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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NDfZB8YtnWypszVJQNgLgDd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200097</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005003103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Alternatives to Aerobic Exercise Prescription in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mayron F</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanussi</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sprovieri</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lobo</surname>
            <given-names>Denise M. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mastrocolla</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz E</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Umeda</surname>
            <given-names>Iracema I. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sperandio</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila A</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Equipe de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular - Equipe de Fisioterapia - Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Equipe M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular - Equipe M&#233;dica - Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mayron Faria Oliveira</bold> , Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Avenida Dr Dante Pazzanese, 500, Vila Mariana. Postal Code 04012-180, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mayronfaria@hotmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira MF, Mastrocolla LE, Umeda II, Sperandio PA; Acquisition of data: Zanussi G, Sprovieri B, Mastrocolla LE; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira MF, Zanussi G, Sprovieri B, Lobo DM, Mastrocolla LE, Umeda II, Sperandio PA; Statistical analysis: Oliveira MF, Lobo DM; Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira MF, Zanussi G, Sprovieri B, Lobo DM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira MF, Lobo DM, Mastrocolla LE, Umeda II, Sperandio PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>97</fpage>
      <lpage>104</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Exercise is essential for patients with heart failure as it leads to a reduction in morbidity and mortality as well as improved functional capacity and oxygen uptake (v&#775;O<sub>2</sub>). However, the need for an experienced physiologist and the cost of the exam may render the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) unfeasible. Thus, the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and step test (ST) may be alternatives for exercise prescription.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim was to correlate heart rate (HR) during the 6MWT and ST with HR at the anaerobic threshold (HR<sub>AT</sub>) and peak HR (HR<sub>P</sub>) obtained on the CPET.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Eighty-three patients (58 &#177; 11 years) with heart failure (NYHA class II) were included and all subjects had optimized medication for at least 3 months. Evaluations involved CPET (v&#775;O<sub>2</sub>, HR<sub>AT</sub>, HR<sub>P</sub>), 6MWT (HR<sub>6MWT</sub>) and ST (HR<sub>ST</sub>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The participants exhibited severe ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction: 31 &#177; 7%) and low peak v&#775;O2 (15.2 &#177; 3.1 mL.kg<sub>-1</sub>.min<sub>-1</sub>). HR<sub>P</sub> (113 &#177; 19 bpm) was higher than HR<sub>AT</sub> (92 &#177; 14 bpm; p &lt; 0.05) and HR<sub>6MWT</sub> (94 &#177; 13 bpm; p &lt; 0.05). No significant difference was found between HR<sub>P</sub> and HR<sub>ST</sub>. Moreover, a strong correlation was found between HR<sub>AT</sub> and HR<sub>6MWT</sub> (r = 0.81; p &lt; 0.0001), and between HR<sub>P</sub> and HR<sub>ST</sub> (r = 0.89; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>These findings suggest that, in the absence of CPET, exercise prescription can be performed by use of 6MWT and ST, based on HR<sub>6MWT</sub> and HR<sub>ST</sub></p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise Prescription</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Six-minute Walk Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a complex systemic condition. In recent years, consistent scientific evidence has indicated that aerobic physical exercise is an effective non-pharmacological treatment strategy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Determination of exercise intensity is the most important factor in achieving benefits while maintaining a safe level of cardiovascular rehabilitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> To that end, the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is the gold standard for maximum aerobic exercise intensity prescription.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This test provides objective measures of metabolic, respiratory, and cardiovascular responses at anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation point.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, the CPET is not always available at cardiovascular rehabilitation centers.</p>
      <p>A number of formulas for predicting maximum and training heart rate (HR) have been proposed in the literature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> as it is an easy and inexpensive way of monitoring and prescribing aerobic exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, those formulas have been developed in an arbitrary fashion and their effectiveness has not been proven using scientific criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Moreover, none of the formulas are specific to the HF population or take into consideration medications used by these patients. Thus, alternative exercise prescription methods are needed for HF patients.</p>
      <p>In the absence of the CPET, the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and step test (ST) constitute alternatives for evaluating HF patients. The 6MWT is a simple, low-cost, easily administered method of evaluating submaximal capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The ST requires minimal physical space, and evidence presented in recent years has revealed its usefulness in estimating exercise tolerance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The ST is classified as a maximum or nearly maximum capacity test for moderate to severe HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      <p>While 6MWT and ST are used consistently for the evaluation of functional capacity and exercise tolerance in patients with HF, the reliability of exercise prescriptions based on these tests has been widely questioned. Considering the 6MWT as a submaximal test and the ST as a maximum test in this population, we hypothesized that HR at the anaerobic threshold can be determined by the 6MWT and that peak HR can be determined by the ST, thus allowing for a trustworthy exercise prescription for HF patients when it is not possible to perform the CPET.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 83 sedentary patients recruited from the Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit of Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. All of the patients had left ventricle ejection fraction &lt; 40% and were classified as functional class II [New York Heart Association (NYHA)]. They were stable, with optimal treatment that included beta-blockers (carvedilol, maximum dosage 50 mg/day), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers and diuretics. None of the patients had undergone cardiac resynchronization therapy or had a left ventricular assistance device. Patients with clinical and/or functional evidence of chronic expiratory flow limitation (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC &lt; 0.7; FEV<sub>1</sub>: forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC: forced vital capacity), smoking habit, unstable angina, significant cardiac arrhythmia, pacemaker, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction within the previous 12 months, or participation in cardiac rehabilitation (within 6 months) were excluded. All participants provided written informed consent, and the study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics research committee (n&#186; 4093).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Protocol</title>
