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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">scmd5DV3bMWLRf4GdsbG88B</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005004102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160015</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Functional Variables and Heart Failure after Myocardial Infarction in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Aline F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#250;lio de mesquita Filho"</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#250;lio de mesquita Filho" - UNESP Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Leonardo Ant&#244;nio Mamede Zornoff,</bold> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rubi&#227;o Jr. Postal Code 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail:<email>lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>, <email>lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Polegato BF, Zornoff LAM; Acquisition of data: Polegato BF, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Gon&#231;alves AF, Lima AF, Martinez PF, Okoshi K; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Polegato BF, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Gon&#231;alves AF, Lima AF, Martinez PF, Okoshi MP Okoshi K, Zornoff LAM; Statistical analysis: Minicucci MF, Paiva SAR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Martinez PF, Okoshi MF, Okoshi K, Paiva SAR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>105</fpage>
      <lpage>112</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure prediction after acute myocardial infarction may have important clinical implications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the functional echocardiographic variables associated with heart failure in an infarction model in rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The animals were divided into two groups: control and infarction. Subsequently, the infarcted animals were divided into groups: with and without heart failure. The predictive values were assessed by logistic regression. The cutoff values predictive of heart failure were determined using ROC curves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Six months after surgery, 88 infarcted animals and 43 control animals were included in the study. Myocardial infarction increased left cavity diameters and the mass and wall thickness of the left ventricle. Additionally, myocardial infarction resulted in systolic and diastolic dysfunction, characterized by lower area variation fraction values, posterior wall shortening velocity, E-wave deceleration time, associated with higher values of E / A ratio and isovolumic relaxation time adjusted by heart rate. Among the infarcted animals, 54 (61%) developed heart failure. Rats with heart failure have higher left cavity mass index and diameter, associated with worsening of functional variables. The area variation fraction, the E/A ratio, E-wave deceleration time and isovolumic relaxation time adjusted by heart rate were functional variables predictors of heart failure. The cutoff values of functional variables associated with heart failure were: area variation fraction &lt; 31.18%; E / A &gt; 3.077; E-wave deceleration time &lt; 42.11 and isovolumic relaxation time adjusted by heart rate &lt; 69.08.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In rats followed for 6 months after myocardial infarction, the area variation fraction, E/A ratio, E-wave deceleration time and isovolumic relaxation time adjusted by heart rate are predictors of heart failure onset.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure syndrome is considered a public health problem with important prognostic implications. In this sense, around 50% of patients with cardiac dysfunction die within 5 years. In addition, 40% of patients die during the period of 1 year after the first hospitalization for heart failure, with many of the deaths occurring as sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
      <p>It is currently believed that the myocardial infarction (MI) is the main etiology of ventricular dysfunction. In this sense, epidemiological studies suggest that the signs and symptoms of heart failure are present in 25% of MI cases. Moreover, approximately 40% of MI cases are accompanied by systolic alterations in the left ventricle (LV). Recently, it was verified that 10% of MI patients have a restrictive pattern, suggesting severe diastolic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Thus, the association between MI and ventricular dysfunction cannot be neglected.</p>
      <p>One of the most often used strategies for the study of functional alterations caused by coronary occlusion is the use of the experimental infarction model in rats. Among other factors, this is due to the low cost and simplicity of handling these animals. The most important factor, however, refers to the similarity with the physiopathological changes that occur after an infarction in humans.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Echocardiography has been widely used in the study of the morphological and functional alterations after coronary occlusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> However, there has been no consensus on which functional variables are predictive of heart failure in this model. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the functional variables associated with heart failure in the model. In addition, we intend to determine the critical values for heart failure prediction for each variable.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The experimental protocol of this study was approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of our institution, complying with the Ethical Principies in Animal Experimentation adopted by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental infarction</title>
        <p>Male Wistar rats, weighing between 200 and 250 g were studied. Acute myocardial infarction was produced according to the previously described method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Briefly, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine (70 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg) and submitted to a left lateral thoracotomy. After exteriorization of the heart, the left atrium was moved away and the left coronary artery was ligated with a 5-0 monofilament nylon suture between the pulmonary artery outflow tract and the left atrium. Subsequently, the heart was returned to the chest, the lungs were inflated with positive pressure and the thorax closed using cotton 10 sutures. Coronary occlusion was not performed in 43 animals (Control Group).</p>
        <p>The animals were kept in cages for recovery, fed standard commercial chow and had free access to water, with regular 12 hour light: dark cycles, at a temperature of approximately 25&#176; C and controlled humidity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic study</title>
