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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4wwnMJ96Z9V5VhwKmfrwztB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200136</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005003101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagnosis of Rejection by Analyzing Ventricular Late Potentials in Heart Transplant Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>V&#237;tor Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>V&#237;tor Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica - Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiopneumologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: V&#237;tor Jos&#233; Nogueira Mendes</bold> , Rua dos Vales n&#186; 44, Lagoas. Postal Code 5430-404, Valpa&#231;os, Vila Real - Portugal. E-mail: <email>vitorcpl5@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Mendes VN; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Mendes VN, Pereira TS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira TS, Matos VA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>136</fpage>
      <lpage>144</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart transplant rejection originates slow and fragmented conduction. Signal-averaged ECG (SAECG) is a stratification method in the risk of rejection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To develop a risk score for rejection, using SAECG variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We studied 28 transplant patients. First, we divided the sample into two groups based on the occurrence of acute rejection (5 with rejection and 23 without). In a second phase, we divided the sample considering the existence or not of rejection in at least one biopsy performed on the follow-up period (rejection pm1: 18 with rejection and 10 without).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>On conventional ECG, the presence of fibrosis was the only criterion associated with acute rejection (OR = 19; 95% CI = 1.65-218.47; p = 0.02). Considering the rejection pm1, an association was found with the SAECG variables, mainly with RMS40 (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.87-0.99; p = 0.03) and LAS40 (OR = 1.06; 95% IC = 1.01-1.11; p = 0.03). We formulated a risk score including those variables, and evaluated its discriminative performance in our sample. The presence of fibrosis with increasing of LAS40 and decreasing of RMS40 showed a good ability to distinguish between patients with and without rejection (AUC = 0.82; p &lt; 0.01), assuming a cutoff point of sensitivity = 83.3% and specificity = 60%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The SAECG distinguished between patients with and without rejection. The usefulness of the proposed risk score must be demonstrated in larger follow-up studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Graft Rejection</kwd>
        <kwd>Endomyocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Rejection is one major cause of death among heart transplant patients. According to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), 21% to 30% of heart transplant patients develop at least one episode of rejection within the first year from transplantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In the Cardiothoracic Surgery Center of the Coimbra University-affiliated Hospital Center (CCT-CHUC), the prevalence of rejection is 10% in 8.5 years of clinical follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Although studies have confirmed the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection, the diagnosis of that condition remains a challenge. Right ventricular (RV) endomyocardial biopsy is the standard method to diagnose rejection, but it is invasive and has inherent morbidities. To avoid the limitations of that methodology, there has been an effort to develop alternative methods, such as the use of biomarkers and echocardiographic assessment, to diagnose rejection.</p>
      <p>Because rejection causes morphofunctional changes, mainly zones of myocardial fibrosis characterized by slow and fragmented electrical conduction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> the presence of ventricular late potentials (VLP) on the signal-averaged ECG (SAECG) of such patients is considered a clinically relevant predictor.</p>
      <p>A study performed with 20 transplanted individuals undergoing endomyocardial biopsy has shown a reduction in the RMS40 (terminal QRSf amplitude in the last 40 ms) and QRSf values of individuals with rejection as compared to individuals without rejection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Another study performing SAECG in 20 transplanted patients treated with cyclosporine has reported good reproducibility (r = 0.83) and good accuracy of that test in the late postoperative period to detect rejection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In a study investigating the relationship between VLP and acute rejection, Morocutti has reported sensitivity and specificity for the presence of VLP in cases of acute rejection of 69% and 71% respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Assessing VLP in transplanted patients is an important objective, motivating the performance of this study aimed mainly at assessing the use of that non-invasive technique to diagnose rejection in transplanted patients and at creating a risk score to predict episodes of rejection, based on clinical and electrophysiological parameters.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>The size of the sample was based on convenience, considering the available population of transplanted patients and the technical conditions necessary to the intended clinical assessments within the time period established for data collection.</p>
        <p>This study sample was formed by 28 heart transplant patients (23 men and 5 women) at the CCT-CHUC, with ages ranging from 19 to 76 years (mean age of 54 &#177; 12.22 years). This was an observational study of fixed cohort.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedure</title>
        <p>All patients underwent catheterization with RV endomyocardial biopsy, followed by ECG, SAECG and echocardiography. In the first phase, the following data were obtained: results of those exams, dosage and type of immunosuppressive therapy of each patient, and clinical analyses.</p>
        <p>The right catheterization with RV endomyocardial biopsy was based on the modified Seldinger technique, via right (25 individuals) and left (3 individuals) femoral veins. All procedures were performed with a puncture needle (18G), a 7F introducer (9F in cases of important inguinal fibrosis), a 150-cm-long J-tip guidewire, 7F sheath, 7F pigtail catheter, and a 7F bioptome. In each procedure, two fragments of the right interventricular septum were collected for microscopic examination at the service of Anatomic Pathology of the CHUC, and the criteria of the ISHLT 2004 formulation were used for the diagnosis of rejection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        <p>In the post-catheterization resting period, 12-lead conventional ECG and SAECG were performed in a calm and noise-free environment, using NORAV-ECG Monitoring Version 5.0.2 (Norav Medical Ltd).</p>
        <p>The SAECG tracing was obtained using the Frank lead system, with the orthogonal X, Y, Z lead configuration.</p>
        <p>The tracing was obtained by using the arithmetic mean of the sum of 200 identical QRS complexes (95% of correspondence) collected in 4 minutes, which, after a filtering process, increased the signal-noise ratio of the complexes collected, evidencing low-amplitude and long-duration signals, known as VLP.</p>
        <p>After the post-catheterization resting period, patients underwent two-dimensional echocardiography.</p>
        <p>In the second phase, the following data were obtained: demographics; reason for heart transplantation; NYHA functional class relative to the severity of each patient's symptoms; antecedents and cardiovascular risk factors; comorbidities; left ventricular function by using echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and angiography prior to transplantation; respiratory capacity prior to transplantation; intracavitary pressures and coronary angiography prior to transplantation.</p>
        <p>In addition, demographics of heart donors, their cause of death and histocompatibility with recipients were obtained, as well as data regarding surgical times.</p>
        <p>The diagnosis of rejection on endomyocardial biopsy, on the day of the ECG recording, indicated the criterion to divide the sample. Thus, on the first phase of our investigation and based on the result of the endomyocardial biopsy on the day of the ECG recording, the sample was divided into two groups: one group whose biopsy showed no rejection; and another group whose biopsy showed rejection.</p>
        <p>On the second phase, the group division remained, but considering the diagnosis of rejection in at least one biopsy performed until the day of ECG recording (rejection pm1).</p>
        <p>The sampling technique was based on the recognition of certain characteristics of the patients, such as performance of endomyocardial biopsy, to ensure the best representativeness possible, being then a non-probabilistic sampling, a convenience sampling.</p>
        <p>Because the selection criteria can limit the probabilistic character of the sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria were established. All patients aged at least 18 years, heart transplanted and undergoing endomyocardial biopsy within the last 24 hours were included.</p>
