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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qRp3bNQsNTLPrtWzMv6Pr4b</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200121</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005001102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150149</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Galectin-3: A Link between Myocardial and Arterial Stiffening in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lala</surname>
            <given-names>Radu Ioan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darabantiu</surname>
            <given-names>Dan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pilat</surname>
            <given-names>Luminita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puschita</surname>
            <given-names>Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vasile Goldis West University Arad</institution>
        <country country="RO">Romania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">"Vasile Goldis" West University Arad &#8211; Romania</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
        <country country="RO">Romania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital &#8211; Cardiology Department &#8211; Romania</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Radu I. Lala,</bold> Universitatea de Vest Vasile Goldis Arad. Str. Liviu Rebreanu, nr. 86, Arad. Postal Code 310045, Arad &#8211; Romania. E-mail: <email>radu_lala@yahoo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lala RI, Puschita M; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lala RI, Darabantiu D, Pilat L; Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Lala RI; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Puschita M, Darabantiu D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>121</fpage>
      <lpage>129</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure is accompanied by abnormalities in ventricular-vascular interaction due to increased myocardial and arterial stiffness. Galectin-3 is a recently discovered biomarker that plays an important role in myocardial and vascular fibrosis and heart failure progression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to determine whether galectin-3 is correlated with arterial stiffening markers and impaired ventricular-arterial coupling in decompensated heart failure patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 79 inpatients with acute decompensated heart failure were evaluated. Serum galectin-3 was determined at baseline, and during admission, transthoracic echocardiography and measurements of vascular indices by Doppler ultrasonography were performed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Elevated pulse wave velocity and low arterial carotid distensibility are associated with heart failure in patients with preserved ejection fraction (p = 0.04, p = 0.009). Pulse wave velocity, carotid distensibility and Young&#8217;s modulus did not correlate with serum galectin-3 levels. Conversely, raised galectin-3 levels correlated with an increased ventricular-arterial coupling ratio (Ea/Elv) p = 0.047, OR = 1.9, 95% CI (1.0&#8209;3.6). Increased galectin-3 levels were associated with lower rates of left ventricular pressure rise in early systole (dp/dt) (p=0.018) and raised pulmonary artery pressure (p = 0.046). High galectin-3 levels (p = 0.038, HR = 3.07) and arterial pulmonary pressure (p = 0.007, HR = 1.06) were found to be independent risk factors for all-cause mortality and readmissions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>This study showed no significant correlation between serum galectin-3 levels and arterial stiffening markers. Instead, high galectin-3 levels predicted impaired ventricular-arterial coupling. Galectin-3 may be predictive of raised pulmonary artery pressures. Elevated galectin-3 levels correlate with severe systolic dysfunction and together with pulmonary hypertension are independent markers of outcome.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Galectin 3/analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers Pharmacological</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/pathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Ventricles/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>European Social Fund and the romanian Government</funding-source>
          <funding-source>The Sectorial Operation Programme Human Resources</funding-source>
          <award-id>141531</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was partially funded by The Sectorial Operation Programme Human Resources development, financed by the European Social Fund and the romanian Government under the contract number 141531.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure is a complex syndrome characterized by continuous molecular, cellular and interstitial changes that lead to changes in size, shape and function of the heart. Part of these changes are due to exaggerated neurohormonal activation which has been found to have a direct relationship with arterial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> Several studies have shown that arterial stiffness is increased in congestive heart failure, and is associated with left ventricle (LV) diastolic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> These findings are particularly important because reduced arterial compliance is responsible for abnormal ventricular-arterial coupling, greater cardiac afterload, increased LV wall stress and reduced coronary flow, all of which lead to deterioration in LV function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Recent attention has been focused on one emerging biomarker, galectin-3, which is distributed in various cells including macrophages and is up-regulated during inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> Studies have pointed out a close relationship between macrophage activation and fibrosis in heart failure pathogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> Galectin-3 has been proved to be involved in fibrosis, hypertrophy and heart failure progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> Given the aforementioned pathogenic mechanisms and the pro-inflammatory state that is found in heart failure, we considered galectin-3 a possible mediator of vascular fibrosis and a link between myocardial and arterial stiffening. Therefore we aim to evaluate whether galectin-3 correlates with arterial stiffening markers and impaired ventricular-arterial coupling in decompensated heart failure patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study was conducted in 2014. Seventy-nine inpatients were evaluated at the clinical county hospital with a primary diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure. Serum galectin-3 of patients was determined at baseline. Of this cohort, 60 patients had heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (EF) (mean of 25%) and 19 patients had heart failure with preserved EF (mean of 45%). The study was approved by the hospital Medical Ethics Committee and complied with the Helsinki Declaration. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography (ECG)</title>
        <p>Transthoracic ECG was performed on each patient during hospitalization. The following structural indices were assessed: left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and systolic volumes and diameters, LV wall thickness, LV mass (Devereux equation), relative wall thickness (RWT), left atrial indexed volume, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP). Markers of systolic function included determination of LV EF by the biplane modified Simpson's method, fractional shortening and the rate of LV pressure rise in early systole (dp/dt). Markers of diastolic dysfunction were also determined: transmitral diastolic velocities (E, A), transmitral flow propagation velocity (Vp), early deceleration time (DTE), septal mitral annulus velocities (e', a') by tissue Doppler, diastolic ratios E/A, E/e', and E/Vp. Each patient was evaluated using the same echo-machine, and two investigators analyzed the echocardiographic data.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular Function Indices</title>
        <p>The following vascular indices were assessed: pulse wave velocity, carotid distensibility coefficient and Young's elastic modulus. Each of these is considered to provide reliable parameters when evaluating arterial stiffness. Pulse wave velocity was measured by pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound probe synchronized with the ECG. Common carotid artery was located by placing the sample volume at the supraclavicular level, and the common femoral artery by placing the sample volume in the groin (not simultaneously). After acquisition of Doppler tracing, we made three consecutive recordings from both arteries, and measured the time from the R wave of the QRS to the foot of the Doppler waveform using digital calipers (the time taken by the blood ejected from the heart to reach the studied arteries). We calculated the average time of the three recordings, and measured the distance between the sites where we traced the Doppler waveforms. For the carotid distensibility coefficient and Young's modulus, we used the M-mode echo to measure the diameter of the vessel during systole and diastole, and the vessel's wall thickness. Finally, we measured the intima medial thickness by echo-2D. These parameters were calculated by existing mathematical formulas: <italic>Distensibility coefficient = (Dmax<sup>2</sup>-Dmin<sup>2</sup>)/Dmax*MAP; Young Modulus = MAP*Dmax/ (Dmax-Dmin)*h; Pulse wave velocity = Dist/T<sub>2</sub> -T<sub>1</sub>,</italic> where Dmax: maximum diameter of the vessel during systole, Dmin: minimum diameter of the vessel during diastole, MAP: mean arterial pressure, h: thickness of the vessel wall, Dist: distance between arterial carotid site and arterial femoral site, T<sub>2</sub>: average time between R wave of the QRS and the beginning of the Doppler waveform of the common femoral artery, T<sub>1</sub>: average time between R wave of the QRS and the beginning of the Doppler waveform of the common carotid artery.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Arterial-ventricular coupling</title>
          <p>Brachial blood pressure was determined with patient at rest, using a sphygmomanometer and a standard stethoscope. Arterial elastance (Ea) is a parameter used to estimate the arterial load which represents the change in volume for any change in pressure. The Ea index includes characteristics such as arterial compliance and peripheral vascular resistance, and is calculated as Ea = end-systolic pressure/stroke volume. A non-invasive estimation of the end-systolic pressure was made by using the approximation formula: 0.9 x brachial systolic pressure, which accurately predicts pressure-volume loop measurements of end-systolic pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Stroke volume was determined echocardiographically by Simpson's modified biplane method. Next we evaluated the LV elastance (Elv) index which is a parameter used to estimate the LV contractility based on the following equation Elv = end-systolic pressure/ end-systolic volume - V<sub>0</sub>, where V<sub>0</sub> is the theoretical volume at zero pressure, and considered to be negligible compared to end-systolic volume.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Finally we evaluated arterial-ventricular coupling by determining the Ea/Elv ratio, which estimates cardiovascular hemodynamics through the interaction between the arterial system and the left ventricle.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory assessment</title>