        <p>Echocardiography was performed 6 months after the infarction. The animals were anesthetized intramuscularly with ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (1 mg/kg), for the echocardiographic study. After trichotomy of the anterior chest region, the animals were positioned in the supine position in a specially designed grooves that allows slight left lateral rotation for the examination, using Philips equipment (HDI 5000 model) equipped with a multi-frequency electronic transducer up to 12 MH. All measurements were made in accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Left ventricular cavity image was obtained by positioning the M-mode cursor between the papillary muscles, right below the mitral valve plane. The LV diastolic diameter (LVDD) and left ventricular septal thickness (LVST) were measured at the moment corresponding to the maximum cavity diameter. The LV Systolic diameter (LVSD) was measured at the maximum systolic excursion of the posterior wall of the cavity. Diastolic (DA) and systolic (SA) areas of LV were measured in two-dimensional mode, using planimetry at the parasternal plane of the smaller axis.</p>
        <p>LV systolic function was assessed by calculating the area variation fraction (AVF = (DA-SA)/DA) and the posterior wall shortening velocity (PWSV). Diastolic function was assessed by the E/A ratio, the E-wave deceleration time (EDT) and the Isovolumic Relaxation Time Adjusted for Heart Rate (IVRT/HR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histological analysis</title>
        <p>After the echocardiographic study, the animals were euthanized and the hearts were removed and dissected. The right and left ventricles, including the interventricular septum, were separated. Cardiac tissue samples were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution for 48 hours, according to the previously described method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
        <p>The histological sections were stained on slides with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson solution for assessment of the infarcted tissue, using a Leica DM LS microscope coupled to a video camera, which sends digital images to a computer with the Image Pro-Plus imaging analysis program (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA).</p>
        <p>The infarction size was determined in 5 to 6-mm sections from the apex, as the values in this region correspond to the mean values obtained from sections of the entire heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> To estimate the infarction size through histological analysis, the epicardial and endocardial circumferences of the infarcted and non-infarcted segments were determined. The infarction size is expressed as a percentage of the ventricular circumference measurements.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Heart failure criteria</title>
        <p>The diagnosis of heart failure was made by thrombus detection in the left atrium, pleural effusion, ascites, and right ventricular hypertrophy, characterized by the ratio of the right ventricle weight adjusted for body weight &gt; 0.8 mg/g, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The comparisons between the groups after 6 months were carried out using Student's <italic>t</italic> test when data showed normal distribution. When the data did not have normal distribution, comparisons between groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median, with 25 and 75 percentiles. The predictive values were analyzed by logistic regression. In this analysis, the presence or absence of heart failure was used as the dependent variable. The cutoff values predictive of heart failure were determined using ROC curves. The significance level was set at 5%. Statistical analyses were performed using the SigmaPlot program for Windows, v.12.0 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Six months after surgery, 88 animals with infarction (I) and 43 control animals (C) were included in the study.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. As expected, the infarction increased the left cavity diameters, LV mass and wall thickness. Additionally, the MI resulted in systolic and diastolic dysfunction, characterized by lower values of the AVF, PWSV, EDT, associated with higher values of E/A ratio and IVRT/HR.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic study after six months of observation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Control (n = 43)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>AMI (n = 88)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">5.80 (5.55-6.10)</td>
              <td align="center">7.72 (6.70-8.59)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">8.39 (8.12-8.80)</td>
              <td align="center">10.96 (10.32-11.73)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVSD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.34 (4.08-4.66)</td>
              <td align="center">8.70 (7.61-9.75)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVMI</td>
              <td align="center">1.94(1.74-2.11)</td>
              <td align="center">3.33 (2.79-4.09)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1.55 (1.40-1.69)</td>
              <td align="center">1.68 (1.32-4.85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.085</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVRT/HR</td>
              <td align="center">59.3 (5452-64.8)</td>
              <td align="center">70.4 (61.4-77.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDT ( ms)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (41-55)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (33-48</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AVF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (64-71)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (35-36)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWSV (mm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (35-39)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (20-28)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWDT</td>
              <td align="center">1.49 (1.43-1.59)</td>
