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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6hjGXHvxj4vDDWZ8CbM68np</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200130</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005003102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resilience in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Concei&#231;&#227;o Maria Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>David William</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFCSPA</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Lucia Campos Pellanda</bold> , Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC). Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana. Postal Code 90.620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Lemos CMM, Pellanda LC; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Lemos CMM, Pellanda LC, Moraes DW; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>130</fpage>
      <lpage>135</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Resilience is a psychosocial factor associated with clinical outcomes in chronic diseases. The relationship between this protective factor and certain diseases, such heart diseases, is still under-explored.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The present study sought to investigate the frequency of resilience in individuals with ischemic heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional study with 133 patients of both genders, aged between 35 and 65 years, treated at Rio Grande do Sul Cardiology Institute - Cardiology University Foundation, with a diagnosis of ischemic heart disease during the study period. Sixty-seven patients had a history of acute myocardial infarction. The individuals were interviewed and evaluated by the Wagnild &amp; Young resilience scale and a sociodemographic questionnaire.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Eighty-one percent of patients were classified as resilient according to the scale.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In the sample studied, resilience was identified in high proportion among patients with ischemic heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Resilience, Psychological</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Psychosocial Impact</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiac and vascular diseases are the main cause of death in the world, accounting for 31% of deaths, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In 2012, 17.5 million out of 56 million of deaths were due to cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Studies from back in the 1960s have already pointed out that a multiplicity of factors are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, psychosocial factors including depression, anxiety, social isolation, personality traits and stress have only recently been acknowledged by the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Resilience is a personality attribute which has been studied as a psychosocial factor related to the development of chronic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In health sciences, it is defined as an individual's ability to deal with adversities without succumbing to them, and to surpass the negative effects of stressful life events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Resilience has been identified and reported in the context of several chronic diseases and medical conditions, including congenital heart diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, medullary lesion, etc.</p>
      <p>Strategies to increase resilience may be developed with therapeutic purposes aiming to improve patients' prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Stress and resilience management also provide patients with comfort and well-being.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Since the association between heart diseases and psychosocial factors has been well established,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> it is important to identify the resilient personality among cardiac patients. In this observational study, we aimed to identify resilience in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy treated at Rio Grande do Sul Cardiology Institute, to contribute to the knowledge of psychosocial characteristics of this population. The close relationship between psychological aspects and the clinical disease is a privileged way of investigating the mechanisms of the development, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and ethical aspects</title>
        <p>This was a cross-sectional study, conducted from March 2008 and July 2009 at Rio Grande do Sul Cardiology Institute, a center of reference in cardiology. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the hospital, and all participants signed a written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>A total of 133 individuals of both genders aged between 35 and 65 years were included in the study. Sixty-seven subjects were inpatients, randomly selected, with diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) recorded in the medical records and established by the responsible cardiologist. For AMI diagnosis, the following criteria were considered: history of prolonged chest discomfort (&gt;20 min) which was not relieved by sublingual nitrate, electrocardiographic changes consistent with necrosis (development of Q waves) and/or ST segment elevation &gt; 1 mm, serial measurements of total creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB fraction in the late phase. The other 66 participants were outpatients not diagnosed with AMI, which was confirmed by treadmill exercise testing, coronary angiography and ventriculography, recorded in their medical records.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment measures</title>
        <p>For the assessment of resilience, we used a scale developed by Wagnild &amp; Young12 and adapted in Brazil by Pesce et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> to measure levels of positive psychosocial adjustment to important life events. The final score was obtained by adding the score of each of the 25 questions which were rated from 1 ("totally disagree") to 7 ("totally agree"). The sum of the scores was divided by 175 and multiplied by 100. Subjects were then classified as "resilient" or "non-resilient", by using the mean and standard deviation criteria - one standard deviation was subtracted from the mean of the answers. Individuals with a score higher than this value were classified as resilient. Calculated mean and standard deviation were 84.67 and 8.47 respectively, and participants with a score higher than 76.2 were classified as resilient.</p>
