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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vXFg4kc5PbkwTVRwqYqL6tN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200092</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005001101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150148</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reduction in Post-Marathon Peak Oxygen Consumption: Sign of Cardiac Fatigue in Amateur Runners?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sierra</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Renn&#243;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Contesini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Bellios de Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sierra</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Anibal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kiss</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Augusta Peduti Dal Molin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghorayeb</surname>
            <given-names>Nabil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">9</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Se&#231;&#227;o de Cardioesporte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Se&#231;&#227;o de Cardioesporte &#8211; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Eletrofisiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Eletrofisiologia &#8211; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Ergometria e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Ergometria e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Professor Adjunto II &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Ecocardiografia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Ecocardiografia &#8211; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Paula Renn&#243; Sierra,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte. Av Prof. Mello Moraes, 65 &#8211; Cidade Universit&#225;ria Postal Code 05508-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>anasierra@usp.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Sierra APR, Francisco RC, Barretto RBM, Sierra CA, Meneghelo RS, Ghorayeb N; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sierra APR, Silveira AD, Francisco RC, Barretto RBM, Sierra CA, Meneghelo RS, Kiss MAPDM, Stein R; Statistical analysis: Sierra APR, Silveira AD; Writing of the manuscript: Sierra APR, Silveira AD, Barretto RBM, Kiss MAPDM, Stein R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barretto RBM, Kiss MAPDM, Ghorayeb N, Stein R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>92</fpage>
      <lpage>96</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Prolonged aerobic exercise, such as running a marathon, produces supraphysiological stress that can affect the athlete's homeostasis. Some degree of transient myocardial dysfunction ("cardiac fatigue") can be observed for several days after the race.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To verify if there are changes in the cardiopulmonary capacity, and cardiac inotropy and lusitropy in amateur marathoners after running a marathon.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The sample comprised 6 male amateur runners. All of them underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) one week before the S&#227;o Paulo Marathon, and 3 to 4 days after that race. They underwent echocardiography 24 hours prior to and immediately after the marathon. All subjects were instructed not to exercise, to maintain their regular diet, ingest the same usual amount of liquids, and rest at least 8 hours a day in the period preceding the CPET.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The athletes completed the marathon in 221.5 (207; 250) minutes. In the post-marathon CPET, there was a significant reduction in peak oxygen consumption and peak oxygen pulse compared to the results obtained before the race (50.75 and 46.35 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup>; 19.4 and 18.1 mL.btm, respectively). The echocardiography showed a significant reduction in the s' wave (inotropic marker), but no significant change in the E/e' ratio (lusitropic marker).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In amateur runners, the marathon seems to promote changes in the cardiopulmonary capacity identified within 4 days after the race, with a reduction in the cardiac contractility. Such changes suggest that some degree of "cardiac fatigue" can occur.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Homeostasis</kwd>
        <kwd>Sports</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Running</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Prolonged aerobic exercise, such as long-distance running events (marathon), causes supraphysiological stress that can affect the athlete's homeostasis. Depletion of energetic substrates, progressive body temperature increase, electrolyte imbalance and extensive muscle injury are common consequences of that practice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Transient myocardial dysfunction ("cardiac fatigue") can be observed over several days following prolonged exercise. It can be evidenced in healthy individuals by use of specific imaging tests and analysis of cardiac biomarkers in peripheral blood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography performed after prolonged endurance exercise has shown changes in contractility, relaxation, and systolic and diastolic left ventricular function, such as changes in left ventricular internal diameter, an increase in A wave and a reduction in the E/A ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Impairment in pulmonary gas exchange and a reduction in pulmonary diffusing capacity observed after vigorous and prolonged aerobic exercise suggest that it can induce persistent respiratory functional impairment, even in the post-exercise period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Stickland et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> have suggested that the change in pulmonary gas exchange following vigorous and prolonged exercise is influenced by the cardiovascular system. However, that relationship is yet to be established<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite the increasing interest in the effects of a marathon on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems, few studies using the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) as a tool for that assessment have been published. Thus, this study aimed at assessing whether changes in the cardiopulmonary capacity of amateur athletes (pilot study) occur after a marathon.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a case series of six athletes participating in the same S&#227;o Paulo International Marathon edition, who were assessed at the Sports Cardiology outpatient clinic at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. They signed the written informed consent, which, along with the study protocol, had been previously approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the institution, abiding by the rules of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <p>This study included only male Caucasian runners participating in at least one marathon in the last five years and in a half marathon in the last year. All were healthy and reported no cardiopulmonary disease.</p>