              <td align="center">1.70 (1.59-1.87)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Data are expressed as median with 25 and 75 percentiles. AMI: animals with acute myocardial infarction; LAD: left atrium diameter; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; E/A: E/A wave ratio; IVRT/HR: isovolumic relaxation time adjusted by heart rate; EDT: E-wave deceleration time; AVF: area variation fraction; PWSV: posterior wall shortening velocity; EDPP: posterior wall diastolic thickness.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considering the infarcted animals, 54 animals (61%) developed heart failure. Animals with heart failure had larger infarctions (43.5 &#177; 7.5% vs. 40.0 &#177; 8.1%; p = 0.044), higher mass index and left cavity diameters, associated with worsening of functional variables, compared with the infarcted animals without heart failure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic study of infarcted animals after 6 months of observation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Without HF (n = 34)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>With HF (n = 54)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">6.90 &#177; 1.29</td>
              <td align="center">8.16 &#177; 1.30</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">10.6 &#177; 0.84</td>
              <td align="center">11.4 &#177; 1.05</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVSD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">8.17 &#177; 1.13</td>
              <td align="center">9.02 &#177; 1.39</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVMI</td>
              <td align="center">3.14 (2.81-3.59)</td>
              <td align="center">3.64 (2.78-4.50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1.43 (1.24-1.70)</td>
              <td align="center">3.91 (1.35-6.27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVRT/HR (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">73.9 &#177; 12.1</td>
              <td align="center">66.7 &#177; 12.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">43.1 &#177; 8.8</td>
              <td align="center">38.3 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AVF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">33.3 &#177; 8.6</td>
              <td align="center">29.6 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWSV</td>
              <td align="center">25.9 (22.6-28.4)</td>
              <td align="center">24.2 (20.6-28.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.344</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (for normal distribution) or median with 25 and 75 percentiles (for non-normal distribution). HF: heart failure; LAD: left atrium diameter; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; E/A: E/A wave ratio; IVRT/HR: isovolumic relaxation time adjusted by heart rate; EDT: E-wave deceleration time; AVF: area variation fraction; PWSV: posterior wall shortening velocity.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the results of the regression analyses. AVF, E/A ratio, EDT and IVRT/HR were the functional variables predictors of heart failure. However, we found that the predictive value was low for the functional variables, suggesting the importance of other variables. Additionally, the cutoff values of the functional variables associated with heart failure were: AVF: &lt; 31.18% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>); E/A ratio &gt; 3.077 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>); EDT: &lt; 42.11 ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) and IVRT/HR: &lt; 69.08 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Heart failure predictors 6 months after coronary occlusion</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>OR</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>95%CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1.529</td>
              <td align="center">1.183-1.976</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVRT/HR</td>
              <td align="center">0.949</td>
              <td align="center">0.911-0.989</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">0.951</td>
              <td align="center">0.906-0.998</td>
              <td align="center">0.040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AVF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.944</td>
              <td align="center">0.892-0.999</td>
              <td align="center">0.045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWSV (mm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">0.077</td>
              <td align="center">0.905-1.055</td>
              <td align="center">0.554</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; E/A: E wave/A wave ratio; IVRT/HR, isovolumic relaxation time adjusted by heart rate; DTE: deceleration time of E wave; AVF: area variation fraction; PWSV: posterior wall shortening velocity.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cutoff value for the area variation fraction, as a heart failure predictor 6 months after infarction. Area under the curve: 0.6277; 95% confidence interval: 0.5066 to 0.7489; p-value: 0.044; cutoff &lt; 31.18; sensitivity: 55.60%; specificity: 57.34%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0105-60015-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cutoff value for the E/A ratio as a heart failure predictor 6 months after infarction. Area under the curve: 0.6985; 95% confidence interval: 0.5875 to 0.8095, p-value: 0.0017; cutoff &gt; 3,077; sensitivity: 57.93%o; specificity: 62.56%o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0105-60015-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cutoff value for the deceleration time of the E wave, as a heart failure predictor 6 months after infarction. Area under the curve: 0.6533; 95% confidence interval: 0.5341 to 0.7724; p-value: 0.0218; cutoff &lt; 42.11; sensitivity: 59.77%; specificity: 51.85%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0105-60015-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cutoff value for the isovolumic relaxation time adjusted by heart rate as a heart failure predictor 6 months after infarction. Area under the curve: 0.6544; 95% confidence interval: 0.5398 to 0.7691; p-value: 0.01512; cutoff &lt; 69.08; sensitivity: 55.10%; specificity: 60.49%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0105-60015-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The aim of our study was to evaluate the functional variables associated with heart failure in an experimental MI model in rats. Our data suggested that AVF, E/A ratio, EDT and IVRT/HR are predictors of heart failure 6 months after infarction.</p>
      <p>The first aspect to be considered is that in our study, most animals (61%) with infarction developed heart failure. In a previous study, we determined that infarctions affecting 40% of LV are required for the development of heart failure in this model.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> in accordance with this concept, in this study, the animals showed, on average, large infarcts. In this sense, we can infer that the coronary occlusion model in rats is appropriate for the study of the heart failure syndrome.</p>
