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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jBcpGW3rhk67CDZyxVPPfky</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200156</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150069</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Drug-Induced Long-QT and <italic>Torsades de Pointes</italic> in Elderly Polymedicated Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garc&#237;a-Fuertes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villanueva-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cresp&#237;n-Cresp&#237;n</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa B&#225;rbara</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Puertollano</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Ciudad Real</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="ES">Spain</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa B&#225;rbara, Puertollano, Ciudad Real - Spain</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Daniel Garc&#237;a Fuertes</bold> , C/Numancia 34, 2&#186;D. Postal Code 13500, Puertollano (Ciudad Real) - Spain. E-mail:<email>dani11gf@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Garc&#237;a Fuertes D, Villanueva Fern&#225;ndez E. Acquisition of data: Garc&#237;a Fuertes D, Villanueva Fern&#225;ndez E. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Garc&#237;a Fuertes D, Villanueva Fern&#225;ndez E. Writing of the manuscript: Garc&#237;a-Fuertes D. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Garc&#237;a Fuertes D, Villanueva-Fern&#225;ndez E, Cresp&#237;n-Cresp&#237;n M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>156</fpage>
      <lpage>159</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Torsades de Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Inappropriate Prescribing</kwd>
        <kwd>Long QT Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Polymedication affects one in three patients older than 65 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Its risks are widely known and are specially related to pharmacological interactions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> One of these potential risks is the appearance of malignant ventricular arrhythmias when drugs that prolong QT interval are prescribed, including antibiotics, antidepressants, antiemetics, psychotropic medication or even antiarrhythmic drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The development of ventricular arrhythmias such as<italic>Torsades de Pointes</italic> (TdP), typically related to QT prolongation, is a potentially lethal complication. It is mandatory to recognize the drugs that can cause it, avoiding their joint use or planning a close monitoring in case their combination cannot be avoided.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>Three consecutive cases of polymedicated patients presenting with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia due to a pharmacological induced prolonged QT interval are presented.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient 1</title>
        <p>An 84 year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department because of syncope. The patient had a history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, permanent atrial fibrillation, anxiety-depressive disorder and aortic and mitral valve replacement with residual moderate left ventricular dysfunction. She was receiving treatment with acenocoumarol, furosemide, candesartan, digoxin, simvastatin, sulpiride and escitalopram. She had also recently initiated treatment with solifenacin due to urinary incontinence.</p>
        <p>Her 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation with a controlled ventricular rate, previously known complete left bundle-branch block, a prolonged corrected QT interval (558 ms, Hodges method), frequent premature ventricular complexes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>) and episodes of wide QRS-complex tachycardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1C</xref>) compatible with TdP. Laboratory tests revealed hypokalemia (3.4 mEq/L) and hypomagnesemia (1.67 mg/dL).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Twelve-lead electrocardiogram of the patient in case 1. A. Atrial fibrillation with controlled ventricular rate, complete left bundle-branch block, prolonged corrected QT interval and frequent premature ventricular complexes. B. Non-sustained wide QRS-complex tachycardia. C. Torsades de Pointes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0156-50069-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Initially, intravenous amiodarone and magnesium sulfate were administered. Levofloxacin was also initiated due to respiratory infection symptoms. Sustained and non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia persisted and multiple electrical shocks were delivered to the patient due to hemodynamic instability. Once the cardiologist evaluated the patient, all drugs prolonging QT interval were withdrawn, hydroelectrolytic disturbances were corrected and temporary transjugular ventricular pacing at 90 b.p.m. was performed. The patient did not have any new arrhythmic events, ventricular pacing was stopped at 48 hours and QT interval progressively normalized.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient 2</title>
        <p>An 85 year-old, diabetic and hypertensive woman was hospitalized due to complicated biliary colic. She had history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, hypertensive cardiomyopathy, depression and vertiginous syndrome. Her treatment included: losartan, betahistine, simvastatin, amiodarone, bisoprolol, acenocoumarol, metformin, iron sulfate and escitalopram. She had also been treated with metoclopramide due to of nausea and vomiting.</p>