        <p>Blood samples were collected during admission. The samples were centrifuged, and serum galectin-3 concentration was determined using an optimized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Human galectin-3 NBP1-91275, NOVUS BIOLOGICALS, R&amp;D Systems Europe, Germany), and measured using a Tecan Sunrise microplate reader. This is an immunoassay in which a biotin-conjugated anti-human galectin-3 antibody binds to human galectin-3 captured by the coating antibody. Calibration and standardization of the assay were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution are presented as means and standard deviation, and significance of differences was tested by Student's t-test. Continuous variables with non-normal distribution are expressed as medians (interquartile range, IQR), and significance of differences was tested by Kruskal-Wallis test or the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables are expressed as percentages. Normality of distribution was evaluated by Shapiro-Wilk test. Correlations of vascular indices with clinical and echocardiographic variables were assessed using the Spearman correlation analysis. We also used Pearson's chi-square test for comparison of categorical values, multivariate logistic regression to assess the relationship between dependent categorical variables and independent variables, and Cox regression survival analysis to identifying predictors of composite endpoint (all-cause mortality and readmissions). All the analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS 20 package. Statistical significance was assessed by two-tailed test and a p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Mean age of the cohort was 64 &#177; 11 years of which 73% were males and 26% were females. During a 12-month follow-up, 35 readmissions for worsening of heart failure and 1 death (cardiogenic shock) were recorded. First, we divided the patients in two groups on the basis EF, reduced or preserved (&lt; 40% or &#8805; 40%, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). Median serum levels of galectin-3 were not significantly different (p = 0.9) between patients with heart failure with reduced EF (8.2 ng/ml [3.6-14.0]) (median and IQR) and those with heart failure with preserved EF (9.7 ng/ml [3.7-12.0]). Compared with patients with reduced EF, patients with preserved EF presented significantly higher pulse wave velocities (11.3 m/s [9.4-16.0] versus 10 m/s [7.3-12.5], p = 0.04), systolic blood pressure (169 &#177; 45 mmHg versus 134 &#177; 60 mmHg, p = 0.004), and age (76 years versus 62 years, p = 0.001), and lower carotid distensibility coefficient (2.7 mmHg [1.8-3.5] versus 3.9 mmHg [2.7-5.7], p = 0.009) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Heart failure etiology and associated conditions</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Heart failure etiology</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Ejection fraction</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HFPEF</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HFREF</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">9(47.4)</td>
              <td align="center">27(45)</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">8(42.1)</td>
              <td align="center">12(20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valvular n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">2(10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">2(3.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0)</td>
              <td align="center">19(31.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Decompensated heart failure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic event n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">4(21.1)</td>
              <td align="center">12(20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive pulmonary edema n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">11(57.9)</td>
              <td align="center">2(3.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arrhythmia n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">3(15.8)</td>
              <td align="center">5(8.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valvular disease n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">1(5.3)</td>
              <td align="center">4(6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Poor medication adherence n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0)</td>
              <td align="center">10(16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased sodium intake n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0)</td>
              <td align="center">11(18.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Other n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0)</td>
              <td align="center">15(25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Readmissions n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">13(47.4)</td>
              <td align="center">22(26.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">11(57.9)</td>
              <td align="center">24(40)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">8(42.1)</td>
              <td align="center">12(20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>HFPEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. HFREF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of heart failure patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Ejection fraction</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left"/>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HFPEF</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HFREF</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (median[IQR])</td>
              <td align="center">76[67-79]</td>
              <td align="center">62[56-69]</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">169 &#177; 45</td>
              <td align="center">134 &#177; 25</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">93 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">88 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart Rate (b/min) (median[IQR])</td>
              <td align="center">88[74-111]</td>
              <td align="center">99[80-120]</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA class IV (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13(68.4)</td>
              <td align="center">45(75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycemia (mg/dl) (median[IQR])</td>
              <td align="center">162[109-243]</td>
              <td align="center">132[95-182]</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GFR (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 21</td>
              <td align="center">65 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Galectin-3 (ng/ml) (median[IQR])</td>
              <td align="center">9.7[3.7-12]</td>
              <td align="center">8.2[3.6-14]</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWV (m/s) (median[IQR])</td>
              <td align="center">11.3[9.4-16]</td>
              <td align="center">10[7.3-12.5]</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CD (10<sup>3</sup> mmHg) (median[IQR])</td>
              <td align="center">2.7[1.8-3.5]</td>
              <td align="center">3.9[2.7-5.7]</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Young (kPa) (median[IQR])</td>
              <td align="center">563[432-749]</td>
              <td align="center">408[260-706]</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IMT (cm) (median[IQR])</td>
              <td align="center">1.1[0.9-2.2]</td>
              <td align="center">1[0.8-1.1]</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/e' (median[IQR])</td>
              <td align="center">10[8-14]</td>
              <td align="center">13.6[9.8-16]</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/Vp (mean&#177;SD)</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAvolume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>) (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">76 &#177; 30</td>
              <td align="center">74 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PASP (mmHg) (median(IQR))</td>
              <td align="center">35[25-46]</td>
              <td align="center">30[20-42]</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ea (mmHg*ml<sup>-1</sup>*m<sup>-2</sup>) (median(IQR))</td>
              <td align="center">2.8[2.6-3.9]</td>
              <td align="center">2.5[2-3.7]</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Elv (mmHg*ml<sup>-1</sup>*m<sup>-2</sup>) (median(IQR))</td>
              <td align="center">2.4[1.9-3.7]</td>
              <td align="center">0.9[0.7-1.2]</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ea/Elv ratio (median(IQR))</td>
              <td align="center">1.1[1-1.3]</td>
              <td align="center">2.5[2-3.3]</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>HFPEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFREF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; SD:standard deviation; IQR:interquartile range; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; PWV: pulse wave velocity; CD:carotid distensibility coefficient; IMT: intimal medial thickness; LA: left atrium; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; Ea: arterial elastance; Elv: left ventricular elastance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline characteristics, correlation of vascular indices with echocardiography and clinical parameters</title>
        <p>Association between covariates (clinical, echocardiographic) and vascular indices was assessed using the Spearman bivariate correlation. High pulse wave velocity levels were significantly associated with higher EF (r = 0.275, p = 0.01), increased Ea/Elv ratio (r = -0.228, p = 0.04), smaller ventricular diameters (r = -0.247, p = 0.02), and elevated systolic blood pressure (r = 0.236, p = 0.03). Lower carotid distensibility coefficient was associated with higher EF (r = -0.332, p = 0.003), increased Ea/Elv ratio (r = 0.38, p &lt; 0.001), higher age (r = -0.236, p = 0.03), and elevated systolic blood pressure (r = -0.258, p = 0.02) and low septal (e') tissue Doppler velocity (r = -0.235, p = 0.03). Carotid intima-media thickness was significantly correlated with higher age (r = 0.446, p &lt; 0.001) and hyperglycemia (r = 0.268, p = 0.01). Neither of the vascular indices (pulse wave velocity, carotid distensibility coefficient, Young modulus) correlated with serum galectin-3 levels (p = 0.1, p = 0.9, p = 0.6). Regression analysis showed a significant association between elevated galectin-3 levels (&gt; 9.9 ng/ml) and an increased arterial ventricular coupling ratio (Ea/Elv) (p = 0.047, OR = 1.9, 95% CI [1.0-3.6]) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regression analysis of the association between elevated galectin-3 levels and markers of ventricular-arterial coupling</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>95% CI for OR</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Lower</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Upper</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ea</td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.57</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
                <td align="center">1.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elv</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
                <td align="center">2.36</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
                <td align="center">6.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ea/Elv</td>
                <td align="center">0.047</td>
                <td align="center">1.92</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
                <td align="center">3.67</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>Ea: arterial elastance.; Elv: left ventricular elastance; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>LV remodeling, arterial remodeling and galectin-3</title>
        <p>Assessment of the association between echocardiographic variables and serum galectin-3 levels revealed a strong correlation of the protein with systolic function. More specifically, higher galectin-3 levels were related with lower rates of LV pressure rise in early systole (dp/dt) 524 [262-982] mmHg/s (median and IQR) (p = 0.01 for trend) (versus 682 [340-1882] mmHg/s). When grouped by type of diastolic dysfunction, high levels of galectin-3 were associated with type I diastolic relaxation abnormality defined as E/A &lt; 1 ratio (p = 0.017). A regression model analysis of echocardiographic indices and galectin-3 concentrations revealed that PASP (p = 0.04), E/A ratio (p = 0.001), RWT (p &lt; 0.001), EF (p = 0.02), end-systolic volume (p = 0.01) and end-systolic diameters (p = 0.04) were associated with higher galectin-3 concentrations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). Increased intima-media thickness was strongly related with concentric LV remodeling which is defined as a RWT index &gt; 0.42 (1.05cm [0.7-1.6], p = 0.016) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate regression analysis of galectin-3 levels and echocardiographic markers. Echocardiographic parameters were associated with increased galectin-3 levels (&gt; 9.9 ng/mL)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>95% CI for OR</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Lower</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Upper</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
