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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3rM3YsZ9xQZFCBQvwjt3KVF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200113</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005002101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150150</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Maternal Factors and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Women with Preeclampsia in Macei&#243;, Alagoas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Alane Cabral Menezes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Arianne Albuquerque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Maria Rocha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Myrian Cicyanne Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alane Cabral</bold> , Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Faculdade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Avenida Lourival de Melo Mota, S/N, Tabuleiro dos Martins, Postal Code 57072-900, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil. Email:<email>alanecabral@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira ACM; Acquisition of data: Santos AA, Bezerra AR, Barros AMR, Tavares MCM; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira ACM, Santos AA, Bezerra AR, Barros AMR, Tavares MCM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>113</fpage>
      <lpage>120</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Preeclampsia has been associated with several risk factors and events. However, it still deserves further investigation, considering the multitude of related factors that affect different populations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the maternal factors and adverse perinatal outcomes in a cohort of pregnant women with preeclampsia receiving care in the public health network of the city of Macei&#243;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective cohort study carried out in 2014 in the public health network of the city with a sample of pregnant women calculated based on a prevalence of preeclampsia of 17%, confidence level of 90%, power of 80%, and ratio of 1:1. We applied a questionnaire to collect socioeconomic, personal, and anthropometric data, and retrieved perinatal variables from medical records and certificates of live birth. The analysis was performed with Poisson regression and chi-square test considering p values &lt; 0.05 as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We evaluated 90 pregnant women with preeclampsia (PWP) and 90 pregnant women without preeclampsia (PWoP). A previous history of preeclampsia (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.57, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.47 - 1.67, p = 0.000) and black skin color (PR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.00 - 1.33, p = 0.040) were associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia. Among the newborns of PWP and PWoP, respectively, 12.5% and 13.1% (p = 0.907) were small for gestational age and 25.0% and 23.2% (p = 0.994) were large for gestational age. There was a predominance of cesarean delivery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Personal history of preeclampsia and black skin color were associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia. There was a high frequency of birth weight deviations and cesarean deliveries.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Pre-Eclampsia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnant Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Perinatal Care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The hypertensive syndromes of pregnancy deserve special attention in the scenario of global and national public health. These syndromes are currently the first cause of maternal mortality in Brazil, affecting approximately 5 to 17% of all pregnant women. Due to their severity, they are among the most important causes of hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Preeclampsia (PE) is a disorder that results from poor placental perfusion and endothelial dysfunction with an increase in blood pressure levels and proteinuria after the 20<sup>th</sup> week of gestation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> The occurrence of PE is associated with an increased risk of adverse events (placental abruption, acute renal failure, and cerebral hemorrhage, among others) and unfavorable perinatal outcomes (low birth weight [LBW], fetal macrosomia [FM], low Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes, neonatal infection, meconium aspiration syndrome, and prematurity, among others).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Several risk factors associated with PE have been described in the literature, including first delivery, extremes of reproductive age, inadequate pregestational or gestational nutrition, inappropriate weight gain, unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, presence of chronic diseases, and personal and / or family history of PE, among others. According to some authors, the incidence of the disease deserves more investigation, considering the multitude of factors modifying its risk in different geographic areas, since some factors are similar between populations, whereas others are related to the geographic area and ethnicity of the studied cohort.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Decrease in maternal and infant mortality is one of the targets for worldwide poverty reduction until 2015 (Millennium Development Goals [MDGS-2009/2012]).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Despite the importance of PE and the potential to prevent most deaths and associated complications, there are no studies about this subject in Macei&#243;. Considering that, the present study aimed at comparing the maternal factors and adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with PE and normotensive pregnant women receiving care in the public health network of Macei&#243;. This analysis intends to direct the strategies to reduce PE and its complications.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a prospective cohort study carried out in 2014 with pregnant women with PE seen at <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes</italic> (HUPAA, a reference center for high-risk pregnancy in the state) and normotensive pregnant women undergoing prenatal care in Basic Health Units (<italic>Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de</italic>, UBS) in the city of Macei&#243;, state of Alagoas.</p>
      <p>The sample size was calculated with the software Epi Info, version 7.0, based on a PE prevalence of 17%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> considering a confidence level of 90%, power of 80%, and ratio of 1:1 (exposed and not exposed). The estimated sample size was 178, comprising 89 pregnant women with preeclampsia (PWP) and 89 pregnant women without preeclampsia (PWoP).</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were residence in Macei&#243; and prenatal care received at HUPAA or in a UBS in the city. Pregnant women not residing in the city, with restricted mobility, not receiving care at HUPAA, or who were not undergoing prenatal care in a UBS in the city were not included in the study.</p>
      <p>After selecting the participants, we applied a standardized questionnaire which had been previously tested by the research group, and collected data on socioeconomic (income, education level, and reported skin color), personal (personal and family history of PE, civil status, and parity), anthropometric (pregestational weight, current weight, and height), and perinatal variables (gestational age [GA] at birth, weight and length of the newborn [NB] at birth, gender of the NB, type of delivery, and Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes). The latter data were collected after birth from medical records and / or certificates of live birth.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of PE was confirmed by data retrieved from medical records (medical opinion) in the presence of hypertension (systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg or diastolic arterial pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg) and proteinuria (urinary protein &gt; 300 mg/24h) after the 20th week of pregnancy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				</p>
      <p>To assess the maternal nutritional status, we measured the weight and height of the women with a digital scale and a stadiometer, and used cutoff values established by Atalah et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> We also recorded the weight gain during pregnancy adjusted for the GA at the moment of the interview, considering the weight goal recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      <p>The GA of the newborn at birth was classified according to the criteria proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO):<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> preterm (GA &lt; 37 weeks), term (GA between 37 and 42 weeks), and post-term (GA &gt; 42 weeks). Weight and length at birth were interpreted according to the new WHO charts,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> or Fenton charts for NBs with GA &lt; 33 weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The cutoff values for both charts were considered in percentiles according to international standards. The NBs with weight below the 3rd percentile were classified as small for gestational age (SGA), those between the 3rd and 97th percentiles as appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and those with weight above the 97th percentile as large for gestational age (LGA). The same cutoff values were considered to categorize the length at birth. The status of the NB after birth was evaluated with the Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes, in which values &#8804; 6 for both minutes characterized risk for the NB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