        <p>Data for the assessment of resilience were collected by a psychologist at the outpatient service of the Cardiology Institute, after the visit with the cardiologist. The sociodemographic form was analyzed by an investigator, blind to the cardiovascular diagnosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative variables were described as mean and standard deviation, and qualitative variables were described as proportions. Between-group comparisons were performed by the chi-squared test and paired Student's t-test. Significance level was set at 5%. Data were analyzed by using the SPSS for Windows version 15.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between resilient and non-resilient patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Mean age of patients were 53.7 &#177; 8.4, and 81.2% of them were considered resilients. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the mean scores of each of the 25 questions of the resilience scale.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with ischemic heart disease classified as "resilients" and "non-resilients"</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th/>
                <th>Total</th>
                <th colspan="2">Resilience</th>
                <th/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th/>
                <th>n = 133</th>
                <th>n = 108 Yes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref> (&gt; 76.2)</th>
                <th>n = 25 No<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref> (&#8804; 76.2)</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">68 (51.1)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (53.7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (40.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.217</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age, mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">53.7 &#177; 8.4</td>
                <td align="center">54.7 &#177; 7.9</td>
                <td align="center">49.4 &#177; 9.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>White race</td>
                <td align="center">109 (81.9)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (80.5)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (88.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.383</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cohabitation</td>
                <td align="center">84 (63.1)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (60.1)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (76.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Number of years of education mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.987</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">45 (33.8)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (28.7)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (56.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">34 (25.5)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (25.9)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (24.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.842</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">56 (42.1)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (42.5)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (40.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.813</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                <td align="center">50 (37.5)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (36.1)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (44.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.463</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">46 (34,5)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,528</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">91 (68,4)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (67,5)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (72,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,669</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de IAM</td>
                <td align="center">73 (54,8)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (53,7)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,569</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de medica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">109 (81,9)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (76,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,390</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcoolismo</td>
                <td align="center">23 (17,2)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (16,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,835</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Individuals were classified as &#8216;resilient&#8217; according to the assessment measures of this study.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Individuals were classified as &#8216;non-resilient&#8217; according to the assessment measures of this study</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean rates of the answers to the questions proposed.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0130-60012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The percentage of patients classified as resilient was 74.2% among patients with previous diagnosis of AMI, and 88.1% among patients without the AMI diagnosis (p = 0,041).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this cross-sectional study on patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, we observed a high proportion of patients considered as resilient.</p>
      <p>Chronic diseases are generally associated with long-term degenerative conditions that require continuous attention and adaptive behavior from patients and caregivers, in addition to access to all information needed for adequate management of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> For this reason, they represent a real adversity in patients' lives, by invoking resilience methods during the illness process.</p>