                <td align="center">1.23</td>
                <td align="center">1.02</td>
                <td align="center">1.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e' ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.246</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
                <td align="center">0.65</td>
                <td align="center">1.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/Vp</td>
                <td align="center">0.371</td>
                <td align="center">1.73</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
                <td align="center">5.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e'-septal peak velocity</td>
                <td align="center">0.144</td>
                <td align="center">1.58</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
                <td align="center">2.92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Early decelaration time</td>
                <td align="center">0.391</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left atrium indexed volume</td>
                <td align="center">0.150</td>
                <td align="center">1.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">1.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulmonary artery systolic pressure<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
									</td>
                <td align="center">0.046</td>
                <td align="center">1.06</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
                <td align="center">1.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Relative wall thickness</td>
                <td align="center">0.024</td>
                <td align="center">0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-diastolic diameter</td>
                <td align="center">0.073</td>
                <td align="center">0.73</td>
                <td align="center">0.52</td>
                <td align="center">1.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-systolic diameter<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
									</td>
                <td align="center">0.046</td>
                <td align="center">1.36</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
                <td align="center">1.85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-systolic volume</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
                <td align="center">0.82</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end- diastolic volume<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
									</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
                <td align="center">1.17</td>
                <td align="center">1.03</td>
                <td align="center">1.33</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; E,A: trasmitral velocities; Vp: trasnmitral flow propagation velocity;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>statistically significant.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of vascular indices according to echocardiographically determined relative wall thickness index</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>PWV (m/s)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>CD (10<sup>3</sup>mmHg)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Young Modulus (kPa)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>IMT (cm)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Relative wall thickness</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Relative wall thickness</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Relative wall thickness</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Relative wall thickness</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&gt; 0.42</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.42</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&gt; 0.42</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.42</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&gt; 0.42</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.42</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&gt; 0.42</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.42</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Median</td>
                <td align="center">10.2</td>
                <td align="center">10.1</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3.8</td>
                <td align="center">520</td>
                <td align="center">478</td>
                <td align="center">1.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p-value</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.52</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>* PWV: pulse wave velocity; CD: carotid distensibility coefficient; IMT: intimai medial thickness.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Predictive factors for outcomes</title>
        <p>A multivariate Cox regression was carried out to identify independent risk factors for outcomes. High galectin-3 levels (p = 0.038, HR = 3.07, 95% CI 1-8.8) and increased PASP (p = 0.007, HR = 1.06, 95% CI 1-1.1) were found to be independent risk factors for all-cause mortality and readmissions in this model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 6</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cox multivariable regression of outcome measures in decompensated heart failure patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>95% CI for HR</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Lower</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Upper</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.019</td>
                <td align="center">1.07</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">1.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA class</td>
                <td align="center">0.688</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
                <td align="center">0.38</td>
                <td align="center">1.88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate at admission</td>
                <td align="center">0.535</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glycemia</td>
                <td align="center">0.619</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glomerular filtration rate</td>
                <td align="center">0.343</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobyn</td>
                <td align="center">0.510</td>
                <td align="center">0.90</td>
                <td align="center">0.68</td>
                <td align="center">1.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Galectin-3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
									</td>
                <td align="center">0.038</td>
                <td align="center">3.07</td>
                <td align="center">1.06</td>
                <td align="center">8.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulse wave velocity</td>
                <td align="center">0.573</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
                <td align="center">0.91</td>
                <td align="center">1.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carotid distensibility</td>
                <td align="center">0.615</td>
                <td align="center">1.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
                <td align="center">1.57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Young modulus</td>
                <td align="center">0.433</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction</td>
                <td align="center">0.826</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
                <td align="center">1.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e' ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.590</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
                <td align="center">1.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/Vp ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.817</td>
                <td align="center">0.90</td>
                <td align="center">0.37</td>
                <td align="center">2.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e'-septal peak velocity</td>
                <td align="center">0.768</td>
                <td align="center">1.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
                <td align="center">1.58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left atrium indexed volume</td>
                <td align="center">0.673</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
                <td align="center">1.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulmonary artery systolic pressure*</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
                <td align="center">1.06</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">1.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-diastolic diameter</td>
                <td align="center">0.395</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
                <td align="center">0.86</td>
                <td align="center">1.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-diastolic volume</td>
                <td align="center">0.115</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">1.02</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Statistically significant. &#8224; LV:left ventricle. &#8225; HR:hazard ratio. CI:confidence interval</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>One major finding of this study was that arterial stiffening is strongly present in the heart failure with preserved EF group. Clinical trials have used different cut-off points for EF (&gt; 40%, &gt; 45%, &gt; 50%) to define heart failure with preserved EF syndrome. In this study we used an EF cut-off point &gt; 40% as in Candesartan in heart failure - assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) trial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> Pathophysiological aspects of this condition include LV stiffness with reduced compliance (due to hypertrophy, matrix apposition), chronotropic incompetence, pulmonary hypertension and vascular stiffening.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In our study, heart failure with preserved EF patients were older and presented higher blood pressure compared with those with reduced EF, similarly to the data reported in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) database.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Kawaguchi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> showed that patients with heart failure with preserved EF have increased arterial stiffening by measuring the arterial elastance. Pulse wave velocity is known to be a marker of arterial stiffening and is widely used in clinical trials. It is of prognostic value and is increased in congestive in heart failure patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> We have shown that pulse wave velocity is consistently higher in the group with preserved EF than in the group with reduced EF, which is consistent with that reported by Balmain et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (10.7 m/s vs.8.9m/s. p &lt; 0.05)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Patients from the group with reduced EF had lower pulse wave velocities probably due to reduced cardiac output and blood pressure. These findings indicate that patients with heart failure with preserved EF have decreased carotid arterial distensibility and advanced age. Kitzman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> also reported that carotid arterial distensibility is decreased in older heart failure patients with preserved EF and is correlated with impaired exercise tolerance. An additional finding of this study is that increased carotid intima-media thickness, which is a marker of atherosclerosis, highly correlates with concentric LV remodeling and hypertrophy. Another study, carried out by Xu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> on the general Chinese population pointed out that increased carotid intima-media thickness is associated with an increase of the LV mass index and posterior wall thickness.</p>
