<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WjvHWZSJZdcVqvhvHDwbMDM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200145</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005002102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150151</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Soluble ST2 Testing: A Promising Biomarker in the Management of Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maisel</surname>
            <given-names>Alan S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of California</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiovascular Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">San Diego</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of California &#8211; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, San Diego &#8211; USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of California</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Humberto Villacorta Junior</bold>, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303, 6&#186; Andar. Postal Code 24033-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email>; <email>huvillacorta@globo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Villacorta H; Writing of the manuscript: Villacorta H, Maisel AS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Maisel AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>145</fpage>
      <lpage>152</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>ST2 is a member of the interleukin-1 receptor family biomarker and circulating soluble ST2 concentrations are believed to reflect cardiovascular stress and fibrosis. Recent studies have demonstrated soluble ST2 to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in both chronic and acute heart failure. It is a new biomarker that meets all required criteria for a useful biomarker. Of note, it adds information to natriuretic peptides (NPs) and some studies have shown it is even superior in terms of risk stratification. Since the introduction of NPs, this has been the most promising biomarker in the field of heart failure and might be particularly useful as therapy guide.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers, Pharmacological</kwd>
        <kwd>Receptors, Interleukin</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a health problem worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> In the city of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, HF was responsible for 6.3% of total deaths in the year 2006.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> In the DIGITALIS study carried out in the city of Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro State, the prevalence of overt HF in the community in individuals older than 45 years was 9.3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> Although HF prognosis has improved with the current medical treatment, the sickest patients are often hospitalized and survival is poor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> Thus, new strategies to manage such patients are warranted.</p>
      <p>Biomarkers have been proved to be helpful in Heart failure. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal-proBNP (NT-proBNP) are considered to be the gold-standard tests for the diagnosis of acute HF. However, the prognostic utility of natriuretic peptides is limited and its role in guiding treatment has not yet been clearly established.</p>
      <p>A large number of biomarkers have been studied to attempt to fill this gap. ST2, a marker of myocardial fibrosis and remodeling, is a promising candidate that has been successfully added to conventional tools in the management of patients with HF. This report will explore the biology of this system and review the clinical studies with ST2 tests in the field of HF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Biology of Soluble ST2</title>
      <p>ST2 is a member of the interleukin 1 receptor family, also known as interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL-1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> ST2 stands for "suppression of tumorigenicity 2". It was discovered in 1989,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> but only in 2002 Weinberg et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> reported that it could be expressed by cardiac cells in response to myocardial stress, drawing the attention of researchers to a role in the cardiovascular system. ST2 has two main isoforms: transmembrane or cellular (ST2L) and soluble or circulating (sST2) forms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				</p>
      <p>ST2 is the receptor for interleukin-33 (IL-33), which is an IL-1-like cytokine secreted by living cells in response to cell damage. IL-33 exerts its effects by binding to the transmembrane receptor ST2L isoform. The interaction of IL-33 and ST2L has been proved to be cardioprotective in experimental models, reducing myocardial fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, and improving myocardial function. This cardioprotective action occurs exclusively through the ST2L receptor and not through the soluble receptor. The IL-33/ST2 system is upregulated in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts in response to cardiac injury. sST2 avidly binds to IL-33 competing with ST2L. The interaction of this soluble receptor with IL-33 blocks the IL-33/ST2L system and, as a result, eliminates the cardioprotective effects described above. Therefore, sST2 is considered a decoy receptor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Thus, the ST2 system acts not only as a mediator of IL-33 function in its ST2L transmembrane isoform but also as an inhibitor of IL-33 through its soluble sST2 isoform (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>IL-33 interactions with transmembrane receptor, ST2L, and soluble decoy receptor, sST2. The ST2 system acts not only as a mediator of IL-33 function in its ST2L transmembrane isoform (cardioprotective effect) but also as an inhibitor of IL-33 through its soluble sST2 isoform (eliminates the cardioprotective effect).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0145-50151-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Although the main sources of sST2 are cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes in response to stress or injury, non-myocardial sources are known. Endothelial cells from both macrovascular (aortic and coronary) and cardiac microvascular system are sources of sST2. The contribution of this extracardiac production to the total circulating ST2 and to the pathophysiology of HF is not well established.</p>
      <p>ST2 is also associated with inflammatory and immune processes, especially regarding the regulation of mast cells and type 2 CD4 pT-helper cells, and the production of Th2&#8209;associated cytokines. Thus, a role for IL-33/ST2 system has been demonstrated in diseases associated with a predominant Th2 response such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, collagen vascular diseases, sepsis, trauma, malignancy, fibroproliferative diseases, helminthic infections and ulcerative colitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>,8 As a matter of fact, much of the knowledge on this marker comes from studies on these immune diseases, before the recognition of a cardiovascular role.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Prognostic Evaluation with sST2 in Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure</title>
      <p>Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are the gold standard biomarkers for the diagnosis of HF in patients with acute dyspnea. Although NPs also have a role for prognosis, there is still room for improvement. Other biomarkers may add complementary biological information to NP and increase the prognostic utility in this scenario. Among a great number of new candidates, sST2 is the most promising biomarker according to recent studies. Although not a diagnostic marker, ST2 may be useful in the risk stratification of patients with HF.</p>
      <p>In patients with acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF), the first study to measure ST2 was the Pro&#8209;Brain Natriuretic Peptide Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> In this study, ST2 was measured with an early research-only-use assay (the current Presage ST2 assay is a precise, higher sensitivity method).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In the PRIDE study, 593 patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with acute dyspnea were included. Levels of sST2 were significantly higher in patients with ADHF than non-HF patients (0.50 vs 0.15 ng/mL, p &lt; 0.001). However, NT-proBNP remained as the best biomarker for the diagnosis of HF.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, sST2 was a powerful predictor of mortality. Patients who died at 1 year had higher values than survivors (1.08 vs 0.18 ng/mL) and there was a clear association between sST2 levels and mortality rates, with greater concentrations predicting the highest risk. In the multivariate analysis, sST2 remained a strong predictor of 1-year mortality in both patients with and without HF. Of note, the prognostic utility of sST2 added to that of NT-proBNP, such that patients with elevation of both markers had the highest 1-year mortality rate (almost 40%), as depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figure 2</xref>. This association of sST2 with death emerged soon after enrollment in the study and remained significant out to 4 years from presentation.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Additive effect of sST2 and NT-proBNP in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Reprinted with permission.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0145-50151-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Another sub-analysis of the PRIDE Study included 346 patients with the diagnosis of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,12 In this study, sST2 concentrations at admission correlated with New York Heart Association functional class, BNP (r = 0.29), NT&#8209;pro&#8209;BNP (r = 0.41), C-reactive protein (r = 0.43), creatinine clearance (r = 0.22), and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (r = 0.13). Unlike NPs, sST2 levels did not correlate with age, previous diagnosis of HF, body mass index, atrial fibrillation, or cause of HF (ischemic vs non-ischemic). As observed in the previous study, sST2 was a strong predictor of mortality. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, sST2 was associated with a 2-fold increase in the risk of mortality regardless of other parameters, including NP. sST2 assessment performed well in HF patients with both reduced (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Notably, when sST2 values were added in the prognostic model, NT-proBNP was no longer a significant predictor in patients with HFpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> It is very important to note the reclassification effect of sST2 over that of NP. High sST2 levels reclassified risk of death in patients with low NP levels. Conversely, in patients with an sST2 value below the median concentration, NT-proBNP &gt; 1,000 pg/mL was not a predictor of 1-year mortality.</p>
      <p>In a study by Shah et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> in 139 patients from the initial PRIDE cohort who had detailed 2-dimensional echocardiography at admission, predictors of sST2 levels in multivariate analysis were right ventricle systolic pressure, LV ejection fraction, LV dimensions (both end systolic and diastolic dimensions), NT-proBNP, heart rate, and jugular venous distension. These data suggest the ST2 biology is involved in the remodeling process, thus affecting the prognosis. As a matter of fact, in this study sST2 level was a predictor of 4-year mortality independent of other traditional clinical, biochemical, and echocardiographic risk markers.</p>
      <p>Values of this new and the old assays are not comparable. Thus, using the more sensitive Presage ST2 assay (Critical Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA), a value &#8805; 35 ng/mL is associated with worse prognosis in patients with HF and this has been the recommended cutoff for this purpose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, it is expected that average concentrations of sST2 in ADHF may be greater at the time of presentation. In the PRIDE Study, the median Presage ST2 value in patients with ADHF was 42.7 ng/mL. The values of ST2 in survivors and non survivors at 1 year were 67.4 vs 35.8 ng/mL. Additionally, greater values are expected in patients with more advanced disease. For example, Zilinski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> evaluated the role of ST2 in a very sick population with HF. Median concentration of ST2 was 148 ng/mL (interquartile range 88 to 226 ng/mL). Notably, despite these high values, ST2 remained a predictor for death, whereas NT-proBNP, high sensitivity troponin, and renal function were not.</p>