        <p>All pacemaker users, as well as those not meeting the inclusion criteria, were excluded.</p>
        <p>Regarding the ethical questions of this investigation, it is worth noting that the data collected were exclusively aimed at carrying out this scientific study, with protection of the anonymity of all individuals. There was no commercial interest.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>After data collection, statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, version 13.</p>
        <p>At the initial phase, a simple descriptive analysis was performed, with the calculation of mean &#177; standard deviation and relative and absolute frequencies to characterize the variables of the sample.</p>
        <p>To assess the normality of the distribution of the continuous variables, Shapiro-Wilks test was used. In the presence of a normal distribution, parametric statistical tests were performed, and in its absence, non-parametric statistical tests were performed. To compare continuous variables between the two groups, Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for independent samples or Mann-Whitney U test.</p>
        <p>To compare categorical variables, the chi-square test was used, the Fisher Exact test being used when the number of cases in any cell of the contingency table was lower than 5.</p>
        <p>Regarding hypothesis testing, Spearman rank correlation and Cohen's kappa agreement were used.</p>
        <p>To identify predictors of rejection, univariate analysis was used to enable the elaboration of a risk score.</p>
        <p>The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of each predictor and of the formulated score. The sensitivity and specificity values were analyzed for each cutoff point.</p>
        <p>The statistical tests were interpreted based on the significance level of &#945; = 0.05 with 95% confidence interval (CI); however, for the elaboration of the risk score, the significance level of &#945; = 0.1 with 95% CI was adopted.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We studied 28 heart transplant patients, 5 of whom had biopsy findings of acute rejection.</p>
      <p>Clinical, demographic, echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic variables were compared between the groups with and without acute rejection.</p>
      <p>Acute rejection only evidenced association with the presence of signs of fibrosis on ECG. By using logistic regression, we observed that the presence of fibrosis on ECG increases 19 times the risk of acute rejection (OR = 19; 95% CI = 1.65-218.47; p = 0.02).</p>
      <p>By using a ROC curve, the strength of the association of fibrosis and acute rejection was assessed. A cutoff point was identified with sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 82.6% and AUC of 0.81, indicating a good ability to discriminate between transplanted patients with and without rejection (p = 0.03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC Curve for the association between fibrosis and acute rejection.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0136-60011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Because fibrosis was the only variable to show association with the diagnosis of acute rejection, the elaboration of a risk score was impossible. Thus, the variables in this study were compared considering a positive diagnosis of rejection in at least one endomyocardial biopsy performed (rejection pm1).</p>
      <p>The prevalence of rejection pm1 was 64.2%, and significant differences were found between patients with and without rejection pm1 regarding some variables.</p>
      <p>All variables with a significance level below 10% were selected, excluding those with the number 1 in the 95% CI.</p>
      <p>Considering the continuous variables, only RMS40 and LAS40 (duration of the low amplitude electric potential component &lt; 40 &#181;V) showed an association with rejection pm1.</p>
      <p>For each unit reduction in RMS40, there is a 7% increase in the risk of rejection (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.87-0.99; p = 0.03).</p>
      <p>In addition, the increase in LAS40 showed a 1.06-fold increase in the risk of rejection (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.01-1.11; p = 0.03).</p>
      <p>Considering the categorical variables, more precisely the general criteria of the VLP diagnosis, we observed that only the criteria formulated by the American College of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (ACC) evidenced association with the diagnosis of rejection pm1. In the presence of VLP, using the ACC criteria, the risk of rejection increases 7.5 times (OR = 7.5; 95% CI = 1.27-44.09; p = 0.03).</p>
      <p>Regarding individual criteria, those evidencing the strongest associations with rejection pm1 were RMS40 (according to Narayanaswamy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Brembilla-Perrot et al)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and LAS40 (according to Gatzoulis et al),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> with a 7.5-fold increase in the risk of rejection when RMS40 is equal to or lower than 20 &#181;V (OR = 7.5; 95% CI = 1.28-44.09; p = 0.03), and a 14.14-fold increase in that risk when LAS40 is equal to or greater than 50ms (OR = 14.14; 95% CI = 1.46-137.30; p = 0.02).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Elaboration of the risk score</title>
        <p>Considering the logistic regression data, and that more than one variable showed to be associated with the diagnosis of rejection, we decided to elaborate a risk score for rejection pm1.</p>
        <p>According to the ACC criteria, when RMS40 &#8804; 20 &#181;V and LAS40 &#8805; 38 ms, there is a positive diagnosis for the presence of VLP.</p>
        <p>Thus, we initially elaborated a score combining the ACC general criteria for the presence of VLP and the increasing values of LAS40. The point attribution considered the approximate value of OR for each variable (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Point attribution of the criteria included in SCORE1</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Criteria</th>
                  <th/>
                  <th>Points</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">ACC</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">No</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">LAS40</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 50</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">[45-50[</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">[40-45[</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">[38-40[</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">[30-38[</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>ACC: American College of Cardiology; LAS40: Terminal duration of QRSf &lt; 40 &#181;V.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Thus, according to ACC criteria, because OR was 7.5, we attributed 8 points to the presence of VLP. In the absence of VLP, we attributed 0 point.</p>
        <p>Regarding LAS40, using OR values, point attribution obeyed the same principle.</p>
        <p>Based on that, each patient was attributed points, yielding a risk score: SCORE1 = ACC + LAS40.</p>
        <p>To assess the predictive ability of SCORE1, a ROC curve was built, showing, for a cutoff point with sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 60%, good ability to discriminate between patients with and without rejection pm1 (AUC = 0.79; p = 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC Curve for the association of SCORE1 with rejection pm1.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0136-60011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Although that result was satisfactory, we considered elaborating a new score by adding RMS40 values to SCORE1. However, we noticed that the values added were already implicit in the points attributed according to the ACC general criteria.</p>
        <p>Considering that the presence or absence of the ACC criteria could only allow the attribution of two point values, we decided to elaborate SCORE 2 resorting to RMS40 values. Thus, SCORE2 = RMS40 + LAS40.</p>
        <p>Although RMS40 &#8804; 20 &#181;V was the only signal-amplitude-linked variable to show association with the diagnosis of rejection pm1, the values of RMS40 &#8804; 17.5 (OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 0.76-19.95; p = 0.10) and RMS40 &#8804; 15 (OR = 4.67; 95% CI = 0.88-24.80; p = 0.07) were added to SCORE2, because they tended to be significant.</p>
        <p>Point attribution only considered the OR values for RMS40 &#8804; 20 &#181;V. For the two other conditions, due to RMS40 decrease, one more point was attributed, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Point attribution of the RMS40 criteria included in SCORE2</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Criteria</th>
                  <th/>
                  <th>Points</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">RMS40</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">[17.5-20[</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">[15-17.5[</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>RMS40: Terminal QRSf amplitude in the last 40 ms.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>After calculating the SCORE2 for each patient, the predictive ability of that score was assessed by use of a ROC curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve for the association of SCORE2 with rejection pm1.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0136-60011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>SCORE 2 showed a good ability to discriminate between patients with and without rejection pm1, using a cutoff point with sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 60% (AUC = 0.79; p = 0.01).</p>