      <p>The second important aspect is related to the fact that, as expected, animals with heart failure had worsening of functional variables related to systolic function, when compared with animals without failure. However, in the regression analysis, the AVF, but not LVPW, was predictive of heart failure onset. It is believed that in models of regional LV akinesia, one-dimensional echocardiographic methods of functional assessment may be flawed. In this situation, it is recommended to use, for instance, the Simpson's method in humans. AVF is obtained through the analysis of the SA and DA, using the two-dimensional technique. However, the LVPW is obtained in single-dimensional mode. Therefore, our results emphasize that, in this model, similar to what occurs in humans, it is preferable to use systolic functional analysis with two-dimensional technique, such as AVF, for instance.</p>
      <p>Another prominent aspect is related to the diastolic function. Unlike systolic function, the study of diastolic function through echocardiography in the rat model is not well standardized. Some of the main technical difficulties are the small size of the animal, with its implications on the transducer and heart rate of around 300 beats per minute. In our study, however, all assessed diastolic function variables were associated with heart failure onset. Thus, in this model, diastolic function assessed by E/A ratio, EDT and IVRT/HR were predictors of heart failure 6 months after coronary occlusion.</p>
      <p>The most important aspect of our study is that heart failure prediction in the MI rat model has important implications. Although there is no consensus on the definition of cardiac dysfunction and heart failure, they are usually diagnosed by elevated end-diastolic pressure (PD<sub>2</sub>) of the LV (invasive hemodynamic method) and the presence of clinical signs assessed after death (RV hypertrophy, ascites, pleural effusion and left atrial thrombus), respectively. Therefore, our study suggests that echocardiography is a useful non-invasive tool for the prediction of this syndrome, as systolic function variables, as well the diastolic function parameters, little studied in this model, were associated with heart failure.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have evaluated the association between echocardiographic parameters and heart failure. However, most studies have assessed the association between echocardiography and PD<sub>2</sub>, and not with heart failure clinical variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Martinez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> assessed the association between morphological and functional cardiac variables with the clinical manifestations of heart failure. However, the echocardiographic variables were studied through cluster analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Therefore, we believe that our study adds important information about the role of echocardiography as a predictor of long-term heart failure in this model.</p>
      <p>Finally, it is already well-established that the major determinant of ventricular function, of the remodeling process and, consequently, of heart failure onset in this model, is the size of the infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In our study, however the difference in infarction size among animals with and without heart failure, although significant, was low (43 &#177; 7% vs. 40 &#177; 8%, respectively). Therefore, we conclude that other factors rather than the infarction size, are important determinants of heart failure onset in this model.</p>
      <p>Among the possible candidates, we can include changes in ventricular cavity diameter, wall thickness alterations, changes in the normal LV configuration, from elliptical to the rounded shape, among others. Therefore, in some situations, changes in geometry alone could be responsible for ventricular global function impairment, by changing the load conditions to which the heart is submitted.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In rats followed for 6 months after MI, the area variation fraction, the E/A ratio, E-wave deceleration time and the isovolumic relaxation time adjusted by heart rate were predictors of heart failure onset.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p> Sources of Funding </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p> Study Association </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <title>Errata</title>
        <p>In the original article &#8220;Association between Functional Variables and Heart Failure after Myocardial Infarction in Rats&#8221;, adjust the name of author Aline F. Lima to Aline R. Lima.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Vari&#225;veis Funcionais e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Aline F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#250;lio de mesquita Filho"</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#250;lio de mesquita Filho" - UNESP Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo Ant&#244;nio Mamede Zornoff,</bold> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rubi&#227;o Jr. CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail:<email>lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>, <email>lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Polegato BF, Zornoff LAM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Polegato BF, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Gon&#231;alves AF, Lima AF, Martinez PF, Okoshi K; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Polegato BF Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Gon&#231;alves AF, Lima AF, Martinez PF, Okoshi MF, Okoshi K, Zornoff LAM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Minicucci MF, Paiva SAR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Martinez PF, Okoshi MP Okoshi K, Paiva SAR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A predi&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pode ter importantes implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar as vari&#225;veis funcionais ecocardiogr&#225;ficas associadas com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no modelo do infarto em ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: infarto e controle. Ap&#243;s, os animais infartados foram divididos em grupos com e sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os valores preditivos foram avaliados por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Os valores de corte preditivos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram determinados por meio de curvas ROC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 6 meses da cirurgia, 88 animais com infarto e 43 animais controle foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O infarto aumentou os di&#226;metros das cavidades esquerdas, a massa e a espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Adicionalmente, o infarto resultou em disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, caracterizada por menores valores da fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea, velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior, tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E, associada com maiores valores da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico ajustado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Dentre os animais infartados, 54 (61%) desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Ratos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentaram maiores &#237;ndices de massa e di&#226;metros das cavidades esquerdas, associadas com piora das vari&#225;veis funcionais. A fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E e tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico ajustado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram vari&#225;veis funcionais preditoras de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os valores de corte das vari&#225;veis funcionais associados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram: fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea &lt; 31,18%; E/A &gt; 3,077; tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E &lt; 42,11 e tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico ajustado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 69,08.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em ratos acompanhados por 6 meses ap&#243;s o infarto, a fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E e tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico ajustado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o preditores do aparecimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; considerada um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica com importantes implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas. Nesse sentido, ao redor de 50% dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca morrer&#227;o no per&#237;odo de 5 anos. Adicionalmente, 40% dos pacientes morrem no per&#237;odo de 1 ano ap&#243;s a primeira hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sendo boa parte dos &#243;bitos por morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Atualmente, acredita-se que o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) seja a principal etiologia da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nesse sentido, estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos sugerem que os sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#227;o presentes em 25% dos casos de IM. Al&#233;m disso, aproximadamente 40% dos casos de IM s&#227;o acompanhados por altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Recentemente, evidenciou-se que 10% dos pacientes com IM apresentam padr&#227;o restritivo, sugerindo disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Assim, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre IM e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o pode ser negligenciada.</p>
        <p>Uma das estrat&#233;gias mais utilizadas para o estudo das altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais decorrentes da oclus&#227;o coronariana &#233; o uso do modelo do infarto experimental no rato. Entre outros fatores, isso &#233; decorr&#234;ncia do baixo custo e da simplicidade do manejo dos animais. O fator mais importante, no entanto, refere-se &#224; similaridade com as altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas que ocorrem ap&#243;s o infarto, em humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma vem sendo bastante utilizado no estudo das altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o tem havido consenso sobre quais vari&#225;veis funcionais s&#227;o preditoras de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nesse modelo. Assim, nosso objetivo foi avaliar as vari&#225;veis funcionais associadas com quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no modelo indicado. Adicionalmente, pretendemos determinar os valores cr&#237;ticos de predi&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para cada vari&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O protocolo experimental do presente trabalho foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, estando em conformidade com os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal adotado pelo Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Infarto experimental</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, pesando entre 200 e 250 g. O infarto agudo foi produzido de acordo com m&#233;todo j&#225; descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Em resumo, os ratos foram anestesiados com quetamina (70 mg/kg) e xilazina (5 mg/kg), e submetidos &#224; toracotomia lateral esquerda. Ap&#243;s exterioriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, o &#225;trio esquerdo foi afastado, e a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda foi ligada com fio monon&#225;ilon 5-0 entre a sa&#237;da da art&#233;ria pulmonar e o &#225;trio esquerdo. A seguir, o cora&#231;&#227;o retornou ao t&#243;rax, os pulm&#245;es foram inflados com press&#227;o positiva e o t&#243;rax, fechado por suturas com algod&#227;o 10. Em 43 animais, n&#227;o foi realizada oclus&#227;o coronariana (Grupo controle).</p>
          <p>Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas para recupera&#231;&#227;o, alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o comercial padr&#227;o e com livre acesso a &#225;gua, com controle de luz - ciclos de 12 horas, temperatura de aproximadamente 25&#176;C e umidade controlada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
          <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado 6 meses ap&#243;s o infarto. Os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de quetamina (50 mg/kg) e xilazina (1 mg/kg), por via intramuscular, para o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Ap&#243;s tricotomia da regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax, os animais foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito dorsal em canaleta especialmente projetada e que permite leve rota&#231;&#227;o lateral esquerda para realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, utilizando-se equipamento da Philips (modelo HDI 5000) dotado de transdutor eletr&#244;nico multifrequencial at&#233; 12 MHz. Todas as medidas foram efetuadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da<italic>American Society of Echocardiography/ European Association of Echocardiography.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A imagem da cavidade ventricular esquerda foi obtida posicionando o cursor do modo-M entre os m&#250;sculos papilares, logo abaixo do plano da valva mitral. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (DDVE) e a espessura septal do VE (HDVE) foram medidos no momento correspondente ao di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo da cavidade. O di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (DSVE) foi medido no momento da excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima da parede posterior da cavidade. As &#225;reas diast&#243;licas (AD) e sist&#243;licas (AS) do VE foram medidas no modo bidimensional, por meio de planimetria, no plano paraesternal do eixo menor.</p>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foi avaliada calculando-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea (FAV = (AD-AS)/AD) e a velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior (VEPP). A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi avaliada pela rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, pelo tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TDE) e pelo tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico ajustado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (TRIV/RR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