      <p>The data were processed using the software Stata, version 13.0, adopting a confidence level of 95% (&#945; = 0.05). We used Poisson regression with robust variance estimate to identify maternal factors associated with PE, and tested in the adjusted model the independent variables that in the crude regression analysis showed significance below 20% (p &lt; 0.20). The magnitude of the associations between the outcome variable and the independent variables were expressed as prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The outcome variable of the analyses was the presence or absence of PE. The independent variables were maternal age (&#8804; 19 years, 20 to 34 years, or &#8805; 35 years), family income (&lt; 1 minimum wage or &#8805; 1 minimum wage), maternal years of education (&lt; 4 years or &#8805; 4 years), reported color of the skin (white or brown / black), presence of a stable relationship (yes or no), first pregnancy (yes or no), personal history of PE (yes or no), family history of PE (yes or no), gestational nutritional status according to the body mass index (BMI; low weight, eutrophic, overweight, or obese), and weight gain during pregnancy (insufficient, adequate, or excessive).</p>
      <p>We used the chi-square test to characterize the perinatal variables, aiming to compare the frequencies between the two groups (PWP and PWoP), with results expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of <italic>Universidade Federal de Alagoas</italic> (UFAL), with the process number 341.953.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We evaluated 90 PWP and 90 PWoP, with mean ages of 25.8 &#177; 6.7 years and 24.1 &#177; 6.2 years, respectively. In all, 17.8% of the PWP and 27.8% of the PWoP were adolescents (p = 0.096), 43.3% and 45.5%, respectively, had low education level (p = 0.433), and 30.0% and 24.4%, respectively, had low income (p = 0.407). Black skin color was reported by 16.7% of the PWP and 10.0% of the PWoP (p = 0.194), whereas 28.9% and 8.9%, respectively, had a family history of PE (p = 0.000), and 38.9% and 1.11%, respectively, had a personal history of PE (p = 0.000). Obesity rates were 40.1% and 13.0%, respectively (p = 0.000), and rates of excessive gestational weight gain were 34.5% and 16.7%, respectively (p = 0.013) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of PE, and crude (95% CI) PRs according to socioeconomic and personal variables, and anthropometric measurements of pregnant women attending the public health network of the city of Macei&#243;, Alagoas, 2014</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>PWP (n = 90)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>PWoP (n = 90)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Crude PR (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age group (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 19</td>
              <td align="center">16 (17.8)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (27.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.91 (0.82-1.02)</td>
              <td align="center">0.096</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">20-34</td>
              <td align="center">66 (73.3)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (62.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 35</td>
              <td align="center">8(8.9)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 (0.81-1.13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.592</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Years of education</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">0.433</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt;4</td>
              <td align="center">39 (43.3)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (45.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.95-1.02)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 4</td>
              <td align="center">51 (56.7)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (54.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Income (Brazilian Real)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">0.407</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 1 minimum wage</td>
              <td align="center">27 (30.0)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (24.4)</td>
              <td align="center">1.04 (0.93-1.17)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 1 minimum wage</td>
              <td align="center">63 (70.0)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (75.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Skin color (reported)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">0.194</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">15 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1.11 (0.95-1.28)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White / dark</td>
              <td align="center">75 (83.3)</td>
              <td align="center">81 (90.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Stable relationship</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">0.880</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">38 (42.2)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (41.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 (0.91-1.11)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">42 (57.8)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (58.9)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Family history of PE</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">26 (28.9)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (8.9)</td>
              <td align="center">1.26 (1.11-1.43)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">64 (71.1)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (91.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Personal history of PE</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">35 (38.9)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.11)</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 (1.54-1.70)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">55 (61.1)</td>
              <td align="center">89 (98.9)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>First pregnancy</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">0.762</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">36 (40.0)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (42.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.89-1.09)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">54 (60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (57.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gestational nutritional status</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low weight</td>
              <td align="center">13 (14.4)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 (0.85-1.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.678</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Eutrophy</td>
              <td align="center">22 (24.4)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (43.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">19 (21.1)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (26.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 (0.85-1.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.375</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">36 (40.1)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (13.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.27 (1.14-1.42)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gestational weight gain</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insufficient</td>
              <td align="center">41 (45.5)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.89-1.08)</td>
              <td align="center">0.705</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">18 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Excessive</td>
              <td align="center">29 (34.5)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1.16 (1.03-1.30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No information</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>PWP: pregnant women with preeclampsia; PWoP: pregnant women without preeclampsia; PE: preeclampsia; PR: prevalence ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Crude logistic regression, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the PE-associated factors that were included in the adjusted Poisson regression model. There was an association between PE and previous history of PE (PR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.47 - 1.67, p = 0.000) and black skin color (PR = 1.15, 95%CI 1.00 - 1.33, p = 0.040). The variables age &#8804; 19 years, family history of PE, obesity according to BMI, and excessive weight gain were included in the adjusted model after reaching a p value within the limits established to maintain a variable in the model (p &lt; 0.2).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Factors associated with PE included in the multivariate model, Macei&#243;, Alagoas, 2014</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Adjusted PR (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Personal history of PE</td>