        <p>After using SCORE 2, a new score was elaborated by adding to it the variables that, according to our analysis, could improve the discriminatory character of the ROC curve.</p>
        <p>Logistic regression showed no association of the variable 'fibrosis' with the diagnosis of rejection pm1.</p>
        <p>However, the Fisher test (&#967;2 = 6.22; p = 0.03) complemented by the Spearman correlation (Rho = 0.47; p = 0.01) showed a moderate and positive relationship between fibrosis and rejection pm1, that variable being thus added to the new score formulated.</p>
        <p>To patients with signs of fibrosis on conventional ECG, 1 point was attributed, and to those without them on conventional ECG, none.</p>
        <p>Thus, SCORE3 = SCORE2 + Fibrosis.</p>
        <p>To assess the discriminatory ability between patients with and without rejection pm1, a ROC curve was built (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). Assuming a cutoff point with sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 60% (AUC = 0.82; p &lt; 0.01), a good ability to distinguish between the two groups studied was demonstrated.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve for the association of SCORE3 with rejection pm1.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0136-60011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The ROC curve for SCORE3 showed the greatest discriminatory power to diagnose rejection pm1.</p>
        <p>Based on the various cutoff points, different levels of probability of the occurrence of rejection pm1 could be assessed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relationship between point attribution and the probability of the diagnosis of rejection pm1 according to SCORE3</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Points</th>
                  <th align="center">Sensitivity</th>
                  <th align="center">Specificity</th>
                  <th align="center">Probability of the diagnosis of rejection pm1</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">55.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                  <td align="center">Very strong probability</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">[18-23[</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">90%</td>
                  <td align="center">Strong probability</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">[11-18[</td>
                  <td align="center">83.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderate probability</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">83.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduced probability</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The analysis of <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows that all patients with a SCORE3 of at least 23 points have a strong probability of rejection. However, for a score lower than 11, that is a less likely diagnosis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the usefulness of SAECG as a method to diagnose heart graft rejection by elaborating a risk score.</p>
      <p>Similarly to that existing in some studies for the diagnosis of channelopathies, this study attempted to elaborate a diagnostic test based on a score of the probability of rejection.</p>
      <p>Considering the result of the endomyocardial biopsy on the day of ECG recording, the prevalence of acute rejection was 17.9%.</p>
      <p>Initially, the groups significantly differed regarding the diverse biochemical and electrophysiological variables. However, and probably because of the low statistical power of this study, due to its reduced sample size, only the variable 'fibrosis' associated, on logistic regression, with the diagnosis of acute rejection, revealing a 19-fold increase in the risk when present on the ECG recordings (OR = 19; 95% CI = 1.65-218.47; p = 0.02). This is in accordance with other studies that indicate that the appearance of myocardial fibrosis strongly relates to acute rejection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The process of acute rejection has been reported to occur as soon as the blood flow is reestablished in the coronary arteries and even in the transplanted heart itself.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> According to Chassot et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> the reaction caused by the attraction of alloreactive T lymphocytes against graft antigens, associated with ischemia-reperfusion lesions instituted with blood flow reestablishment to the coronary arteries, will determine cell changes that culminate in zones of fibrosis. With widened periods of ischemia, ATP and glycogen are depleted due to lack of oxygen, leading to mitochondrial edema. Rupture of the mitochondrial crests occur, and the Krebs cycle is interrupted. Catalyzation of energy-rich compounds, such as fatty acids, begins, increasing cell osmolality. Ca<sup>2+</sup>, which had left the sarcoplasmic reticulum to intervene in systole, is no longer reabsorbed due to lack of ATP, remaining in the cell cytoplasm. With reperfusion, in addition to the sudden O<sub>2</sub> offer that originates free radicals responsible for acidosis of the intracellular medium, there is edema of the myocyte, which, due to the high osmotic gradient, leads to entrance of H<sub>2</sub>O and ions (Na<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+)</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
      <p>The excess of free radicals, associated with the accumulation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and H<sup>+</sup> in the cytoplasm of the myocyte, leads to changes in cell organization and functionality. In addition, degradation of connexins 43 has been reported, hindering the conduction of the electrical stimulus between myocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Thus, the cardiac tissue transforms into connective tissue, leading to the appearance of zones of fibrosis of slow conduction that manifest as VLP on the SAECG. The increase in the zones of fibrosis hinders myocardial contractility, and graft loss becomes inevitable.</p>
      <p>In this study, we attempted to assess the relationship between VLP and the diagnosis of acute rejection. The lack of statistical significance, possibly due to the reduced sample size, made the demonstration of that statement impossible. However, a significant reduction could be observed in the absolute values of RMS40 in individuals with rejection as compared to those without rejection.</p>
      <p>Those results are in accordance with those of the study by Graceffo and O'Rourke in 1996, which, in a population of 20 heart transplant patients, also reported a decrease in RMS40 in those with rejection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      <p>In addition, an increase in QRSf and LAS40, as well as in the number of QRSf notching, was observed in the group of patients with rejection, emphasizing the positive diagnosis of VLP, according to the ACC criteria.</p>
      <p>Because of the low statistical value of most variables, the elaboration of a test to diagnose acute rejection was difficult. </p>
      <p>Based on the assumption that the zones of fibrosis remain, even with the increase in immunosuppression, after a positive diagnosis of rejection on an endomyocardial biopsy, in a second phase of the investigation, the sample was divided into two groups considering the presence or absence of rejection on at least one biopsy, from transplantation until the day of ECG recording (rejection pm1). The proportion of patients with at least one diagnosis of rejection until the date of assessment was 64.2%. Several variables differed significantly between the groups with and without rejection pm1. To assess the strength of the relationship between the variables considered and the probability of rejection pm1, simple logistic regression was performed. We identified that the ACC criteria had a moderate ability to discriminate between transplanted individuals with and without rejection pm1 (AUC = 0.72; p = 0.06). In addition, similarly to the decrease in RMS40 (OR = 7.5; 95% CI = 0.87-0.99; p = 0.03), the increase in LAS40 increased the risk of rejection pm1 (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.0-1.11; p = 0.03).</p>
      <p>Based on that information and on the normal VLP values reported in the literature, we could identify, by use of a ROC curve, several cutoff points to enable the elaboration of a probability score of rejection pm1. Point attribution enabled the stratification of the probability of rejection, as an indicator of the risk for the occurrence of such an important clinical event in that population. We believe that this clinical decision tool enables the discrimination of patients who will require endomyocardial biopsy to confirm the process of rejection, when the score indicates a significant probability of rejection. On the other hand, a low probability of rejection according to the score will spare patients from that invasive procedure, with all inherent benefits regarding possible complications and quality of life in general. This optimizes the decision for those patients and strongly reduces their load of percutaneous procedures during clinical follow-up, with significant advantages not only regarding a reduction in potential complications and the suffering associated, but also in terms of direct and indirect costs.</p>