        <p>All patients performed an individualized ramp-incremental exercise test to determine the difference between HR at the anaerobic threshold (HR<sub>AT</sub>) and HR at peak exercise (HR<sub>P</sub>). On different days, they performed the 6MWT and the ST to determine HR at the end of the tests (HR<sub>6MWT</sub> and HR<sub>ST</sub>, respectively). All tests were randomized and performed in the morning, with a minimum 48-hour interval. The medications were maintained.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
        <p>CPET were performed on an ATL treadmill (Inbramed, Porto Alegre, Brazil) with breath-by-breath variables measured using a commercially available metabolic cart (ULTIMA System&#153;; MGC - USA). Heart rate was continuously monitored using a 12-lead electrocardiogram, and oxyhemoglobin saturation was determined by pulse oximetry (SpO<sub>2</sub>, %; Nonin&#153; portable oximeter - USA). The subjects were asked to rate their sensations of shortness of breath and leg discomfort at the end of the CPET using the modified Borg scale of perceived exertion (0 to 10).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Spirometric tests were performed before CPET.</p>
        <p>Anaerobic threshold was determined by V-slope method, that means the break point between carbon dioxide and oxygen uptake (v&#775;O<sub>2</sub>) increase or measured by ventilatory equivalent for oxygen and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure. The maximal exercise capacity, peak v&#775;O<sub>2</sub>, was determined as the maximum v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> attained at the end of CPET - when the patient could not perform cycle ergometer velocity at 60 rpm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Six-minute walk test and step test</title>
        <p>The 6MWT was performed following the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Before and after the test, blood pressure (BP) (Unilec&#153; sphygmomanometer and Littmann Quality stethoscope - USA), HR (Polar<sup>&#174;</sup> RS800 - Polar Electro OY, Finland) and SpO<sub>2</sub> (Nonin&#153; portable oximeter - USA) were measured. Heart rate and SpO<sub>2</sub> were continuously measured during the test, and the modified Borg scale of perceived exertion was used at the end of the test.</p>
        <p>The duration of the ST was 4 minutes. Patients were instructed to go up and down a 0.20 m high single-step platform with no handrails and to perform the test at a velocity within their own limitations. The examiner offered verbal stimulation to encourage and to inform the participant regarding test performance. Heart rate and SpO<sub>2</sub> were measured continuously during the test. The modified Borg scale of perceived exertion was used and BP was measured before and after the test, as well as 2 minutes after recovery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS program (version 15.0; SPSS Inc.) The data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and percentage. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data distribution. The t-test was used for related samples, and Pearson's &#961;, for correlations between variables. Both slope and intercept were examined. In addition, a Bland-Altman plot was used to examine HR variables. Moreover, standard error of estimate (SEE) was applied for HR<sub>6MWT</sub> and HR<sub>AT</sub>and for HR<sub>ST</sub> and HR<sub>P</sub>. For all analyses, statistical significance was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Eighty-three patients with HF were enrolled in the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). None of the patients had spirometric signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (FVC: 84.9 &#177; 10.3% predicted; FEV<sub>1</sub>: 80.3 &#177; 13.2% predicted; FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC: 0.78 &#177; 0.12) or exhibited any criteria for CPET, 6MWT, or ST interruption (ventricular arrhythmia, arterial pressure drop, low SpO<sub>2</sub>, or signs of lower cardiac output).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of 83 patients with chronic heart failure</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Anthropometrics/Demographics</th>
                <th/>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Male/Female, n</td>
                <td align="center">65/18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight, kg</td>
                <td align="center">76.7 &#177; 12.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Height, m</td>
                <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 9.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26.7 &#177; 6.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Main comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (72.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (67.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (27.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Etiology</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ischemic, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (74.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-ischemic, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (16.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chagasic, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (8.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Main medications</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#946;-blocker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACE inhibitors or ARBs, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diuretics, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>kg: kilogram; m: meters; BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers. Values are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or frequency (n).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The patients exhibited low v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> during peak exercise and an extremely reduced O<sub>2</sub> uptake efficiency slope (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). On the CPET, HR<sub>P</sub> was higher than HR<sub>AT</sub> (113 &#177; 19 bpm vs. 92 &#177; 14 bpm, respectively; p &lt; 0.05) and HR<sub>6MWT</sub> (94 &#177; 13; p &lt; 0.05), but no statistically significant difference was found between HR<sub>P</sub> and HR<sub>ST</sub> (113 &#177; 19 bpm vs. 110 &#177; 17 bpm; p &gt; 0.05). There was also no significant difference between HR<sub>AT</sub> and HR<sub>6MWT</sub>. The percentages of predicted HR for HR<sub>AT</sub> and HR<sub>6MWT</sub> were similar, as well as the percentages of predicted HR for HR<sub>P</sub> and HR<sub>ST</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET), six-minute walk test (6MWT) and step test (ST)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test</th>