        <p>On the fifth day of hospital stay she underwent cardiorespiratory arrest. Basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated and a self-limited TdP was identified when the ECG was monitored. Her 12-lead ECG showed sinus rhythm, left bundle-branch block and a prolonged corrected QT interval (475 ms, Hodges method). Hypokalemia (3.3 mEq/L) and hypomagnesemia (1.5mg/dL) were also found. QT-prolonging drugs were withdrawn and electrolytic disturbances were corrected by means of intravenous potassium and magnesium sulfate. No new events occurred.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient 3</title>
        <p>A 74 year-old, diabetic, hypertensive, dyslipidemic and active smoker woman was admitted because of heart failure. She had a history of atrial fibrillation and rheumatic valve disease with mild mitral stenosis and regurgitation, moderate aortic regurgitation and severe tricuspid regurgitation. She was also diagnosed with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and moderate cognitive impairment. Her treatment included acenocoumarol, bisoprolol, simvastatin, indapamide, paroxetine, sulpiride, omeprazole, paracetamol, tramadol, risedronic acid, alprazolam and metoclopramide.</p>
        <p>Her ECG showed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate, frequent premature ventricular complexes and a prolonged corrected QT interval (565 ms, Bazzet method). A few hours after admission she underwent cardiorespiratory arrest with multiple episodes of TdP that degenerated into ventricular fibrillation. Blood tests showed hypomagnesemia (1.34 mg/dL), hypocalcemia (8.5 mg/dL) and kalemia of 3.6 mmol/L. Multiple electrical shocks were delivered. Prior to cardiologic evaluation intravenous magnesium sulfate and amiodarone were administered, in addition to electrolytic disturbance correction. After cardiologic evaluation, amiodarone and other QT-prolonging drugs were withdrawn. The patient became asymptomatic, with no further episodes of ventricular arrhythmias and normalization of the corrected QT interval.</p>
        <p>The patients remained asymptomatic in relation to ventricular arrhythmias at a mean follow-up of seven months after hospital discharge (11, 3 and 7 months for each patient, respectively). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>summarizes the main clinical features of the 3 patients, number of chronically prescribed drugs, QT-prolonging drugs, hydroelectrolytic disorders favoring QT prolongation and definitive treatment in each case. The Hodges method was used for the correction of the QT interval measurement in the presence of left bundle-branch block, as its results are more reliable than those obtained with Bazzet formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical features and treatment of the patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left"/>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Case 1</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Case 2</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Case 3</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Female</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Female</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Female</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number of chronic drugs</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Prolonging-QT drugs</td>
                <td align="center">Amiodarone</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Escitalopram</td>
                <td align="center">Amiodarone</td>
                <td align="center">Indapamide </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Levofloxacin </td>
                <td align="center">Escitalopram</td>
                <td align="center">Metoclopramide</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Solifenacin</td>
                <td align="center">Metoclopramide</td>
                <td align="center">Paroxetine</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sulpiride</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">Sulpiride</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypokalemia</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypomagnesemia</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypocalcemia</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart disease</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Torsades de Pointes</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventricular Fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Treatment</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Drug withdrawal</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Magnesium sulfate</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Potassium</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isoproterenol</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pacemaker</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>+: clinical feature was present or treatment was administered; -: clinical feature was not present or treatment was not administered.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Polymedication in elderly patients may carry higher risk of severe adverse events, especially when QT-prolonging drugs are co-administered. QT-prolonging drugs can be categorized by their potential to cause QT prolongation and/or TdP into: drugs with known risk of TdP (amiodarone, escitalopram, levofloxacin, sulpiride), drugs with possible risk of TdP and drugs with conditional risk of TdP (indapamide, paroxetine, solifenacin). All of our patients were treated with at least one drug categorized as "known risk of TdP". Furthermore, two of the three described patients received additional prolonging-QT drugs even after documentation of QT prolongation and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (amiodarone and levofloxacin in case 1, and amiodarone in case 3).</p>