              <td align="center">1.57 (1.47-1.67)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity by current BMI</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (0.97-1.24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.115</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of PE</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (0.98-1.24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.078</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Excessive weight gain</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (0.94-1.18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.324</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &#8804; 19 years</td>
              <td align="center">0.93(0.85-1.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.090</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black skin color</td>
              <td align="center">1.15 (1.00-1.33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.040</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>PE: preeclampsia; BMI: body mass index; PR: prevalence ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Poisson regression, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows the perinatal outcomes of the studied cohort. These results excluded two PWP due to neonatal mortality, and five PWoP due to one case of spontaneous abortion, two cases of neonatal mortality, and two cases that were lost to follow up. The PWP and PWoP groups presented, respectively, 6.8% and 4.7% of preterm labors (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 0.39 - 5.38, p = 0.565), 12.5% and 13.1% of SGA NBs (OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.39 - 2.32, p = 0.907), 25.0% and 26.2% of LGA NBs (OR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.50 - 1.97, p = 0.994), and 56.0% and 30.8% of NBs with increased birth length (OR = 2.96, 95% CI 1.56 - 5.61, p = 0.001). Cesarean delivery was the most frequent delivery route in both groups (58.0% and 53.9%, respectively). An Apgar score &#8804; 6 at 1 minute was observed in 11.1% and 3.4% of the NBs in each group, respectively, and at 5 minutes in 6.7% and 3.4%, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Perinatal results of pregnant women with PE attending the public health network in the city of Macei&#243;, Alagoas, 2014</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>PWP (n = 88)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>PWoP (n = 85)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Crude OR (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gestational age at delivery</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Preterm</td>
              <td align="center">6 (6.8)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (4.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1.46 (0.39-5.38)</td>
              <td align="center">0.565</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Term</td>
              <td align="center">75 (85.2)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (85.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.37-2.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.751</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Post-term</td>
              <td align="center">7 (8.0)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (9.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 (0.26-2.50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.707</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Delivery route</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">0.611</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cesarean</td>
              <td align="center">51 (58.0)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (53.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 (0.47-1.57)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vaginal</td>
              <td align="center">37 (42.0)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (46.1)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>NB gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">44 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0.55-1.82)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">44 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>NB birth weight</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SGA</td>
              <td align="center">11 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (13.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 (0.39-2.32)</td>
              <td align="center">0.907</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AGA</td>
              <td align="center">55 (62.5)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (60.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1.07 (0.58-1.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.810</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LGA</td>
              <td align="center">22 (25.0)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (26.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 (0.50-1.97)</td>
              <td align="center">0.994</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>NB length at birth</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">5(6.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.17 (0.02-1.47)</td>
              <td align="center">0.069</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">37 (42.9)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (62.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.43 (0.23-0.80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">50 (56.0)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (30.8)</td>
              <td align="center">2.96 (1.56-5.61)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No information</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>NB Apgar score at 1 minute</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">0.119</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 6</td>
              <td align="center">5 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.4)</td>
              <td align="center">3.56 (0.66-19.29)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 7</td>
              <td align="center">40 (88.9)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (96.6)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No information</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>NB Apgar score at 5 minutes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">0.198</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 6</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.4)</td>
              <td align="center">4.07 (0.41-40.53)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 7</td>
              <td align="center">42 (93.3)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (96.6)</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No information</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>PE: preeclampsia; PWP: pregnant women with preeclampsia (two cases of neonatal mortality); PWoP: pregnant women without preeclampsia (one case of spontaneous abortion, two of neonatal mortality, and two lost to follow up); NB: newborn; AGA: appropriate for gestational age; SGA: small for gestational age; LGA: large for gestational age; OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Chi-square test, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of this study show that a personal history of PE is associated with a new occurrence of PE in a later pregnancy. Similarly, a study with a cohort of pregnant women in Sweden has shown that a previous history of PE also conferred greater risk for the disease, with an incidence of PE of 14.7% in women who had presented PE in the first pregnancy and 31.9% in those who had presented the disease in two previous pregnancies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Additionally, a survey conducted in the south of Brazil by Dalmaz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> found a higher risk of PE in pregnant women with family history of the disease.</p>
      <p>Women who develop PE have a higher risk of recurrence of the disease in future pregnancies, and often have a family history of the disease, which suggests the involvement of genetic factors. Studies have shown the importance of maternal genes in the development of PE, including genetic mutations (i) in the glu298Asp of the nitric oxide synthase, increasing the peripheral vascular resistance and (ii) in the factor V Leiden related to the blood coagulation system. However, the results regarding the genetic etiology of pre-eclampsia are not conclusive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Individuals with black skin color seem to have a hereditary defect in cellular uptake and renal transport of sodium and calcium, which can be attributed to a sodium-sparing gene that favors cellular sodium influx and calcium efflux, thus favoring the onset of hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In a case-control study carried out with pregnant women in the state of Goi&#225;s, a skin color different than white was an independent risk factor for PE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> corroborating the findings of the present study. This can be explained by the fact that black women present a higher incidence of chronic hypertension, which increases the incidence of PE superimposed to hypertension.</p>