      <p>A study on Duchenne muscular dystrophy reported that 84% of the studied children population was not found to be psychosocially at risk, but rather resilient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In a sample of 95 subjects with chronic pain, psychological resilience seemed to reduce pain catastrophizing events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Another study on 30 adolescents with type 1 diabetes suggested that the use of coping strategies was associated with indicators of resilience.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The importance of resilience was also highlighted in a study on patients with HIV infection, due to peculiarities of the virus and HIV-related social stigma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A study involving 46 families of children with cardiac arrhythmia found a high level of resilience among the patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and a cohort study investigating male adolescents suggested that low resilience to stress may be a risk factor for stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      <p>According to the literature, there is a great variety in how individuals react to adversity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> On one end, there are those who are able to live through extremely adverse situations without significant sequelae, and mechanisms of this phenomenon have been investigated by studies on resilience. </p>
      <p>Different life situations may have distinct meanings to people. Many theoretical models seek to characterize such subjectivity in defining adversity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> since depending on the repertory of psychological capacities developed by the individual through his life, one single situation may be faced either as a challenge that motivates confrontation or an adversity that put him in a situation of frailty.</p>
      <p>The concept of resilience depends on two basic assumptions:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> the occurrence of an adverse or stressing event throughout the individual's life, and the development of psychological mechanisms that allow for surpassing such potentially traumatic events. In the early studies on resilience over 40 years ago, it was believed that resilience was an innate attribute of some individuals, such as the "invulnerable children",<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> mentioned by some authors. Such invulnerability would make these children able to deal with adverse situations. Lemos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> point out the individual's subjective look at the level of exposure and individual limits in face of adversities, so that the same event may be faced as a danger by some individuals and as a challenge by others. This difference corresponds to one's resilience capacity.</p>
      <p>However, there has been a change in the understanding of resilience during patients' clinical course. Although resilience was considered as an intrinsic, innate characteristic of an individual at first, it is currently considered as a dynamic process,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> gradually developed throughout the life span, by the facing and overcoming of adversities. Therefore, contributions of recent studies on the theme is that rather than a stable attribute that may be present or absent, resilience is displayed as a spectrum of individuals who are more or less resilient, subjected to continuous learning about the mechanisms of resilience. Thus, the degree of resilience of an individual would be temporally registered through his life course, and any attempt to measure this attribute would result in a mere snapshot.</p>
      <p>We believe that one of the most relevant results of this study is that the subjects classified as more resilient were also the older patients. Such correlation is in accordance with the theoretical models on which resilience is based - considering the assumption that resilience is a dynamic, gradually developed phenomenon, it is expected that older individuals are also more resilient. However, one may note that this is a relative model, since a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> has suggested that, although resilience is a dynamic event, it does not exhibit a linear progression, but rather, it is subjected to advances and retreats. Therefore, in absolute values, the robustness of resilience is not directly proportional to age.</p>
      <p>It is not new to the medical literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> the idea that aging is a risk factor for depression. This reminds us of the existence of multiple elements that, in conjunction with resilience, have a psychosocial effect on disease process. Aging, when associated with symptoms of depression, competes against resilience, and should be included in the analyses.</p>
      <p>Possibly a legacy of the "invulnerable children" concept, many studies on resilience have been conducted with children. In light of the recent understanding of resilience as a construct of life, we believe that investigations on elderly patients, similar to what we propose here, will give a contribution to existing knowledge on the theme. Several studies have highlighted the association of resilience with chronic diseases, and it seems that the length of disease course and the age of studied population may yield significant correlation results.</p>
      <p>One of our findings, difficult to be explained, is the negative association between resilience and smoking. Nearly one third of our population consisted of smokers, although more than half (56%) of non-resilient patients were smokers (p = 0.009). Beyond the hypothesis of a spurious association, this result suggests a wide range of possibilities to be investigated, from biochemical causes by a direct effect of tobacco, to psychosocial causes by the association of smoking with personality development, in addition to its ability to generate psychological defense mechanisms.</p>
