%, tromboemb&#243;lica em 8%, e relacionada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em outro estudo avaliando VU morfologicamente esquerdo, a sobrevida atuarial foi de 73% em 15 anos. Arritmias atriais estavam presentes em 57%, EPP em 9%, e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em 6%. Em outras palavras, a probabilidade &#233; de 1 em 4 de que uma crian&#231;a ap&#243;s a OF estar&#225; morta quando chegar perto da terceira d&#233;cada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Em uma coorte multic&#234;ntrica, o estudo <italic>Pediatric Heart Network</italic> (PHN) (em portugu&#234;s, Rede Card&#237;aca Pedi&#225;trica) analisou 546 crian&#231;as que tinham, em m&#233;dia, 11,9 anos de idade no momento do estudo e 8,5 anos ap&#243;s a OF. Acidente vascular cerebral ou tromboembolismo foram observados em 8% dos pacientes, o desempenho em exerc&#237;cio foi anormal e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico foi apenas 65% do previsto para idade e sexo em um grupo relativamente jovem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Adolescentes (pacientes "mais velhos") tiveram um desempenho pior do que as crian&#231;as mais novas, sugerindo uma diminui&#231;&#227;o em funcionalidade relacionada ao tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em outro estudo PHN, morbidades relatadas pelos pais dos pacientes inclu&#237;ram d&#233;ficits de vis&#227;o em 33%, de fala em 27%, e da audi&#231;&#227;o em 7%, assim como problemas de aten&#231;&#227;o em 46%, aprendizagem em 43%, desenvolvimento em 24%, comportamento em 23%, 17%, em ansiedade e depress&#227;o em 8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Em nosso centro, Turquetto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>relataram recentemente fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sub&#243;tima, diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume e capacidade pulmonares, bem como for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria reduzida em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos - o assim chamado "Fontan perfeito".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Esses s&#227;o componentes importantes de um sistema complexo no qual o desempenho e os desfechos dependem de intrincadas intera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas que poderiam explicar as anomalias encontradas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio. Em outras palavras, apesar da baixa mortalidade precoce, quando avaliamos as morbidades em longo prazo, o n&#250;mero de pacientes livres de problemas &#233; baixo. Esses resultados n&#227;o podem ser ignorados, e certamente refletem uma estrat&#233;gia ainda n&#227;o perfeita para o tratamento dos pacientes com fisiologia de VU.</p>
        <p>Em resumo, apesar dos bons resultados iniciais, sobreviventes em longo prazo podem experimentar algumas das seguintes complica&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Arritmias</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Tromboembolismo</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Crescimento som&#225;tico atrasado</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Desenvolvimento puberal atrasado</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Enteropatia perdedora de prote&#237;nas (EPP)</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Bronquite pl&#225;stica (BP)</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Fibrose hep&#225;tica</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Insufici&#234;ncia venosa</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>As quest&#245;es acima mencionadas justificam um seguimento regular e cuidadoso desses pacientes em intervalos de tr&#234;s ou quatro anos, executando-se um exame mais abrangente 10 anos ap&#243;s a OF. O estado de sa&#250;de de crian&#231;as e adolescentes ap&#243;s a OF &#233; sub&#243;timo e o manejo das complica&#231;&#245;es tardias representa um desafio consider&#225;vel. Se poss&#237;vel, todos os pacientes devem passar por estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos seriados, teste cardiopulmonar, ultrassom abdominal, absortometria radiol&#243;gica de dupla energia (DEXA) de corpo inteiro e um hemograma completo com contagem diferencial, eletr&#243;litos, enzimas hep&#225;ticas, gama-glutamil transpeptidase s&#233;rica, prote&#237;na total, albumina, horm&#244;nio paratireoideano, 25-hidroxi vitamina D e Ca<sup>+2</sup> ionizado no soro. Tamb&#233;m devem ser feitas medi&#231;&#245;es da rela&#231;&#227;o c&#225;lcio/creatinina na urina, para avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional, dosagem do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B, da cistatina C e o painel imunol&#243;gico b&#225;sico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        <p>No seguimento tardio, podemos enfrentar a "Fal&#234;ncia do Fontan". A Fal&#234;ncia do Fontan pode se apresentar de duas formas: a) na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e b) na fal&#234;ncia da circula&#231;&#227;o univentricular, mas com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, manifestada clinicamente como EPP e BP. Ao menos dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes adultos submetidos &#224; OF que morrem ou que precisam de transplantes o fazem com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Devido ao n&#250;mero crescente de pacientes tratados paliativamente com a OF, o n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as, adolescentes e jovens adultos que necessitam de terapia de resgate tardio com transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o