      <p>Studies have demonstrated a relationship between worse socioeconomic conditions and a higher incidence of PE since these conditions may be associated with situations of stress and worse nutritional status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In the present study, there was no association between unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, such as low income and low education level, and occurrence of PE. This can be explained by the homogeneity of the cohort, which included only pregnant women receiving care in the public health network of Macei&#243;. This city, the largest in the state of Alagoas, has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.721, considered the worst in the country when taking into account income, longevity, and education criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
      <p>This research also found no association between maternal nutritional status and occurrence of PE, despite higher frequencies of obesity and excess weight gain in PWP when compared with PWoP. In contrast, the international, multicenter, and epidemiological study HAPO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, which included 15 centers in nine countries, concluded that a high maternal BMI is associated with a higher frequency of the disease. Additionally, Seabra et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> studying pregnant women attending the PE clinic in a public maternity in Rio de Janeiro, also found an increased risk of PE in women with overweight and obesity. The mechanisms for the predisposition of women with excess weight to PE are not yet entirely clear, but the hypotheses include an increased inflammatory response (as a consequence of an increased synthesis of proinflammatory substances by the adipose tissue, as well as some cytokines and C-reactive protein) inhibiting, for example, the nitric oxide synthase, reducing the availability of nitric oxide and causing vasoconstriction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Cesarean delivery (the predominating delivery route in this study) increases the risk of maternal complications, especially in pregnant women with severe PE. This increases the chances of hemorrhagic manifestations, and infections, hypertensive peaks, and also prolongs the length of hospital stay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> The Technical Manual for High-Risk Pregnancies adopted by the Brazilian Health Ministry emphasizes that "high-risk pregnancy is not synonymous with cesarean delivery," since in many situations it is possible to induce labor aiming a vaginal delivery route, or even wait for its spontaneous onset.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> Still, the rate of cesarean deliveries in our study was well above that recommended by the WHO (&lt; 15%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
      <p>An observational and retrospective study with pregnant women with PE who underwent labor at <italic>Maternidade Escola do Rio de Janeiro</italic> observed a higher risk of NBs SGA, prematurity, neonatal infection, and meconium aspiration syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In the present study, the occurrence of PE did not increase the chance of weight deviations (SGA and LGA) in the NBs, nor the frequency of preterm delivery compared with pregnancies without PE. It is important to highlight the high frequencies of these adverse perinatal outcomes in both groups (PWP and PWoP), particularly regarding deviations of birth weight, and births of NBs SGA (12.5% and 13.1%) and LGA (25% and 26.2%), since these outcomes contrast with national data (8.46% of the cases of LBW and 5.05% of FM) and data from the state of Alagoas (7.68% of the cases of LBW and 5.44% of FM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
      <p>The high frequency of NBs LGA is noteworthy in this study. This fact may be due to a historical trend of nutritional transition, reflected by a higher incidence of increased birth weight (identified as a new and relevant advanced manifestation of this transition).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Reinforcing these findings, a survey conducted in the northeast area of Brazil has identified an association between FM and excessive gestational weight gain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Studies have suggested a positive correlation between leptin concentration in the umbilical cord and GA, weight, length, and neonatal ponderal index, with pregnant women showing higher levels of this hormone when compared with non-pregnant ones, mainly those with excess body weight during pregnancy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> This hormone also has an important role in regulating the sympathetic nervous system and, consequently, controlling blood pressure. In a case-control study, pregnant women with PE presented levels of leptin three times higher than normotensive ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> In the present study, pregnant women with PE had an almost three times greater chance of having a NB with increased length at birth when compared with normotensive ones, which could be explained by the presence of PE and excess weight in pregnant women with PE when compared with those with normal blood pressure, increasing the levels of leptin and leading to increased fetal growth.</p>
      <p>In this study, most pregnant women with PE had NBs with Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes above the cutoff value, but the presence of the disease did not increase the frequency of these indexes. In contrast, Oliveira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> studying the perinatal repercussions of women who had undergone labor at <italic>Maternidade Escola da Universidade do Rio de Janeiro</italic>, found a higher risk of low Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes in women with a diagnosis of PE. However, a large part of the cohort in our study had no register of the Apgar score in the medical records or certificate of live birth, which limits the generalization of the results. According to Costa e Frias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> several causes may be associated with poor filing of certificates of live birth, such as lack of clarity in the manual of instructions for completion of the form, and heterogeneity of the professionals responsible for this task. According to the results found in the present study, there was no association between PE and worse perinatal outcomes when compared with the absence of PE (pregnant women with normal blood pressure), with the exception of a greater frequency of birth of NBs with increased length. This result differs from most of those found in the literature. A likely cause for this finding was the lack of differentiation between mild and severe cases of PE, since the severe cases are those associated with the worst obstetric outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> Although the sample size was adequate to estimate the prevalence of the outcomes investigated in this study, it may not have had statistical power to identify associations between some variables, particularly those with lower prevalence in the studied population.</p>
      <p>Even so, some of the adverse obstetric outcomes in this study, such as a predominance of cesarean delivery and NB weight deviations, have higher frequencies than those of recommended standards. This shows the great importance of prenatal and multiprofessional care during medical appointments in identifying risks, guaranteeing maternal nutritional support, and treating diseases to reduce obstetric and neonatal afflictions.</p>
      <p>Limitations of this study include the large loss of information related to the Apgar score due to incomplete filing of medical records and / or certificates of live birth, emphasizing the importance of correct filing by the professionals.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The occurrence of PE was associated with a maternal history of PE and black skin, and with a high frequency of birth weight deviations and cesarean delivery.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores Maternos e Resultados Perinatais Adversos em Portadoras de Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia em Macei&#243;, Alagoas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Alane Cabral Menezes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Arianne Albuquerque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Maria Rocha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Myrian Cicyanne Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alane Cabral</bold> , Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Faculdade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o. Avenida Lourival de Melo Mota, S/N- Tabuleiro dos Martins. CEP 57072-900. Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil. Email: <email>alanecabral@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira ACM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos AA, Bezerra AR, Barros AMR, Tavares MCM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira ACM, Santos AA, Bezerra AR, Barros AMR, Tavares MCM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia tem sido associada a v&#225;rios fatores de risco e eventos. No entanto, esta doen&#231;a &#233; merecedora de mais investiga&#231;&#245;es, tendo em vista a multiplicidade de fatores relacionados que acometem diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os fatores maternos e os resultados perinatais adversos em uma coorte de gestantes com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia da rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de de Macei&#243;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado em 2014 na rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de do munic&#237;pio com uma amostra de gestantes calculada com base na preval&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia de 17%, n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 90%, poder de 80% e raz&#227;o de 1:1. Foi aplicado um question&#225;rio para coleta de dados socioecon&#244;micos, pessoais e antropom&#233;tricos, e obtidas vari&#225;veis perinatais de prontu&#225;rio e da declara&#231;&#227;o de nascido vivo. An&#225;lise realizada com regress&#227;o de Poisson e teste do qui-quadrado, considerando p &lt; 0,05 como significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram estudadas 90 gestantes com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (GCP) e 90 gestantes sem pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (GSP). Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia [RP] = 1,57, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%] 1,47-1,67, p = 0,000) e cor da pele negra (RP = 1,15, IC 95% 1,00-1,33, p = 0,040) estiveram associadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. Entre os rec&#233;m-nascidos das GCP e GSP, 12,5% e 13,1%, respectivamente, eram pequenos para a idade gestacional (p = 0,907) e 25,0% e 23,2%, respectivamente, eram grandes para a idade gestacional (p = 0,994). Houve predom&#237;nio da via de parto cesariana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Hist&#243;ria pessoal de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e cor da pele negra estiveram associadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. Houve elevadas frequ&#234;ncias de desvios de peso ao nascer e da via de parto cesariana.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-Ecl&#226;mpsia</kwd>
        <kwd>Gestantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia Perinatal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As s&#237;ndromes hipertensivas da gesta&#231;&#227;o merecem especial aten&#231;&#227;o no cen&#225;rio de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica mundial e nacional. Essas s&#237;ndromes s&#227;o atualmente a primeira causa de mortalidade materna no Brasil, acometendo cerca de 5 a 17% das gestantes. Devido &#224; sua gravidade, est&#227;o entre as causas mais importantes de internamento em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					</p>
        <p>A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (PE) &#233; uma desordem decorrente de m&#225; perfus&#227;o placent&#225;ria e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e protein&#250;ria ap&#243;s a 20&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> A ocorr&#234;ncia de PE est&#225; relacionada com um aumento no risco de eventos adversos (descolamento prematuro de placenta, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda e hemorragia cerebral, entre outros) e desfecho perinatal desfavor&#225;vel (baixo peso ao nascer [BPN], macrossomia fetal [MF], &#237;ndice de Apgar baixo no 1&#186; e no 5&#186; minuto de vida, infec&#231;&#227;o neonatal, s&#237;ndrome de aspira&#231;&#227;o meconial e prematuridade, entre outros).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios fatores de risco associados &#224; PE t&#234;m sido descritos na literatura, dentre eles a primiparidade, extremos de idade reprodutiva, estado nutricional pr&#233;-gestacional ou gestacional inadequado, ganho ponderal inadequado, condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas desfavor&#225;veis, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e hist&#243;ria familiar e / ou pessoal de PE, entre outros. Segundo alguns autores, a incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a merece melhor investiga&#231;&#227;o, tendo em vista a multiplicidade de fatores que modificam seu risco de acordo com a regi&#227;o, j&#225; que alguns fatores s&#227;o semelhantes entre popula&#231;&#245;es e outros est&#227;o relacionados &#224; &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica e etnia da coorte estudada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade materna e infantil &#233; uma das metas at&#233; 2015 para redu&#231;&#227;o da pobreza no mundo (Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Mil&#234;nio [ODM-2009/2012]).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Apesar da import&#226;ncia da PE e do potencial de preven&#231;&#227;o da maioria das mortes e complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da doen&#231;a, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos sobre o tema em Macei&#243;. Com isso, o presente estudo objetivou comparar os fatores maternos e os resultados perinatais adversos em gestantes com PE e gestantes normotensas da rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de de Macei&#243;. Esta an&#225;lise pretende direcionar as estrat&#233;gias para reduzir a PE e suas complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado no ano de 2014 com gestantes com PE procedentes do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes (HUPAA, centro de refer&#234;ncia em gesta&#231;&#245;es de alto risco no estado de Alagoas) e gestantes normotensas que realizavam pr&#233;-natal em Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de (UBS) do munic&#237;pio de Macei&#243;, estado de Alagoas. </p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi realizado com o aux&#237;lio do programa Epi Info, vers&#227;o 7.0, com base em uma preval&#234;ncia de PE de 17%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> considerando um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 90%, poder de 80% e raz&#227;o de 1:1 (expostos e n&#227;o expostos). O tamanho estimado da amostra foi de 178, dos quais 89 eram gestantes com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (GCP) e 89 gestantes sem pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (GSP).</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram resid&#234;ncia em Macei&#243; e atendimento da gesta&#231;&#227;o no HUPAA ou em uma UBS do munic&#237;pio. As gestantes n&#227;o residentes no munic&#237;pio, com incapacidade de locomo&#231;&#227;o, que n&#227;o eram assistidas no HUPAA ou que n&#227;o realizavam pr&#233;-natal em uma UBS do munic&#237;pio n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das no estudo.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s sele&#231;&#227;o das participantes, foi aplicado um question&#225;rio padronizado e previamente testado pelo grupo de pesquisa que incluiu coleta de dados socioecon&#244;micos (renda, escolaridade e cor da pele referida), pessoais (hist&#243;ria pessoal e familiar de PE, estado civil e paridade), antropom&#233;tricos (peso pr&#233;-gestacional, peso atual e altura) e vari&#225;veis perinatais (idade gestacional [IG] no momento do parto, peso e comprimento do rec&#233;m-nascido [RN] ao nascimento, sexo do RN, via de parto e &#237;ndice de Apgar do RN no 1&#186; e no 5&#186; minuto de vida). Estas &#250;ltimas informa&#231;&#245;es foram coletadas do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico e / ou da declara&#231;&#227;o de nascido vivo ap&#243;s o parto.</p>
        <p>A PE foi confirmada a partir de informa&#231;&#245;es de prontu&#225;rio (consulta de pareceres m&#233;dicos) na ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg) e protein&#250;ria (prote&#237;na urin&#225;ria &gt; 300 mg/24h) ap&#243;s a 20&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional materno, foram coletadas medidas de peso e altura da gestante com aux&#237;lio de balan&#231;a digital e estadi&#244;metro, e utilizados pontos de corte estabelecidos por Atalah Samur et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e preconizado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Foi tamb&#233;m investigado o ganho de peso durante a gravidez ajustado para a IG no momento da entrevista, considerando as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de meta ponderal estabelecidas pelo <italic>Institute of Medicine</italic> (IOM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