      <p>The study has some limitations. To our knowledge, there is no instrument available in the scientific literature designed to assess resilience specifically in cardiac patients. However, the resilience scale adopted in this study has been used in other groups of patients with chronic disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In addition, there is no consensus on the cut-off points to classify individuals as "resilient" and "non-resilient". Any categorization may result in a simplistic definition, based on an arbitrary model, though needed until new studies present more satisfactory methods. From our standpoint, however, the usefulness of discriminating between resilient and non-resilient individuals lies more on its comparison with other clinical, behavioral and psychosocial variables, than on the label of "resilient" or "non-resilient" itself. These comparisons have the potential to clarify the mechanisms of resilience, and ultimately may lead to therapeutic approaches that promote this protective factor for positive clinical outcomes. Also, although the design of our study has met the objective of identifying resilience in the study population, one limitation was the fact that patients were evaluated at only one point at time. A prospective study investigating resilience and its correlation with cardiac disease over time would contribute to the knowledge about the mechanisms of resilience associated with the outcomes of chronic diseases.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>A high proportion of resilient individuals were identified among patients with myocardial infarction. Further studies are suggested to establish the relationship between resilience and the clinical outcome of patients over time, and to develop strategies to increase resilience in individuals experiencing adverse conditions.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Concei&#231;&#227;o Maria Martins de Lemos, from Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 World Health Organization. (WHO). Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control. Geneva; 2011.</mixed-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resili&#234;ncia em Pacientes Portadores de Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Concei&#231;&#227;o Maria Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>David William</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFCSPA</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucia Campos Pellanda</bold> , Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC). Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana. CEP 90.620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lemos CMM, Pellanda LC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lemos CMM, Pellanda LC, Moraes DW; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A resili&#234;ncia &#233; um fator psicossocial associado a desfechos cl&#237;nicos em doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre este fator protetor e determinadas doen&#231;as, como cardiopatia s, ainda &#233; pouco explorada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo buscou investigar a frequ&#234;ncia da resili&#234;ncia em indiv&#237;duos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo transversal com 133 pacientes entre 35 e 65 anos, de ambos os g&#234;neros, atendidos no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, com diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Destes, 67 j&#225; haviam apresentado pelo menos um epis&#243;dio de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Os indiv&#237;duos foram entrevistados e avaliados pela Escala de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Resili&#234;ncia desenvolvida por Wagnild &amp; Young e por uma ficha de question&#225;rio sociodemogr&#225;fico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Do total de pacientes, 81% foram classificados como resilientes de acordo com a escala.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Na amostra estudada, a resili&#234;ncia foi identificada em elevada propor&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Resili&#234;ncia Psicol&#243;gica</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Impacto Psicosocial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e vasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no mundo, respondendo por 31% das mortes, de acordo com dados da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No ano de 2012, do total de 56 milh&#245;es de mortes, 17,5 milh&#245;es foram devidas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Apesar de estudos da d&#233;cada de 1960 j&#225; apontarem para a multiplicidade de fatores relacionados &#224; patog&#234;nese das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> apenas recentemente fatores psicossociais como depress&#227;o, ansiedade, isolamento social, tra&#231;os de personalidade e estresse, ganharam respaldo na literatura m&#233;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        <p>A resili&#234;ncia &#233; um atributo da personalidade do indiv&#237;duo que tem sido estudado como fator psicossocial relacionado ao curso de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, resili&#234;ncia &#233; a capacidade do indiv&#237;duo de enfrentar adversidades sem sucumbir a elas, transcendendo o impacto negativo dos eventos estressores do curso da vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Ela tem sido identificada e relatada no contexto de uma diversidade de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e outras situa&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, como: cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, diabetes, doen&#231;as neurodegenerativas, infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV), les&#227;o medular, etc.</p>
        <p>Estrat&#233;gias de fortalecimento da resili&#234;ncia podem ser desenvolvidas com finalidade terap&#234;utica em benef&#237;cio do progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O manejo do estresse e da resili&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m possibilita conforto e bem-estar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Uma vez que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e fatores psicossociais foi bem estabelecida,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> &#233; importante identificar a presen&#231;a da personalidade resiliente na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes cardiopatas. Neste estudo observacional, buscamos identificar a resili&#234;ncia em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica atendidos no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, de modo a contribuir para o melhor conhecimento desta popula&#231;&#227;o no &#226;mbito de suas caracter&#237;sticas psicossociais. A estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre os aspectos psicol&#243;gicos e a doen&#231;a cl&#237;nica &#233; uma via privilegiada para o estudo dos mecanismos de desenvolvimento da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, sua preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento e quest&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>O presente trabalho foi um estudo transversal realizado no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC), um centro de refer&#234;ncia para cardiologia. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do hospital e realizado no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2008 a julho de 2009. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 133 indiv&#237;duos, da faixa et&#225;ria de 35 a 65 anos, de ambos os g&#234;neros. Do total da amostra, 67 compreenderam indiv&#237;duos internados, selecionados aleatoriamente, com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) registrado em prontu&#225;rio e estabelecido pelo cardiologista respons&#225;vel. Para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM, foi considerada a presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria de desconforto tor&#225;cico prolongado (&gt;20 min) n&#227;o aliviado por nitrato sublingual, altera&#231;&#227;o na evolu&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma consistente com necrose (desenvolvimento de ondas Q) e/ou eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &gt; 1 mm, e mensura&#231;&#245;es seriadas tardias dos marcadores creatinoquinase total (CK) e de sua fra&#231;&#227;o MB (CK-MB). Os demais 66 pacientes eram consulentes do ambulat&#243;rio de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, sem diagn&#243;stico de IAM, confirmado por teste de esfor&#231;o realizado em esteira ergom&#233;trica, com cinecoronariografia e ventriculografia registrados em prontu&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas de Avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da resili&#234;ncia, foi utilizada a escala desenvolvida por Wagnild e Young<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e adaptada no Brasil por Pesce et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> para medir n&#237;veis de adapta&#231;&#227;o psicossocial positiva em face de eventos de vida importantes. Para computar a escala, foram somados os pontos atingidos por cada indiv&#237;duo nas 25 quest&#245;es propostas, que recebiam respostas entre 1 e 7, variando de "discordo totalmente" para "concordo totalmente". Esta soma de pontos foi dividida por 175 e multiplicada por 100. Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos em resilientes e n&#227;o-resilientes, utilizou-se o crit&#233;rio de desvio-padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia: da m&#233;dia das respostas obtidas, subtraiu-se um desvio-padr&#227;o. Os indiv&#237;duos com pontua&#231;&#227;o acima deste valor foram classificados como resilientes. De acordo com os valores da m&#233;dia (84,67) e desvio padr&#227;o (8,47) obtidos na amostra, foram classificados como resilientes os pacientes com pontua&#231;&#227;o &gt;76,2.</p>
          <p>Os dados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da resili&#234;ncia foram coletados por uma psic&#243;loga, em ambulat&#243;rio do Instituto de Cardiologia, ap&#243;s a consulta dos pacientes com o m&#233;dico cardiologista. A ficha sociodemogr&#225;fica foi avaliada por um investigador cego quanto ao diagn&#243;stico cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas sob a forma de m&#233;dias e desvio-padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram descritas na forma de propor&#231;&#245;es. Para compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos, foram utilizados os testes de qui-quadrado e testes t de Student pareado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi de 5%. Os dados foram analisados no programa SPSS for Windows, vers&#227;o 15.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes, divididos entre indiv&#237;duos resilientes e n&#227;o resilientes, e a correspondente medida de associa&#231;&#227;o , com o valor de p, para cada uma das vari&#225;veis. A amostra foi composta de pacientes cuja idade m&#233;dia foi de 53,7 anos, com desvio-padr&#227;o de &#177; 8,4. Foi encontrada uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 81,2% de pacientes resilientes, de acordo com a escala empregada . A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> traz um gr&#225;fico que representa a m&#233;dia de respostas para cada uma das quest&#245;es que compreendem o instrumento utilizado para medir a resili&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas entre pacientes portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica resilientes e n&#227;o resilientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th/>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Resili&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th/>
                  <th>n = 133</th>
                  <th>n = 108 Sim<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">a</xref> (&gt; 76,2)</th>
                  <th>n = 25 N&#227;o<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref> (&#8804; 76,2)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (51,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (53,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,217</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">53,7 &#177; 8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">54,7 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">49,4 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cor branca</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (81,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (80,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (88,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,383</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de companheiro</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (63,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (60,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (76,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,140</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anos de estudo, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,987</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (33,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (28,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (56,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (25,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (25,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (24,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,842</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (42,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (42,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,813</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (36,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (44,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,463</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (34,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,528</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (68,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (67,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (72,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,669</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (54,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (53,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (60,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,569</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de