						</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, os animais foram sacrificados e os cora&#231;&#245;es foram retirados e dissecados. Os ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo, incluindo o septo interventricular, foram separados. Amostras de tecido card&#237;aco foram fixadas em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol a 10% por per&#237;odo de 48 horas, segundo m&#233;todo j&#225; descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
						</p>
          <p>Os cortes histol&#243;gicos foram corados em l&#226;mina com solu&#231;&#227;o Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) e Masson para aferi&#231;&#227;o do tecido infartado, empregando-se microsc&#243;pio Leica DM LS acoplado &#224; c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo, que envia imagens digitais a um computador dotado de programa de an&#225;lise de imagens Image Pro-plus (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, EUA).</p>
          <p>O tamanho do infarto foi determinado em cortes entre 5 e 6 mm do &#225;pice, pelo fato de os valores desta regi&#227;o corresponderem &#224; m&#233;dia dos valores obtidos de cortes de todo cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Para estimativa do tamanho do infarto, por meio de an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica, foram determinadas as circunfer&#234;ncias epic&#225;rdicas e endoc&#225;rdicas dos segmentos infartados e n&#227;o infartados. O tamanho do infarto &#233; expresso como porcentual das medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi feito pela detec&#231;&#227;o de trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo, derrame pleural, ascite e hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito, caracterizado pela rela&#231;&#227;o do peso do ventr&#237;culo direito ajustado pelo peso corp&#243;reo &gt; 0,8 mg/g, conforme descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
						</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos ap&#243;s 6 meses foram feitas com o teste t de Student quando os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Quando os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram feitas com o teste U Mann-Whitney. Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana, com percentil 25 e 75. Os valores preditivos foram analisados por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Nessa an&#225;lise, utilizamos, como vari&#225;vel dependente, a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os valores de corte preditivos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram determinados por meio de curvas ROC. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi 5%. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas com o programa SigmaPlot para Windows v12.0 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 6 meses da cirurgia, 88 animais com infarto (I) e 43 animais controle (C) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. Conforme esperado, o infarto aumentou os di&#226;metros das cavidades esquerdas, a massa e a espessura da parede do VE. Adicionalmente, o infarto resultou em disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, caracterizada por menores valores da FAV, VEPP TDE, associada com maiores valores da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e TRIV/RR.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico ap&#243;s 6 meses de observa&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controle (n = 43)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IAM (n = 88)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">5,80 (5,55-6,10)</td>
                <td align="center">7,72 (6,70-8,59)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">8,39 (8,12-8,80)</td>
                <td align="center">10,96 (10,32-11,73)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,34 (4,08-4,66)</td>
                <td align="center">8,70 (7,61-9,75)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMVE</td>
                <td align="center">1,94(1,74-2,11)</td>
                <td align="center">3,33 (2,79-4,09)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,55 (1,40-1,69)</td>
                <td align="center">1,68 (1,32-4,85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRIV/RR</td>
                <td align="center">59,3 (5452-64,8)</td>
                <td align="center">70,4 (61,4-77,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TDE ( ms)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (41-55)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (33-48</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FAV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (64-71)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (35-36)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VEPP (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (35-39)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (20-28)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EDPP</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 (1,43-1,59)</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 (1,59-1,87)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos em mediana com percentil 25 e 75. IAM: animais infartados; AE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sit&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre as ondas E e A; TRIV/RR: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico ajustado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; TDE: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; FAV: fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea; VEPP: velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior; EDPP: espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Considerando os animais infartados, 54 animais (61%) desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os animais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentaram maiores infartos (43,5 &#177; 7,5% vs. 40,0 &#177; 8,1%; p = 0,044), maiores &#237;ndices de massa e di&#226;metros das cavidades esquerdas, associados com piora das vari&#225;veis funcionais, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais infartados sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico de animais infartados ap&#243;s 6 meses de observa&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sem IC (n = 34)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Com IC (n = 54)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">6,90 &#177; 1,29</td>