      <p>Galectin-3 has been demonstrated to promote fibrosis via increased activation of the transforming growth factor beta / Smad-3 (TGF-beta/Smad-3) signaling pathway.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Because of its role in fibrogenesis, galectin-3 has been proposed as a potential biomarker involved in both cardiac and vascular remodeling. Increased expression of galectin-3 has been documented in decompensated heart failure patients and was associated with LV remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A recent study carried out by Calvier et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> has shown that galectin-3 is a mediator of vascular fibrosis. The authors demonstrated that galectin-3 levels are overexpressed by vascular smooth muscle cells in aldosterone treated mice, which in turn increases the deposit of collagen type I in these cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Based on these findings and the fact that neurohormonal activation is enhanced in heart failure patients, we tried to establish whether there is a link between serum galectin-3 levels and vascular stiffening indices. Our data showed no correlation between these markers, even though there was a slight increase, but not significant, in arterial rigidity with higher levels of galectin-3. Contrary to these observations, Libhaber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> in a community sample study involving 966 participants, showed that galectin-3 was independently associated with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Our findings are the first to suggest that increased galectin-3 levels are associated with abnormal ventricular-arterial coupling, meaning that it could be involved in the stiffening process of both myocardial and arterial components. Arterial stiffness and reduced cardiac compliance are responsible for increased coupling ratio (Ea/Elv).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22 </xref>The Ea/Elv ratio is a complex parameter that includes arterial compliance, peripheral vascular resistance, impedance, systolic and diastolic time intervals, LV contractility and LV function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> It can be used to assess the interaction between the myocardium and the arterial system. In heart failure with reduced EF patients, there is an elevation in Ea/Elv ratio due to an increase in the arterial load and a decrease of LV contractility. On the other hand, this ratio is balanced in patients with heart failure with preserved EF compared with normal subjects due to a simultaneous rise in both arterial and LV elastance, which is in line with our findings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      <p>As previously observed by De Boer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> we found that serum levels of galectin-3 did not differ between patients with heart failure with preserved EF and those with reduced EF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> So far, the role of galectin-3 in cardiac stiffness has been shown by its association with echocardiography markers of diastolic dysfunction: high LV filling pressures (expressed by the E/e ratio) and abnormal LV relaxation (e-wave velocity).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> As for the systolic function, in a study realized by Van der Velde et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> galectin-3 was proven to be an independent predictor for EF in patients after myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In our study, we observed that high galectin-3 levels were associated with impaired LV systolic function reflected by lower rates of LV pressure rise. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a correlation of this kind. The rate of LV pressure rise in early systole (dp/dt) assesses global LV contractility by Doppler examination of mitral regurgitation jet. As the contractility force exerted by the LV decreases in advanced heart failure, the rates of LV pressure rise become lower. In addition, since heart failure patients with reduced EF and increased LV diameters have significantly lower dp/dt rates, galectin-3 could be involved in eccentric remodeling, representing a possible marker of severe systolic dysfunction. The negative effects of galectin-3 on systolic function were also seen in increased end-systolic volume and end-systolic diameter. Lok et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> were the first to demonstrate a positive correlation between high baseline levels of galectin-3 and the increase of end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters over time in heart failure patients. Another interesting finding was that increased arterial pulmonary pressure was predictive of higher galectin-3 serum levels. The association between pulmonary hypertension and galectin-3 has been demonstrated in patients with diastolic heart failure-induced pulmonary hypertension, and galectin-3 levels has been shown to be positively correlated with right ventricular systolic pressure (p&lt;0.01).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension in heart failure is characterized by pulmonary arterial remodeling, in which medial hypertrophy and intimal fibrosis are the main components.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Having this in mind and the fact that diastolic dysfunction is associated with different grades of myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, galectin-3 is likely to be involved in myocardial and pulmonary artery remodeling processes. This is of particular importance since it may explain both the active precapillary pulmonary hypertension that plays an important role in the prognosis and worsening of heart failure and the passive postcapillary component as a result of increased end-diastolic pressures.</p>
      <p>Here, we report that serum galectin-3 levels above the mean of 10 ng/mL and increased PASP are independent prognostic factors for all-cause mortality and readmissions of heart failure patients over a period of 12 months. Our findings are somewhat similar to those reported in "The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE)" study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> in which the authors noted recurrence of cardiac decompensation and mortality in patients with galectin-3 levels above 9.42 ng/mL. However, the evaluation period was shorter than ours, comprising 60 days. In another study on 592 heart failure patients, baseline galectin-3 levels powerfully predicted outcome over a period of 18 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> With respect to pulmonary artery systolic pressure, less is known about its prognostic value in left heart failure. De Bursi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> were the first to evaluate the impact of PASP on a large community sample of heart failure patients. They indicated that PASP measured by echo-Doppler strongly predicted mortality in these patients, which makes it a relevant indicator of outcome in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>This study was designed to fill the gap in knowledge about vascular remodeling and its progression in heart failure patients, which is considered to be responsible for adverse outcomes. This study showed no significant correlation between serum galectin-3 levels and arterial stiffening markers in this population. Even so, our data suggest that galectin-3 contributes to abnormal ventricular-vascular coupling. Galectin-3 might be involved in vascular and myocardial stiffening of heart failure patients, but larger samples would be useful to confirm the preliminary findings of our study. Also, galectin-3 may be predictive of raised pulmonary pressures and could be responsible for the pathological changes in the distal pulmonary arteries with consequent pulmonary vascular resistance and hypertension described in heart failure. Both galectin-3 and PASP were independent prognostic factors. The present study extends previous findings that arterial stiffening is increased in heart failure with preserved EF and is associated with LV concentric remodeling. Our findings highlight the involvement of galectin-3 in diastolic and systolic impairment, but most importantly, that high galectin-3 concentrations are associated with severe systolic dysfunction.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Potential limitations</title>
        <p>One potential limitation of our study is that the measurement of aortic length to estimate the pulse wave velocity required some approximations due to anatomical changes of the aorta especially in the elderly. As well as that, the estimation of vascular dimensions from the body surface remains a questionable technique. Another limitation is in determining the time taken by the blood ejected from the heart to reach the arteries, given the fact that this parameter is dependent on factors such as conduction abnormalities or rhythm. Since some of our patients presented conduction abnormalities (bundle branch blocks) or atrial fibrillation, several measurements were needed to determine this parameter and to record good pulse waves.</p>
        <p>During admission, there might have been some delays from the obtaining of vascular indices and collection of blood samples for galectin-3 determination. This may have affected the assessment of the relationship between these parameters, particularly because the biological half-time of galectin-3 has not been established. However, unlike NT-proBNP which decreases in LV loading, due to its role in fibrosis, galectin-3 does not respond to a hemodynamically compensated condition. For this reason, it would have been more accurate to evaluate whether changes in the concentration of galectin-3 would affect arterial stiffening. In addition, the relatively small size of our cohort limited the evaluation of correlations of galectin-3 with echocardiographic indices. Due to these limitations, we hope that our study serve as a hypothesis-generating basis for further large prospective studies to confirm our findings.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>This study is partly supported by the Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resources Development (SOPHRD), financed by the European Social Fund and the Romanian Government under the contract number POSDRU 141531.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by The Sectorial Operation Programme Human Resources development, financed by the European Social Fund and the romanian Government under the contract number 141531.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Radu Ioan Lala, from "Vasile Goldis" West University Arad.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <name>
              <surname>Bursi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNallan</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nkomo</surname>
              <given-names>VT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weston</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary pressures and death in heart failure. A Community Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>222</fpage>
          <lpage>231</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Galectina-3: Liga&#231;&#227;o entre Rigidez Mioc&#225;rdica e Arterial em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lala</surname>
            <given-names>Radu Ioan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darabantiu</surname>
            <given-names>Dan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pilat</surname>
            <given-names>Luminita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puschita</surname>
            <given-names>Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vasile Goldis West University Arad</institution>
        <country country="RO">Romania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">"Vasile Goldis" West University Arad &#8211; Romania</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