                <th/>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> peak (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">15.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> peak (% predicted)</td>
                <td align="center">28.9 &#177; 5.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RER</td>
                <td align="center">1.12 &#177; 0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>v&#775;E/v&#775;CO<sub>2</sub> Slope</td>
                <td align="center">37.7 &#177; 7.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O<sub>2</sub> uptake efficiency slope</td>
                <td align="center">1204.5 &#177; 25.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O<sub>2</sub> Pulse (mL/bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 2.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rest HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR<sub>AT</sub> (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR<sub>AT</sub> (% predicted)</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR<sub>P</sub> (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR<sub>P</sub> (% predicted)</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Borg dyspnea</td>
                <td align="center">7 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Six-minute walk test</bold>
                </td>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6MWT (m)</td>
                <td align="center">456 &#177; 83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR<sub>6MWT</sub> (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">94 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR<sub>6MWT</sub> (% predicted)</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP<sub>6MWT</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2 6MWT</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">96 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Borg dyspnea</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Step test</bold>
                </td>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Steps (number of steps)</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR<sub>ST</sub> (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177; 17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR<sub>ST</sub> (% predicted)</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP<sub>ST</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">120 &#177; 23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2 ST</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">96 &#177; 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Borg dyspnea</td>
                <td align="center">6 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>v&#775;O<sub>2</sub>: oxygen uptake; mL: milliliter; kg: Kilogram; min: minute; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; v&#775;E: minute ventilation; v&#775;CO<sub>2</sub>: carbon dioxide output; O<sub>2</sub>: oxygen; bpm: beats per minute; HR: heart rate; AT: anaerobic threshold; P: peak; m: meters; mmHg: millimeters of Hg; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SpO<sub>2</sub>: oxyhemoglobin saturation. Values are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Significant correlations were found between HR<sub>AT</sub> and HR<sub>6MWT</sub> (r = 0.81; p = 0.0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) and between HR<sub>ST</sub> and HR<sub>P</sub> (r = 0.89; p = 0.0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) with slope and intercept for HR<sub>AT</sub> and HR<sub>6MWT</sub> (y = 0.8555x + 15.408; r<sup>2</sup> = 0.78) and HR<sub>ST</sub> and HR<sub>P</sub> (y = 0.8947x + 10.28; r<sup>2</sup> = 0.82). No correlations were found between HR<sub>P</sub> and HR<sub>6MWT</sub> (p &gt; 0.05) or between HR<sub>ST</sub> and HR<sub>AT</sub> (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between HR<sub>AT</sub> and HR<sub>6MWT</sub>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0097-60014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between HR<sub>P</sub> and HR<sub>ST</sub></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0097-60014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Despite on variations in HR, Bland-Altman method was used to compare HR<sub>6MWT</sub> and HR<sub>AT</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) and to compare HR<sub>ST</sub> and HR<sub>P</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). In addition, no differences were found in SEE between HR<sub>AT</sub> and HR<sub>6MWT</sub> (SEE = 6.05 bpm) and between HR<sub>P</sub> and HR<sub>ST</sub> (SEE = 7.69 bpm). Twenty-two patients (26%) showed a difference higher than 5 bpm between HR<sub>AT</sub> and HR<sub>6MWT</sub>; twenty-three patients (28%) showed a difference higher than 5 bpm between HR<sub>P</sub> and HR<sub>ST</sub>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Bland-Altman plot of HR<sub>6MWT</sub> and HR<sub>AT</sub>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0097-60014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Bland-Altman plot of HR<sub>ST</sub> and HR<sub>P</sub>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0097-60014-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Significant differences in the modified Borg scale of perceived exertion were found between 6MWT and ST, as well as between 6MWT and peak CPET (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). No significant difference was found between ST and CPET. There were no differences in SpO<sub>2</sub> or BP at the end of the tests between CPET and 6MWT and ST (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>While CPET is the gold standard for determining HR at anaerobic threshold and at peak exercise, many rehabilitation centers do not have the necessary equipment to perform CPET.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> This study demonstrates that aerobic exercise can be prescribed based on 6MWT and ST for patients with clinically stable HF (NYHA class II). Thus, the aim of the present study was to offer alternatives to exercise prescription in patients with HF when CPET cannot be performed. The hallmark findings of this study are that HR<sub>P</sub> was correlated with HR<sub>ST</sub>, and that HR<sub>AT</sub> was correlated with HR<sub>6MWT</sub>, enabling exercise prescription based on 6MWT and ST.</p>
      <p>Other studies on exercise prescription take into consideration formulas for healthy populations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and the examiner must choose the most adequate formula for the individual or target population. To facilitate this process, the formula proposed by Fox and Haskell in the 1970s (220 minus age) has been used for a long time to calculate maximum HR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> However, it has no validation for chronic HF patients, and it was based only on observations. In the absence of an adequate formula for individuals with disease, a suggestion for exercise prescription was proposed by Cooper (2001)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> based on the use of maximal v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> calculated from age, gender, height, and weight. In the present study, however, aerobic exercise prescription was determined without formulas. Moreover, the use of 6MWT and ST for exercise prescription provides a direct measure of the physical condition, HR, BP, and related symptoms (modified Borg scale of perceived exertion) of patients with HF.</p>