                <td align="center">8,16 &#177; 1,30</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,6 &#177; 0,84</td>
                <td align="center">11,4 &#177; 1,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">8,17 &#177; 1,13</td>
                <td align="center">9,02 &#177; 1,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMVE</td>
                <td align="center">3,14 (2,81-3,59)</td>
                <td align="center">3,64 (2,78-4,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,43 (1,24-1,70)</td>
                <td align="center">3,91 (1,35-6,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRIV/RR (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">73,9 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">66,7 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TDE (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">43,1 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">38,3 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FAV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33,3 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">29,6 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VEPP</td>
                <td align="center">25,9 (22,6-28,4)</td>
                <td align="center">24,2 (20,6-28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,344</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou mediana com percentil 25 e 75 (para distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal). IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre as ondas E e A; TRIV/RR: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico ajustado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; TDE: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; FAV: fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea; VEPP: velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>, est&#227;o os resultados das an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o. FAV, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, TDE e TRIV/RR foram as vari&#225;veis funcionais preditoras de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No entanto, verificamos que o valor preditivo foi baixo para as vari&#225;veis funcionais, sugerindo a import&#226;ncia de outras vari&#225;veis. Adicionalmente, os valores de corte das vari&#225;veis funcionais, associados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, foram: FAV: &lt; 31,18% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>); E/A: &gt; 3,077 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>); TDE: &lt; 42,11 ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>) e TRIV/RR: &lt; 69,08 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores preditores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s 6 meses da oclus&#227;o coronariana</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,529</td>
                <td align="center">1,183-1,976</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRIV/RR</td>
                <td align="center">0,949</td>
                <td align="center">0,911-0,989</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TDE (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0,951</td>
                <td align="center">0,906-0,998</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FAV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,944</td>
                <td align="center">0,892-0,999</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VEPP (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
                <td align="center">0,905-1,055</td>
                <td align="center">0,554</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre as ondas E e A; TRIV/RR: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico ajustado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; TDE: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; FAV: fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea; VEPP: velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valor de corte para a fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea, como preditora de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 6 meses ap&#243;s o infarto. &#193;urea sob a curva: 0,6277; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,5066-0,7489; valor de p: 0,044; cutoff &lt; 31,18; sensibilidade: 55,60%; especificidade: 57,34%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0105-60015-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valor de corte para a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, como preditora de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 6 meses ap&#243;s o infarto. &#193;urea sob a curva: 0,6985; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,5875-0,8095; valor de p: 0,0017; cutoff &gt; 3,077; sensibilidade: 57,93%; especificidade: 62,56%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0105-60015-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valor de corte para o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E, como preditora de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 6 meses ap&#243;s o infarto. &#193;urea sob a curva: 0,6533; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,5341-0,7724; valor de p: 0,0218; cutoff &lt; 42,11; sensibilidade: 59,77%; especificidade: 51,85%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0105-60015-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valor de corte para o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico ajustado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como preditora de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 6 meses ap&#243;s o infarto. &#193;urea sob a curva: 0,6544; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,5398-0,7691; valor de p: 0,01512; cutoff &lt; 69,08; sensibilidade: 55,10%; especificidade: 60,49%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0105-60015-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O objetivo de nosso trabalho foi avaliar as vari&#225;veis funcionais associadas com quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, no modelo do IM experimental em ratos. Nossos dados sugeriram que FAV, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, TDE e TRIV/RR s&#227;o preditores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 6 meses ap&#243;s o infarto.</p>