      <p>This study is the first attempt to elaborate an instrument of clinical decision making to properly and accurately screen rejection in heart transplant patients. However, this study has important limitations, which, despite their relevance, make the results suitable for the preliminary development of the score proposed.</p>
      <p>The first major limitation refers to the lack of uniformity of the normality criteria for the diagnosis of VLP based on SAECG. Although the ACC criteria have achieved more consensus within the scientific community, their validity is conditioned by the duration of the QRS complex (&lt; 120 ms). Thus, considering the various studies revealing the presence of right bundle branch block in 80-90% of heart transplant patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, other criteria were incorporated in this investigation allowing the validation of the SAECG recordings in patients with bundle branch block.</p>
      <p>The reduced sample size, associated with the reduced number of acute rejection processes, proved to be an important limitation, determining the reduced global statistical power of this study. Thus, the results should be read with due caution, the study replication being fundamental, as well as the verification of the accuracy and reliability of the score proposed in a larger study. The lack of technology for the assessment of atrial late potentials is also a limitation, because the incorporation of that component in the analysis could add discriminative ability to the score, an aspect that remains to be demonstrated. On the other hand, the incorporation of other laboratory variables can contribute to increase the robustness of the score proposed, an aspect assumed as a challenge to be considered, providing unequivocal clinical benefit for transplant patients on the existence of a non-invasive instrument to identify those effectively in need for endomyocardial biopsy, thus avoiding unnecessary percutaneous procedures and all their inherent complications and costs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The SAECG is an effective tool to sort patients out according to the presence or absence of rejection.</p>
      <p>We observed that the presence of signs of myocardial fibrosis on ECG is strongly associated with an increase in the risk of acute rejection, and that a reduction in RMS40 on SAECG tends to relate to that diagnosis.</p>
      <p>In addition, the ACC criteria have a moderate ability to discriminate between transplanted individuals with and without rejection pm1, and that, similarly to the reduction in RMS40, the increase in LAS40 increases the risk of rejection pm1.</p>
      <p>Based on that information, we elaborated a probability score of rejection pm1, which allows the stratification of the probability of rejection.</p>
      <p>Although the usefulness of SAECG is camouflaged against acute rejection, probably because of its low statistical power, SAECG has a great value to preview rejection pm1. The potential usefulness of the score should be demonstrated in follow-up studies with a larger sample size.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by V&#237;tor Nogueira Mendes, from Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Jacquemin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
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              <surname>Danchin</surname>
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          <article-title>Can signal-averaged electrocardiograms be interpreted in cases of complete bundle branch block?</article-title>
          <source>Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss</source>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Gialafos</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
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          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
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        <mixed-citation>14 Eisen HJ, Kusmirek LS. Arrhythmias following cardiac transplantation [on line]. Uptodade; 2015. [Cited in 2012 May 10]. Available from: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/arrhythmias_following_cardiac_transplantation</mixed-citation>
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              <given-names>LS</given-names>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagn&#243;stico de Rejei&#231;&#227;o por An&#225;lise de Potenciais Ventriculares Tardios em Doentes Transplantados ao Cora&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>V&#237;tor Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>V&#237;tor Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica - Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiopneumologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correpond&#234;ncia: V&#237;tor Jos&#233; Nogueira Mendes</bold> , Rua dos Vales n&#186;44, Lagoas. CEP 5430-404, Valpa&#231;os, Vila Real - Portugal. E-mail: <email>vitorcpl5@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mendes VN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mendes VN, Pereira TS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira TS, Matos VA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A rejei&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco origina zonas de condu&#231;&#227;o lenta e fragmentada. O eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (ECGAR) &#233; um m&#233;todo potencial de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da rejei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Elaborar um escore de risco para rejei&#231;&#227;o, recorrendo ao ECGAR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudaram-se 28 pacientes transplantados. Numa primeira fase, baseando-nos no diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda, dividimos a amostra em dois grupos (5 pacientes com rejei&#231;&#227;o, 23 sem rejei&#231;&#227;o). Numa segunda fase, a divis&#227;o da amostra teve em conta o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o em pelo menos uma biopsia realizada durante o seguimento (rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1) (18 pacientes com rejei&#231;&#227;o, 10 sem rejei&#231;&#227;o).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Para rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda, a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel a revelar associa&#231;&#227;o foi fibrose, evidenciando um aumento do risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o quando presente no ECG (OR = 19; IC 95% = 1,65-218,47; p = 0,02). Para rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1, constatamos que, para cada diminui&#231;&#227;o de unidade da RMS40, ocorre aumento de 7% do risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o (OR = 0,97; IC 95% = 0,87-0,99; p = 0,03) e que o aumento da LAS40 aumenta 1,06 vez o risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o (OR = 1,06; IC 95% = 1,01-1,11; p = 0,03). Formulamos um escore constitu&#237;do por essas vari&#225;veis e aplicamos aos 28 indiv&#237;duos da amostra. A associa&#231;&#227;o de fibrose, valores crescentes da LAS40 e valores decrescentes da RMS40 tem uma boa capacidade para distinguir doentes com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o (AUC = 0,82; p &lt; 0,01), assumindo um ponto de corte com sensibilidade = 83,3% e especificidade = 60%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O ECGAR distingue doentes com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o. A utilidade do escore proposto dever&#225; ser demonstrada em estudos de seguimento englobando uma amostra de maiores dimens&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Rejei&#231;&#227;o de Enxerto</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A rejei&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma das principais causas de morte nos doentes transplantados ao cora&#231;&#227;o. Segundo a International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), 21% a 30% dos doentes transplantados ao cora&#231;&#227;o desenvolvem pelo menos um processo de rejei&#231;&#227;o durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s transplante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No Centro de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica do Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra (CCT-CHUC), a preval&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o &#233; de 10% em 8,5 anos de seguimento cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Embora estudos comprovem a efic&#225;cia da terapia imunossupressora na preven&#231;&#227;o da rejei&#231;&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico deste quadro permanece um desafio. A biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico da rejei&#231;&#227;o, todavia &#233; um m&#233;todo invasivo com morbilidades inerentes. Para colmatar as limita&#231;&#245;es desta metodologia, tem havido um esfor&#231;o no sentido de desenvolver m&#233;todos alternativos de diagn&#243;stico da rejei&#231;&#227;o, envolvendo a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores, avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, entre outros.</p>
        <p>Uma vez que a rejei&#231;&#227;o acarreta altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais, nomeadamente zonas de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica caracterizadas por condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica lenta e fragmentada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> &#233; presum&#237;vel que a presen&#231;a de Potenciais Ventriculares Tardios (PVT) no ECG de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (ECGAR) destes doentes seja um preditor clinicamente relevante.</p>