deve aumentar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A disponibilidade insuficiente de doadores e as morbidades associadas com a imunossupress&#227;o tornam imperativo que esse escasso recurso seja utilizado de forma adequada e no melhor momento. Portanto, &#233; importante identificar aqueles que apresentam maior risco ao transplante, com fal&#234;ncia da fisiologia univentricular e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, os quais podem se beneficiar de outros m&#233;todos que possam otimizar a ausencia do ventr&#237;culo subpulmonar. Dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular (DAV) podem servir de ponte preparando a circula&#231;&#227;o do VU ao longo dos meses, a fim de melhorar os resultados do transplante atrav&#233;s de uma melhora cl&#237;nica desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Crian&#231;as e adultos com procedimentos pr&#233;vios submetidos a transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o exigem opera&#231;&#245;es mais complicadas que devem ser realizadas por cirurgi&#245;es mais experientes. Os desfechos do transplante card&#237;aco em crian&#231;as com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita (DCC) t&#234;m se mostrado repetidamente inferiores aos de crian&#231;as com cardiomiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Embora v&#225;rios centros tenham descrito que o transplante card&#237;aco ap&#243;s a OF est&#225; associado a piores desfechos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os desfechos em outras formas de DCC, um estudo recente mostrou resultados excelentes no primeiro grupo, compar&#225;vel &#224;queles apresentados em crian&#231;as que receberam transplantes para cardiomiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> V&#225;rios fatores contibuem para os resultados inferiores no grupo de Fontan, incluindo alosensitiza&#231;&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, opera&#231;&#227;o desafiadora devido a v&#225;rias esternotomias anteriores, anatomia venosa complexa, exig&#234;ncia de reconstru&#231;&#227;o concomitante da art&#233;ria pulmonar e presen&#231;a de colaterais com subsequente hemorragia. Al&#233;m disso, a m&#225; condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica devido &#224; EPP, desnutri&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e hep&#225;tica, s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es agravantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Especulamos que o encaminhamento precoce em melhores condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas poderia ser respons&#225;vel pelos excelentes resultados descritos nesta recente publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Para onde estamos indo?</title>
        <p>Considerando os resultados tardios do tratamento paliativo do VU, devemos seguir um tratamento estadiado com prazos bem estabelecidos para cada etapa, n&#227;o baseado em sintomas, mas programado com anteced&#234;ncia. Seguindo o algoritmo internacionalmente reconhecido, no in&#237;cio da vida dever&#237;amos realizar a bandagem efetiva do tronco pulmonar para proteger a vasculatura do pulm&#227;o e prevenir o aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar nos pacientes com hiperfluxo pulmonar, ou realizar um "shunt" sist&#234;mico pulmonar naqueles pacientes com hipofluxo. O pr&#243;ximo passo tem como objetivo a diminui&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga de volume do VU, atrav&#233;s da conex&#227;o da veia cava superior &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar - opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional - que deve ser realizada dos 3 aos 6 meses de idade. Por &#250;ltimo, completar a OF entre 2 e 4 anos de idade.</p>
        <p>Num est&#225;gio final da evolu&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes, poderemos enfrentar duas situa&#231;&#245;es distintas e n&#227;o programadas:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, onde o transplante card&#237;aco ser&#225; necess&#225;rio no momento certo e antes de uma deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais avan&#231;ada.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Fal&#234;ncia da circula&#231;&#227;o univentricular, onde a falta do ventr&#237;culo subpulmonar, comprometer&#225; a longo prazo a fun&#231;&#227;o adequada de v&#225;rios subsistemas, tornando esses pacientes extremamente debilitados. Nesse caso, o transplante card&#237;aco &#233; de maior risco de morte quando comparado ao primeiro grupo grupo de pacientes,que se apresntam com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de DAV, antes do transplante, poderia otimizar as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas deles e contribuir na melhora desses resultados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>A melhor compreens&#227;o do estado "n&#227;o natural" dos pacientes submetidos &#224; OF devem ser motivos de estudos mais detalhados. Estrat&#233;gias orientadas para a melhoria do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o venosa central podem melhorar o bem-estar geral e mitigar o impacto delet&#233;rio da fisiologia univentricular. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de novos m&#233;todos que possam otimizar a circula&#231;&#227;o univentricular atrav&#233;s de interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas, mec&#226;nicas e at&#233; mesmo do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico poder&#227;o modificar os resultados at&#233; ent&#227;o observados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