      <p>The first CPET was performed in the week preceding the marathon (3 days), and the second, 3 to 4 days after the event. The individuals refrained from training from the marathon day to the day of the second CPET after the marathon, and received written instructions to maintain a routine regarding liquid and food ingestion and rest over the post-marathon period. All exercise tests were performed on a treadmill (TEB<sup>&#174;</sup>, APEX 200 model, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), and the heart rate was obtained by using a TEB<sup>&#174;</sup> equipment (APEX 1000 model) and following a step protocol, initiating with an 8 km/h velocity and an 1 km/h increment every 1 minute, aiming at leading the individual to exhaustion.</p>
      <p>For the expired gas analysis, a CardiO2 System analyzer (Medical Graphics Corporation<sup>&#174;</sup>, Minnesota, USA) with sensors, allowing a breath-by-breath analysis, was used. The room conditions were controlled and maintained as follows: temperature, between 21&#176;C and 23&#176;C; relative air humidity registered in a thermo-hygrometer, 61%; and pressure registered in a Torricelli barometer, 703 mm Hg.</p>
      <p>Peak exercise oxygen consumption (peak VO<sub>2</sub>) was quantified in the 30 seconds preceding the end of exertion and the 30 seconds after exertion. After data collection breath by breath, means were determined every 15 seconds, the highest value in the period being considered. In the last CPET stage, the runners pointed in the Borg scale, the value corresponding to their perception of exertion.</p>
      <p>The athletes underwent echocardiography 3 days before the marathon and immediately after the event. The exam was performed in a tent located 100 meters after the finish line. The image acquisition time was of up to 10 minutes. A Vivid 7 device (GE Healthcare<sup>&#174;</sup>, Milwaukee, WI, USA) with digital image storage capacity was used, equipped with a M4S sectorial transducer.</p>
      <p>Complete echocardiographic study with single- and two-dimensional, conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler was performed according to the American Society of Echocardiography recommendations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Echocardiography clips of four consecutive beats were captured. The tests were digitally stored and analyzed in a dedicated work station (ECHOPAC<sup>&#174;</sup> 6.0, Milwaukee, WI, USA).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The SPSS software, version 22.0 (IBM Inc., Chicago IL, 2013) was used for statistical analysis. The results were expressed as medians and interquartile ranges, because the data were not normally distributed according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. To assess the impact of the marathon on the two predetermined occasions (pre- and post-marathon), the nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used, and Spearman test was used to correlate the delta of the variables. The significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The S&#227;o Paulo International Marathon was held in springtime, in a sunny day. The environmental conditions at the beginning of the race were as follows: temperature, 17.8&#176;C; air humidity, 55%; and wind velocity, 1 m/s. At the end, they were 22.8&#176;C, 59% and 2 m/s, respectively.</p>
      <p>This pilot-study included six athletes. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows their general characteristics, such as anthropometric data, age, race time, percentage of the peak velocity at which the runner did the marathon (mean velocity during the marathon divided by the peak velocity on the CPET multiplied by 100), and training volume (hours/week).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the marathoners (n = 6)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Median (25<sup>th</sup> Perc.; 75<sup>th</sup> Perc.)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">43.0 (36; 47)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">67.1 (61; 75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">164.5 (163; 168)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Race time (min)</td>
              <td align="center">221.5 (207; 250)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean velocity (km/h)</td>
              <td align="center">11.9 (9; 12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak vel. %</td>
              <td align="center">64.0 (54; 66)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Training (hours/week)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0 (8; 13)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Data expressed as median and interquartile range; peak vel. %: mean velocity during the marathon divided by the peak velocity on the CPET multiplied by 100.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
        <p>All athletes showed good cardiopulmonary capacity, in both the pre- and post-marathon CPET, achieving practically the same peak velocity in both tests (medians of 18 and 18.5, respectively). All tests were maximum, with a respiratory quotient (R) greater than 1.1, and associated with intense fatigue, characterized by a Borg rating of perceived exertion scale of 19 or 20.</p>
        <p>A significant reduction in VO<sub>2</sub> peak and in peak oxygen pulse (PO<sub>2</sub>) was observed in post-marathon CPET. In addition, a reduction was observed in the ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) slope, but with no difference in the maximum ventilation values between the tests. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the values of the CPET variables.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results of pre- and post-marathon cardiopulmonary exercise testing (n = 6)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pre-marathon</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Post-marathon</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rest HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (65; 76)</td>