        <p>Num estudo realizado a 20 indiv&#237;duos transplantados submetidos a biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica, verificou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o dos valores da RMS40 (voltagem terminal do QRSf nos &#250;ltimos 40 ms) e do QRSf nos indiv&#237;duos com rejei&#231;&#227;o, comparativamente com os indiv&#237;duos sem rejei&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Noutro estudo, onde se realizou ECGAR a 20 doentes transplantados tratados com ciclosporina, verificou-se no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio uma boa reprodutibilidade (r = 0,83) e boa precis&#227;o deste exame na dete&#231;&#227;o da rejei&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Para Morocutti et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> num estudo em que pretendeu encontrar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os PVT e a rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda, a sensibilidade e a especificidade para a presen&#231;a de PVT nos casos de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda foram de 69% e 71% respectivamente.</p>
        <p>O estudo dos PVT em doentes transplantados constitui assim um objetivo de interesse, o que motivou a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, tendo como objetivo fundamental a avalia&#231;&#227;o da utilidade desta t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva no diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o em doentes transplantados, a partir da qual se pretende construir um escore de risco preditor de epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o, recorrendo a par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e eletrofisiol&#243;gicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra foi feita por conveni&#234;ncia, considerando a popula&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel de doentes transplantados, e a reuni&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas necess&#225;rias &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o das avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pretendidas, no prazo definido para a recolha dos dados.</p>
          <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 28 indiv&#237;duos, 23 do sexo masculino e 5 do sexo feminino, transplantados ao cora&#231;&#227;o pelo CCT-CHUC, apresentando idades entre os 19 e os 76 anos e uma idade m&#233;dia de 54 &#177; 12,22 anos. O tipo de estudo usado foi observacional, de coorte fixa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento</title>
          <p>Todos os doentes come&#231;aram por realizar cateterismo com biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica do VD, seguido de ECG, ECGAR e ecocardiograma, tendo sido poss&#237;vel, numa primeira fase, obter dados referentes a estes exames, bem como dados referentes &#224; dosagem e ao tipo de terap&#234;utica imunossupressora de cada doente e an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas.</p>
          <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo direito com biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica do VD teve como base a t&#233;cnica de Seldinger modificada, via veia femoral direita (25 indiv&#237;duos) e esquerda (3 indiv&#237;duos). Todos os procedimentos foram realizados utilizando uma agulha de pun&#231;&#227;o (18G), um introdutor 7F (9F nos casos de fibrose inguinal importante), guia 150 cm ponta em J, Bainha 7F, cateter pigtail 7F e Biotomo 7F. Em cada procedimento recolheram-se dois fragmentos do septo interventricular direito, sendo posteriormente analisados, via microsc&#243;pio, pelo servi&#231;o de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica do CHUC, recorrendo aos crit&#233;rios formulados pela ISHLT 2004 para o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						</p>
          <p>No per&#237;odo de repouso, p&#243;s cateterismo, procedeu-se &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do ECG convencional de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e do ECGAR utilizando o software "<italic>NORAV- ECG Monitoring Version 5.0.2</italic>", da Norav Medical Ltd, num ambiente calmo e livre de ru&#237;do.</p>
          <p>Para aquisi&#231;&#227;o do tra&#231;ado de ECGAR, utilizaram-se deriva&#231;&#245;es ortogonais de Frank, constituindo eixos cartesianos X, Y, Z.</p>
          <p>A obten&#231;&#227;o do tra&#231;ado consistiu numa m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica, do somat&#243;rio de 200 complexos QRS id&#234;nticos (95% de correspond&#234;ncia) colhidos em cerca de 4 minutos, que ap&#243;s um processo de filtragem, aumentou a raz&#227;o sinal-ru&#237;do dos complexos colhidos, permitindo evidenciar sinais de baixa amplitude e de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, conhecidos como PVT.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s cateterismo, os doentes realizaram ecocardiograma bidimensional.</p>
          <p>Numa segunda fase de recolha de dados, atrav&#233;s da consulta de processos cl&#237;nicos obtivemos informa&#231;&#227;o relativa a: dados demogr&#225;ficos; motivo para realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco; classe funcional da NYHA relativamente &#224; gravidade da sintomatologia de cada doente; antecedentes e fatores de risco cardiovasculares; comorbidades; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda por ecocardiograma, ventriculografia e angiografia de radionucl&#237;deos previamente ao transplante; capacidade respirat&#243;ria previamente ao transplante; press&#245;es intracavit&#225;rias e coronariografia previamente ao transplante.</p>
          <p>Ainda obtivemos dados demogr&#225;ficos referentes aos doadores de cora&#231;&#227;o, bem como a causa de morte e histocompatibilidade com o receptor. Dados referentes aos tempos cir&#250;rgicos tamb&#233;m foram obtidos.</p>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o na biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica, no dia do registo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, indicou o crit&#233;rio de divis&#227;o da nossa amostra. Assim numa primeira etapa da nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o e com base no diagn&#243;stico da biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica no dia do registo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, a nossa amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: um grupo que apresentou como resultado da biopsia aus&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o, e outro grupo que apresentou presen&#231;a de rejei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Numa segunda etapa a divis&#227;o dos grupos manteve-se, no entanto, tendo em conta o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o em pelo menos uma biopsia realizada at&#233; ao dia do registo.</p>
          <p>A t&#233;cnica de amostragem baseou-se no reconhecimento de certas caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos, tais como a realiza&#231;&#227;o de biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica, para assim assegurar a melhor representatividade poss&#237;vel, sendo deste modo uma amostragem n&#227;o-probabil&#237;stica, recolhida por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>Pelo fato dos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o limitarem por vezes o car&#225;cter probabil&#237;stico da amostra, procuraram-se estabelecer crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o. Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os indiv&#237;duos com idades superiores a 18 anos, submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco, que realizaram biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica h&#225; menos de 24 horas.</p>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos todos os doentes portadores de marca-passo, bem como todos os que n&#227;o cumpriram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Quanto a quest&#245;es &#233;ticas inerentes a esta investiga&#231;&#227;o, &#233; de salientar que os dados recolhidos tiveram como &#250;nico objetivo a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um trabalho cient&#237;fico, sendo mantido o anonimato relativamente a todos os indiv&#237;duos, n&#227;o existindo quaisquer interesses comerciais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento Estat&#237;stico</title>
          <p>Depois de recolhidos e sumariados os dados, procedeu-se &#224; sua an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica atrav&#233;s do programa de tratamento estat&#237;stico <italic>"Statistical Package for the Social Sciences"</italic> (SPSS) vers&#227;o 13.</p>
          <p>Numa fase inicial realizou-se uma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva simples, com c&#225;lculo dos valores m&#233;dios &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncias relativas e absolutas, para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis da amostra.</p>
          <p>Para aferir a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, procedeu-se ao teste de Shapiro-Wilks. A verifica&#231;&#227;o de uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal indicou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes estat&#237;sticos param&#233;tricos, e perante a sua aus&#234;ncia a op&#231;&#227;o foram testes estat&#237;sticos n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. Para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os dois grupos, recorreu-se ao teste <italic>t</italic> Student para amostras independentes ou ao teste U de Mann-Whitney.</p>
          <p>Para as compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas recorreu-se ao teste do &#967;2, optando-se em alternativa pelo teste exato de Fisher sempre que o n&#250;mero de casos em alguma c&#233;lula da tabela de conting&#234;ncia fosse inferior a 5.</p>