      <p>In the present study, similar results were found between HR<sub>6MWT</sub> and HR<sub>AT</sub>, suggesting that the 6MWT is a submaximal test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and that a safe exercise prescription can be determined based on the results of this test. The ST literature is scarce, especially with regard to the evaluation of HF patients. A previous study that evaluated exercise capacity in patients and healthy controls based on the results of the CPET and ST found that maximum limits were often achieved on the ST, demonstrating that this is a maximum test for certain populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The same was found in the present study, in which a strong correlation was demonstrated between HR<sub>ST</sub> and HR<sub>P</sub>.</p>
      <p>According to the American College of Sports Medicine, exercise intensity is considered the most important variable,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and to achieve the benefits provided by the regular practice of physical exercise, exercise prescription should be individual and follow basic principles regarding mode, intensity, frequency, and duration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> The American Heart Association recommends at least 30 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise to achieve exercise benefits (at 60%-75% of maximal predicted HR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> On the other hand, exercise can be prescribed between anaerobic threshold and critical power without additional risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> However, determining critical power is extremely complex, and a CPET is mandatory.</p>
      <p>Aerobic exercise prescription can be accomplished using HR, and it can be determined using the prescription method proposed in this study, with either moderate-intensity (6MWT) or high-intensity (ST) exercise. Some authors have reported that the 6MWT was related to percentage of v&#775;O<sub>2</sub>, corresponding with anaerobic threshold in HF patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> and that HR was closely related to v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>In addition, the American Heart Association and some authors suggest exercising at moderate HR intensities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>In order to determine exercise intensity based on 6MWT and ST, HR "moderate-load" training should be calculated based on HR<sub>6MWT</sub>, and HR "high-load" training should be based on HR<sub>ST</sub>. The authors suggest two types of exercise prescription using the 6MWT and ST to ideal target of HR: (i) HR<sub>6MWT</sub> plus 10% (HR<sub>6MWT</sub> + 10%) or (ii) HR<sub>6MWT</sub> until HR<sub>ST</sub> minus 10% (HR<sub>6MWT</sub> to HR<sub>ST</sub> - 10%).</p>
      <p>Modified Borg scale of perceived exertion exertion is an alternative measure that should be included in exercise prescription. It has been used to control exercise intensity during cardiovascular rehabilitation sessions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Some studies have shown that the modified Borg scale of perceived exertion is valid and positively correlated with HR and blood lactate in healthy and chronic HF populations, even on beta-blocker therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> However, the criteria for exercise interruption should be followed when the patient reports any symptom or when the value of any variable is above the desired level for the exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Furthermore, HR cannot always be used for prescribing exercises (such as in cases of atrial fibrillation or the inability to perform 6MWT and ST). In such cases, the modified Borg scale of perceived exertion constitutes an alternative for exercise prescription.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In the present study, the modified Borg scale of perceived exertion provided low scores for the 6MWT compared with the ST, demonstrating the usefulness of this scale when HR is not applicable. Moreover, HR monitoring in combination with modified Borg scale of perceived exertion is recommended when prescribing exercises for HF patients on beta-blockers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The present study has some limitations that should be addressed, due to the small sample size and lack of validation of ST for cardiac patients. This alternative exercise prescription method should be demonstrated in cardiac rehabilitation with different groups of aerobic exercise prescription (CPET prescription vs. 6MWT/ST prescription). However, the present results, albeit obtained in a selected group of stable patients, justify larger longitudinal investigations involving a sizeable number of patients with different NYHA classifications. Other limitations take into account that the tests were not administered in duplicate to ensure reproducibility of the data, and v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> was not measured during the 6MWT or ST. In addition, while significant correlations were found, the method was not administered to the population studied during the rehabilitation process.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>While CPET remains the gold standard for exercise prescription, the present findings suggest a new alternative of exercise prescription for patients with HF based on 6MWT and ST.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Alternativas para Prescri&#231;&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cio Aer&#243;bio a Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mayron F</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanussi</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sprovieri</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lobo</surname>
            <given-names>Denise M. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mastrocolla</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz E</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Umeda</surname>