        <country country="RO">Romania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital &#8211; Cardiology Department &#8211; Romania</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Radu I. Lala,</bold> Universitatea de Vest Vasile Goldis Arad. Str. Liviu Rebreanu, nr. 86, Arad. CEP 310045, Arad &#8211; Romania E-mail: <email>radu_lala@yahoo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lala RI, Puschita M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lala RI, Darabantiu D, Pilat L; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lala RI; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Puschita M, Darabantiu D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; acompanhada por anormalidades na intera&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo-vascular devido &#224; rigidez mioc&#225;rdica e arterial aumentada. A galectina-3 &#233; um biomarcador recentemente descoberto que exerce um importante papel na fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e vascular, e na progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se a galectina-3 est&#225; correlacionada com marcadores de rigidez arterial e acoplamento ventriculoarterial deficiente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 79 pacientes internados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada foi avaliado. Galectina-3 s&#233;rica basal foi determinada e, durante a admiss&#227;o hospitalar, foram realizadas ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e medidas de &#237;ndices vasculares por ultrassonografia Doppler.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Velocidade de onda de pulso elevada e baixa distensibilidade da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida est&#227;o associadas com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (p = 0,04, p = 0,009). Velocidade de pulso, distensibilidade da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e m&#243;dulo de Young n&#227;o se correlacionaram com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de galectina-3. Por outro lado, n&#237;veis elevados de galectina-3 correlacionaram com raz&#227;o de acoplamento ventriculoarterial aumentada (Ea/Elv) p = 0,047, OR = 1,9, IC 95% (1,0-3,6). N&#237;veis aumentados de galectina-3 estavam associados com taxas mais baixas de press&#227;o ventricular esquerda na fase inicial da s&#237;stole (dp/dt) (p = 0,018), e press&#227;o arterial pulmonar aumentada (p = 0,046). Os resultados mostraram que n&#237;veis elevados de galectina-3 (p = 0,038, HR = 3,07) e press&#227;o pulmonar arterial (p = 0,007, HR = 1,06) s&#227;o fatores de risco independentes para mortalidade de todas as causas e reinterna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O estudo mostrou que n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de galectina-3 e marcadores de rigidez arterial. Altos n&#237;veis de galectina-3, por outro lado, foi um preditor de acoplamento ventriculoarterial deficiente. A galectina-3 pode ser um preditor de press&#245;es arteriais pulmonares aumentadas. N&#237;veis elevados de galectina-3 correlacionam-se com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave e, juntamente com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, &#233; um marcador independente de desfecho.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Galectina 3/analise</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores Farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/patologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventr&#237;culos do Cora&#231;&#227;o/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome complexa caracterizada por constantes altera&#231;&#245;es moleculares, celulares e intersticiais que levam a mudan&#231;as no tamanho, forma e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas. Partes dessas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o devidas &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o neurohormonal exacerbada, que possui uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta com rigidez arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que a rigidez arterial est&#225; aumentada na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, e est&#225; associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> Esses dados s&#227;o importantes, uma vez que uma menor elasticidade arterial &#233; respons&#225;vel por um acoplamento ventriculoarterial anormal, maior p&#243;s-carga card&#237;aca, estresse da parede do VE aumentado, e fluxo coron&#225;rio reduzido. Todos esses fatores levam &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Recentemente, um biomarcador vem ganhando aten&#231;&#227;o, a galectina-3, a qual est&#225; distribu&#237;da em v&#225;rias c&#233;lulas, incluindo macr&#243;fagos, e cuja concentra&#231;&#227;o aumenta durante inflama&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> Estudos destacaram uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre ativa&#231;&#227;o dos macr&#243;fagos e fibrose na patog&#234;nese da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> A galectina-3 est&#225; envolvida na progress&#227;o da fibrose, hipertrofia e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> Dados os mecanismos patog&#234;nicos mencionados e o estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio encontrado na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, consideramos a galectina-3 um poss&#237;vel mediador da fibrose vascular, em como uma conex&#227;o entre rigidez mioc&#225;rdica e arterial. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi avaliar se a galectina -3 correlaciona-se com marcadores de rigidez arterial e acoplamento ventriculoarterial deficiente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O estudo foi conduzido em 2014. Foram avaliados 79 pacientes internados no hospital regional com diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada. Galactina-3 s&#233;rica basal dos pacientes foi determinada. Desses pacientes, 60 apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) reduzida (m&#233;dia de 25%) e 19 pacientes apresentaram FE preservada (m&#233;dia de 45%). O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica m&#233;dica do hospital e conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia (ECG)</title>
          <p>A ECG transtor&#225;cica foi realizada em cada paciente durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Os seguintes &#237;ndices estruturais foram avaliados: volumes e di&#226;metros sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), espessura da parede do VE, massa do VE (equa&#231;&#227;o de Devereux), espessura relativa da parede, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP). Os marcadores da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica inclu&#237;ram a determina&#231;&#227;o da FE pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson biplano modificado, fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento, e a taxa de aumento da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda na fase inicial da s&#237;stole (dp/dt). Marcadores da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tamb&#233;m foram determinados: velocidades diast&#243;licas (E, A), velocidade de propaga&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral (Vp), tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o precoce (TDP), velocidade no anel septal mitral obtida por Doppler tecidual, e &#237;ndices diast&#243;licos E/A, E/e', E/Vp. Cada paciente foi avaliado utilizando-se o mesmo aparelho de ecocardiografia, e dois pesquisadores avaliaram os resultados do exame.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#205;ndices de Fun&#231;&#227;o Vascular</title>
          <p>Os seguintes &#237;ndices vasculares foram avaliados: velocidade de onda de pulso, coeficiente de distensibilidade da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e m&#243;dulo (de elasticidade) de Young. Cada um desses &#237;ndices fornece par&#226;metros confi&#225;veis ao se avaliar a rigidez arterial. A medida da velocidade de onda de pulso foi realizada por ultrassonografia Doppler de pulso sincronizada &#224; ECG. A art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum foi localizada posicionando o volume da amostra a n&#237;vel supraclavicular, e a art&#233;ria femoral posicionando o volume da amostra na regi&#227;o inguinal (n&#227;o simultaneamente). Ap&#243;s aquisi&#231;&#227;o do tra&#231;ado Doppler, fizemos tr&#234;s registros consecutivos de ambas as art&#233;rias, e medimos o intervalo de tempo entre a onda R do complexo QRS ao in&#237;cio da forma de onda Doppler usando cursores digitais (tempo gasto para o sangue ejetado do cora&#231;&#227;o alcan&#231;ar as art&#233;rias estudadas). Calculamos a m&#233;dia de tempo dos tr&#234;s registros, e medimos a dist&#226;ncia entre os locais em que tra&#231;amos as formas de onda Doppler. Para o c&#225;lculo do coeficiente de distensibilidade e do m&#243;dulo de Young, utilizamos o eco modo M para medir o di&#226;metro do vaso durante s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole, bem como a espessura da parede do vaso. Finalmente, medimos a espessura da t&#250;nica &#237;ntima pelo eco-2D. Esses par&#226;metros foram calculados por f&#243;rmulas matem&#225;ticas existentes: <italic>Coeficiente de distensibilidade = (Dmax<sup>2</sup>-Dmin<sup>2</sup>)/Dmax*MAP; M&#243;dulo de Young = MAP*Dmax/(Dmax-Dmin)*h; Velocidade de onda de pulso = Dist/T<sub>2</sub>-T<sub>1</sub>,</italic> onde Dmax: di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo do vaso durante a s&#237;stole, Dmin: di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo do vaso durante a s&#237;stole, MAP: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, h: espessura da parede do vaso, Dist: dist&#226;ncia entre car&#243;tida arterial e art&#233;ria femoral, T<sub>2</sub>: tempo m&#233;dio entre a onda R do complexo QRS e o in&#237;cio da forma de onda Doppler da art&#233;ria femoral comum, T<sub>1</sub>: tempo m&#233;dio entre a onda R do complexo QRS e o in&#237;cio da forma de onda Doppler da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Acoplamento ventriculoarterial</title>
            <p>A press&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial foi determinada no paciente em repouso, usando um esfigmoman&#244;metro e um estetosc&#243;pio. A elast&#226;ncia arterial (Ea) &#233; um par&#226;metro usado para estimar a carga vascular que representa a mudan&#231;a de volume a cada mudan&#231;a de press&#227;o. O &#237;ndice de Ea inclui caracter&#237;sticas como complac&#234;ncia arterial e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, e &#233; calculada como Ea = press&#227;o sist&#243;lica final / volume sist&#243;lico. Uma estimativa n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica final foi feita utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula de aproxima&#231;&#227;o: 0,9 x press&#227;o sist&#243;lica na art&#233;ria braquial, que prediz precisamente curvas de press&#227;o e volume da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica final.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> O volume sist&#243;lico foi determinado por ECG, pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson biplano modificado. Em seguida, avaliamos o &#237;ndice de elast&#226;ncia do VE (Elv), par&#226;metro utilizado para estimar a contratilidade ventricular esquerda com base na equa&#231;&#227;o Elv = press&#227;o sist&#243;lica final / volume sist&#243;lico final - V<sub>0</sub>, onde V<sub>0</sub> &#233; o volume te&#243;rico &#224; press&#227;o zero, e considerado desprez&#237;vel comparado ao volume sist&#243;lico final.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Finalmente, avaliamos o acoplamento ventriculoarterial determinando-se a raz&#227;o entre Ea e Elv, que estima a hemodin&#226;mica cardiovascular pela intera&#231;&#227;o entre o sistema arterial e o VE.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram colhidas durante admiss&#227;o hospitalar. As amostras foram centrifugadas, e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de galectina-3 s&#233;rica foi determinada por um kit de ensaio de imunoadsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (Human galectin-3 NBP1-91275, NOVUS BIOLOGICALS, R&amp;D Systems Europe, Germany), e medido usando um leitor de microplaca (Tecan Sunrise). Trata-se de um imunoensaio em que o anticorpo anti-galectina-3 humano, conjugado com biotina, liga-se &#224; galectina humana ligado ao anticorpo de captura. A calibra&#231;&#227;o e a padroniza&#231;&#227;o do teste foram realizadas de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e a signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as foi testada pelo teste t de Student. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia (intervalo interquartil), e a signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as testada pelo teste Kruskal-Wallis ou teste U de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas em porcentagens. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk. As correla&#231;&#245;es dos &#237;ndices vasculares com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram avaliadas pela an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Tamb&#233;m usamos o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas dependentes e independentes, e o modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox para identificar preditores de desfechos compostos (mortalidade por todas as causas e reinterna&#231;&#245;es). Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa IBM SPSS 20. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi avaliada por teste bicaudal, com um p &lt; 0,05 considerado como significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade da coorte foi 64 &#177; 11 anos, dos quais 73% eram homens e 26% mulheres. Durante o per&#237;odo de 12 meses de acompanhamento, foram registrados 35 reinterna&#231;&#245;es por piora da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e 1 &#243;bito (choque cardiog&#234;nico). Primeiramente, dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos com base na FE, reduzida ou preservada (&lt; 40% or &gt; 40%, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 1</xref>). Os valores medianos de galectina-3 n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes (p = 0,9) entre os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE reduzida [8,2 ng/mL (3,6-14,0)] (mediana e intervalo interquartil) e aqueles com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE preservada [9,7 ng/mL (3,7-12,0)]. Comparados aos pacientes com FE reduzida, os pacientes com FE preservada apresentaram velocidades de onda de pulso significativamente maiores [11,3 m/s (9,4-16,0) <italic>versus</italic> 10 m/s (7,3-12,5), p = 0,04], press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica mais elevada (169 &#177; 45 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 134 &#177; 60 mmHg, p = 0,004), idade mais avan&#231;ada (76 anos <italic>versus</italic> 62 anos, p = 0,001) e menor coeficiente de distensibilidade da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida [2,7 mmHg (1,8-3,5) <italic>versus</italic> 3,9 mmHg (2,7-5,7), p = 0,009] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e condi&#231;&#245;es associadas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ICFEP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ICFER</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">9(47,4)</td>
                <td align="center">27(45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">8(42,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12(20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvular n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">2(10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2(3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                <td align="center">19(31,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Insuficiencia cardiaca descompensada</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Evento isqu&#234;mico n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">4(21,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12(20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Edema pulmonar hipertensivo n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">11(57,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2(3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arritmia n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">3(15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5(8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a valvular n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4(6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixa ades&#227;o a medicamentos n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                <td align="center">10(16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ingest&#227;o aumentada de s&#243;dio n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                <td align="center">11(18,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                <td align="center">15(25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reinterna&#231;&#245;es n( %)</td>
                <td align="center">13(47,4)</td>
                <td align="center">22(26,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">11(57,9)</td>
                <td align="center">24(40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">8(42,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12(20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. ICFER: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacients com insufici&#234;ncia cardiaca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left"/>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ICFEP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ICFER</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">76[67-79]</td>
                <td align="center">62[56-69]</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (mmHg) (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">169 &#177; 45</td>
                <td align="center">134 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica (mmHg) (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">93 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">88 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (b/min) [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">88174-111]</td>
                <td align="center">99[80-120]</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe NYHA IV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13(68,4)</td>
                <td align="center">45(75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL) [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">162[109-243]</td>
                <td align="center">132[95-182]</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TFG (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Galectina-3 (ng/mL) [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">9,7[3,7-12]</td>
                <td align="center">8,2[3,6-14]</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VOP (m/s) [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">11,3[9,4-16]</td>
                <td align="center">10[7,3-12,5]</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DC (10<sup>3</sup> mmHg) [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">2,7[1,8-3,5]</td>
                <td align="center">3,9[2,7-5,7]</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Young (kPa) [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">563[432-749]</td>
                <td align="center">408[260-706]</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EIM (cm) [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">1,1[0,9-2,2]</td>
                <td align="center">1[0,8-1,1]</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e' [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">10[8-14]</td>
                <td align="center">13,6[9,8-16]</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/Vp (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume AE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>) (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PSAP (mmHg) [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">35[25-46]</td>
                <td align="center">30[20-42]</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ea (mmHg*ml<sup>-1</sup>*m<sup>-2</sup>) [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">2,8[2,6-3,9]</td>
                <td align="center">2,5[2-3,7]</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elv(mmHg*ml<sup>-1</sup>*m<sup>-2</sup>) [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">2,4[1,9-3,7]</td>
                <td align="center">0,9[0,7-1,2]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o Ea/Elv [mediana(IQR)]</td>
                <td align="center">1,1[1-1,3]</td>
                <td align="center">2,5[2-3,3]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <p>ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. ICFER: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IQR: intervalo interquartil; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerula; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; DC: coeficiente de diestensibilidade da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida. EIM: espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo. PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial. Ea: elast&#226;ncia arterial. Elv: elast&#226;ncia ventricular esquerda</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais, correla&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices vasculares com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre covari&#225;veis (cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas) e &#237;ndices vasculares foi avaliada pela correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada de Spearman. N&#237;veis elevados de velocidade de onda de pulso associaram-se significativamente com FE (r = 0,275, p = 0,01), raz&#227;o Ea/Elv aumentada (r = -0,228, p = 0,04), menor di&#226;metro ventricular (r = -0,247, p = 0,02), e press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica elevada (r = 0,236, p = 0,03). Um menor coeficiente de distensibilidade da car&#243;tida esteve associado com maior FE (r = -0,332, p = 0,003), maior raz&#227;o Ea/Elv (r = 0,38, p &lt; 0,001), idade avan&#231;ada (r = -0,236, p = 0,03), press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica elevada (r = -0,258, p = 0,02) e menor velocidade septal (e') no Doppler tecidual (r = -0,235, p = 0,03). A espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com idade avan&#231;ada (r = 0,446, p &lt; 0,001) e hiperglicemia (r = 0,268, p = 0,01). Nenhum dos &#237;ndices vasculares (velocidade de onda de pulso, coeficiente de distensibilidade da car&#243;tida, m&#243;dulo de Young) correlacionou-se com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de galectina-3 (p = 0,1, p = 0,9, p = 0,6). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de galectina-3 (&gt; 9,9 ng/mL) e acoplamento ventriculoarterial (Ea/Elv) [p = 0,047, OR = 1,9, IC 95% (1-3,6)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de galectina-3 e marcadores de acoplamento ventriculoarterial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>IC95% para OR</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Superior</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Inferior</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ea</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ela</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">2,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">6,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ea/Elv</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047</td>