      <p>Electrolytic disturbances contributing to TdP were also found in all cases (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and/or hypocalcemia). The three cases were reported in elderly women with structural heart disease. All these factors have been described as risk factors for TdP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that amiodarone was used as a first line treatment in two of the three cases. It is common practice to use amiodarone in the setting of a ventricular tachycardia. Despite its usefulness in the treatment of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, it is contraindicated in polymorphic ventricular tachycardia such as TdP due to a prolonged QT interval. According to clinical practice guidelines, treatment should include withdrawal of any offending drugs, correction of electrolyte abnormalities (potassium repletion to 4.5 to 5 mmol/L may be considered) and intravenous magnesium sulfate. High rate pacing is reasonable for patients who present with recurrent pause-dependent <italic>torsades de pointes</italic>, usually due to premature ventricular complexes with a short-long-short sequence, as it happened in case 1. Isoproterenol can be used alternatively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Special effort is being made by scientific societies in order to reduce potentially inappropriate medications, which continue to be prescribed and used as first-line treatment for the most vulnerable of older adults, despite evidence of poor outcomes. Some of the drugs prescribed to our patients, such as amiodarone or digoxin, are considered inappropriate medications according to the American Geriatrics Society Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate medication Use in Older Adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and should be avoided in older adults.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Polymedication involves a high risk of adverse effects. It Therefore, it is crucial to identify patients receiving drugs that can induce QT interval prolongation and perform serial electrocardiograms, due to the potential risk of ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>QT Longo e <italic>Torsades de Pointes</italic> Induzidos por F&#225;rmacos em Pacientes Idosos Polimedicados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garc&#237;a-Fuertes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villanueva-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cresp&#237;n-Cresp&#237;n</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa B&#225;rbara</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Puertollano</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Ciudad Real</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa B&#225;rbara, Puertollano, Ciudad Real - Espanha</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniel Garc&#237;a Fuertes</bold> , C/Numancia 34, 2&#186;D. CEP 13500, Puertollano (Ciudad Real) - Espanha. E-mail:<email>dani11gf@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Garc&#237;a Fuertes D, Villanueva Fern&#225;ndez E. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Garc&#237;a Fuertes D, Villanueva Fern&#225;ndez E. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Garc&#237;a Fuertes D, Villanueva Fern&#225;ndez E. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Garc&#237;a-Fuertes D. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Garc&#237;a Fuertes D, Villanueva-Fern&#225;ndez E, Cresp&#237;n-Cresp&#237;n M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Torsades de Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Prescri&#231;&#227;o Inadequada</kwd>
        <kwd>Intera&#231;&#245;es de Medicamentos</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A polimedica&#231;&#227;o afeta um em cada tr&#234;s pacientes com mais de 65 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Seus riscos s&#227;o amplamente conhecidos e est&#227;o especialmente relacionados com intera&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Um desses riscos potenciais &#233; o aparecimento de arritmias ventriculares malignas quando f&#225;rmacos que prolongam o intervalo QT s&#227;o prescritos, incluindo antibi&#243;ticos, antidepressivos, anti-em&#233;ticos, medica&#231;&#227;o psicotr&#243;pica ou mesmo drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O desenvolvimento de arritmias ventriculares como a<italic>Torsades de Pointes</italic> (TdP), tipicamente relacionada com prolongamento do intervalo QT, &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o potencialmente letal. &#201; imperativo reconhecer as drogas que podem provoc&#225;-la, evitando a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o conjunta ou planejando um controle rigoroso caso sua combina&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o possa ser evitada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>S&#227;o apresentados tr&#234;s casos consecutivos de pacientes polimedicados apresentando taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica devido a prolongamento do intervalo QT induzido por f&#225;rmacos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Paciente 1</title>
          <p>Uma mulher de 84 anos foi admitida no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia por s&#237;ncope. A paciente tinha antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente, transtorno de ansiedade-depress&#227;o e substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e mitral com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda moderada residual. Ela estava recebendo tratamento com acenocumarol, furosemida, candesartan, digoxina, sinvastatina, sulpirida e escitalopram. Ela tamb&#233;m tinha iniciado recentemente tratamento com solifenacina devido a incontin&#234;ncia urin&#225;ria.</p>