        <p>O primeiro aspecto a ser considerado &#233; que, em nosso estudo, a maioria dos animais (61%) com infarto desenvolveu quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Em estudo pr&#233;vio, determinamos que, para o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, nesse modelo, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios infartos comprometendo 40% do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Em acordo com esse conceito, nesse estudo , os animais apresentaram, em m&#233;dia, grandes infartos. Nesse sentido, podemos inferir que o modelo de oclus&#227;o coronariana em ratos &#233; adequado para o estudo da s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>O segundo aspecto relevante refere-se ao fato de que, conforme esperado, os animais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentaram piora das vari&#225;veis funcionais relativas &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais sem insufici&#234;ncia. No entanto, na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o, a FAV, mas n&#227;o a VEPP foi preditora do aparecimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Acredita-se que, em modelos de acinesia regional do VE, m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional monodimensionais podem ser falhos. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, recomenda-se o uso, por exemplo, do m&#233;todo de Simpson, em humanos. A FAV &#233; obtida pela an&#225;lise das AS e AD, utilizando t&#233;cnica bidimensional. No entanto, a VEPP &#233; obtida no modo monodimensional. Portanto, nossos resultados enfatizam que, nesse modelo, a exemplo do que ocorre em humanos, &#233; prefer&#237;vel o uso de an&#225;lise funcional sist&#243;lica com t&#233;cnica bidimensional como, por exemplo, a FAV.</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto proeminente est&#225; relacionado com a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Diferentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, o estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica no modelo do rato com o ecocardiograma n&#227;o est&#225; t&#227;o bem padronizado. Algumas das principais dificuldades t&#233;cnicas s&#227;o o tamanho pequeno do animal, com suas implica&#231;&#245;es no transdutor e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao redor de 300 batimentos por minuto. Em nosso estudo, no entanto, todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram associadas com o aparecimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Assim, nesse modelo, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, avaliada pela rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, o TDE e o TRIV/RR foram preditores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 6 meses ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana.</p>
        <p>O aspecto mais relevante do nosso estudo &#233; que a predi&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no modelo de ratos com IM tem importantes implica&#231;&#245;es. Apesar de n&#227;o haver consenso sobre a defini&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, usualmente elas s&#227;o diagnosticadas por eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final (PD<sub>2</sub>) do VE (m&#233;todo hemodin&#226;mico invasivo) e presen&#231;a de sinais cl&#237;nicos em avalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a morte (hipertrofia do VD, ascite, derrame pleural e trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo), respectivamente. Portanto, nosso estudo sugere que o ecocardiograma &#233; ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva &#250;til para a predi&#231;&#227;o dessa s&#237;ndrome, pois tanto vari&#225;veis de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, como par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, pouco estudadas nesse modelo, foram associadas com a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No entanto, a maioria dos estudos analisou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o ecocardiograma com a PD<sub>2</sub> e n&#227;o com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Martinez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais card&#237;acas com as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No entanto, as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram estudadas por agrupamento<italic>(cluster analysis</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>Portanto, acreditamos que nosso estudo acrescenta importantes informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o papel do ecocardiograma como preditor em longo prazo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, nesse modelo.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, j&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido que o principal determinante da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, do aparecimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, nesse modelo, &#233; o tamanho do infarto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Em nosso estudo, no entanto, a diferen&#231;a nos tamanhos de infarto entre os animais com e sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, apesar de significativa, foi pequena (43 &#177; 7% vs. 40 &#177; 8%, respectivamente). Portanto, podemos concluir que outros fatores, que n&#227;o o tamanho do infarto, s&#227;o importantes determinantes do aparecimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, nesse modelo. Entre os poss&#237;veis candidatos, podemos incluir mudan&#231;as no di&#226;metro da cavidade ventricular, altera&#231;&#245;es na espessura da parede, mudan&#231;a de configura&#231;&#227;o normal do VE de el&#237;ptica para forma mais arredondada, entre outros. Desse modo, em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, as altera&#231;&#245;es na geometria, por si, poderiam ser respons&#225;veis pelo comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o global do ventr&#237;culo, por alterar as condi&#231;&#245;es de carga a que o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; submetido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em ratos acompanhados por 6 meses ap&#243;s o infarto, a fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E e o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico ajustado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram preditores do aparecimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p> Fontes de financiamento </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p> Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <title>Errata</title>
          <p>No artigo original &#8220;Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Vari&#225;veis Funcionais e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio em Ratos&#8221;, corrigir o nome da autora Aline F. Lima para Aline R. Lima.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