                  <td align="center">1,92</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">3,67</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>* Ea: elast&#226;ncia arterial; Elv: elast&#226;ncia ventricular esquerda; OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, remodela&#231;&#227;o arterial e galectina-3</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de galectina-3 revelou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Mais especificamente, n&#237;veis mais elevados de galectina-3 estavam relacionados com menor aumento da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda na fase inicial da s&#237;stole (dp/dt) 524 (262-982) mmHg/s (mediana e IQR) (p = 0,01 pelo teste para tend&#234;ncia) <italic>(versus</italic> 682 [340-1882] mmHg/s). Quando agrupado por tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, os n&#237;veis elevados de galectina-3 estavam associados com relaxamento diast&#243;lico anormal do tipo I, definido como E/A &lt; 1 (p = 0,017). Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o dos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e concentra&#231;&#245;es de galectina-3 mostrou que PSAP (p = 0,04), raz&#227;o E/A (p = 0,001), espessura relativa da parede (p &lt; 0,001), FE (p = 0,02), volume sist&#243;lico final (p = 0,010) e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final (p = 0,04) estavam associados com concentra&#231;&#245;es mais elevadas de galectina-3 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>). Espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia aumentada estava fortemente relacionada com remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, definida como espessura relativa da parede maior que 0,42 [1,05 cm (0,7-0,16), p = 0,016)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada das concentra&#231;&#245;es de galectina-3 e marcadores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos estavam associados com n&#237;veis elevados de galectina-3 (&gt; 9,9 ng/mL)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>IC95% para OR</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Inferior</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Superior</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/e'</td>
                  <td align="center">0,246</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/Vp</td>
                  <td align="center">0,371</td>
                  <td align="center">1,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">5,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocidade de pico e'-septal</td>
                  <td align="center">0,144</td>
                  <td align="center">1,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">2,92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o precoce</td>
                  <td align="center">0,391</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado</td>
                  <td align="center">0,150</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial pulmonar<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
										</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espessura relativa da parede</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
										</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">1,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico final do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
										</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>OR: odds ratio. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; E,A: velocidades diast&#243;licas; Vp: velocidade de propaga&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>estatisticamente significativo</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices vasculares de acordo o &#237;ndice de espessura relativa da parede determinado por ecocardiografia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3"/>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>VOP (m/s)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>CD (10<sup>3</sup> mmHg)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>M&#243;dulo de Young (kPa)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>EIM (cm)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Espessura relativa da parede</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Espessura relativa da parede</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Espessura relativa da parede</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Espessura relativa da parede</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&gt; 0,42</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,42</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&gt; 0,42</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,42</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&gt; 0,42</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,42</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&gt; 0,42</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,42</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mediana</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">520</td>
                  <td align="center">478</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valor de p</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; CD: coeficiente de distensibilidade da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida; EIM: espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores preditivos para desfechos</title>
          <p>Regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox foi realizada para identificar fatores de risco para desfechos. A an&#225;lise revelou que n&#237;veis elevados de galectina-3 (p = 0,038, HR = 3,07, IC 95% 1-8,8) e PSAP aumentada (p = 0,007, HR = 1,06, IC 95% 1-1,1) foram fatores de risco independentes para mortalidade por todas as causas e reinterna&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Regress&#227;o (multivariada) de Cox dos desfechos de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Taxa de risco (<italic>HR</italic>)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>IC95% para HR</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Inferior</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Superior</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Classe NYHA</td>
                  <td align="center">0,688</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1,88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,535</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glicemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,619</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</td>
                  <td align="center">0,343</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,510</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Galectina-3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
										</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">3,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">8,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocidade de onda de pulso</td>
                  <td align="center">0,573</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Distensibilidade da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida</td>
                  <td align="center">0,615</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M&#243;dulo de Young</td>
                  <td align="center">0,433</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,826</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/e'</td>
                  <td align="center">0,590</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/Vp</td>
                  <td align="center">0,817</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">2,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocidade de pico e'-septal</td>
                  <td align="center">0,768</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">1,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado</td>
                  <td align="center">0,673</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial pulmonar<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
										</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,395</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,115</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>estatisticamente significativo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HR:hazard ratio. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussions">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Um achado importante deste estudo foi que o espessamento da art&#233;ria est&#225; fortemente presente no grupo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE preservada. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos utilizaram diferentes pontos de corte para FE (&gt; 40%, &gt; 45%, &gt; 50%) para definir insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com s&#237;ndrome de FE preservada. Neste estudo, usamos o ponto de corte de FE &gt; 40%, igualmente ao estudo <italic>Candesartan in heart failure -assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM)</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> Aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos dessa condi&#231;&#227;o incluem rigidez do VE com complac&#234;ncia reduzida (devido &#224; hipertrofia, aposi&#231;&#227;o da matriz), incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e enrijecimento vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em nosso estudo, pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE preservada tinham idade mais avan&#231;ada e apresentaram press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea mais elevada, similar aos dados registrados no banco de dados do <italic>Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry</italic> (ADHERE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Kawaguchi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> demonstraram que os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE preservada apresentam rigidez arterial elevada, medindo-se a elast&#226;ncia arterial. A velocidade de onda de pulso &#233; conhecida como um marcador de rigidez da art&#233;ria e &#233; amplamente utilizada em ensaios cl&#237;nicos; tem valor progn&#243;stico e est&#225; aumentada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> N&#243;s demonstramos que a velocidade de onda de pulso &#233; consistentemente maior no grupo com FE preservada que no grupo com FE reduzida, o que est&#225; de acordo com o estudo de Balmain et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (10,7 m/s vs. 8,9 m/s. p &lt; 0,05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os pacientes com FE reduzida apresentaram velocidades de onda de pulso mais baixas provavelmente pelo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea reduzidos. Esses resultados indicam que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE preservada apresentam menor distensibilidade da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e idade mais avan&#231;ada. Kitzman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> tamb&#233;m relataram que a distensibilidade da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida est&#225; diminu&#237;da em pacientes mais velhos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE preservada, e correlacionada com menor toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Outro resultado desse estudo &#233; que a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea, a qual &#233; um marcador da aterosclerose, est&#225; altamente correlacionada com a remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e hipertrofia. Outro estudo, conduzido por Xu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa destacou que a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea est&#225; associada com um aumento no &#237;ndice da massa e na espessura da parede posterior do VE.</p>