          <p>No que diz respeito ao ensaio de hip&#243;teses aplicaram-se ainda testes como o Rho de Spearman e o teste de Concord&#226;ncia Kappa de Cohen.</p>
          <p>Para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos preditores de rejei&#231;&#227;o foi aplicada a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, de forma a possibilitar a elabora&#231;&#227;o de um escore de risco.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise de curvas ROC foi aplicada para avaliar o desempenho de cada preditor bem como do escore formulado. Para cada ponto de corte analisaram-se os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade.</p>
          <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos testes estat&#237;sticos foi realizada com base no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de &#945; = 0,05 com IC de 95%; no entanto, para a elabora&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco, utilizou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &#945; = 0,1 com IC de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Estudaram-se 28 pacientes transplantados ao cora&#231;&#227;o, dos quais 5 apresentavam um quadro de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda na biopsia.</p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e hemodin&#226;micas foram sujeitas a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda.</p>
        <p>A rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda somente evidenciou associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de sinais de fibrose no ECG. Por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica verificamos que a presen&#231;a de fibrose no ECG aumenta 19 vezes mais o risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda (OR = 19; IC 95% = 1,65-218,47; p = 0,02).</p>
        <p>Atrav&#233;s de uma curva ROC avaliou-se a robustez da associa&#231;&#227;o da fibrose com a rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda. Identificou-se um ponto de corte com sensibilidade = 80%, uma especificidade = 82,6% e uma AUC = 0,81, traduzindo deste modo uma boa capacidade para discriminar os doentes transplantados com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva ROC referente &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o da fibrose com a rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0136-60011-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Uma vez que a vari&#225;vel fibrose foi a &#250;nica a demonstrar associa&#231;&#227;o com o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda, tornou-se imposs&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um escore de risco. Deste modo, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise comparada entre as v&#225;rias vari&#225;veis em estudo tendo em conta o diagn&#243;stico positivo de rejei&#231;&#227;o, em pelo menos um procedimento, com base na totalidade das biopsias (rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1).</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1 foi de 64,2% e encontraram-se diferen&#231;as significativas entre os doentes com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1 relativamente a algumas vari&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Foram seleccionadas todas as vari&#225;veis, com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia menor que 10% (excluindo aquelas que continham a unidade no IC 95%).</p>
        <p>Tendo em conta as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, somente a RMS40 e a LAS40 (dura&#231;&#227;o terminal do QRSf &lt; 40 &#181;V) demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o com a rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1.</p>
        <p>Para cada diminui&#231;&#227;o de unidade da RMS40, ocorre aumento de 7% do risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o (OR = 0,93; IC 95% = 0,87-0,99; p = 0,03).</p>
        <p>O aumento da LAS40 revelou tamb&#233;m que aumenta 1,06 vez mais o risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o (OR = 1,06; IC 95% = 1,01-1,11; p = 0,03).</p>
        <p>Tendo em conta as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, mais precisamente os crit&#233;rios gerais de diagn&#243;stico dos PVT, verificamos que s&#243; os crit&#233;rios formulados pela <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (ACC) &#233; que evidenciam associa&#231;&#227;o com o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1. Na presen&#231;a de PVT, utilizando os crit&#233;rios da ACC, o risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o aumenta 7,5 vezes mais (OR = 7,5; IC 95% = 1,27-44,09; p = 0,03).</p>
        <p>Quanto aos crit&#233;rios individuais, os que evidenciaram as associa&#231;&#245;es mais fortes com a rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1 foram a RMS40 (segundo Narayanaswamy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e Brembilla-Perrot et al)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e a LAS40 (segundo Gatzoulis et al),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> observando-se um aumento de 7,5 vezes mais do risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o quando a RMS40 &#233; inferior ou igual a 20 &#181;V (OR = 7,5; IC 95% = 1,28-44,09; p = 0,03) e um aumento do risco 14,14 vezes quando a LAS40 &#233; superior ou igual a 50 ms (OR = 14,14; IC 95% = 1,46-137,30; p = 0,02).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Elabora&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco</title>
          <p>Tendo em conta os dados da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, uma vez que mais do que uma vari&#225;vel demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o com o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o, propusemo-nos elaborar um escore de risco para a rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1.</p>
          <p>Segundo os crit&#233;rios da ACC, quando o RMS40 &#8804; 20 &#181;V e a LAS40 &#8805; 38 ms, h&#225; um diagn&#243;stico positivo para a presen&#231;a de PVT.</p>
          <p>Deste modo, elaboramos inicialmente um escore que englobasse os crit&#233;rios gerais da ACC para a presen&#231;a de PVT juntamente com os valores crescentes da LAS40. A atribui&#231;&#227;o da pontua&#231;&#227;o teve em conta o valor aproximado do OR para cada vari&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Pontua&#231;&#227;o atribu&#237;da aos crit&#233;rios inclu&#237;dos no ESCORE1</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Crit&#233;rios</th>
                    <th/>
                    <th>Pontos</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">ACC</td>
                    <td align="center">Sim</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="5">LAS40</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 50</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">[45-50[</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">[40-45[</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">[38-40[</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">[30-38[</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3">
                  <p>ACC: American College of Cardiology; LAS40: Dura&#231;&#227;o terminal do QRSf inferior a 40 &#181;V</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Assim, para os crit&#233;rios da ACC, uma vez que o valor do OR foi de 7,5, atribu&#237;mos uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de 8 para a presen&#231;a de PVT. Na aus&#234;ncia de PVT, atribu&#237;mos uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de 0.</p>
          <p>Para a LAS40, recorrendo aos valores do OR, a atribui&#231;&#227;o de pontos regeu-se pelo mesmo princ&#237;pio.</p>
          <p>Com base nesses pontos foi atribu&#237;da uma pontua&#231;&#227;o a cada doente, elaborando um escore de risco: ESCORE1 = ACC + LAS40.</p>
          <p>De forma a avaliar a capacidade preditiva deste ESCORE1, procedemos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma curva ROC que, para um ponto de corte de sensibilidade de 83,3% e uma especificidade de 60%, demonstrou uma boa capacidade para discriminar os doentes com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1 (AUC = 0,79; p = 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva ROC referente &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o do ESCORE1 com a rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0136-60011-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Apesar de esse resultado ter-se revelado satisfat&#243;rio, pensamos em elaborar um novo escore onde adicionamos ao ESCORE1 os valores da RMS40. Contudo, percebemos que intrinsecamente os valores adicionados j&#225; estariam impl&#237;citos nos pontos atribu&#237;dos para os crit&#233;rios gerais da ACC.</p>
          <p>Uma vez que a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia dos crit&#233;rios da ACC s&#243; possibilitariam a atribui&#231;&#227;o de dois valores pontuais, decidimos, portanto, elaborar o ESCORE 2 recorrendo aos valores da RMS40. Assim o ESCORE2 = RMS40 + LAS40.</p>
          <p>Apesar da RMS40 &#8804; 20&#181;V ter sido a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel ligada &#224; amplitude do sinal a revelar associa&#231;&#227;o com o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1, adicionamos a esse ESCORE2 os valores de RMS40 &#8804; 17,5 (OR = 3,9; IC 95% = 0,76-19,95; p = 0,10) e o RMS40 &#8804; 15 (OR = 4,67; IC 95% = 0,88-24,80; p = 0,07), uma vez que apresentavam valores tendencialmente significativos.</p>