            <given-names>Iracema I. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sperandio</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila A</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Equipe de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular - Equipe de Fisioterapia - Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Equipe M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular - Equipe M&#233;dica - Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia para: Mayron Faria Oliveira</bold> , Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Avenida Dr Dante Pazzanese, 500, Vila Mariana. CEP 04012-180, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mayronfaria@hotmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira MF, Mastrocolla LE, Umeda II, Sperandio PA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Zanussi G, Sprovieri B, Mastrocolla LE; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira MF, Zanussi G, Sprovieri B, Lobo DM, Mastrocolla LE, Umeda II, Sperandio PA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira MF, Lobo DM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira MF, Zanussi G, Sprovieri B, Lobo DM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira MF, Lobo DM, Mastrocolla LE, Umeda II, Sperandio PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; fundamental para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pois reduz a morbimortalidade e melhora a capacidade funcional e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (v&#775;O<sub>2</sub>). Entretanto, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP) pode se tornar invi&#225;vel, devido &#224; necessidade de m&#233;dico capacitado e ao alto custo deste exame. Assim, o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) e o teste do degrau (TD) emergem como alternativas para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Correlacionar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) durante o TC6M e o TD com a FC no limiar aer&#243;bio (FC<sub>LA</sub>) e a FC no pico do exerc&#237;cio (FC<sub>P</sub>), obtidas no TECP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 83 pacientes (58 &#177; 11 anos) com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (NYHA classe II), com medica&#231;&#227;o otimizada por pelo menos 3 meses. Foram realizados TECP (v&#775;O<sub>2</sub>, FC<sub>LA</sub> e FC<sub>P</sub>), TC6M (FC<sub>TC6M</sub>) e TD (FC<sub>TD</sub>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os pacientes apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o: 31 &#177; 7%) e baixo v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> pico (15,2 &#177; 3,1 ml.kg<sub>-1</sub>.min<sub>-1</sub>). A FC<sub>P</sub> (113 &#177; 19 bpm) foi maior que a FC<sub>LA</sub> (92 &#177; 14 bpm; p &lt; 0,05) e a FC<sub>TC6M</sub> (94 &#177; 13 bpm; p &lt; 0,05). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre FC<sub>P</sub> e FC<sub>TD</sub>. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FC<sub>LA</sub> e a FC<sub>TC6M</sub> (r = 0,81; p &lt; 0,0001) e entre a FC<sub>P</sub> e a FC<sub>TD</sub> (r = 0,89; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os resultados obtidos sugerem ser vi&#225;vel a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio atrav&#233;s do TC6M e do TD, com base na FC<sub>TC6M</sub> e na FC<sub>TD</sub>, na aus&#234;ncia do TECP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Prescri&#231;&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste do Degrau</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica complexa, de car&#225;ter sist&#234;mico. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas consistentes t&#234;m demonstrado que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gica eficiente no tratamento dessa patologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A determina&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio &#233; um importante fator para a seguran&#231;a da prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e para atingir os benef&#237;cios da reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP) &#233; o padr&#227;o ouro para a prescri&#231;&#227;o da intensidade m&#225;xima do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esse teste fornece medidas objetivas das respostas metab&#243;licas, respirat&#243;rias e cardiovasculares no limiar anaer&#243;bio e no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, o TECP n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em todos os centros de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Diversas f&#243;rmulas para a predi&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) m&#225;xima e de treinamento foram propostas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> por ser uma forma f&#225;cil e de baixo custo para monitorar e prescrever o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Entretanto, essas f&#243;rmulas foram desenvolvidas de maneira arbitr&#225;ria, e suas efici&#234;ncias n&#227;o foram comprovadas por meio de crit&#233;rios cient&#237;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Al&#233;m disso, nenhuma das f&#243;rmulas propostas &#233; espec&#237;fica para pacientes com IC e n&#227;o levam em considera&#231;&#227;o as medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas. Assim, m&#233;todos alternativos de prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>Na aus&#234;ncia do TECP, o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) e o teste do degrau (TD) emergem como alternativas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC. O TC6M &#233; um teste simples, de baixo custo e de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade subm&#225;xima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O TD requer espa&#231;o f&#237;sico m&#237;nimo, e evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem ser um teste &#250;til para a estimativa da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O TD &#233; classificado como teste m&#225;ximo ou pr&#243;ximo do m&#225;ximo em pacientes com IC moderada a grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Ainda que o TC6M e o TD sejam frequentemente utilizados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com IC, a confiabilidade da prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio com base nesses testes tem sido amplamente questionada. Considerando-se o TC6M como um teste subm&#225;ximo e o TD como um teste m&#225;ximo nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que a FC no limiar anaer&#243;bio possa ser determinada pelo TC6M, e que a FC m&#225;xima possa ser determinada pelo TD, permitindo a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio nos pacientes com IC, na aus&#234;ncia do TECP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um transversal com 83 pacientes sedent&#225;rios recrutados da Unidade de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Todos apresentavam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 40%, e estavam em classe funcional II [<italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA)]. Todos encontravam-se est&#225;veis, com tratamento medicamentoso otimizado, que inclu&#237;a betabloqueador (carvedilol, dose m&#225;xima de 50 mg/dia), inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina ou bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina e diur&#233;tico. Nenhum paciente possu&#237;a ressincronizador card&#237;aco ou dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e/ou funcional de limita&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do fluxo expirat&#243;rio (VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF &lt; 0,7; VEF<sub>1</sub>: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo; CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada), tabagistas, angina inst&#225;vel, arritmia card&#237;aca significativa, marcapasso, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, ou participa&#231;&#227;o em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses). Todos os participantes leram e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o (n&#186; 4093).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao TECP com protocolo de rampa individualizado para determinar a diferen&#231;a entre a FC no limiar anaer&#243;bio (FC<sub>LA</sub>) e a FC no pico do exerc&#237;cio (FC<sub>P</sub>). O TC6M e o TD foram realizados em dias diferentes, para determinar a FC ao final desses testes (FC<sub>TC6M</sub> e FC<sub>TD</sub>, respectivamente). Todos os testes foram randomizados e realizados no per&#237;odo da manh&#227; com um intervalo m&#237;nimo de 48 horas, mantendo-se as medica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar</title>