          <p>Seu eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es mostrou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com frequ&#234;ncia ventricular controlada, bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo previamente conhecido, intervalo QT corrigido prolongado (558 ms, m&#233;todo Hodges), complexos ventriculares prematuros frequentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>) e epis&#243;dios de taquicardia de complexo QRS amplo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">1C</xref>) compat&#237;vel com TdP. Os exames laboratoriais revelaram hipocalemia (3.4 mEq/L) e hipomagnesemia (1,67 mg/dL).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Eletrocardiograma de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es do paciente do caso 1. A. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com frequ&#234;ncia ventricular controlada, bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo, intervalo QT corrigido prolongado e complexos ventriculares prematuros frequentes. B. Taquicardia de complexo QRS largo. C. Torsades de pointes.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0156-50069-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Inicialmente, foram administrados amiodarona intravenosa e sulfato de magn&#233;sio. Levofloxacina tamb&#233;m foi iniciada devido a sintomas de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria. Taquicardias ventriculares polim&#243;rficas sustentada e n&#227;o-sustentada persistiram e a paciente recebeu m&#250;ltiplos choques el&#233;tricos devido &#224; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Uma vez que o cardiologista avaliou a paciente, todos os medicamentos que prolongavam o intervalo QT foram retirados, os dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos foram corrigidos e estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular transjugular tempor&#225;ria a 90 b.p.m foi realizada. A paciente n&#227;o apresentou novos eventos arr&#237;tmicos, a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi interrompida ap&#243;s 48 horas e o intervalo QT foi progressivamente normalizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Paciente 2</title>
          <p>Uma mulher de 85 anos, diab&#233;tica e hipertensa foi hospitalizada devido a c&#243;lica biliar complicada. Apresentava hist&#243;rico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica, miocardiopatia hipertensiva, depress&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome vertiginosa. Seu tratamento incluiu: losartana, beta-histina, sinvastatina, amiodarona, bisoprolol, acenocumarol, metformina, sulfato de ferro e escitalopram. Ela tamb&#233;m tinha sido tratada com metoclopramida devido &#224; n&#225;usea e v&#244;mitos.</p>
          <p>No quinto dia de interna&#231;&#227;o ela teve uma parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. A ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar b&#225;sica foi iniciada e um TdP autolimitado foi identificado quando o ECG estava sendo monitorado. Seu ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es mostrou ritmo sinusal, bloqueio do ramo esquerdo e um intervalo QT corrigido prolongado (475 ms, m&#233;todo Hodges). Hipocalemia (3.3 mEq/L) e hipomagnesemia (1,5 mg/dL) tamb&#233;m foram encontradas. F&#225;rmacos que prolongam o intervalo QT foram retirados e os dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos foram corrigidos por meio de pot&#225;ssio e sulfato de magn&#233;sio intravenosos. N&#227;o houve novos eventos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Paciente 3</title>
          <p>Uma mulher de 74 anos de idade, diab&#233;tica, hipertensa, dislipid&#234;mica e fumante ativa foi internada por causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Tinha hist&#243;rico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica com estenose mitral leve e regurgita&#231;&#227;o, regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica moderada e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide grave. Ela tamb&#233;m foi diagnosticada com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e d&#233;ficit cognitivo moderado. Seu tratamento incluiu acenocumarol, bisoprolol, sinvastatina, indapamida, paroxetina, sulpirida, omeprazole, paracetamol, tramadol, risedronato de s&#243;dio, alprazolam e metoclopramida.</p>
          <p>O ECG mostrou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com frequ&#234;ncia ventricular r&#225;pida, complexos ventriculares prematuros frequentes e um intervalo QT corrigido prolongado (565 ms, m&#233;todo Bazzet). Poucas horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o, apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria com m&#250;ltiplos epis&#243;dios de TdP que degenerou em fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. As an&#225;lises sangu&#237;neas mostraram hipomagnesemia (1,34 mg/dL), hipocalcemia (8,5 mg/dL) e calemia de 3,6 mmol/L. V&#225;rios choques el&#233;tricos foram administrados. Antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica foram administrados sulfato de magn&#233;sio e amiodarona por via venosa, al&#233;m de corre&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica foram retirados a amiodarona e outras drogas que prolongam o intervalo QT. A paciente tornou-se assintom&#225;tica, sem novos epis&#243;dios de arritmias ventriculares e normaliza&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT corrigido.</p>
          <p>As pacientes mantiveram-se assintom&#225;ticas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s arritmias ventriculares em um seguimento m&#233;dio de sete meses ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar (11, 3 e 7 meses para cada paciente, respectivamente). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 1</xref> resume as principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas das 3 pacientes, n&#250;mero de medicamentos prescritos cronicamente, drogas causadoras de prolongamento do intervalo QT, dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos favorecendo o prolongamento do intervalo QT e o tratamento definitivo em cada caso. O m&#233;todo Hodges foi utilizado para a corre&#231;&#227;o da medida do intervalo QT na presen&#231;a de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, pois seus resultados s&#227;o mais confi&#225;veis do que os obtidos com a formula de Bazzet.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