        <p>A IG do RN no momento do parto foi classificada segundo os crit&#233;rios propostos pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS):<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> pr&#233;-termo (IG &lt; 37 semanas), termo (IG entre 37 e 42 semanas) e p&#243;s-termo (IG &gt; 42 semanas). Os dados de peso e comprimento ao nascimento foram interpretados de acordo com as novas curvas da OMS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> e para os RN com IG &lt; 33 semanas foram utilizadas as curvas de Fenton.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Os pontos de corte para ambas as curvas foram considerados em percentis de acordo com padr&#245;es internacionais. Os RN com peso abaixo do percentil 3 foram classificados como pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG), aqueles entre os percentis 3 e 97 como adequados para a idade gestacional (AIG) e aqueles com peso superior ao percentil 97 como grandes para a idade gestacional (GIG). Os mesmos pontos de corte foram considerados para a classifica&#231;&#227;o do comprimento ao nascimento. A condi&#231;&#227;o do RN ap&#243;s o parto foi avaliada atrav&#233;s dos valores do &#237;ndice de Apgar no 1&#186; e no 5&#186; minuto de vida, nos quais valores &#8804; 6 para ambos os minutos caracterizam risco para o RN.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Os dados foram processados com o programa Stata, vers&#227;o 13.0, adotando um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% (&#945; = 0,05). Foi utilizada a regress&#227;o de Poisson com estimativa robusta da vari&#226;ncia visando identificar os fatores maternos associados &#224; PE, sendo testadas no modelo ajustado as vari&#225;veis independentes que na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o bruta apresentaram signific&#226;ncia menor que 20% (p &lt; 0,20). A magnitude das associa&#231;&#245;es entre a vari&#225;vel desfecho e as vari&#225;veis independentes foram expressas em raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP) e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). A vari&#225;vel desfecho das an&#225;lises foi a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de PE. As vari&#225;veis independentes foram: idade materna (&#8804; 19 anos, 20 a 34 anos, ou &#8805; 35 anos), renda familiar (&lt; 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo ou &#8805; 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo), escolaridade materna (&lt; 4 anos ou &#8805; 4 anos), cor referida da pele (branca ou parda / negra), presen&#231;a de uni&#227;o est&#225;vel (sim ou n&#227;o), primeira gesta&#231;&#227;o (sim ou n&#227;o), hist&#243;ria pessoal de PE (sim ou n&#227;o), hist&#243;ria familiar de PE (sim ou n&#227;o), estado nutricional gestacional segundo o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC; baixo peso, eutrofia, sobrepeso, ou obesidade) e ganho ponderal no per&#237;odo gestacional (insuficiente, adequado, ou excessivo). </p>
        <p>O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para caracterizar as vari&#225;veis perinatais, visando comparar as frequ&#234;ncias entre os dois grupos estudados (GCP e GSP), com os resultados expressos em <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) e IC95%.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL) sob processo de n&#250;mero 341.953.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram estudadas 90 GCP e 90 GSP, com m&#233;dias de idade de 25,8 &#177; 6,7 anos e 24,1 &#177; 6,2 anos, respectivamente. Ao todo, 17,8% das GCP e 27,8% das GSP eram adolescentes (p = 0,096), 43,3% e 45,5%, respectivamente, tinham baixa escolaridade (p = 0,433) e 30,0% e 24,4%, respectivamente, tinham baixa renda (p = 0,407). Cor da pele negra foi referida por 16,7% das GCP e 10,0% das GSP (p = 0,194), enquanto que 28,9% e 8,9%, respectivamente, apresentavam hist&#243;ria familiar para PE (p = 0,000) e 38,9% e 1,11%, respectivamente, apresentavam hist&#243;ria pessoal para PE (p = 0,000). As respectivas taxas de obesidade foram 40,1% e 13,0% (p = 0,000) e de ganho ponderal gestacional excessivo foram 34,5% e 16,7% (p = 0,013) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da PE e RP bruta (IC 95%) segundo vari&#225;veis socioecon&#243;micas, pessoais e antropom&#233;tricas de gestantes atendidas pela rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de do munic&#237;pio de Macei&#243;, Alagoas, 2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GCP (n = 90)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GSP (n = 90)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RP bruta (IC 95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 19</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17,8)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (27,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,82-1,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">20-34</td>
                <td align="center">66 (73,3)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (62,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 35</td>
                <td align="center">8(8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,81-1,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,592</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0,433</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 4</td>
                <td align="center">39 (43,3)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,95-1,02)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 4</td>
                <td align="center">51 (56,7)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Renda (R$)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0,407</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo</td>
                <td align="center">27 (30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,93-1,17)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo</td>
                <td align="center">63 (70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (75,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cor da pele (referida)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0,194</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negra</td>
                <td align="center">15 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 (0,95-1,28)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca/parda</td>
                <td align="center">75 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (90,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Uni&#227;o est&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0,880</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">38 (42,2)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (41,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,91-1,11)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">42 (57,8)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (58,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de PE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">26 (28,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8(8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 (1,11-1,43)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">64 (71,1)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (91,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria pessoal de PE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">35 (38,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,11)</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 (1,54-1,70)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">55 (61,1)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (98,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Primeira gesta&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0,762</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">36 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (42,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,89-1,09)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">54 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (57,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estado nutricional gestacional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">13 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,85-1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,678</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">22 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (43,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">19 (21,1)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,85-1,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,375</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">36 (40,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,27 (1,14-1,42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ganho ponderal gestacional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insuficiente</td>
                <td align="center">41 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,89-1,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,705</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">18 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Excessivo</td>
                <td align="center">29 (34,5)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 (1,03-1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <p>GCP: gestantes com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia; GSP: gestantes sem pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia; PE: pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia; RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bruta, com valores de p &lt; 0,05 considerados significativos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os fatores associados &#224; PE que foram inclu&#237;dos no modelo ajustado de regress&#227;o de Poisson. Estiveram associados &#224; doen&#231;a a presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de PE (RP = 1,57, IC 95% 1,47 - 1,67, p = 0,000) e cor negra da pele (RP = 1,15, IC 95% 1,00 - 1,33, p = 0,040). As vari&#225;veis idade &#8804; 19 anos, hist&#243;ria familiar de PE, obesidade segundo o IMC e ganho ponderal excessivo foram inclu&#237;das no modelo ajustado por terem alcan&#231;ado valor de p dentro da margem estabelecida para perman&#234;ncia de uma vari&#225;vel no modelo (p &lt; 0,2).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores associados &#224; PE inclu&#237;dos no modelo multivariado, Macei&#243;, Alagoas, 2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>RP ajustada (IC95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria pessoal de PE</td>