        <p>Foi demonstrado que a galectina-3 promove fibrose por meio do aumento da ativa&#231;&#227;o da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do fator de crescimento transformador beta/Smad-3 (TGF-beta/ Smad-3).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Devido ao seu papel na fibrog&#234;nese, a galectina-3 tem sido proposta como um biomarcador tanto na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca como ventricular. Uma express&#227;o aumentada de galectina-3 foi documentada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, e esteve associada com remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Um estudo recente conduzido por Calvier et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstrou que a galectina-3 &#233; um mediador da fibrose vascular. Os autores mostraram uma superexpress&#227;o de galectina-3 por c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso vascular em camundongos tratados com aldosterona, o que aumenta o dep&#243;sito de col&#225;geno tipo I nessas c&#233;lulas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Com base nesses achados e no fato de que a ativa&#231;&#227;o neurohormonal est&#225; aumentada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n&#243;s tentamos estabelecer se havia uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de galectina-3 e os &#237;ndices de rigidez vascular. Nossos dados n&#227;o demonstraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre esses marcadores, apesar de termos observado um leve aumento, n&#227;o significativo, na rigidez arterial com o aumento nos n&#237;veis de galectina-3. Ao contr&#225;rio dessas observa&#231;&#245;es, Libhaber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> mostraram, em um estudo realizado com uma amostra de 966 indiv&#237;duos de uma comunidade, que a galectina-3 esteve independentemente associada com a velocidade da onda de pulso carotideo-femoral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Nossos achados s&#227;o os primeiros a sugerirem que n&#237;veis aumentados de galectina-3 est&#227;o associados com acoplamento ventriculoarterial anormal, o que significa que poderia estar envolvida no processo de enrijecimento tanto de componentes do mioc&#225;rdio como das art&#233;rias. A rigidez arterial e a complac&#234;ncia card&#237;aca reduzida s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela raz&#227;o de acoplamento (Ea/Elv) mais elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A raz&#227;o Ea/Elv &#233; um par&#226;metro complexo que inclui complac&#234;ncia arterial, resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, imped&#226;ncia, intervalos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico, contratilidade do VE e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Ela pode ser usada para avaliar a intera&#231;&#227;o entre o mioc&#225;rdio e o sistema arterial. Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE reduzida, h&#225; uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na raz&#227;o Ea/Elv devido ao aumento da carga vascular e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade do VE. Por outro lado, essa raz&#227;o encontra-se equilibrada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE preservada em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos normais, devido ao aumento simult&#226;neo na elast&#226;ncia arterial e ventricular esquerda, similar ao encontrado em nosso estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Conforme observado por De Boer et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> n&#243;s n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis de galectina-3 entre pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE preservada e aqueles com FE reduzida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> At&#233; o momento, o papel da galectina-3 na rigidez card&#237;aca foi demonstrada por sua associa&#231;&#227;o com marcadores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica: press&#227;o de enchimento do VE elevada (expressa pela raz&#227;o E/e) e relaxamento anormal do VE (velocidade da onda E).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, um estudo realizado por Van der Velde et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> demonstrou que a galectina-3 era um preditor independente da FE nos pacientes ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Em nosso estudo, observamos que os n&#237;veis de galectina-3 estavam associados com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda comprometida, refletida por taxas mais baixas de aumento da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Ao que sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a relatar uma correla&#231;&#227;o desse tipo. A taxa de aumento da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda na fase inicial da s&#237;stole (dp/dt) avalia a contratilidade global do VE pelo exame Doppler do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral. Como a for&#231;a de contratilidade exercida pelo VE diminui na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, as taxas de eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda tornam-se reduzidas. Al&#233;m disso, uma vez que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE reduzida e di&#226;metros do VE aumentados apresentam taxas dp/dt mais baixas, a galectina-3 poderia estar envolvida na remodela&#231;&#227;o exc&#234;ntrica, representando um poss&#237;vel marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave. Os efeitos negativos da galectina-3 sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica tamb&#233;m foram observados no volume e di&#226;metro sist&#243;licos finais aumentados. Lok et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> foram os primeiros a demonstrarem uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre n&#237;veis basais elevados de galectina-3 e o aumento dos di&#226;metros finais sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos ao longo do tempo em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Outro achado interessante foi que a press&#227;o pulmonar arterial aumentada foi preditora dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos aumentados de galectina-3. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e galectina-3 foi demonstrada em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar induzida por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica, e foi demonstrado que n&#237;veis de galectina-3 correlacionam-se positivamente com press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular direita (p &lt; 0,01).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; caracterizada pela remodela&#231;&#227;o arterial pulmonar, na qual a hipertrofia medial e fibrose intimal s&#227;o os principais componentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Tendo isso em mente, al&#233;m do fato de que a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica est&#225; associada com diferentes graus de hipertrofia e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, a galectina-3 parece estar envolvida nos processos de remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e remodela&#231;&#227;o arterial pulmonar. Tal fato &#233; de particular import&#226;ncia, pois pode explicar tanto a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-capilar ativa, que exerce um importante papel no progn&#243;stico e na piora da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, quanto o componente p&#243;s-capilar resultante das press&#245;es diast&#243;licas finais aumentadas.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, relatamos que n&#237;veis de galectina-3 maior que a m&#233;dia de 10 ng/mL e PSAP aumentada s&#227;o fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes para mortalidade por todas as causas e reinterna&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no per&#237;odo de 12 meses. Nossos achados s&#227;o, de certa forma, similares aos relatados no estudo "<italic>The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department</italic> (PRIDE)"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, no qual os autores observaram recorr&#234;ncia de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e mortalidade em pacientes com n&#237;veis de galectina-3 acima de 9,42 ng/mL. No entanto, o per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o foi mais curto que o nosso, de 60 dias. Em outro estudo envolvendo 592 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n&#237;veis basais de galectina-3 foi um forte preditor do desfecho em um per&#237;odo de 18 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial pulmonar, sabe-se menos sobre seu valor progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca esquerda. De Bursi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> foram os primeiros a avaliarem o impacto da PSAP em uma ampla amostra de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em uma comunidade. Os autores indicaram que a PSAP medida por eco-Doppler foi um forte preditor de mortalidade nesses pacientes, o que a torna um importante indicador de desfecho nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conlusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de preencher a lacuna do conhecimento sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e sua progress&#227;o em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, considerada como respons&#225;vel por desfechos adversos. O estudo n&#227;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de galectina-3 e marcadores de rigidez arterial nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Apesar disso, nossos dados sugerem que a galectina-3 contribui para o acoplamento ventriculoarterial anormal. A galectina-3 pode estar envolvida na rigidez mioc&#225;rdica e vascular em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mas amostras maiores contribuiriam para confirmar os achados preliminares de nosso estudo. Ainda, a galectina-3 pode ser preditiva das press&#245;es pulmonares aumentadas e respons&#225;vel pelas altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas nas art&#233;rias pulmonares distais com consequente resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e hipertens&#227;o, descritas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Tanto a galectina-3 como a PSAP foram fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes. O presente estudo amplia o conhecimento pr&#233;vio de que a rigidez arterial est&#225; aumentada na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FE preservada, e est&#225; associada com remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica ventricular esquerda. Nossos achados destacam o envolvimento da galectina-3 na altera&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, e principalmente, que altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de galectina-3 est&#227;o associadas com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Potenciais limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o potencial de nosso estudo &#233; que a medida do comprimento a&#243;rtico para estimar a velocidade de onda de pulso requereu aproxima&#231;&#245;es devido a mudan&#231;as anat&#244;micas da aorta, principalmente em idosos. Al&#233;m disso, a estimativa de dimens&#245;es vasculares a partir da superf&#237;cie corporal continua sendo uma t&#233;cnica question&#225;vel. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o est&#225; na determina&#231;&#227;o do tempo gasto pelo sangue ejetado do cora&#231;&#227;o atingir as art&#233;rias, uma vez que esse par&#226;metro &#233; dependente de fatores, como problemas de condu&#231;&#227;o ou ritmo. Pelo fato de alguns de nossos pacientes apresentaram problemas de condu&#231;&#227;o (bloqueio de ramo) ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, v&#225;rias medidas foram necess&#225;rias para a determina&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro e o registro de boas ondas de pulso.</p>
          <p>Durante a admiss&#227;o, atrasos entre a obten&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndices vasculares e a coleta de amostras de sangue para a determina&#231;&#227;o da galectina-3 podem ter ocorrido. Tal fato pode haver afetado a avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre esses par&#226;metros, particularmente porque a meia vida biol&#243;gica da galectina-3 ainda &#233; desconhecida. No entanto, diferente do NT-proBNP que diminui no enchimento ventricular esquerdo, a galectina-3 n&#227;o responde a uma condi&#231;&#227;o hemodinamicamente compensada, devido ao seu envolvimento no processo de fibrose. Por isso, seria mais preciso avaliar se mudan&#231;as na concentra&#231;&#227;o de galectina-3 afetariam a rigidez arterial. Al&#233;m disso, o tamanho relativamente pequeno da coorte limitou a avalia&#231;&#227;o de correla&#231;&#245;es entre a galectina-3 e &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Dadas essas limita&#231;&#245;es, esperamos que nosso estudo sirva como uma base geradora de hip&#243;tese para futuros estudos, grandes e prospectivos, para confirmar nossos achados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este estudo recebeu apoio parcial do <italic>Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resources Development</italic> (SOPHRD), financiado pelo <italic>European Social Fund and the Romanian Government,</italic> sob contrato de n&#250;mero POSDRU 141531.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Setor de desenvolvimento de recursos humanos - programa de opera&#231;&#227;o sectorial, financiado pelo Fundo Social Europeu e do Governo Romeno sob o n&#250;mero do contrato 141531.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Radu Ioan Lala pela "Vasile Goldis" West University Arad.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