      <p>Finally it is noteworthy to comment on the comparison of ST2 measurements with other biomarkers in the setting of ADHF. In a study with 5,306 patients carried out by the Global Research on Acute Conditions Team (GREAT), among a great number of biomarkers measured at admission in patients with ADHF, ST2 emerged as the strongest biomarker with the ability to reclassify death risk beyond a clinical model. ST2 was the best predictor of both 30-day and 1-year mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Serial Measurement of Soluble ST2 in Patients with Acute Heart Failure</title>
      <p>Although baseline ST2 values at admission have been proved to predict outcomes, serial measurements may be of even greater value. The biological variation and the low index of variation of ST2 make it a good candidate for monitoring and possibly guiding therapy in ADHF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sub>,</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Additionally, sST2 values are not significantly influenced by age, gender, body mass index, and renal function, as opposed to NPs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> One of the first studies to assess serial measurements of sST2 was carried out by Boisot et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In this study sST2 was measured on a daily basis in patients admitted with ADHF and demonstrated that this biomarker quickly changes in response to treatment. Patients whose values decreased rapidly after admission had a good short-term outcome, as depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>. In contrast, those with an increase in sST2 values had a high probability of dying at 6 months.</p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Variation of sST2 values according to survival state in patients hospitalized with heart failure. Reprinted with permission.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
						</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0145-50151-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>More recently, similar results were obtained by Manzano-Fernandez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> using the newer Presage assay. They found that median concentrations of sST2 decreased from 62 to 44 ng/mL and those patients with persistent elevation on day 4 had a higher risk of death. Those with both admission and day 4 values above the cutoff had the highest mortality rate in contrast with very low mortality rate when both values were below the cutoff points (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). Finally, Breidthardt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> observed that sST2 values significantly decreased from admission to 48 h, especially in those with favorable outcomes, with a median reduction of 42% in survivors <italic>versus</italic> 25% in non survivors.</p>
      <fig id="f04">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Serial measurement of sST2 in ADHF. Patients with sST2 &#8804; 76 ng/mL at presentation and &#8804; 46 ng/mL on day 4 had the lowest mortality rate (3%), whereas those with both sST2 values above these cutoff points had the highest mortality (50%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
						</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0145-50151-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>It is important to reiterate that in the abovementioned studies, the prognostic value of sST2 was additive or even superior to that of NPs. The dynamic changes in sST2 from admission to discharge and the final value at the end of the hospitalization both contribute to the prediction of long-term prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In chronic HF, ST2 has been shown to predict myocardial remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The association of this biomarker with the remodeling process raises the possibility of identifying those most likely to respond to antiremodeling therapies. For example, in the setting of ADHF, patients with high sST2 levels benefit most from beta-blocker therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Prognostic Value of Soluble ST2 in Chronic Heart Failure</title>
      <p>Consistent with the ADHF data, soluble ST2 has been proven to be useful as a prognostic marker in chronic HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The first evaluation in this setting was made by Weinberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> in a sub-study of Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation 2 (PRAISE-2). This analysis included 161 patients with class III or IV nonischemic HF and found that serial changes, but not baseline ST2 values, were associated with increased risk for death or transplantation. More recently, Ky et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> reported data on a larger population of patients with chronic HF. In this multicenter study of 1,141 patients from the Penn Heart Failure Study (PHFS), sST2 and NT&#8209;proBNP were compared with the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) for the prediction of death or cardiac transplantation at 1 year. The combination of sST2 and NT&#8209;proBNP had a performance similar to that of the SHFM. In terms of assessing individual patient risk, sST2 performed as well as NT-proBNP, but was not superior to SHFM alone. However, adding the two biomarkers to the SHFM score improved risk discrimination by reclassifying 14.9% of patients into more appropriate categories. In contrast with the study by Weinberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Ky et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> found a robust, independent association of a single baseline measure of sST2 and adverse outcomes. According to the investigators, these differences could be due to a larger sample size, a more sensitive sST2 assay, and a broader population with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      <p>These initial results were confirmed in the Barcelona Study, where the novel high-sensitivity sST2 assay was used in the assessment of 891 patients at a structured multidisciplinary HF center.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard models, sST2 and NT-proBNP significantly predicted death beyond conventional risk factors. Importantly, the net improvement in reclassification after the separate addition of sST2 to the model with established risk factor and NT&#8209;proBNP was a significant 9.90%.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that in the Barcelona study, the performance of sST2 was not influenced by renal function, as observed with NT-proBNP. The inclusion of sST2 along with other biomarkers improved the prediction in patients with renal failure, even more than in the whole population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Another additional contribution of the Barcelona study was the comparison of different fibrosis biomarkers. sST2 and galectin-3 are both associated with fibrosis and cardiac remodeling and galectin-3 has been shown to predict outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Head-to-head comparison of these two biomarkers revealed that sST2 was superior to galectin-3 in risk stratification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Both markers were associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality, but only sST2 was associated with cardiovascular mortality. Additionally, sST2 significantly refined the discrimination and the reclassification analysis, whereas galectin-3 had minor effects in this regard.</p>
      <p>ST2 has also been shown to be a good predictor of sudden death in patients with mild to moderate systolic HF. In the case-control study Muerte Subita en Insuficiencia Cardiaca (MUSIC), elevation of ST2 and NT-proBNP above the cut-off value was associated with a high rate of sudden death (71%), in contrast with a very low rate (4%) when the two biomarkers were below the threshold (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Figure 5</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> This is an important piece of information considering that, at present, no single test reliably predicts sudden death in patients with HF.</p>
      <fig id="f05">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Additive value of sST2 and NT-proBNP in the prediction of sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
						</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0145-50151-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In recent studies, the prognostic value of sST2 in chronic HF has been confirmed. Good performance was observed in the Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training (HF-ACTION) study, which was a multicenter randomized study of exercise training in HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and in the CORONA study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Very recently, Gruson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> evaluated the value of sST2 in addition to NPs (BNP, NT-proBNP, and proBNP <sub>1-108</sub>) and conventional risk factors such as age, LV ejection fraction, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. sST2 was the strongest predictor of cardiovascular death. In another study, sST2 was also useful and additive to NPs in patients at risk for HF. Daniels et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> reported on 588 outpatients who were referred for echocardiography. High sST2 levels were independently associated with 1-year mortality, even among the subgroup of 429 patients with no history of HF. Importantly, no patient with an sST2 value below the median levels died in the first 6 months of follow-up.</p>
      <p>Taken together, these studies suggest a role for ST2 in the setting of chronic HF, which is additive and in some studies even superior to that of NPs. The 2013 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines for the management of HF have, for the first time, made a recommendation for fibrosis biomarkers, such as ST2 and galectine-3, in both acute and chronic HF. They provide a class IIb recommendation and recognize the value of ST2 as a predictor of death and hospitalization. On top of that, the additive prognostic value to that of NPs is emphasized.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Serial Measurement of ST2 in Chronic Heart Failure</title>
      <p>We need to understand the biological variation of a biomarker if it is a candidate to be measured serially. The biological variation of sST2 was recently assessed by Wu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> whose study included 17 healthy subjects over a period of 8 weeks. The variability of the biomarker levels that occurred in the absence of significant clinical instability was assessed. They found that the reference change value for sST2 was 30%, much lower than the one observed with galectin-3 (60%) or NT-proBNP (92%). The index of individuality (a measure to evaluate whether serial measurements add significantly to a single assessment) for sST2 was 0.25, suggesting value from serial measurements. In comparison, the same index for galectin-3 was 1.0, indicating that galectin-3 is useless for serial measurements. These data suggest that sST2 is a potential biomarker for monitoring and possibly guiding therapy in patients with HF.</p>
      <p>Three important studies have addressed the value of sST2 serial measurements in chronic HF, all of them using the new Presage assay. The first one is a substudy from the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA) Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> sST2 was measured in 1,449 HF patients and in 1,309 controls; a second sample was available three months after randomization. The median follow-up was 2.6 years and 28.2% reached the primary endpoint of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke. Median concentration of sST2 at baseline was 17.8 ng/mL (interquartile range 13.0 to 25.0).</p>
      <p>After initial adjustments for conventional variables, baseline sST2 was a significant predictor of all endpoints, including the primary endpoint, death, worsening HF, and hospitalization for HF. When NT-proBNP and C-reactive protein were added to the model, sST2 was no longer a predictor of primary outcome, but remained significantly predictive of death from worsening HF, cardiovascular hospitalization, and hospitalization for HF worsening.</p>