          <p>A atribui&#231;&#227;o de pontos s&#243; teve em conta os valores de OR para a RMS40 &#8804; 20 &#181;V. Para as outras duas condi&#231;&#245;es, em fun&#231;&#227;o do decr&#233;scimo da RMS40, atribu&#237;mos mais um ponto, tal como se verifica na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Pontua&#231;&#227;o atribu&#237;da aos crit&#233;rios da RMS40 inclu&#237;dos no ESCORE2</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Crit&#233;rios</th>
                    <th/>
                    <th>Pontos</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">RMS40</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 20</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">[17,5-20[</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">[15-17,5[</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4">
                  <p>RMS40: Voltagem terminal do QRSf nos &#250;ltimos 40 ms.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a atribui&#231;&#227;o da respetiva pontua&#231;&#227;o a cada doente atendendo ao ESCORE2, avaliamos sua capacidade preditiva atrav&#233;s da realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva ROC referente &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o do ESCORE2 com a rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0136-60011-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Verificamos que o ESCORE 2 tem uma boa capacidade para discriminar os doentes com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1, utilizando um ponto de corte com uma sensibilidade de 83,3% e uma especificidade de 60% (AUC = 0,79; p = 0,01).</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s termos realizado o ESCORE 2, elaboramos um novo escore adicionando-lhe vari&#225;veis que, pela nossa an&#225;lise, poderiam melhorar o car&#225;ter discriminat&#243;rio da curva ROC.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel 'fibrose', verificamos que por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica n&#227;o existia qualquer tipo de associa&#231;&#227;o com o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1.</p>
          <p>Contudo, uma vez que t&#237;nhamos verificado pela an&#225;lise do teste de Fisher (&#967;2 = 6,22; p = 0,03) complementado pela an&#225;lise da correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (Rho = 0,47; p = 0,01) a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o moderada e positiva entre esta vari&#225;vel e a rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1, decidimos adicionar a vari&#225;vel 'fibrose' ao novo escore formulado.</p>
          <p>Aos doentes com sinais de fibrose no ECG convencional atribuiu-se 1 ponto e aos doentes sem sinais de fibrose no ECG convencional, 0 ponto.</p>
          <p>Assim, o ESCORE3 = ESCORE2 + Fibrose.</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria entre os doentes com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1, procedeu-se na mesma &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>). Assumindo um ponto de corte de sensibilidade de 83,3% e especificidade de 60% (AUC = 0,82; p &lt; 0,01), demonstrou-se uma boa capacidade em distinguir os dois grupos em estudo.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva ROC referente &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o do ESCORE3 com a rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0136-60011-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Verificamos assim que a curva ROC para o ESCORE3 &#233; a que apresenta maior poder discriminat&#243;rio para o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1.</p>
          <p>Com base nos v&#225;rios pontos de corte pudemos aferir diferentes n&#237;veis de probabilidade para a ocorr&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6">
              <label>Tabela 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre atribui&#231;&#227;o de pontos e probabilidade de diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1 tendo em conta o ESCORE3</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Pontos</th>
                    <th align="center">Sensibilidade</th>
                    <th align="center">Especificidade</th>
                    <th align="center">Probabilidade Diagn&#243;stica de Rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#8805; 23</td>
                    <td align="center">55,6%</td>
                    <td align="center">100%</td>
                    <td align="center">Probabilidade muito forte</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">[18-23[</td>
                    <td align="center">66,7%</td>
                    <td align="center">90%</td>
                    <td align="center">Probabilidade forte</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">[11-18[</td>
                    <td align="center">83,3%</td>
                    <td align="center">60%</td>
                    <td align="center">Probabilidade moderada</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&lt; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">83,3%</td>
                    <td align="center">50%</td>
                    <td align="center">Probabilidade reduzida</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Pela an&#225;lise da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref> verificamos que todos os doentes com uma pontua&#231;&#227;o superior a 23 pontos t&#234;m uma probabilidade muito forte de rejei&#231;&#227;o pelo ESCORE proposto. Em contrapartida, quando inferior a 11, esse diagn&#243;stico passa a apresentar-se pouco prov&#225;vel.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Como objetivo desta investiga&#231;&#227;o pretendeu-se avaliar a utilidade do ECGAR como m&#233;todo de diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto card&#237;aco atrav&#233;s da elabora&#231;&#227;o de um escore de risco.</p>
        <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a do que existe em alguns estudos para o diagn&#243;stico de canalopatias, tentou-se elaborar um teste de diagn&#243;stico, com base num escore de probabilidades para a ocorr&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Tendo em conta o resultado da biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica no dia do registo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, constatamos que a preval&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda foi de 17,9%.</p>
        <p>Inicialmente, encontraram-se diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos definidos em diversas vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas. Contudo, e provavelmente como consequ&#234;ncia de uma baixa pot&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica do estudo, consequente &#224; reduzida amostra, somente a vari&#225;vel 'fibrose' se associou, na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, ao diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda, revelando um aumento do risco 19 vezes maior quando presente nos tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (OR = 19; IC 95% = 1,65-218,47; p = 0,02). Este dado est&#225; em linha com outros estudos, que indicam que surgimento de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica se relaciona fortemente com a rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Est&#225; descrito que o processo de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda pode ocorrer mal aconte&#231;a o restabelecimento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo nas coron&#225;rias (e no pr&#243;prio cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Segundo Chassot et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> a rea&#231;&#227;o provocada pela atra&#231;&#227;o dos linf&#243;citos T aloreativos contra os ant&#237;genos do enxerto, associada &#224;s les&#245;es de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o institu&#237;das com o restabelecimento do fluxo dentro das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, vai provocar altera&#231;&#245;es celulares que culminam em zonas de fibrose. Com per&#237;odos alargados de isquemia, o ATP e o glicog&#234;nio esgotam-se devido &#224; falta de oxig&#234;nio, levando &#224; "edematiza&#231;&#227;o" das mitoc&#244;ndrias. H&#225; ruptura das cristas mitocondriais e o Ciclo de Krebs &#233; interrompido. Come&#231;a a haver catalisa&#231;&#227;o dos compostos ricos em energia, tais como os &#225;cidos graxos, aumentando a osmolalidade celular. O Ca<sup>2+</sup> que at&#233; ent&#227;o tinha sa&#237;do do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico para intervir na s&#237;stole deixa de ser "reabsorvido" por este devido &#224; falta de ATP, permanecendo no citoplasma da c&#233;lula. Com a reperfus&#227;o, para al&#233;m do aporte s&#250;bito de O<sub>2</sub> que origina radicais livres respons&#225;veis pela acidose do meio intracelular, ocorre tamb&#233;m edema do mi&#243;cito que, devido ao elevado gradiente osm&#243;tico, leva &#224; entrada de H<sub>2</sub>O e &#237;ons (Na<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+)</sup> para o seu interior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>O excesso de radicais livres, associados &#224; acumula&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> e H<sup>+</sup> no citoplasma do mi&#243;cito, condiciona altera&#231;&#245;es da organiza&#231;&#227;o e funcionalidade celular. Tamb&#233;m tem sido descrita a ocorr&#234;ncia de degrada&#231;&#227;o das conexinas 43 prejudicando a condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico entre mi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O tecido card&#237;aco transforma-se assim em tecido conjuntivo, levando ao surgimento de zonas de fibrose de condu&#231;&#227;o lenta, que se manifestam por PVT no ECGAR. Com o aumento de zonas de fibrose, a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica fica comprometida e a perda do enxerto torna-se inevit&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>No nosso estudo, tentamos verificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os PVT e o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda. A falta de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (possivelmente devido ao reduzido tamanho da amostra) impossibilitou-nos de demonstrar cabalmente esta afirma&#231;&#227;o. Contudo foi poss&#237;vel observar uma diminui&#231;&#227;o tendencialmente significativa dos valores absolutos da RMS40 nos indiv&#237;duos com rejei&#231;&#227;o comparativamente aos indiv&#237;duos sem rejei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Tais resultados demonstram-se concordantes com os do estudo elaborado por Graceffo &amp; O'Rourke em 1996 que, numa popula&#231;&#227;o de 20 indiv&#237;duos transplantados ao cora&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m verificaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da RMS40 nos indiv&#237;duos com rejei&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Verificou-se ainda um aumento do QRSf e da LAS40 bem como no n&#250;mero de entalhes do QRSf no grupo de doentes com rejei&#231;&#227;o, indo assim ao encontro do diagn&#243;stico positivo de PVT, segundo os crit&#233;rios formulados pela ACC.</p>