          <p>O TECP foi realizado em esteira ATL (Inbramed, Porto Alegre, Brasil) com mensura&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis a cada respira&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise metab&#243;lica (Ultima System&#153;, MGC, EUA). A FC foi monitorada de forma cont&#237;nua atrav&#233;s de eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e a satura&#231;&#227;o da oxihemoglobina de pulso foi mensurada por oximetria (SpO<sub>2</sub>, %; Nonin&#153; ox&#237;metro port&#225;til - USA). No final do TECP, os pacientes classificaram suas sensa&#231;&#245;es de "falta de ar" e "desconforto nas pernas" por meio da escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o de Borg modificada (0 a 10).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A espirometria foi realizada antes do TECP.</p>
          <p>O limiar anaer&#243;bio foi determinado pelo m&#233;todo <italic>V-slope</italic>, o qual corresponde ao ponto de inflex&#227;o da reta representativa da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (v&#775;O<sub>2</sub>), ou pelos equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios de press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final de oxig&#234;nio e press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final de di&#243;xido de carbono. A capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio, v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> pico, foi determinada pelo m&#225;ximo v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> obtido no final do TECP - quando o paciente n&#227;o foi capaz de manter a velocidade de 60 rpm, no cicloerg&#244;metro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
							<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
						</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e teste do degrau</title>
          <p>O TC6M foi realizado conforme as diretrizes da <italic>American Thoracic Society</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Antes e ap&#243;s o teste, foram medidas a press&#227;o arterial (PA) (esfigmoman&#244;metro Unilec&#153; e estetosc&#243;pio Littmann Quality, EUA), a FC (Polar<sup>&#174;</sup> RS800 - Polar Electro OY, Finl&#226;ndia) e a SpO<sub>2</sub> (Nonin&#153; ox&#237;metro port&#225;til - USA). A FC e a SpO<sub>2</sub> foram continuamente monitoradas durante o teste, e a escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o de Borg modificada foi aplicada ao t&#233;rmino do mesmo.</p>
          <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do TD foi de 4 minutos. Os pacientes foram orientados a subir e descer um degrau &#250;nico com 0,20 m de altura, sem corrim&#227;os, e realizar o teste com velocidade dentro de suas pr&#243;prias limita&#231;&#245;es. O examinador utilizou estimula&#231;&#227;o verbal para encorajar os participantes e inform&#225;-los sobre o seu desempenho. Antes e ap&#243;s o teste, foram mensuradas a PA, FC e SpO<sub>2</sub>. A FC e a SpO<sub>2</sub> foram monitoradas durante todo o teste, e a escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o de Borg modificada foi aplicada ao t&#233;rmino do mesmo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no programa SPSS (vers&#227;o 15.0; SPSS Inc.) Os dados est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e porcentagem. O teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para analisar a normalidade dos dados. O teste <italic>t</italic> foi utilizado para amostras relacionadas e a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (Pearson's &#961;) para correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis. A inclina&#231;&#227;o e o intercepto foram analisados. Adicionalmente, o m&#233;todo Bland-Altman foi aplicado para avaliar as vari&#225;veis de FC. O erro padr&#227;o da estimativa (SEE) foi aplicado para FC<sub>TC6M</sub> e FC<sub>LA</sub> e para FC<sub>TE</sub> e FC<sub>P</sub>. Para todas as an&#225;lises, adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Oitenta e tr&#234;s pacientes com IC foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Nenhum deles apresentou valores espirom&#233;tricos de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (CVF: 84,9 &#177; 10,3% predito; VEF<sub>1</sub>: 80,3 &#177; 13,2% predito; VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF: 0,78 &#177; 0,12) ou crit&#233;rios para interrup&#231;&#227;o do TECP, TC6M ou TD (arritmia ventricular, queda na press&#227;o arterial, queda na SpO<sub>2</sub>, ou sinais de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos 83 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Dados antropom&#233;tricos/demogr&#225;ficos</th>
                  <th/>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino/feminino, n</td>
                  <td align="center">65/18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">76,7 &#177; 12,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altura, m</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 9,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26,7 &#177; 6,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177; 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Principais comorbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (72,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (67,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (27,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etiologia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (74,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (16,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chag&#225;sica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (8,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Principais medica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidores da ECA ou BRA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II. valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncia (n).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os pacientes apresentaram baixo v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> durante o pico do exerc&#237;cio e efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria para o consumo de O<sub>2</sub> reduzida (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). No TECP, a FC<sub>P</sub> foi maior que a FC<sub>LA</sub> (113 &#177; 19 bpm vs. 92 &#177; 14 bpm, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,05) e FC<sub>TC6M</sub> (94 &#177; 13; p &lt; 0,05), mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre FC<sub>P</sub> e FC<sub>TD</sub> (113 &#177; 19 bpm vs. 110 &#177; 17 bpm; p &gt; 0,05). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre FC<sub>LA</sub> e FC<sub>TC6M</sub>. As porcentagens da FC predita para FC<sub>LA</sub> e FC<sub>TC6M</sub> foram similares, assim como as porcentagens da FC predita para FC<sub>P</sub> e FC<sub>TE</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP), teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) e teste do degrau (TD)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">TCPE</th>