      <p>In the 1,309 patients with a new measure after 3 months, the overall sST2 variation was minimal (median 0, interquartile range: -3 to 3 ng/mL). However, a few patients did have a change in the biomarker level. Patients who experienced a decrease in sST2 by 3 months had a reduced risk of hospitalization for HF worsening and hospitalization for cardiovascular causes. An increase in sST2 of &#8805; 15.5% was associated with hospitalization for cardiovascular causes, but not with any other endpoint on univariate analysis. However, after full adjustments, an increase in sST2 significantly predicted both the primary outcome and hospitalization for cardiovascular causes.</p>
      <p>In the pro-BNP Outpatient Tailored Chronic Heart Failure Therapy (PROTECT) study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> of 151 subjects with HF due to LV systolic dysfunction in whom sST2 was measured, 145 patients had more than one sample available for serial assessment. In this study, sST2, highly-sensitive troponin T (HsTnT) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) were added to a model that included clinical variables and NT-proBNP. At baseline, all three biomarkers improved risk prediction beyond clinical variables, whereas NT-proBNP was no longer a predictor of prognosis.</p>
      <p>When measured serially, sST2, but neither HsTnT nor GDF15, changed significantly over a median of 10 months of follow-up as compared with baseline. Using Cox proportional hazard models, baseline sST2 &lt; 35 ng/mL was associated with longer time to first cardiovascular event (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.63, p = 0.002). Importantly, a change in sST2 values from &lt; 35 to &gt; 35 ng/mL during follow-up was associated with shorter time to cardiovascular event (HR 3.64, 95% CI 1.37 to 9.67, p = 0.009). Of note, sST2 values at 3 and 6 months added significantly to baseline measures for prognostication.</p>
      <p>An additional analysis demonstrated that the percentage of time spent below the threshold of 35 ng/mL was one of the strongest predictors of events at 1 year. Additionally, patients were categorized into 3 classes: 1) those whose sST2 values were always &lt; 35 ng/mL; 2) sometimes &lt; 35 ng/mL; and 3) never &lt; 35 ng/mL. A longer period of time with sST2 concentrations &lt; 35 ng/mL predicted a decrease in LV end-diastolic index, suggesting a role for sST2 in LV remodeling surveillance.</p>
      <p>Finally, the effects of medications on sST2 serial measurements in the PROTECT study were assessed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Those with elevated baseline sST2 concentrations who achieved higher beta blocker doses had significantly lower risk of events than those titrated to lower beta blocker doses. Those with low sST2 levels and high beta blocker doses experienced the lowest rate of events.</p>
      <p>In the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (VAL-HeFT), sST2 was measured at baseline, after 4 months and 1 year, in 1,650 patients with LV systolic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> In a Cox regression model, baseline sST2 values added significant information regarding first morbid event, death, but no HF hospitalization. The baseline sST2 performance was modest and was displaced by NT-proBNP. However, when analyzed serially, an increase in sST2 concentrations from baseline to 12 months was an excellent predictor of events. When this was added to baseline clinical models, an increase in sST2 values was associated with all outcomes and improved the c-statistics from 0.71 to 0.74. However, decreases in sST2 from baseline to 12 months were not associated with reduced risk of events.</p>
      <p>It should also be noted that ACE inhibitors and beta blockers were associated with lower sST2 concentrations, whereas digoxin and diuretics were associated with higher sST2 values. A plausible explanation for the latter finding is the link between sST2 and atrial fibrillation and the association of this biomarker with clinical congestion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Future Directions</title>
      <p>sST2 may potentially be looked upon as a HgA1C of HF; in other words the sST2 value has inputs from wall stress, inflammation, macrophage activation (fibrosis), as well as a number of still to be determined inputs. Taking these into account, a single sST2 measurement should allow titrating therapy and monitoring the clinical state of the patient. In addition, since sST2 is such a strong marker of the risk of death, it would not be surprising to see a level be used to make decisions when patients are on the cusp of such therapies such as implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), CardioMems implantation (pulmonary artery pressure monitoring), and even left ventricular assist device.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>sST2 is a biomarker that has jumped through all the "hoops" expected from a useful biomarker. It is the only new biomarker that can be of value today when caring for patients with both acute and chronic HF. New biomarkers are warranted and have been explored in recent reports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> More than one decade ago, NPs emerged as the first biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Since then, this is the most promising biomarker for the management of such patients, adding to NPs, especially for guiding therapy. Prospective studies testing this hypothesis are more than welcome.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Braunwald E. The war against heart failure: the Lancet lecture. Lancet. 2015;385(9970):812-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The war against heart failure: the Lancet lecture</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>385</volume>
          <issue>9970</issue>
          <fpage>812</fpage>
          <lpage>824</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(14):1750-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1750</fpage>
          <lpage>1757</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Bocchi EA. Heart failure in South America. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013;9(2):147-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart failure in South America</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rev</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>147</fpage>
          <lpage>156</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Jorge AJ, Mesquita ET, Rosa ML, Costa JA, Fernandes LC, Correia DM, et al. The role of natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of overt heart failure in primary care setting in Brazil. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2015;28(Suppl):A69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jorge</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The role of natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of overt heart failure in primary care setting in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiovasc Sci</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>A69</fpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Pascual-Figal DA, Januzzi JL. The biology of ST2: The international ST2 consensus panel. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(Suppl):3B-7B.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pascual-Figal</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The biology of ST2: The international ST2 consensus panel</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>3B</fpage>
          <lpage>7B</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Tominaga S. A putative protein of a growth specific cDNA from BALB/c-3T3 cells is highly similar to the extracellular portion of mouse interleukin 1 receptor. FEBS Lett. 1989;258(2):301-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tominaga</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A putative protein of a growth specific cDNA from BALB/c-3T3 cells is highly similar to the extracellular portion of mouse interleukin 1 receptor</article-title>
          <source>FEBS Lett</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>258</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>301</fpage>
          <lpage>304</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Weinberg EO, Shimpo M, De Keulenaer GW, MacGillivray C, Tominaga S, Solomon SD, et al. Expression and regulation of ST2, an interleukin-1 receptor family member, in cardiomyocytes and myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002;106(23):2961-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weinberg</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimpo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Keulenaer</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacGillivray</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tominaga</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Expression and regulation of ST2, an interleukin-1 receptor family member, in cardiomyocytes and myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2961</fpage>
          <lpage>2966</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Schmitz J, Owyang A, Oldham E, Song Y, Murphy E, McClanahan TK, et al. IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokyne that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokynes. Immunity. 2005;23(5):479-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schmitz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owyang</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oldham</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McClanahan</surname>
              <given-names>TK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokyne that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokynes</article-title>
          <source>Immunity</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>479</fpage>
          <lpage>490</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Januzzi JL Jr, Peacock WF, Maisel AS, Chae CU, Jesse RL, Baggish AL, et al. Measurement of the interleukin family member ST2 in patients with acute dyspnea: results from the PRIDE (Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(7):607-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peacock</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maisel</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chae</surname>
              <given-names>CU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jesse</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baggish</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measurement of the interleukin family member ST2 in patients with acute dyspnea: results from the PRIDE (Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department) Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>607</fpage>
          <lpage>613</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Dielinger B, Januzzi JL Jr, Steinmair M, Gabriel C, Poelz W, Haltmayer M, et al. Analytical and clinical evaluation of a novel high-sensitivity assay for measurement of soluble ST2 in human plasma: the Presage ST2 assay. Clin Chim Acta. 2009;409(1-2):33-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dielinger</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steinmair</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gabriel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poelz</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haltmayer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Analytical and clinical evaluation of a novel high-sensitivity assay for measurement of soluble ST2 in human plasma: the Presage ST2 assay</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chim Acta</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>409</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Mueller T, Dieplinger B, Gegenhuber A, Poelz W, Pacher R, Haltmayer M. Increased plasma concentrations of soluble ST2 are predictive for 1-year mortality in patients with acute destabilized heart failure. Clin Chem. 2008;54(4):752-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dieplinger</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gegenhuber</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poelz</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pacher</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haltmayer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased plasma concentrations of soluble ST2 are predictive for 1-year mortality in patients with acute destabilized heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>752</fpage>