        <p>Pelo fraco valor estat&#237;stico da maioria das vari&#225;veis, volveu-se dif&#237;cil elaborar um teste de diagn&#243;stico para a rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda.</p>
        <p>Com base na premissa de que as zonas de fibrose permanecem, mesmo com o aumento da imunossupress&#227;o, ap&#243;s um diagn&#243;stico positivo de rejei&#231;&#227;o numa biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica, numa segunda fase da investiga&#231;&#227;o procedeu-se &#224; divis&#227;o da nossa amostra em dois grupos tendo em conta a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o em pelo menos uma biopsia, desde a realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante at&#233; ao dia do registo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico (rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1). A propor&#231;&#227;o de doentes com pelo menos um diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o at&#233; &#224; data da avalia&#231;&#227;o foi de 64,2%. V&#225;rias vari&#225;veis demonstraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1. Para avaliar a for&#231;a da rela&#231;&#227;o entre as diversas vari&#225;veis consideradas e a probabilidade de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1, realizou-se uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica simples. Verificamos que os crit&#233;rios formulados pela ACC tinham uma capacidade moderada para discriminar os indiv&#237;duos transplantados com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1 (AUC = 0,72; p = 0,06). Foi ainda poss&#237;vel verificar que, tal como a diminui&#231;&#227;o da RMS40 (OR = 7,5; IC 95% = 0,87-0,99; p = 0,03), o aumento da LAS40 aumentava o risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1 (OR = 1,06; IC 95% = 1,0-1,11; p = 0,03).</p>
        <p>Com base nesta informa&#231;&#227;o, adicionado aos valores de normalidade para os PVT formulados pelos diversos autores da literatura, foi poss&#237;vel atrav&#233;s de uma curva ROC identificar diversos pontos de corte que possibilitaram a elabora&#231;&#227;o de um escore de probabilidades para a ocorr&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1. Com a atribui&#231;&#227;o da pontua&#231;&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estratificar o grau de probabilidade de rejei&#231;&#227;o, enquanto indicador de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia deste evento cl&#237;nico t&#227;o importante nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Com este instrumento de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, acreditamos ser poss&#237;vel discriminar os doentes que necessitar&#227;o fazer biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica para confirma&#231;&#227;o do processo de rejei&#231;&#227;o (quando o escore indica probabilidade significativa de rejei&#231;&#227;o). Por outro lado, os doentes com um escore revelador de baixa probabilidade de rejei&#231;&#227;o poder&#227;o ser poupados a este procedimento invasivo, com todos os benef&#237;cios inerentes em termos de complica&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis e qualidade de vida em geral. Com esta forma de otimizar a decis&#227;o para estes doentes, poder&#225; ser poss&#237;vel reduzir fortemente a carga de procedimentos percut&#226;neos a que estes doentes ter&#227;o de ser submetidos no decurso do seguimento cl&#237;nico, com vantagens significativas, n&#227;o s&#243; nos aspectos previamente citados (redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es potenciais e do sofrimento associado), mas tamb&#233;m em termos de custos, diretos e indiretos.</p>
        <p>Este trabalho constitui-se assim como uma primeira tentativa de elabora&#231;&#227;o de um instrumento de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica que permita rastrear de forma adequada e precisa a rejei&#231;&#227;o em doentes transplantados ao cora&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, identificam-se limita&#231;&#245;es importantes que, n&#227;o obstante a sua relev&#226;ncia, adequam estes resultados a um processo ainda preliminar de desenvolvimento do escore proposto.</p>
        <p>A primeira grande limita&#231;&#227;o encontrada refere-se &#224; n&#227;o uniformiza&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de normalidade para o diagn&#243;stico dos PVT com base no ECGAR. Apesar dos crit&#233;rios da ACC serem os que re&#250;nem mais consenso junto da comunidade cient&#237;fica, t&#234;m uma validade condicionada pela dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (inferior a 120 ms). Assim, considerando os v&#225;rios estudos publicados que revelaram a presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo direito em cerca de 80-90% dos doentes transplantados ao cora&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> foram incorporados na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o outros crit&#233;rios que permitissem validar os registos de ECGAR em doentes com bloqueio de ramo.</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero reduzido da amostra, associada aos reduzidos processos de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda, revelou-se tamb&#233;m uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante, condicionando uma pot&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica global reduzida do estudo. Dessa forma, os resultados dever&#227;o ser lidos com a necess&#225;ria cautela, tornando-se fundamental a replica&#231;&#227;o do estudo, e a verifica&#231;&#227;o da precis&#227;o e fiabilidade do escore proposto num estudo de maiores dimens&#245;es. A aus&#234;ncia de tecnologia para o estudo dos Potenciais Auriculares Tardios constitui tamb&#233;m uma limita&#231;&#227;o, na medida em que a incorpora&#231;&#227;o deste componente de an&#225;lise poderia acrescentar capacidade discriminativa ao escore, aspecto que permanece por demonstrar. Por outro lado, a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de outras vari&#225;veis laboratoriais poder&#225; contribuir para uma maior solidez do escore proposto, aspecto que se assume como um desafio futuro a considerar, atendendo ao benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico inequ&#237;voco para os doentes transplantados da exist&#234;ncia de um instrumento n&#227;o invasivo capaz de identificar os doentes que necessitam efetivamente de realiza&#231;&#227;o de biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica, poupando-se assim procedimentos percut&#226;neos desnecess&#225;rios e todas as complica&#231;&#245;es e custos que lhe s&#227;o inerentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O ECGAR &#233; uma ferramenta eficaz para distinguir os doentes com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Verificamos que a presen&#231;a de sinais de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica no ECG est&#225; associada fortemente ao aumento do risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda e que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da RMS40 no ECGAR se relaciona tendencialmente com esse diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Verificamos ainda que os crit&#233;rios formulados pela ACC t&#234;m uma capacidade moderada para discriminar os indiv&#237;duos transplantados com e sem rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1 e que, tal como a diminui&#231;&#227;o da RMS40, o aumento da LAS40 aumenta o risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1.</p>
        <p>Com base nesta informa&#231;&#227;o elaboramos um escore de probabilidades para a ocorr&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1, que possibilita estratificar o grau de probabilidade de rejei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Apesar de a utilidade do ECGAR estar camuflada para a rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda, provavelmente como consequ&#234;ncia de uma baixa pot&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica, apresenta grande valor na previs&#227;o da rejei&#231;&#227;o pm1. A utilidade potencial deste escore dever&#225; ser demonstrada em estudos de seguimento englobando uma amostra de maiores dimens&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de V&#237;tor Nogueira Mendes pela Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