medica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (81,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (76,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,390</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoolismo</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (17,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (17,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,835</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>O indiv&#237;duo foi classificado como 'resiliente', de acordo com as medidas de avalia&#231;&#227;o empregadas.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>O indiv&#237;duo foi classificado como 'n&#227;o resiliente', de acordo com as medidas de avalia&#231;&#227;o empregadas.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndice m&#233;dio de respostas para as quest&#245;es propostas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0130-60012-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de resilientes foi de 74,2% entre os indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de IAM, e de 88,1% entre os pacientes sem esse diagn&#243;stico (p = 0,041).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo transversal com pacientes portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, observou-se alta propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes considerados resilientes.</p>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas s&#227;o geralmente associadas a condi&#231;&#245;es degenerativas de longo prazo, que requerem aten&#231;&#227;o continuada e comportamentos adaptativos por parte dos pacientes e seus cuidadores, al&#233;m de acesso a toda informa&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria para o manejo satisfat&#243;rio da enfermidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Por estas caracter&#237;sticas, correspondem a uma adversidade concreta na vida dos indiv&#237;duos e, como tal, evocam mecanismos de resili&#234;ncia no processo de adoecimento enfrentado por seus portadores.</p>
        <p>Estudo com a Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne encontrou que 84% dos indiv&#237;duos pesquisados n&#227;o se encontravam sob risco psicossocial, tratando-se, segundo os autores, de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as resilientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Em uma amostra de 95 indiv&#237;duos que sofriam de dor cr&#244;nica, a resili&#234;ncia psicol&#243;gica pareceu diminuir eventos de catastrofiza&#231;&#227;o da dor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Outro estudo com 30 adolescentes portadores de diabetes tipo 1 sugeriu que o uso de estrat&#233;gias de enfrentamento associou-se a desfechos indicativos de resili&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Em relato sobre pacientes portadores de HIV, ressaltou-se a import&#226;ncia da resili&#234;ncia, em fun&#231;&#227;o da peculiaridade do v&#237;rus quanto &#224; estigmatiza&#231;&#227;o social.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Em estudo com 46 fam&#237;lias de crian&#231;as com arritmias card&#237;acas, encontraram-se altos n&#237;veis de resili&#234;ncia entre os pacientes da amostra,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e um estudo de coorte que investigou adolescentes do sexo masculino sugeriu que a baixa resili&#234;ncia ao estresse pode ser um fator de risco para AVC na popula&#231;&#227;o observada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
        <p>De acordo com a literatura, existe uma grande variabilidade na maneira como os indiv&#237;duos reagem &#224; adversidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em um dos extremos, est&#227;o aqueles que conseguem sair de situa&#231;&#245;es extremamente adversas sem grandes sequelas. Parte dos estudos sobre resili&#234;ncia busca entender quais mecanismos permitem este fen&#244;meno.</p>
        <p>Diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es de vida podem apresentar significados diversos para diferentes pessoas. Alguns modelos te&#243;ricos buscam caracterizar esta subjetividade da defini&#231;&#227;o de adversidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> j&#225; que, conforme o repert&#243;rio de capacidades psicol&#243;gicas desenvolvidas pelo indiv&#237;duo ao longo de sua vida, uma mesma situa&#231;&#227;o pode ser encarada como um desafio, que motiva o enfrentamento, ou uma adversidade, que o exp&#245;e a uma situa&#231;&#227;o de fragilidade.</p>
        <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do conceito de resili&#234;ncia depende de duas premissas b&#225;sicas:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> a ocorr&#234;ncia de um fato adverso ou estressor no curso da vida, e o desenvolvimento de mecanismos psicol&#243;gicos que permitam a supera&#231;&#227;o deste potencial evento traum&#225;tico. No princ&#237;pio dos estudos do tema resili&#234;ncia, h&#225; mais de 40 anos, acreditava-se que ela era um atributo inato de alguns indiv&#237;duos, como as "crian&#231;as invulner&#225;veis",<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> de alguns autores. Tal invulnerabilidade faria com que estes fossem mais aptos a lidar com situa&#231;&#245;es adversas. Lemos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> destaca a vis&#227;o subjetiva do indiv&#237;duo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o e os limites individuais frente &#224;s adversidades, de maneira que um evento poderia ser encarado como um perigo para certo indiv&#237;duo, enquanto que para outro seria enfrentado como um desafio . Esta diferen&#231;a corresponderia &#224; capacidade de resili&#234;ncia do indiv&#237;duo.</p>