          <lpage>756</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Rehman S, Mueller T, JL J. Characteristics of the novel interleukin family biomarker ST2 in patients with acute heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(18):1458-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rehman</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>JL</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characteristics of the novel interleukin family biomarker ST2 in patients with acute heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1458</fpage>
          <lpage>1465</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Manzano-Fernandez S, Mueller T, Pascual-Figal D, Truong QA, Januzzi JL. Usefulness of soluble concentrations of interleukin family member ST2 as a predictor of mortality in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure relative to left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(2):259-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manzano-Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pascual-Figal</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Truong</surname>
              <given-names>QA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Usefulness of soluble concentrations of interleukin family member ST2 as a predictor of mortality in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure relative to left ventricular ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>267</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Shah R, Chen-Tournoux A, Picard M, van Kimmenade R, Januzzi JL. Serum levels of the interleukin-1 receptor family member ST2, cardiac structure and function, and long-term mortality in patients with acute dyspnea. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2(4):311-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen-Tournoux</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Picard</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Kimmenade</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum levels of the interleukin-1 receptor family member ST2, cardiac structure and function, and long-term mortality in patients with acute dyspnea</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>311</fpage>
          <lpage>319</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Januzzi JL, Mebazza A, Di Somma S. ST2 and prognosis in acutely decompensated heart failure: the International ST2 Consensus Panel. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(7 Suppl):26B-31B.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mebazza</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Somma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ST2 and prognosis in acutely decompensated heart failure: the International ST2 Consensus Panel</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>26B</fpage>
          <lpage>31B</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Zilinski JL, Shah RV, Gaggin HK, Gantzer ML, Wang TJ, Januzzi JL Jr. Measurement of multiple biomarkers in advanced stage heart failure patients treated with pulmonary artery catheter guided therapy. Crit Care 2012;16(4):R135.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zilinski</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaggin</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gantzer</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL Jr</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measurement of multiple biomarkers in advanced stage heart failure patients treated with pulmonary artery catheter guided therapy</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>R135</fpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Lassus J, Gayat E, Mueller C, Peacock WF, Spinar J, Harjola VP, et al. Incremental value of biomarkers to clinical variables for mortality prediction in acutely decompensated heart failure: the Multinational Observational Cohort on acute heart failure (MOCA) Study. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(3):2186-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lassus</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gayat</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peacock</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spinar</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harjola</surname>
              <given-names>VP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incremental value of biomarkers to clinical variables for mortality prediction in acutely decompensated heart failure: the Multinational Observational Cohort on acute heart failure (MOCA) Study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>2186</fpage>
          <lpage>2194</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Wu AH, Wians F, Jaffe A. Biological variation of galectin-3 and soluble ST2 for chronic health failure: implication on interpretation of test results. Am Heart J. 2013;165(6):995-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wians</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaffe</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biological variation of galectin-3 and soluble ST2 for chronic health failure: implication on interpretation of test results</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>165</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>995</fpage>
          <lpage>999</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Maisel AS, Richards AM, Pascual-Figual D, Mueller C. Serial ST2 testing in hospitalized patients with acute heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2015;105(7 Suppl):32B-7B.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maisel</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richards</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pascual-Figual</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serial ST2 testing in hospitalized patients with acute heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>32B</fpage>
          <lpage>37B</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Boisot S, Beed J, Isakson S, Chiu A, Clopton P, Januzzi J, et al. Serial sampling of ST2 predicts 90-day mortality following destabilized Heart failure. J Card Fail. 2008;14(9):732-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boisot</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beed</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isakson</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clopton</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serial sampling of ST2 predicts 90-day mortality following destabilized Heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>732</fpage>
          <lpage>738</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Manzano-Fern&#225;ndez S, Januzzi JL, Pastor-P&#233;rez FJ, Bonaque-Gonzales JC, Boronat-Garcia M, Pascual-Figal DA. Serial monitoring of soluble interleukin family member ST2 in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Cardiology. 2012;122(3):158-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manzano-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pastor-P&#233;rez</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonaque-Gonzales</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boronat-Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pascual-Figal</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serial monitoring of soluble interleukin family member ST2 in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>158</fpage>
          <lpage>166</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Breidthardt T, Balmelli C, Twenrenbold R, Mosimann T, Espinola J, Haaf P, et al. Heart failure therapy-induced early ST2 changes may offer long-term therapy guidance. J Card Fail. 2013;19(12):821-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Breidthardt</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balmelli</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Twenrenbold</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mosimann</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Espinola</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haaf</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart failure therapy-induced early ST2 changes may offer long-term therapy guidance</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>821</fpage>
          <lpage>828</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Weir RA, Miller AM, Murphy GE, Clements S, Steedman T, Connell JM, et al. Serum soluble ST2: a potential novel mediator in left ventricular and infarct remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(3):243-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weir</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clements</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steedman</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connell</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum soluble ST2: a potential novel mediator in left ventricular and infarct remodeling after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>243</fpage>
          <lpage>250</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Gaggin HK, Motiwala S, Bhardwaj A, Parks KA, Januzzi JL Jr. Soluble concentrations of the interleukin receptor family member ST2 and &#223;-blocker therapy in chronic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6(6):1206-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gaggin</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Motiwala</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhardwaj</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parks</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL Jr</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Soluble concentrations of the interleukin receptor family member ST2 and &#223;-blocker therapy in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1206</fpage>
          <lpage>1213</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Bayes-Genis A, Zhang Y, Ky B. St2 and patient prognosis in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(7 Suppl):64B-9B.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bayes-Genis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ky</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>St2 and patient prognosis in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>64B</fpage>
          <lpage>69B</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Weinberg EO, Shimpo M, Hurwitz S, Tominaga S, Rouleau JL, Lee RT. Identification of serum soluble ST2 receptor as a novel heart failure biomarker. Circulation. 2003;107(5):721-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weinberg</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimpo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hurwitz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tominaga</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rouleau</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Identification of serum soluble ST2 receptor as a novel heart failure biomarker</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>721</fpage>
          <lpage>726</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Ky B, French B, Mccloskey K, Rame JE, McIntosh E, Shahi P, et al. High-sensitivity ST2 for prediction of adverse outcomes in chronic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2011;4(2):180-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ky</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>French</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mccloskey</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rame</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McIntosh</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shahi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High-sensitivity ST2 for prediction of adverse outcomes in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>180</fpage>
          <lpage>187</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Bayes-Genis A, De Antonio M, Galan A, Sanz H, Urritia A, Cabanes R, et al. Combined use of high-sensitivity ST2 and NTproBNP to improve the prediction of death in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14(1):32-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bayes-Genis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Antonio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanz</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Urritia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabanes</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Combined use of high-sensitivity ST2 and NTproBNP to improve the prediction of death in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>32</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Bayes-Genis A, Zamora E, De Antonio M, Galan A, Villa J, Urritia A, et al. Soluble ST2 serum concentration and renal function in heart failure. J Card Fail. 2013;19(11):768-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bayes-Genis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zamora</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Antonio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villa</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Urritia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Soluble ST2 serum concentration and renal function in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>768</fpage>