                  <th/>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> (mL,kg<sup>-1</sup>,min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> (% predito)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,9 &#177; 5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RER</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12 &#177; 0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>v&#775;E/v&#775;CO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">37,7 &#177; 7,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria para o consumo de O<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">1204,5 &#177; 25,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulso de O<sub>2</sub> (mL/bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 2,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC de repouso (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC<sub>LA</sub> (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC<sub>LA</sub> (% predito)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 &#177; 13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC<sub>P</sub> (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 &#177; 19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC<sub>P</sub> (% predito)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 &#177; 16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dispneia (Borg)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 &#177; 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TC6M</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC6M (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">456 &#177; 83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC<sub>TC6M</sub> (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 &#177; 13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC<sub>TC6M</sub> (% predito)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS<sub>TC6M</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2 TC6M</sub> (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 &#177; 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dispneia (Borg)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 &#177; 1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Degraus (n&#250;mero de degraus)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC<sub>TD</sub> (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 &#177; 17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC<sub>TD</sub> (% predito)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS<sub>TD</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 &#177; 23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2 TD</sub> (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 &#177; 1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dispneia (Borg)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 &#177; 2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>v&#775;O<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; RER: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; v&#775;E: ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto; v&#775;CO<sub>2</sub>: produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; O<sub>2</sub>: oxig&#234;nio; bpm: batimentos por minuto; FC: Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; LA: limiar anaer&#243;bio; P: pico; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; SpO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o da oxihemoglobina de pulso. Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre FC<sub>LA</sub> e FC<sub>TC6M</sub> (r = 0,81; p = 0,0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>) e entre FC<sub>TD</sub> e FC<sub>P</sub> (r = 0,89; p = 0,0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>) com inclina&#231;&#227;o e intercepto para FC<sub>LA</sub> e FC<sub>TC6M</sub> (y = 0,8555x + 15,408; r<sup>2</sup> = 0,78) e para FC<sub>TD</sub> e FC<sub>P</sub> (y = 0,8947x + 10,28; r<sup>2</sup> = 0,82). N&#227;o foram observadas correla&#231;&#245;es entre FC<sub>P</sub> e FC<sub>TC6M</sub> (p &gt; 0,05) e entre FC<sub>TD</sub> e FC<sub>LA</sub> (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre FC<sub>LA</sub> e FC<sub>TC6M</sub>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0097-60014-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre FC<sub>P</sub> e FC<sub>TD</sub>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0097-60014-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; an&#225;lise das varia&#231;&#245;es da FC, o m&#233;todo Bland-Altman foi aplicado para comparar as varia&#231;&#245;es entre FC<sub>TC6M</sub> e FC<sub>LA</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>) e entre FC<sub>TD</sub> e FC<sub>P</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto ao SEE entre FC<sub>LA</sub> e FC<sub>TC6M</sub> (SEE = 6,05 bpm) e entre FC<sub>P</sub> e FC<sub>TD</sub> (SEE = 7,69 bpm). Vinte e dois pacientes (26%) apresentaram diferen&#231;a maior que 5 bpm entre as vari&#225;veis de FC<sub>LA</sub> e FC<sub>TC6M</sub> e 23 pacientes (28%) apresentaram diferen&#231;a maior que 5 bpm entre as vari&#225;veis de FC<sub>P</sub> e FC<sub>TD</sub>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman de FC<sub>TC6M</sub> e FC<sub>LA</sub>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0097-60014-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman de FC<sub>TD</sub> e FC<sub>P</sub>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0097-60014-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa na escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o de Borg modificada entre o TC6M e o TD, e entre o TECP e o TC6M (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre o TD e o TECP. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis de SpO<sub>2</sub> e PA ao final do TECP, TD e TC6M (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ainda que o TECP seja padr&#227;o ouro para a determina&#231;&#227;o da FC no limiar anaer&#243;bio e no pico do exerc&#237;cio, muitos centros de reabilita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o possuem o equipamento necess&#225;rio para realiz&#225;-lo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Este estudo demonstra que a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio para pacientes com IC (NYHA classe II) pode ser baseada no TC6M e no TD. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo oferecer alternativas para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio para pacientes com IC, na aus&#234;ncia do TECP. Os principais achados deste estudo s&#227;o que a FC<sub>P</sub> correlacionou-se com a FC<sub>TD</sub> e a FC<sub>LA</sub> com a FC<sub>TC6M</sub>, sendo poss&#237;vel a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio com base no TC6M e no TD.