                <td align="center">1,57 (1,47-1,67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC atual de obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (0,97-1,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,115</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de PE</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (0,98-1,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,078</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ganho ponderal excessivo</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,94-1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,324</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &lt; 19 anos</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 (0,85-1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cor da pele negra</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 (1,00-1,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <p>PE: pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Regress&#227;o de Poisson, com valores de p &lt; 0,05 considerados significativos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> mostra os resultados perinatais da coorte estudada. Nestes resultados foram exclu&#237;dos os dados de duas GCP devido a mortalidade neonatal, e de cinco GSP devido a um caso de aborto espont&#226;neo, dois de mortalidade neonatal e dois de perda de seguimento. Os grupos GCP e GSP apresentaram, respectivamente, 6,8% e 4,7% de partos pr&#233;-termo (OR = 1,46, IC 95% 0,39 - 5,38, p = 0,565), 12,5% e 13,1% de RN PIG (OR = 0,95, IC 95% 0,39 - 2,32, p = 0,907), 25,0% e 26,2% de RN GIG (OR = 0,99, IC 95% 0,50 - 1,97, p = 0,994) e 56,0% e 30,8% de RN com comprimento elevado ao nascer (OR = 2,96, IC 95% 1,56 - 5,61, p = 0,001). A via de parto cesariana foi a mais frequente em ambos os grupos (58,0% e 53,9%, respectivamente). O &#237;ndice de Apgar esteve &#8804; 6 no 1&#186; minuto de vida em 11,1% e 3,4%, respectivamente, e no 5&#186; minuto de vida em 6,7% e 3,4%, respectivamente.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados perinatais de gestantes com PE atendidas pela rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de do munic&#237;pio de Macei&#243;, Alagoas, 2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GCP (n = 88)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GSP (n = 85)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR bruta (IC 95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade gestacional no momento do parto</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-termo</td>
                <td align="center">6(6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 (0,39-5,38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,565</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Termo</td>
                <td align="center">75 (85,2)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (85,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,37-2,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,751</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P&#243;s-termo</td>
                <td align="center">7(8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,26-2,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,707</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Via de parto</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0,611</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cesariana</td>
                <td align="center">51 (58,0)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (53,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,47-1,57)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vaginal</td>
                <td align="center">37 (42,0)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (46,1)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo do RN</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">44 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,55-1,82)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">44 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Peso do RN ao nascimento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PIG</td>
                <td align="center">11 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,39-2,32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,907</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AIG</td>
                <td align="center">55 (62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (60,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (0,58-1,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,810</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GIG</td>
                <td align="center">22 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (26,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,50-1,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,994</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comprimento do RN ao nascimento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5(6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 (0,02-1,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,069</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">37 (42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (62,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 (0,23-0,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevado</td>
                <td align="center">50 (56,0)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2,96 (1,56-5,61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Apgar do RN no 1&#176; minuto</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0,119</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 6</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3,56 (0,66-19,29)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 7</td>
                <td align="center">40 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (96,6)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Apgar do RN no 5&#176; minuto</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0,198</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 6</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4,07 (0,41-40,53)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 7</td>
                <td align="center">42 (93,3)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (96,6)</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>PE: pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia; GCP: gestantes com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (dois casos de mortalidade neonatal); GSP: gestantes sem pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (um caso de aborto espont&#226;neo, dois de mortalidade neonatal e dois de perda de seguimento); RN: rec&#233;m-nascido; AIG: adequado para a idade gestacional; PIG: pequeno para a idade gestacional; GIG: grande para a idade gestacional; OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste do qui-quadrado, com valores de p &lt; 0,05 considerados significativos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados da presente pesquisa mostram que uma hist&#243;ria pessoal de PE est&#225; associada a uma nova ocorr&#234;ncia de PE em gesta&#231;&#227;o posterior. De forma semelhante, um estudo realizado com uma coorte de gestantes da Su&#233;cia mostrou que uma hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de PE tamb&#233;m conferiu risco para a doen&#231;a, com uma incid&#234;ncia de PE de 14,7% em mulheres que haviam apresentado PE na primeira gravidez e de 31,9% em mulheres que haviam apresentado a doen&#231;a nas duas &#250;ltimas gesta&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Adicionalmente, uma pesquisa realizada no Sul do Brasil por Dalm&#225;z et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> encontrou um maior risco de PE em gestantes com hist&#243;ria familiar para a doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Mulheres que desenvolvem PE apresentam um risco mais elevado de recidiva da doen&#231;a em gesta&#231;&#245;es futuras e habitualmente apresentam hist&#243;ria familiar de PE, o que sugere envolvimento de fatores gen&#233;ticos. Estudos t&#234;m mostrado a import&#226;ncia de genes maternos no desenvolvimento da PE, como as seguintes muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas: (i) na glu298Asp da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintetase levando ao aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e (ii) no fator V de Leiden relacionado com o sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. No entanto, os resultados quanto a etiologia gen&#233;tica na pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia n&#227;o s&#227;o conclusivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos com cor de pele negra parecem apresentar um defeito heredit&#225;rio na capta&#231;&#227;o celular e no transporte renal de s&#243;dio e c&#225;lcio, o que pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; presen&#231;a de um gene economizador de s&#243;dio que favorece o influxo celular de s&#243;dio e efluxo celular de c&#225;lcio, predispondo assim ao aparecimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Em um estudo caso-controle realizado com parturientes no estado de Goi&#225;s, a cor n&#227;o branca da pele representou um risco independente para a PE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> corroborando os achados da presente pesquisa. Isso pode ser explicado pelo fato de que mulheres negras apresentam maior incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial cr&#244;nica, o que aumenta a incid&#234;ncia de PE sobreposta &#224; hipertens&#227;o. </p>