          <lpage>775</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 De Boer RA, Lok DJ, Jaarsma T, van der Meer P, Voors AA, Hillege HL, et al. Predictive values of plasma galectine-3 levels in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Ann Med. 2011;43(1):60-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Boer</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lok</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaarsma</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Meer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voors</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hillege</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive values of plasma galectine-3 levels in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>Ann Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>60</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Bayes-Genis A, De Antonio M, Villa J, Pe&#241;afiel J, Galan A, Barallat J, et al. Head-to-head comparison of 2 myocardial fibrosis biomarkers for long-term heart failure risk stratification: ST2 versus galectine-3. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014:63(2):158-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bayes-Genis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Antonio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villa</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pe&#241;afiel</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barallat</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Head-to-head comparison of 2 myocardial fibrosis biomarkers for long-term heart failure risk stratification: ST2 versus galectine-3</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>158</fpage>
          <lpage>166</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Pascual-Figal DA,Ordo&#241;ez-Llanos J, Tornel PL, Vazquez R, Puig T, Valdes M, et al; MUSIC Investigators. Soluble ST2 for predicting sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(23):2174-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pascual-Figal</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ordo&#241;ez-Llanos</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tornel</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vazquez</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puig</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valdes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>MUSIC Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Soluble ST2 for predicting sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2174</fpage>
          <lpage>2179</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Felker GM, Fiuzat M, Thompson V, Shaw LK, Neely ML, Adams KF. Soluble ST2 in ambulatory patients with heart failure: association with functional capacity and long-term outcomes. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6(6):1172-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Felker</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fiuzat</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neely</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Soluble ST2 in ambulatory patients with heart failure: association with functional capacity and long-term outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1172</fpage>
          <lpage>1179</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Broch K, Ueland T, Nymo SH, Kjekshus J, Hulthe J, Muntendam P, et al. Soluble ST2 is associated with adverse outcome in patients with heart failure of ischaemic aetiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14(3):268-77.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Broch</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ueland</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nymo</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kjekshus</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hulthe</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muntendam</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Soluble ST2 is associated with adverse outcome in patients with heart failure of ischaemic aetiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>268</fpage>
          <lpage>277</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Gruson D, Lepoutre T, Ahn SA, Rousseau MF. Increased soluble ST2 is a stronger predictor of long-term cardiovascular death than natriuretic peptides in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172(1):e250-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gruson</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lepoutre</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahn</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rousseau</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased soluble ST2 is a stronger predictor of long-term cardiovascular death than natriuretic peptides in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>172</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>e250</fpage>
          <lpage>e252</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Daniels LB, Clopton P, Iqbal N, Tran K, Maisel AS. Association of ST2 levels with cardiac structure and function and mortality in outpatients. Am Heart J 2010;160(4):721-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Daniels</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clopton</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iqbal</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tran</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maisel</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of ST2 levels with cardiac structure and function and mortality in outpatients</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>721</fpage>
          <lpage>728</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozcurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(16):e147-239.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yancy</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jessup</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozcurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drazner</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American College of Cardiology Foundation</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>e147</fpage>
          <lpage>e239</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Gagging HK, Szymonifka J, Bhardwaj A, Belcher A, De Berardinis B, Motiwala S, et al. Head-to-head comparison of serial soluble ST2, growth differentiation factor-15, and highly-sensitivity troponin T measurements in patients with chronic heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2014;2(1):65-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gagging</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szymonifka</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhardwaj</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belcher</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Berardinis</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Motiwala</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Head-to-head comparison of serial soluble ST2, growth differentiation factor-15, and highly-sensitivity troponin T measurements in patients with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Gagging HK, Motiwala S, Bhardwaj A, Parks KA, Januzzi JL Jr. Soluble concentrations of the interleukin receptor family member ST2 and beta-blocker therapy in chronic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6(6):1206-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gagging</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Motiwala</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhardwaj</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parks</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL Jr</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Soluble concentrations of the interleukin receptor family member ST2 and beta-blocker therapy in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1206</fpage>
          <lpage>1213</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40 Anand IS, Rector TS, Kuskowski M, Snider J, Cohn JN. Prognostic value of soluble ST2 in the Valsartan Heart Failure trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7(3):418-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anand</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rector</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuskowski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snider</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic value of soluble ST2 in the Valsartan Heart Failure trial</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>418</fpage>
          <lpage>426</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41 Januzzi JL, Pascual-Figal D, Daniels LB. ST2 testing for chronic heart failure therapy monitoring: The International ST2 Consensus Panel. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(7 Suppl):70B-5B.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pascual-Figal</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daniels</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ST2 testing for chronic heart failure therapy monitoring: The International ST2 Consensus Panel</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>70B</fpage>
          <lpage>75B</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42 Expert Group on Biomarkers. Biomarkers in cardiology, part 1: in heart failure and specific cardiomyopthies. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;103(6):451-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Expert Group on Biomarkers</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biomarkers in cardiology, part 1: in heart failure and specific cardiomyopthies</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>451</fpage>
          <lpage>459</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation>43 Fran&#231;a CN, Izar MC, Amaral JB, Tegani DM, Fonseca FA. Microparticles as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;104(2):169-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izar</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amaral</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tegani</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Microparticles as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>169</fpage>
          <lpage>174</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <mixed-citation>44 Villacorta H, Duarte NA, Duarte NM, Carrano A, Mesquita ET, Dohmann HJ, et al. The role of B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of heart failure in patients presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002;79(6):564-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villacorta</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carrano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dohmann</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The role of B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of heart failure in patients presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>564</fpage>
          <lpage>568</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <mixed-citation>45 Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Duc P, et al; Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study Investigators. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(3):161-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maisel</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krishnaswamy</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nowak</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCord</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hollander</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duc</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>347</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>161</fpage>