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos sobre prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio levam em considera&#231;&#227;o f&#243;rmulas para popula&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> devendo o avaliador escolher aquela mais adequada para o indiv&#237;duo ou a popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo. Para facilitar esse processo, a f&#243;rmula proposta por Fox e Haskell na d&#233;cada de 1970 (220 menos idade) tem sido utilizada por longo tempo para calcular a FC m&#225;xima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Entretanto, ela n&#227;o possui valida&#231;&#227;o para pacientes com IC, sendo baseada apenas em observa&#231;&#245;es. Na aus&#234;ncia de uma f&#243;rmula adequada para indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a, Cooper (2001)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> prop&#244;s a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio baseada no uso do v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo, calculado a partir da idade, g&#234;nero, altura e peso. No presente estudo, entretanto, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio foi determinada sem f&#243;rmulas. Al&#233;m disso, o uso de TC6M e TD para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio fornece uma medida direta da condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, FC, PA e sintomas relacionados (escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o de Borg modificada) de pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo demonstra que a FC<sub>TC6M</sub> e a FC<sub>LA</sub> s&#227;o semelhantes, sugerindo que o TC6M seja um teste subm&#225;ximo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e que uma prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio segura pode ser baseada nos resultados desse teste. O TD possui literatura escassa, principalmente quando relacionada &#224; pacientes com IC. Estudo pr&#233;vio que avaliou a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, baseado no TECP e no TD, mostou que limites m&#225;ximos s&#227;o frequentemente alcan&#231;ados no TD, demonstrando que este teste pode ser m&#225;ximo para determinadas popula&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> O mesmo foi observado no presente estudo, que demonstrou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FC<sub>TD</sub> e a FC<sub>P</sub>.</p>
        <p>De acordo com o <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic>, a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio &#233; considerada a vari&#225;vel mais importante,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e, para que se obtenha os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular, sua prescri&#231;&#227;o deve ser individualizada e seguir princ&#237;pios b&#225;sicos referentes a modo, intensidade, frequ&#234;ncia e dura&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A <italic>American Heart Association</italic> recomenda pelo menos 30 minutos de exerc&#237;cio moderado (60%-75% da FC m&#225;xima predita) para que se atinjam os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Por outro lado, o exerc&#237;cio pode ser prescrito entre o limiar anaer&#243;bio e a pot&#234;ncia cr&#237;tica sem risco adicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Entretanto, a determina&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia cr&#237;tica &#233; extremamente complexa e requer o TECP.</p>
        <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio pode ser realizada por meio da FC, que pode ser determinada atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo proposto neste estudo, com intensidade moderada (pelo TC6M) ou intensidade alta (pelo TD). Alguns autores t&#234;m reportado a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a porcentagem do v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> do LA com o TC6M nos pacientes com IC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> e que a FC possui estreita rela&#231;&#227;o com o v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Adicionalmente, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> e alguns autores sugerem a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio em intensidades moderadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Para determinar a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio baseada no TC6M e no TD, a FC para intensidade moderada pode ser baseada na FC<sub>TC6M</sub>, e a intensidade alta pode ser baseada na FC<sub>TD</sub>. N&#243;s sugerimos duas possibilidades para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio utilizando o TC6M e o TD, visando ao alvo ideal de FC: (i) FC<sub>TC6M</sub> mais 10% (FC<sub>TC6M</sub> + 10%) ou (ii) FC<sub>TC6M</sub> at&#233; FC<sub>TD</sub> menos 10% (FC<sub>TC6M</sub> at&#233; FC<sub>TD</sub> - 10%).</p>
        <p>A escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o de Borg modificada &#233; uma medida alternativa que deve ser inclu&#237;da na prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio. Essa tem sido utilizada para controlar a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio durante as sess&#245;es de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">22</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">41</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">43</xref>Alguns estudos mostraram que essa escala &#233; v&#225;lida e se correlaciona positivamente com a FC e o lactato s&#233;rico em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e com IC cr&#244;nica, mesmo aqueles em terapia betabloqueadora.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Entretanto, os crit&#233;rios para a interrup&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio devem ser seguidos quando o paciente relatar sintomas ou quando o valor de alguma vari&#225;vel apresentar-se acima do desej&#225;vel para o n&#237;vel de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> N&#227;o &#233; sempre que a FC pode ser utilizada para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio (como em casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou impossibilidade de realizar o TC6M e o TD). Nesses casos, a escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o de Borg modificada &#233; uma alternativa para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No presente estudo, o valor da escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o de Borg modificada obtida no TC6M foi menor que a obtida no TD, sugerindo a possibilidade do uso dessa escala quando o exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o pode ser prescrito pela FC. A combina&#231;&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da FC com a escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o de Borg modificada &#233; recomendada para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios para pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica em uso de betabloqueadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
					</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
          <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como o pequeno tamanho da amostra e a falta de valida&#231;&#227;o do TD para cardiopatas. Essa alternativa para prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio deve ser demonstrada em diferentes grupos na reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (prescri&#231;&#227;o de TECP vs. prescri&#231;&#227;o de TC6M/TD). No entanto, os resultados apresentados, ainda que obtidos em um seleto grupo de pacientes, justificam investiga&#231;&#245;es longitudinais que envolvam maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e com diferentes classes funcionais (NYHA). Outras limita&#231;&#245;es incluem o fato de que os testes n&#227;o foram realizados em duplicata para garantir a reprodutibilidade dos dados, e o v&#775;O<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o foi medido durante TC6M ou TD. Mesmo que fortes correla&#231;&#245;es tenham sido demonstradas, nosso m&#233;todo sugerido para prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o foi testada durante o programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora o TECP permane&#231;a o padr&#227;o ouro para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, os achados deste estudo sugerem uma nova alternativa para pacientes com IC baseada no TC6M e no TD.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