        <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre piores condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e maior incid&#234;ncia de PE, visto que essas condi&#231;&#245;es podem se associar a situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse e pior estado nutricional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> No presente estudo, n&#227;o se observou associa&#231;&#227;o entre condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas desfavor&#225;veis, como baixa renda e baixa escolaridade, e ocorr&#234;ncia de PE. Isto pode ser justificado pela homogeneidade da amostra estudada que incluiu apenas parturientes da rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de de Macei&#243;. Este munic&#237;pio, o maior do estado de Alagoas, apresenta um &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) de 0,721, considerado o pior do pa&#237;s, quando se leva em conta crit&#233;rios de renda, longevidade e educa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Nesta pesquisa tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre estado nutricional materno e ocorr&#234;ncia de PE, apesar da observa&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncias elevadas de obesidade e ganho ponderal excessivo nas GCP quando comparadas &#224;s GSP. Por outro lado, o estudo internacional, multic&#234;ntrico e epidemiol&#243;gico HAPO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> que incluiu 15 centros em 9 pa&#237;ses, concluiu que um elevado IMC materno est&#225; associado a uma maior frequ&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a. Adicionalmente, Seabra et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> ao estudarem gestantes atendidas no servi&#231;o de PE de uma maternidade p&#250;blica do Rio de Janeiro, tamb&#233;m encontraram aumento no risco de PE em mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade. Os mecanismos para a predisposi&#231;&#227;o de mulheres com excesso de peso &#224; PE ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente claros, por&#233;m s&#227;o consideradas como hip&#243;teses o aumento da resposta inflamat&#243;ria (consequ&#234;ncia de uma maior s&#237;ntese de subst&#226;ncias pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias pelo tecido adiposo, assim como algumas citocinas e prote&#237;na C reativa) levando, por exemplo, &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase, diminuindo assim a disponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e ocasionando vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Quando a via de parto estabelecida &#233; a cesariana (via predominante na presente pesquisa), o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es maternas aumenta, especialmente em gestantes com PE grave. Com isso, elevam-se as chances de manifesta&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, infec&#231;&#245;es, picos hipertensivos e maior dura&#231;&#227;o do tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> O Manual T&#233;cnico de Gesta&#231;&#227;o de Alto Risco utilizado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil salienta que &#8220;gravidez de risco n&#227;o &#233; sin&#244;nimo de parto cesariano&#8221;, onde em muitas situa&#231;&#245;es &#233; poss&#237;vel induzir o parto visando o seu t&#233;rmino por via vaginal, ou mesmo aguardar o seu in&#237;cio espont&#226;neo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> Ainda, a taxa de cesarianas nesta pesquisa foi bem superior em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; recomendada pela OMS (&lt; 15%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Em um estudo observacional e retrospectivo com parturientes com PE que realizaram o parto na Maternidade Escola da Universidade do Rio de Janeiro, foi observado um maior risco de nascimento de RN PIG, prematuridade, infec&#231;&#227;o neonatal e s&#237;ndrome da aspira&#231;&#227;o meconial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No presente estudo, a ocorr&#234;ncia de PE n&#227;o elevou a chance de nascimento de RN com desvios de peso (PIG e GIG), nem a frequ&#234;ncia de parto pr&#233;-termo em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s gesta&#231;&#245;es sem PE. &#201; importante destacar as elevadas frequ&#234;ncias destes resultados perinatais adversos em ambos os grupos (GCP e GSP), especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desvios de peso ao nascer, nascimentos de RN PIG (12,5% e 13,1%) e GIG (25% e 26,2%), pois contrastam com dados nacionais (8,46% casos de BPN e 5,05% de MF) e do estado de Alagoas (7,68% casos de BPN e 5,44% com MF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o no presente estudo a elevada frequ&#234;ncia de RN GIG. Este fato pode ser reflexo de uma tend&#234;ncia hist&#243;rica de transi&#231;&#227;o nutricional, refletida por um aumento na incid&#234;ncia de peso elevado ao nascer (identificado como uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o nova e avan&#231;ada dessa transi&#231;&#227;o).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Refor&#231;ando esses achados, uma pesquisa realizada no Nordeste do Brasil identificou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a MF e o ganho ponderal gestacional excessivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Estudos t&#234;m sugerido uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de leptina no cord&#227;o umbilical e IG, peso, comprimento e &#237;ndice ponderal do RN, com maiores n&#237;veis desse horm&#244;nio em mulheres gr&#225;vidas quando comparadas com n&#227;o gr&#225;vidas, principalmente aquelas com excesso de peso corporal na gesta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Esse horm&#244;nio tem tamb&#233;m um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e, consequentemente, no controle da press&#227;o arterial. Em um estudo caso-controle, gestantes com PE apresentaram n&#237;vel de leptina tr&#234;s vezes maior do que gestantes normotensas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> No presente estudo, as gestantes com PE tiveram chance quase tr&#234;s vezes maior de terem RN com comprimento elevado ao nascimento quando comparadas com as normotensas, o que poderia ser explicado pela presen&#231;a da PE e do excesso de peso nas gestantes com PE quando comparadas &#224;s normotensas, cursando assim com maiores n&#237;veis de leptina e, consequentemente, maior crescimento fetal.</p>
        <p>Nesta pesquisa, a maioria das gestantes com PE tiveram RN com &#237;ndices de Apgar no 1&#186; e no 5&#186; minuto de vida acima do ponto de corte, por&#233;m a presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a n&#227;o aumentou a frequ&#234;ncia desses &#237;ndices. Diferentemente, Oliveira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, ao estudarem as repercuss&#245;es perinatais de mulheres que tiveram o parto na Maternidade Escola da Universidade do Rio de Janeiro, encontraram um maior risco para Apgar baixo no 1&#186; e no 5&#186; minuto nas mulheres com diagn&#243;stico de PE. No entanto, grande parte da amostra em nosso estudo n&#227;o possu&#237;a dados sobre o &#237;ndice de Apgar no prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico e na declara&#231;&#227;o de nascido vivo, fato que limita a extrapola&#231;&#227;o desses resultados. Segundo Costa e De Frias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> diversas causas podem ser apontadas para o mau preenchimento de declara&#231;&#245;es de nascidos vivos, como a falta de clareza do manual de instru&#231;&#245;es para o preenchimento do documento e a heterogeneidade dos profissionais respons&#225;veis por esta tarefa. De acordo com os resultados encontrados no presente estudo, a PE n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com piores resultados perinatais quando comparada &#224; aus&#234;ncia de PE (gestantes normotensas), &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o de uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de nascimento de RN com comprimento elevado. Este resultado difere da maioria dos encontrados na literatura. Uma causa prov&#225;vel para este achado foi a falta de diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre os casos leves e graves de PE, j&#225; que s&#227;o os casos graves de PE que cursam com piores resultados obst&#233;tricos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> Apesar do tamanho da amostra ter sido adequado para estimar a preval&#234;ncia dos desfechos investigados, pode n&#227;o ter tido poder estat&#237;stico para identificar associa&#231;&#245;es entre algumas exposi&#231;&#245;es, particularmente aquelas com menor preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        <p>Ainda assim, alguns dos resultados obst&#233;tricos adversos nesta pesquisa, como a via de parto predominantemente cesariana e os desvios de peso dos RN ao nascimento, apresentaram frequ&#234;ncias superiores aos padr&#245;es de recomenda&#231;&#227;o. Assim, percebe-se a enorme import&#226;ncia da realiza&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-natal e do cuidado multiprofissional nas consultas para identifica&#231;&#227;o de riscos, garantia de suporte nutricional &#224; gestante e tratamento de doen&#231;as visando a redu&#231;&#227;o de agravamentos obst&#233;tricos e neonatais.</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es desse estudo pode-se destacar a grande perda de informa&#231;&#245;es referentes ao &#237;ndice de Apgar, devido ao preenchimento incompleto do prontu&#225;rio e/ou da declara&#231;&#227;o de nascido vivo, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia do correto preenchimento por parte dos profissionais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de PE esteve associada &#224; hist&#243;ria materna de PE e cor da pele negra, e ocasionou uma elevada frequ&#234;ncia de desvios de peso do RN ao nascimento e da via de parto cesariana.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