                <td align="center">70.5 (61; 80)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">174 (167; 181)</td>
                <td align="center">175 (169; 186)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak vel.(km/h)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (16; 20)</td>
                <td align="center">18.5 (17; 19)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak VO<sub>2</sub> (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">50.75 (46; 52)</td>
                <td align="center">46.35 (43; 49)</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak VE (l/min)</td>
                <td align="center">134.2 (99; 148)</td>
                <td align="center">119.9 (111; 147)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R</td>
                <td align="center">1.15 (1.10 1.19)</td>
                <td align="center">1.14 (1.11; 1.17)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">O<sub>2</sub> pulse (ml.btm)</td>
                <td align="center">19.4 (17; 21)</td>
                <td align="center">18.1 (15; 19)</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak PetO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">101.5 (94.5; 105.7)</td>
                <td align="center">101.5 (96.5; 104.2)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">33.7 (30; 41)</td>
                <td align="center">31.1 (27; 39)</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>Data expressed as median and interquartile range (25<sup>th</sup> percentile; 75<sup>th</sup> percentile);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 = significant; HR: heart rate; vel.: velocity; VO<sub>2</sub>. oxygen consumption; VE: ventilation; R: respiratory quotient; O<sub>2</sub> pulse: oxygen pulse; PetO<sub>2</sub>: end-tidal O<sub>2</sub> tension; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope; ratio between the inclination of the ventilation curve and the carbon dioxide production curve.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>On echocardiography, the athletes showed ejection fraction within the normal range, but they differed at rest after the marathon, mainly due to heart rate increase.</p>
        <p>Regarding the echocardiographic variables, a significant reduction in the values of E wave, s' wave and E/A ratio, as well as a concomitant increase in heart rate were observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>Cardiac lusitropy was assessed by use of the E/e' ratio, which showed no significant change after the marathon. Cardiac inotropy was assessed by use of the s' wave, which represents myocardial contractility. The s' wave showed a significant reduction after the marathon, suggesting a reduction in contractility, and, thus, in cardiac inotropy.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic results before and immediately after the marathon (n = 6)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pre-marathon</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Post-marathon</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR</td>
                <td align="center">62 (60; 67)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (101; 111)</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic volume</td>
                <td align="center">88.5 (78.5; 100.1)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (50.7; 67.7)</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiac output</td>
                <td align="center">5354 (4747; 6458)</td>
                <td align="center">6234 (5238; 7433)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEDD</td>
                <td align="center">50.5 (48.5; 52.25)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (44.5; 57.7)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVESD</td>
                <td align="center">31.5 (29.2; 32.2)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (27.5; 34)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF</td>
                <td align="center">67.1 (65.5; 69.7)</td>
                <td align="center">61.6 (61; 67)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E wave</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 (0.67; 1.02)</td>
                <td align="center">0.6 (0.5; 0.72)</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A wave</td>
                <td align="center">0.65 (0.47; 0.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 (0.8; 0.92)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.33 (1.08; 1.54)</td>
                <td align="center">0.7 (0.6; 0.79)</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">s' wave</td>
                <td align="center">8.8 (8.2; 9.7)</td>
                <td align="center">6.7 (5.9; 8)</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e' wave</td>
                <td align="center">9.2 (8.4; 10.6)</td>
                <td align="center">8.5 (6.4; 10.4)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">a' wave</td>
                <td align="center">8.1 (7.6; 9.1)</td>
                <td align="center">7.6 (6.6; 9.6)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e' ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.09 (0.08; 0.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.08 (0.06; 0.09)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>Data expressed as median and interquartile range (25<sup>th</sup> percentile; 75<sup>th</sup> percentile);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 = significant; HR: heart rate; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; EF: ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The major finding in this study was the significant reduction in post-marathon peak VO<sub>2</sub> as compared to the pre-marathon period. This happened although the athletes maintained the same performance on CPET, meaning that they reached the same mean maximum velocity in both tests.</p>
      <p>Some changes identified in our study are in accordance with the results of previous studies carried out in athletes completing endurance events. Kasikcioglu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> in a study published in 2006, reported a reduction in peak VO<sub>2</sub> and suggested that it could have resulted from a deceleration in the muscle oxygen kinetics after prolonged exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Similarly, Miles et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> have reported a reduction in pulmonary diffusing capacity after prolonged exercise, and that persisted for a a certain amount of time. However, the changes in the system of oxygen delivery to tissues occurring after exercise have not been clarified.</p>