						</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e tratamento dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center"/>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Caso 1</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Caso 2</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Caso 3</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Feminino</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Feminino</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Feminino</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                  <td align="center">85</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero de drogas cr&#244;nicas</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5">Drogas de prolongamento do QT</td>
                  <td align="center">amiodarona</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">escitalopram</td>
                  <td align="center">amiodarona </td>
                  <td align="center">indapamida</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">levofloxacina</td>
                  <td align="center">escitalopram</td>
                  <td align="center">metoclopramida</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Solifenacina</td>
                  <td align="center">metoclopramida</td>
                  <td align="center">paroxetina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">sulpirida</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">sulpiride</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipocalemia</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hypomagnesemia</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipocalcemia</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a cardiaca</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <italic>Torsades de pointes</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Tratamento</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Retirada de medicamento</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sulfato de magn&#233;sio</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isoproterenol</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>+: caracter&#237;stica cl&#237;nica estava presente ou tratamento foi administrado; -: caracter&#237;stica cl&#237;nica n&#227;o estava presente ou tratamento n&#227;o foi administrado</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A polimedica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes idosos pode causar um maior risco de eventos adversos graves, especialmente quando as drogas que prolongam o QT s&#227;o coadministradas. As drogas de prolongamento do QT podem ser categorizadas por seu potencial para causar prolongamento do intervalo QT e/ou TdP em: drogas com risco conhecido de TdP (amiodarona, escitalopram, levofloxacina, sulpirida), medicamentos com poss&#237;vel risco de TdP e drogas com risco condicional de TdP (indapamida, paroxetina, solifenacina). Todos as pacientes foram tratadas com pelo menos um f&#225;rmaco classificado como "de risco conhecido de TdP". Al&#233;m disso, duas das tr&#234;s pacientes descritas receberam medicamentos adicionais de prolongamento do QT mesmo depois da verifica&#231;&#227;o do prolongamento do intervalo QT e taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica (amiodarona e levofloxacina no caso 1, e amiodarona no caso 3).</p>
        <p>Dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos que contribuem para o TdP tamb&#233;m foram encontrados em todos os casos (hipocalemia, hipomagnesemia e/ou hipocalcemia). Os tr&#234;s casos foram notificados em mulheres idosas com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural. Todos esses fatores t&#234;m sido descritos como fatores de risco para TdP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
        <p>&#201; digno de nota que a amiodarona foi utilizada como um tratamento de primeira linha em dois dos tr&#234;s casos. &#201; pr&#225;tica comum o uso de amiodarona na situa&#231;&#227;o de uma taquicardia ventricular. Apesar da sua utilidade no tratamento de taquicardias ventriculares monom&#243;rficas, &#233; contraindicada em taquicardias ventriculares polim&#243;rficas como a TdP devido ao prolongamento do intervalo QT. De acordo com as diretrizes para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o tratamento deve incluir a retirada de todas as drogas causadoras de eventos, corre&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos (a reposi&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio de 4,5 a 5 mmol/L pode ser considerada) e sulfato de magn&#233;sio por via venosa. Uma alta taxa de estimula&#231;&#227;o &#233; razo&#225;vel para doentes que apresentem Torsades de pointes recorrente pausa-dependentes, geralmente devido a complexos ventriculares prematuros com uma sequ&#234;ncia curta-longa-curta, como aconteceu no caso 1. O isoproterenol pode ser usado como alternativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Um esfor&#231;o especial est&#225; sendo feito por sociedades cient&#237;ficas a fim de reduzir f&#225;rmacos potencialmente inapropriados, que continuam a ser prescritos e utilizados como tratamento de primeira linha para os adultos idosos mais vulner&#225;veis, apesar das evid&#234;ncias de desfechos ruins. Alguns dos medicamentos prescritos aos nossos pacientes, como amiodarona ou digoxina, s&#227;o considerados medicamentos inadequados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da American Geriatrics Society Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e devem ser evitados em idosos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A polimedica&#231;&#227;o envolve um alto risco de efeitos adversos. Portanto, &#233; crucial identificar os pacientes que est&#227;o recebendo medicamentos que podem induzir prolongamento do intervalo QT e realizar eletrocardiogramas em s&#233;rie, devido ao potencial risco de arritmias ventriculares.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