          <lpage>167</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Teste com ST2 Sol&#250;vel: Um Biomarcador Promissor no Tratamento da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maisel</surname>
            <given-names>Alan S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of California</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiovascular Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">San Diego</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of California &#8211; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine2, San Diego &#8211; EUA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of California</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Humberto Villacorta Junior</bold> Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303, 6&#186; Andar. CEP 24033-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:<email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email>; <email>huvillacorta@globo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Villacorta H; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Villacorta H, Maisel AS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Maisel AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>ST2 &#233; um biomarcador pertencente &#224; fam&#237;lia dos receptores de interleucina-1 e concentra&#231;&#245;es do ST2 sol&#250;vel refletem fibrose e estresse cardiovascular. Estudos recentes demonstram que o ST2 sol&#250;vel &#233; um forte preditor de desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e aguda. Trata-se de um novo biomarcador que preenche crit&#233;rios necess&#225;rios para uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Ele acrescenta informa&#231;&#227;o aos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos (PNs) e em alguns estudos tem sido at&#233; superior a estes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Desde a introdu&#231;&#227;o dos PNs, este &#233; o biomarcador mais promissor na &#225;rea de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e pode vir a ser particularmente &#250;til para guiar a terapia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores Farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Receptores de Interleucina</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; um problema global de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> Na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, a IC foi respons&#225;vel por 6,3% do total de &#243;bitos no ano de 2006.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> No estudo DIGITALIS realizado na cidade de Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, a preval&#234;ncia da IC na comunidade em indiv&#237;duos acima de 45 anos foi 9,3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> Embora o progn&#243;stico da IC tenha melhorado com os tratamentos m&#233;dicos recentes, os pacientes mais graves s&#227;o frequentemente hospitalizados e a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia &#233; pequena.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> Assim, novas estrat&#233;gias para o manejo desses pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rias.</p>
        <p>Os biomarcadores provaram-se &#250;teis na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os pept&#237;deos B- natriur&#233;tico tipo-B (BNP) e N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP) s&#227;o considerados testes padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda. No entanto, a utilidade progn&#243;stica de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos &#233; limitada, e seu papel na orienta&#231;&#227;o do tratamento ainda n&#227;o foi claramente estabelecido.</p>
        <p>Muitos biomarcadores t&#234;m sido estudados para tentar preencher essa lacuna. O ST2, um marcador de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e remodelamento, &#233; um candidato promissor que tem contribu&#237;do com &#234;xito &#224;s ferramentas convencionais no tratamento de pacientes com IC. Este relat&#243;rio ir&#225; explorar a biologia desse sistema e revisar os estudos cl&#237;nicos com testes do ST2 na presen&#231;a da IC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biologia do ST2 Sol&#250;vel</title>
        <p>O ST2 &#233; um membro da fam&#237;lia dos receptores de interle ucina-1, tamb&#233;m conhecido como receptor de interleucina 1 (IL1RL-1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> ST2 significa "a supress&#227;o de tumorigenicidade 2". Foi descoberto em 1989,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> mas apenas em 2002 Weinberg et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> relataram que pode ser expresso por c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas em resposta ao estresse do mioc&#225;rdio, atraindo a aten&#231;&#227;o dos investigadores para o seu papel no sistema cardiovascular. O ST2 tem duas isoformas principais: transmembrana ou celular (ST2L) e sol&#250;vel ou circulante (sST2).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					</p>
        <p>ST2 &#233; o receptor da interleucina-33 (IL-33), que &#233; uma citocina IL-1-<italic>like</italic> secretada por c&#233;lulas vivas em resposta ao dano celular. A IL-33 exerce os seus efeitos ligando-se &#224; isoforma ST2L do receptor transmembrana. A intera&#231;&#227;o da IL-33 e do ST2L foi demonstrada como sendo cardioprotetora em modelos experimentais, reduzindo a fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio, hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos, apoptose, e melhorando a fun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Essa a&#231;&#227;o cardioprotetora ocorre exclusivamente atrav&#233;s do receptor ST2L e n&#227;o atrav&#233;s do receptor sol&#250;vel. O sistema IL-33/ST2 tem regula&#231;&#227;o ascendente em cardiomi&#243;citos e fibroblastos em resposta &#224; les&#227;o card&#237;aca. O sST2 liga-se avidamente &#224; IL-33, competindo com o ST2L. A intera&#231;&#227;o desse receptor sol&#250;vel com a IL-33 bloqueia o sistema IL-33/ST2L e, como resultado, elimina os efeitos cardioprotetores descritos acima. Por isso, o sST2 &#233; considerado um receptor chamariz.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Assim, o sistema de ST2 atua n&#227;o s&#243; como um mediador de fun&#231;&#227;o da IL-33 em sua isoforma ST2L transmembrana, mas tamb&#233;m como um inibidor de IL-33 atrav&#233;s da sua isoforma sST2 sol&#250;vel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Intera&#231;&#245;es da IL-33 com o receptor transmembrana, ST2L, e receptor chamariz sol&#250;vel, sST2. O sistema ST2 atua n&#227;o s&#243; como um mediador da fun&#231;&#227;o da IL-33 na sua isoforma ST2L transmembrana (efeito cardioprotetor), mas tamb&#233;m como um inibidor de IL-33 atrav&#233;s da sua isoforma sST2 sol&#250;vel (elimina o efeito cardioprotetor).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0145-50151-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Embora as principais fontes de sST2 sejam fibroblastos card&#237;acos e cardiomi&#243;citos em resposta ao estresse ou les&#227;o, fontes n&#227;o-mioc&#225;rdicas s&#227;o conhecidas. As c&#233;lulas endoteliais do sistema macrovascular (a&#243;rtica e coronariana) e microvascular card&#237;aco s&#227;o fontes de sST2. A contribui&#231;&#227;o dessa produ&#231;&#227;o extracard&#237;aca &#224; ST2 total circulante, e &#224; fisiopatologia da IC ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida.</p>
        <p>O ST2 tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado com processos inflamat&#243;rios e imunol&#243;gicos, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o de mast&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas T CD4 auxiliares tipo 2 e &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas associadas &#224; Th2. Dessa forma, um papel para o sistema IL-33/ST2 tem sido determinado em doen&#231;as associadas a uma resposta Th2 predominante, tais como a asma, fibrose pulmonar, artrite reumatoide, doen&#231;as vasculares do col&#225;geno, sepse, trauma, c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;as fibroproliferativas, infec&#231;&#245;es helm&#237;nticas e colite ulcerativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> De fato, muito do conhecimento sobre esse marcador vem de estudos sobre essas doen&#231;as imunes, antes de se conhecer o seu papel na fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Progn&#243;stica com sST2 na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda Descompensada</title>
        <p>Pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos (PNs) s&#227;o os biomarcadores padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de IC em pacientes com dispneia aguda. Embora os PNs tamb&#233;m tenham uma fun&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, ainda h&#225; espa&#231;o para melhorias. Outros biomarcadores podem adicionar informa&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas complementares ao PN e aumentar a utilidade do progn&#243;stico nesse cen&#225;rio. Entre os diversos novos candidatos, o sST2 &#233; o biomarcador mais promissor de acordo com estudos recentes. Embora n&#227;o seja um marcador diagn&#243;stico, o ST2 pode ser &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada (ICAD), o primeiro estudo a medir o ST2 foi o <italic>Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department</italic> (PRIDE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> Neste estudo, o ST2 foi medido com um ensaio inicial para uso apenas em pesquisa (o atual ensaio para ST2, Presage, &#233; um m&#233;todo de maior sensibilidade e precis&#227;o).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No estudo PRIDE, foram inclu&#237;dos 593 pacientes admitidos no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia (ED) com dispneia aguda. Os n&#237;veis de sST2 foram significativamente mais elevados em pacientes com ICAD do que os pacientes sem IC (0,50 vs. 0,15 ng/mL, p &lt; 0,001). No entanto, o NT-proBNP permaneceu como o melhor marcador biol&#243;gico para o diagn&#243;stico de IC.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, o sST2 foi um poderoso preditor de mortalidade. Os pacientes que morreram em um ano apresentaram valores mais elevados do que os sobreviventes (1,08 vs. 0,18 ng/mL) e houve uma clara associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sST2 e taxas de mortalidade, com maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es indicando risco mais elevado. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o sST2 permaneceu um forte preditor de mortalidade em 1 ano em pacientes com e sem IC. Digno de nota, a utilidade progn&#243;stica do sST2 foi complementar &#224; do NT-proBNP, de modo que os pacientes com a eleva&#231;&#227;o de ambos os marcadores apresentaram a maior taxa de mortalidade em 1 ano (quase 40%), como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">figura 2</xref>. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o de sST2 com morte surgiu logo ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o no estudo e permaneceu significativa por at&#233; 4 anos a partir da apresenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito aditivo do sST2 e NT-proBNP em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. Reprodu&#231;&#227;o permitida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0145-50151-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Outra sub-an&#225;lise do Estudo PRIDE incluiu 346 pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Neste estudo, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de sST2 na admiss&#227;o foram correlacionadas com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da New York Heart Association, BNP (r = 0,29), NT&#8209;pro-BNP (r = 0,41), prote&#237;na C-reativa (r = 0,43), <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina (r = 0,22), e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) (r = 0,13). Ao contr&#225;rio dos PNs, os n&#237;veis de sST2 n&#227;o se correlacionaram com a idade, diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de IC, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ou causa de IC (isqu&#234;mica vs. n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica). Como observado no estudo anterior, o sST2 foi um forte preditor de mortalidade. Na an&#225;lise multivariada por meio da regress&#227;o de Cox, o sST2 foi associado com um aumento de 2 vezes no risco de mortalidade independentemente de outros par&#226;metros, incluindo o PN. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do sST2 mostrou bom desempenho em pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) e reduzida (ICFER). Digno de nota, quando os valores do sST2 foram adicionados ao modelo progn&#243;stico, o NT-proBNP deixou de ser um preditor significativo em pacientes com ICFEP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> &#201; muito importante observar o efeito da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do sST2 sobre o do PN. Os altos n&#237;veis de sST2 reclassificaram o risco de morte em pacientes com baixos n&#237;veis de PN. Por outro lado, em pacientes com valor de sST2 abaixo da concentra&#231;&#227;o mediana, n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP &gt; 1000 pg/mL, n&#227;o foram preditores de mortalidade em 1 ano.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo realizado por Shah et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> em 139 pacientes da coorte inicial do estudo PRIDE, submetida &#224; ecocardiografia bidimensional detalhada na admiss&#227;o, os preditores dos n&#237;veis de sST2 na an&#225;lise multivariada foram a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, dimens&#245;es do VE (sist&#243;lica final e diast&#243;lica final), NT-proBNP, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e distens&#227;o da veia jugular. Esses dados sugerem que a biologia do ST2 est&#225; envolvida no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o, afetando, portanto, o progn&#243;stico. De fato, nesse estudo o n&#237;vel sST2 foi um preditor de mortalidade em 4 anos, independente de outros marcadores de risco cl&#237;nicos, bioqu&#237;micos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        <p>Os valores desse novo ensaio e dos ensaios antigos n&#227;o s&#227;o compar&#225;veis. Assim, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ensaio mais sens&#237;vel Presage ST2 (<italic>Critical Diagnostics</italic>, San Diego, CA, EUA), a concentra&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 35 ng/mL est&#225; associada com um pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC, e esse valor tem sido o ponto de corte recomendado para esse prop&#243;sito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> No entanto, espera-se que as concentra&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de sST2 na ICAD sejam maiores no momento da admiss&#227;o. No Estudo PRIDE, o valor mediano no Presage ST2 em pacientes com ICAD, foi de 42,7 ng/mL. Os valores de ST2 em sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes em 1 ano foram 67,4 vs. 35,8 ng/mL. Al&#233;m disso, os valores maiores s&#227;o esperados em pacientes com doen&#231;a mais avan&#231;ada. Por exemplo, Zilinski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> avaliaram o papel do ST2 em uma popula&#231;&#227;o muito doente com IC. A concentra&#231;&#227;o mediana de ST2 foi de 148 ng/mL (intervalo interquartil de 88 a 226 ng/mL). Notavelmente, apesar desses valores elevados, o ST2 manteve-se como preditor de morte, ao contr&#225;rio do NT-proBNP, da troponina de alta sensibilidade e da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, &#233; importante comentar a compara&#231;&#227;o das medidas de ST2 com outros biomarcadores na determina&#231;&#227;o da ICAD. Em um estudo com 5.306 pacientes realizado pela <italic>Global Research on Acute Conditions Team</italic> (GREAT), entre os in&#250;meros biomarcadores medidos na admiss&#227;o de pacientes com ICAD, o ST2 emergiu como o biomarcador mais forte com a capacidade de reclassificar o risco de morte al&#233;m do modelo cl&#237;nico. O ST2 foi o melhor preditor de mortalidade em 30 dias e 1 ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas em s&#233;rie do ST2 Sol&#250;vel em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda</title>
        <p>Embora os valores iniciais de ST2 na admiss&#227;o tenham provado sua capacidade de prever desfechos, as medidas em s&#233;rie podem ter de um valor ainda maior. A varia&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica e o baixo &#237;ndice de varia&#231;&#227;o do ST2 o torna um bom candidato para o acompanhamento e possivelmente uma terapia orientada para a ICAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os valores de sST2 n&#227;o s&#227;o significativamente influenciados pela idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e fun&#231;&#227;o renal, ao contr&#225;rio dos PNs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Um dos primeiros estudos para avaliar medidas em s&#233;rie do sST2 foi realizada por Boisot et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Nesse estudo o sST2 foi medido diariamente em pacientes admitidos com ICAD, e demonstrou-se que esse biomarcador muda rapidamente em resposta ao tratamento. Os pacientes cujos valores diminu&#237;ram rapidamente ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o apresentaram um bom resultado em curto prazo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3</xref>). Em contraste, aqueles com um aumento dos valores de sST2 tinham uma elevada probabilidade de morrer em 6 meses.</p>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o dos valores de sST2 de acordo com o estado de sobreviv&#234;ncia em pacientes hospitalizados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Reprodu&#231;&#227;o permitida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
							</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0145-50151-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Mais recentemente, resultados semelhantes foram obtidos por Manzano-Fernandez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> utilizando o mais novo ensaio Presage. Eles descobriram que as concentra&#231;&#245;es medianas de sST2 diminu&#237;ram de 62 para 44 ng/mL, e aqueles pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente no 4&#186; dia tiveram um risco maior de morte. Os pacientes com valores acima do limite tanto na admiss&#227;o como no 4&#186; dia tiveram a maior taxa de mortalidade, ao contr&#225;rio com as taxas muito baixas de mortalidade quando ambos os valores estavam abaixo dos pontos de corte (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 4</xref>). Finalmente, Breidthardt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> observaram que os valores sST2 diminu&#237;ram significativamente a partir da admiss&#227;o at&#233; 48 h, especialmente naqueles com resultados favor&#225;veis, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 42% nos sobreviventes versus 25% nos n&#227;o sobreviventes.</p>
        <fig id="f09">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas em s&#233;rie do sST2 na ICAD. Pacientes com sST2 &#8804; 76 ng/mL na admiss&#227;o e &#8804; 46 ng/mL no 4&#176; dia apresentaram a menor taxa de mortalidade (3%), enquanto aqueles com ambos os valores de sST2 acima desses pontos de corte tiveram a maior taxa de mortalidade (50%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
							</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0145-50151-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>&#201; importante reiterar que, nos estudos mencionados acima, o valor progn&#243;stico do sST2 foi aditivo ou mesmo superior aos dos PNs. As altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas do sST2, da admiss&#227;o at&#233; a alta, e o valor final no fim da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, ambos contribuem para a predi&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico em longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Na IC cr&#243;nica, o ST2 tem sido indicado para prever a remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A rela&#231;&#227;o desse biomarcador com o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o levanta a possibilidade de identificar aqueles com maior probabilidade de responder a terapias anti-remodela&#231;&#227;o. Por exemplo, no cen&#225;rio de ICAD, os pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de sST2 se beneficiaram mais da terapia com beta-bloqueadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valor progn&#243;stico do ST2 sol&#250;vel em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica</title>
        <p>De forma consistente com os dados na ICAD, o ST2 sol&#250;vel tem provado sua utilidade como um marcador de progn&#243;stico na IC cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o nesse cen&#225;rio foi feita por Weinberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> em um sub-estudo do <italic>Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation 2</italic> (PRAISE-2). Essa an&#225;lise incluiu 161 pacientes com IC classe III ou IV, n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, e encontrou que varia&#231;&#245;es em s&#233;rie, mas n&#227;o os valores basais do ST2, estavam associados com risco aumentado de morte ou de transplante. Mais recentemente, Ky et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> relataram dados em uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior de pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica. Nesse estudo multic&#234;ntrico de 1.141 pacientes do <italic>Penn Heart Failure Study</italic> (PHFS), o sST2 e o NT-proBNP foram comparados com o <italic>Seattle Heart Failure Model</italic> (SHFM) para a predi&#231;&#227;o de morte ou transplante card&#237;aco em 1 ano. A combina&#231;&#227;o do sST2 e NT-proBNP obteve um desempenho semelhante ao do SHFM. Em termos de avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco individual de cada paciente, o sST2 funcionou t&#227;o bem como o NT-proBNP, mas n&#227;o foi, sozinho, superior ao SHFM. No entanto, somando os dois biomarcadores ao escore do SHFM, houve melhora da discrimina&#231;&#227;o de risco, reclassificando 14,9% dos pacientes em categorias mais apropriadas. Em contraste com o estudo de Weinberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Ky et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> encontraram uma forte e independente associa&#231;&#227;o de uma &#250;nica medida basal do sST2 e desfechos adversos. Segundo os pesquisadores, essas diferen&#231;as poderiam ocorrer devido a uma maior amostragem, um ensaio do sST2 mais sens&#237;vel, e uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais ampla com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Esses resultados iniciais foram confirmados no <italic>Barcelona Study</italic>, onde o novo ensaio de alta sensibilidade do sST2 foi utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o de 891 pacientes em um centro multidisciplinarde IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Nos modelos de risco proporcional multivariados de Cox, o sST2 e NT-proBNP foram preditores de morte de forma significativa, al&#233;m dos fatores de risco convencionais. &#201; importante ressaltar que a melhoria l&#237;quida na reclassifica&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o em separado do sST2 ao modelo com fator de risco estabelecido e o NT-proBNP, foi de significativos 9,90%.</p>
        <p>&#201; digno de nota que, no <italic>Barcelona study</italic>, o desempenho do sST2 n&#227;o foi influenciado pela fun&#231;&#227;o renal, tal como observado com o NT-proBNP. A inclus&#227;o do sST2, juntamente com outros biomarcadores, melhorou a previs&#227;o em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal, ainda mais do que em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Outra contribui&#231;&#227;o adicional do <italic>Barcelona study</italic> foi a compara&#231;&#227;o de diferentes biomarcadores de fibrose. O sST2 e a galectina-3 s&#227;o ambos associados com fibrose e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, e a galectina-3 mostrou ser preditora de desfechos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. A compara&#231;&#227;o direta desses dois biomarcadores revelou que o sST2 foi superior &#224; galectina-3 na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Ambos os marcadores foram associados com o risco aumentado de mortalidade por todas as causas, mas apenas o sST2 foi associado com a mortalidade cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, o sST2 refinou significativamente a discrimina&#231;&#227;o e a an&#225;lise de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o, ao passo que a galectina-3 obteve efeitos menores nessas quest&#245;es.</p>
        <p>O ST2 tamb&#233;m demonstrou ser um bom preditor de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica leve a moderada. No estudo caso-controle <italic>Muerte S&#250;bita en Insuficiencia Card&#237;aca</italic> (MUSIC), o aumento do ST2 e NT-proBNP acima do valor de corte foi associado com uma elevada taxa de morte s&#250;bita (71%), ao contr&#225;rio da taxa muito baixa (4%) quando os dois biomarcadores estavam abaixo do valor de corte (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Essa &#233; uma informa&#231;&#227;o importante, considerando que, no momento, nenhum teste prediz confiavelmente morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com IC.</p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valor aditivo de sST2 e NT-proBNP na predi&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