        <p>Contudo, houve uma mudan&#231;a na perspectiva de como a resili&#234;ncia era encarada no curso cl&#237;nico dos pacientes. Inicialmente, pensava-se na resili&#234;ncia como uma caracter&#237;stica intr&#237;nseca e inata ao indiv&#237;duo. A ideia corrente &#233; a de que a resili&#234;ncia &#233; um processo din&#226;mico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> constru&#237;do gradativamente no decorrer da exist&#234;ncia, a partir do enfrentamento e supera&#231;&#227;o das adversidades. Assim, a contribui&#231;&#227;o que estudos mais recentes trouxeram ao tema foi de que a resili&#234;ncia, em vez de um atributo est&#225;vel, presente ou ausente, apresenta-se na forma de um espectro, com indiv&#237;duos mais ou menos resilientes, e sujeitos a uma aprendizagem cont&#237;nua sobre seus mecanismos. Assim, o grau de resili&#234;ncia de determinado indiv&#237;duo estaria marcado temporalmente no curso de sua vida, e qualquer forma de mensura&#231;&#227;o corresponderia apenas a um retrato instant&#226;neo.</p>
        <p>O achado de que os indiv&#237;duos mais resilientes de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foram aqueles de maior idade &#233;, em nossa vis&#227;o, um dos mais relevantes deste estudo. Esta correla&#231;&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com os modelos te&#243;ricos sobre os quais a resili&#234;ncia se baseia, j&#225; que, tida como fen&#244;meno din&#226;mico, de constru&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua ao longo da vida, espera-se que indiv&#237;duos de maior idade sejam tamb&#233;m mais resilientes. Por&#233;m, note-se que este &#233; um modelo relativo, j&#225; que um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> anterior ao nosso sugere que a resili&#234;ncia, embora seja evento din&#226;mico na vida do indiv&#237;duo, n&#227;o se comporta de maneira linear, sempre progressiva. Ela &#233; um fen&#244;meno sujeito a avan&#231;os e retrocessos e, portanto, sua robustez n&#227;o &#233;, em termos absolutos, diretamente proporcional &#224; idade.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o &#233; estranha &#224; literatura m&#233;dica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> a ideia de que o envelhecimento seja um fator de risco para a depress&#227;o. Isso nos lembra sobre a exist&#234;ncia dos m&#250;ltiplos elementos que, juntos da resili&#234;ncia, exercem influ&#234;ncia psicossocial sobre o processo de adoecimento dos indiv&#237;duos. O envelhecimento, quando acompanhado de sintomas de depress&#227;o, &#233; um fen&#244;meno que compete contra a resili&#234;ncia e, portanto, deve ser considerado nas an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>Possivelmente um legado do conceito das tais "crian&#231;as invulner&#225;veis", muitos dos estudos sobre resili&#234;ncia investigam popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas. Com o mais recente entendimento da resili&#234;ncia, como um construto de vida, acreditamos que um esfor&#231;o de investiga&#231;&#227;o em pacientes de maior idade, como foi o caso de nosso estudo, poder&#225; contribuir para alargamos o nosso conhecimento sobre o tema. Diversos trabalhos j&#225; enfatizam a resili&#234;ncia em associa&#231;&#227;o a doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, e nos parece que a dura&#231;&#227;o do enfrentamento de tais doen&#231;as, e a idade das popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas, pode apresentar importante significado correlacional.</p>
        <p>Um resultado de dif&#237;cil explica&#231;&#227;o derivado de nosso estudo &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a resili&#234;ncia e o tabagismo. Cerca de um ter&#231;o dos indiv&#237;duos de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o eram fumantes, mas 56% dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-resilientes se enquadraram nesta categoria (p = 0,009). Para al&#233;m da hip&#243;tese de uma associa&#231;&#227;o esp&#250;ria, o resultado sugere in&#250;meras possibilidades ainda abertas &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o, desde causas bioqu&#237;micas por influ&#234;ncia direta do tabaco, a causas psicossociais pela associa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo ao desenvolvimento da personalidade e sua habilidade de criar estrat&#233;gias maduras de defesa psicol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>O estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. At&#233; nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o existe na literatura cient&#237;fica instrumento designado a avaliar resili&#234;ncia especificamente em pacientes cardiopatas. Contudo, a escala empregada em nosso estudo j&#225; foi utilizada em outros grupos de pacientes com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre um ponto de corte para enquadrar indiv&#237;duos em categorias como "resilientes" e "n&#227;o-resilientes". Qualquer categoriza&#231;&#227;o pode resultar em uma defini&#231;&#227;o simplista, baseada em um modelo arbitr&#225;rio, por&#233;m, necess&#225;ria at&#233; que novos trabalhos tragam metodologias mais satisfat&#243;rias. Parece-nos que o valor de tal divis&#227;o est&#225; mais na sua utilidade para compara&#231;&#227;o com outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, comportamentais e psicossociais, do que no r&#243;tulo resiliente e n&#227;o-resiliente sozinho. Este tipo de compara&#231;&#227;o, com potencial de desvendar os mecanismos por detr&#225;s da resili&#234;ncia, eventualmente poder&#225; resultar em estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas para impulsionar este fator protetivo em favor de desfechos cl&#237;nicos positivos. Ainda, embora o delineamento de estudo utilizado tenha atendido o objetivo de identificar o fator resili&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o definida, o fato de os pacientes terem sido avaliados em um &#250;nico momento foi uma limita&#231;&#227;o. Um estudo prospectivo que verifique a resili&#234;ncia e a correlacione &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ao longo do tempo contribuiria ao conhecimento dos mecanismos de resili&#234;ncia associados aos desfechos de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foi identificada uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos considerados resilientes na amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes infartados. Sugere-se a condu&#231;&#227;o de novos estudos, para estabelecer a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a resili&#234;ncia e o desfecho cl&#237;nico de pacientes ao longo do tempo, e para desenvolver estrat&#233;gias que visem melhorar a resili&#234;ncia em indiv&#237;duos sob condi&#231;&#245;es adversas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Concei&#231;&#227;o Maria Martins de Lemos pelo Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