							</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0145-50151-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Em estudos recentes, o valor progn&#243;stico do sST2 na IC cr&#244;nica foi confirmado. Um bom desempenho foi observado no estudo <italic>Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training</italic> (HF-ACTION), que consistiu em um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, randomizado, do treinamento f&#237;sico em IC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e no estudo CORONA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Muito recentemente, Gruson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> avaliaram o valor do sST2 al&#233;m dos PNs (BNP, NT&#8209;proBNP, e proBNP<sub>1-108</sub>) e os fatores de risco convencionais, tais como idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular. O sST2 foi o mais forte preditor de morte cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Em outro estudo, o sST2 tamb&#233;m foi &#250;til e complementar aos PNs em pacientes em risco de IC. Daniels et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> estudaram 588 pacientes ambulatoriais que foram encaminhados para ecocardiografia. Altos n&#237;veis de sST2 foram independentemente associados com mortalidade em 1 ano, mesmo entre o subgrupo de 429 pacientes sem hist&#243;rico de IC. &#201; importante ressaltar que nenhum paciente com um valor de sST2 abaixo dos n&#237;veis medianos morreu nos primeiros 6 meses de seguimento.</p>
        <p>Tomados em conjunto, esses estudos sugerem um papel do ST2 na defini&#231;&#227;o da IC cr&#244;nica, que &#233; aditivo e, em alguns estudos, at&#233; mesmo superior ao dos PNs. As diretrizes de 2013 do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> e <italic>American Heart Association</italic> para o manejo da IC apresentaram pela primeira vez uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores para fibrose, tais como ST2 e galectine-3, tanto na IC aguda quanto na cr&#244;nica. Eles fornecem uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o de classe IIb e reconhecem o valor do ST2 como preditor de morte e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, enfatiza-se o valor progn&#243;stico aditivo ao dos PNs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
					</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas em s&#233;rie do ST2 em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica</title>
        <p>&#201; preciso entender a varia&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica de um biomarcador se o mesmo for um candidato a ser medido em s&#233;rie. A varia&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica do sST2 foi recentemente avaliada por Wu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> O estudo incluiu 17 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis durante um per&#237;odo de oito semanas. Foi avaliada a variabilidade dos n&#237;veis dos biomarcadores que ocorreram na aus&#234;ncia de instabilidade cl&#237;nica significativa. Eles descobriram que o valor de refer&#234;ncia para varia&#231;&#227;o do sST2 foi de 30%, muito mais baixa do que a observada com a galectina-3 (60%) ou o NT-proBNP (92%). O &#237;ndice de individualidade (uma medida para avaliar se as medidas em s&#233;rie complementam significativamente uma avalia&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica) para o sST2 foi de 0,25, sugerindo um valor para medidas em s&#233;rie. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, o mesmo &#237;ndice da galectina-3 foi de 1,0, indicando que a galectina-3 &#233; in&#250;til para medidas em s&#233;rie. Estes dados sugerem que o sST2 &#233; um potencial biomarcador para o acompanhamento e, eventualmente, orienta&#231;&#227;o de terapia em pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s importantes estudos abordaram o valor de medidas em s&#233;rie do sST2 na IC cr&#244;nica, todos eles usando o novo ensaio Presage. O primeiro deles &#233; um sub-estudo do estudo <italic>Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA).</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> O sST2 foi medido em 1.449 pacientes com IC e em 1.309 controles; uma segunda amostra foi avaliada tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o. O acompanhamento m&#233;dio foi de 2,6 anos e 28,2% alcan&#231;aram o desfecho prim&#225;rio de morte cardiovascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal ou acidente vascular cerebral. O n&#237;vel medio de sST2 basal foi de 17,8 ng/mL (intervalo interquartil 13,0-25,0).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s os ajustes iniciais para vari&#225;veis convencionais, o sST2 basal foi um preditor significativo de todos os desfechos, incluindo o desfecho prim&#225;rio, morte, agravamento da IC e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC. Quando o NT-proBNP e a prote&#237;na C-reativa foram adicionados ao modelo, o sST2 n&#227;o foi um preditor de desfecho prim&#225;rio, mas permaneceu significativamente preditivo de morte com a piora da IC, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da IC.</p>
        <p>Nos 1.309 pacientes com uma nova medida ap&#243;s 3 meses, a varia&#231;&#227;o global do sST2 foi m&#237;nima (mediana 0, intervalo interquartil -3 a 3 ng/mL). No entanto, alguns pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel do biomarcador. Os pacientes que experimentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no sST2 por 3 meses tiveram um risco reduzido de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da IC e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por causas cardiovasculares. Um aumento no sST2 &#8805; 15.5% foi associado com hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por causas cardiovasculares, embora n&#227;o tenha sido associado com qualquer outro desfecho na an&#225;lise univariada. No entanto, ap&#243;s ajustes completos, um aumento no sST2 significativamente predisse tanto o desfecho prim&#225;rio quanto a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por causas cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>No estudo <italic>pro-BNP Outpatient Tailored Chronic Heart Failure Therapy</italic> (PROTECT),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> em 151 indiv&#237;duos com IC devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, nos quais o sST2 foi medido, 145 pacientes tiveram mais de uma amostra dispon&#237;vel para avalia&#231;&#227;o em s&#233;rie. Nesse estudo, o sST2, a troponina T ultrassens&#237;vel (HsTnT), e o fator de diferencia&#231;&#227;o de crescimento 15 (GDF15) foram adicionados &#224; um modelo que inclu&#237;a vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e o NT-proBNP. No in&#237;cio do estudo, todos os tr&#234;s biomarcadores melhoraram a predi&#231;&#227;o de risco al&#233;m das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, enquanto o NT-proBNP deixou de ser um preditor progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Quando medido em s&#233;rie, o sST2, ao contr&#225;rio do HsTnT ou o GDF15, variou significativamente por uma mediana de 10 meses de seguimento, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais. Usando o modelo proporcional de Cox, o sST2 basal &lt; 35 ng/mL foi associado com um tempo maior at&#233; o primeiro evento cardiovascular (HR 0,30, IC 95% 0,14-0,63, p = 0,002). &#201; importante ressaltar que uma mudan&#231;a nos valores do sST2 de &lt; 35 a &gt; 35 ng/mL durante o seguimento foi associado com um tempo menor at&#233; o evento cardiovascular (HR 3,64, IC 95% 1,37-9,67, p = 0,009). Observa-se que os valores sST2 aos 3 e 6 meses complementaram de forma significativa as medidas basais para o progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Uma an&#225;lise adicional demonstrou que a porcentagem de tempo gasto abaixo do limiar de 35 ng/mL foi um dos mais fortes preditores de eventos em um ano. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes foram classificados em 3 classes: 1) aqueles cujos valores de sST2 foram sempre &lt; 35 ng/mL; 2) &#224;s vezes &lt; 35 ng/mL; e 3) nunca foram &lt; 35 ng/mL. Um tempo maior com concentra&#231;&#245;es do sST2 &lt; 35 ng/mL, foi preditor de uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no &#237;ndice diast&#243;lico final do VE, sugerindo um papel do sST2 no monitoramento da remodela&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, foram avaliados os efeitos dos medicamentos sobre as medidas em s&#233;rie do sST2 no estudo PROTECT. Aqueles com concentra&#231;&#245;es basais elevadas de sST2 que atingiram doses maiores de beta-bloqueadores tiveram risco significativamente menor de eventos do que aqueles titulados para doses inferiores de beta-bloqueadores. Aqueles com baixos n&#237;veis de sST2 e altas doses de beta-bloqueadores apresentaram as menores taxas de eventos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
					</p>
        <p>No estudo <italic>Valsartan Heart Failure Trial</italic> (VAL-HeFT), o sST2 foi medido no in&#237;cio do estudo, aos 4 meses e em 1 ano, em 1.650 pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Em um modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox, os valores basais de sST2 acrescentaram informa&#231;&#245;es significativas relativas ao primeiro evento m&#243;rbido, morte, mas n&#227;o interna&#231;&#227;o por IC. O desempenho do sST2 basal foi modesto e deslocado pelo NT-proBNP. No entanto, quando analisados em s&#233;rie, um aumento nas concentra&#231;&#245;es do sST2 basal at&#233; os 12 meses foi um excelente preditor de eventos. Quando isso foi adicionado aos modelos cl&#237;nicos basais, um aumento dos valores de sST2 foi associado com todos os desfechos e melhorou as estat&#237;sticas-c de 0,71 para 0,74. No entanto, os decr&#233;scimos do sST2 basal at&#233; os 12 meses n&#227;o foram associados com um risco reduzido de eventos.</p>
        <p>Deve tamb&#233;m notar-se que os inibidores da ECA e beta&#8209;bloqueadores foram associados &#224; concentra&#231;&#245;es mais baixas de sST2, enquanto que a digoxina e os diur&#233;ticos foram associados com valores maiores de sST2. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o plaus&#237;vel para o &#250;ltimo achado &#233; o elo entre o sST2 e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e a associa&#231;&#227;o desse biomarcador com a congest&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
					</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dire&#231;&#245;es futuras</title>
        <p>O sST2 pode, potencialmente, ser encarado como um HgA1C da IC; em outras palavras, o valor de sST2 fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a tens&#227;o na parede, inflama&#231;&#227;o, ativa&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos (fibrose), bem como outras informa&#231;&#245;es ainda a serem descobertas. Levando isso em considera&#231;&#227;o, um &#250;nico valor de sST2 deve permitir a titula&#231;&#227;o da terapia e a monitora&#231;&#227;o do estado cl&#237;nico do paciente. Al&#233;m disso, considerando que o sST2 &#233; um forte marcador do risco de morte, n&#227;o seria surpreendente ver um valor ser utilizado para tomar decis&#245;es quando os pacientes est&#227;o prestes a receber terapias como um cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI), terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC), implanta&#231;&#227;o de CardioMems (monitora&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar), e at&#233; mesmo o dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O sST2 &#233; um biomarcador que saltou atrav&#233;s de todos os "obst&#225;culos" esperados de um biomarcador &#250;til. &#201; o &#250;nico novo biomarcador que pode ser valioso atualmente para tratar pacientes com IC aguda e cr&#244;nica. Novos biomarcadores s&#227;o esperados e t&#234;m sido explorados em estudos recentes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>. Mais de uma d&#233;cada atr&#225;s, os PNs emergiram como os primeiros marcadores para o diagn&#243;stico de IC aguda <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>. Desde ent&#227;o, esse &#233; o biomarcador mais promissor para o manejo desses pacientes, complementando os PNs, especialmente para orientar a terap&#234;utica. Estudos prospectivos testando essa hip&#243;tese s&#227;o mais do que bem-vindos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