      <p>In that context, the post-marathon drop in peak VO<sub>2</sub> and PO<sub>2</sub> can suggest some degree of "cardiac fatigue". With the PO<sub>2</sub> drop on the post-marathon test, the reduction in cardiac inotropism seems to play a significant role in the VO<sub>2</sub> drop in that same period. This might have been the factor contributing most to VO<sub>2</sub> drop, because the peak heart rate was similar in both tests. In addition, despite the partial benefit demonstrated by pulmonary compensation, with greater ventilatory efficiency and optimization in O<sub>2</sub> use to produce the same exertion, a reduction in cardiac output is evidenced in the post-marathon period. Based on those findings, one can speculate a worsening of myocardial performance after the marathon stress.</p>
      <p>Those hypotheses are supported by both echocardiographic and CPET post-marathon findings. The modifications in contractility on echocardiography, along with the drop in peak PO<sub>2</sub> and peak VO<sub>2</sub> on CPET, support the hypothesis that athletes can have some degree of "cardiac fatigue", mainly due to the changes in cardiac inotropism, with no change in lusitropy. However, the variables of diastolic function assessment had no change.</p>
      <p>The VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope showed a significant reduction from the pre-marathon to the post-marathon period. No plausible explanation for this finding was found, but the small absolute variation of that variable makes us believe that there is no physiological relevance for that difference.</p>
      <p>This study's limitations include the small and selected sample (all Caucasian males of similar ages), which can have caused a bias in the results obtained, in addition to hindering any extrapolation regarding external validity. It is worth noting the lack of control regarding the previous training of the athletes. Similarly, there was no control about possible interventions performed in the recovery period (3-4 days), which can have interfered with the results observed (water ingestion, food and resting time). New studies are required to support our findings.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In amateur athletes, marathon seems to cause changes in the cardiopulmonary capacity identified up to four days after the event, with a reduction in contractility, and, thus, in cardiac inotropy. Such modifications suggest that some degree of "cardiac fatigue" can occur.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>The authors thank TEB (Tecnologia Eletr&#244;nica Brasileira) and Yescom (Produtora da Marathon Internacional de S&#227;o Paulo). Ricardo Stein is established investigator of the Brazilian Research Council (CNPq). Ana Paula Sierra is fellow of CAPES.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o no Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio Pico P&#243;s Maratona: Sinal de Fadiga Card&#237;aca em Corredores Amadores?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sierra</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Renn&#243;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Contesini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Bellios de Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sierra</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Anibal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kiss</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Augusta Peduti Dal Molin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghorayeb</surname>
            <given-names>Nabil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">9</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Se&#231;&#227;o de Cardioesporte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Se&#231;&#227;o de Cardioesporte &#8211; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Eletrofisiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Eletrofisiologia &#8211; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Ergometria e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Ergometria e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Professor Adjunto II &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Ecocardiografia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Ecocardiografia &#8211; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Ana Paula Renn&#243; Sierra,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte. Av Prof. Mello Moraes, 65 &#8211; Cidade Universit&#225;ria CEP 05508-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>anasierra@usp.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sierra APR, Francisco RC, Barretto RBM, Sierra CA, Meneghelo RS, Ghorayeb N; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sierra APR, Silveira AD, Francisco RC, Barretto RBM, Sierra CA, Meneghelo RS, Kiss MAPDM, Stein R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Sierra APR, Silveira AD, Kiss MAPDM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sierra APR, Silveira AD, Barretto RBM, Kiss MAPDM, Stein R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barretto RBM, Kiss MAPDM, Ghorayeb N, Stein R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico prolongado, como correr uma maratona, produz um estresse suprafisiol&#243;gico que pode ter impacto na homeostase do atleta. Algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica transit&#243;ria ("fadiga card&#237;aca") pode ser observado ao longo de v&#225;rios dias ap&#243;s a prova.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Verificar se ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es na capacidade cardiopulmonar, no inotropismo e no lusitropismo card&#237;aco de maratonistas amadores ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma maratona.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A amostra foi composta por 6 corredores amadores masculinos. Todos realizaram teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) uma semana antes da Maratona de S&#227;o Paulo e 3 a 4 dias ap&#243;s a mesma. Realizaram ecocardiograma 24 horas antes e imediatamente ap&#243;s a prova. Todos foram orientados a n&#227;o se exercitar, manter dieta regular, ingerir a mesma quantidade habitual de l&#237;quidos e descansar pelo menos 8 horas ao dia no per&#237;odo anterior ao TCPE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os atletas completaram a maratona em 221,5 (207; 250) minutos. No TCPE p&#243;s-maratona, ocorreu redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no consumo de oxig&#234;nio e no pulso de oxig&#234;nio de pico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles obtidos antes da prova (50,75 e 46,35 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>; 19,4 e 18,1 ml.btm, respectivamente). Ao ecocardiograma, encontramos redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na onda s' (marcador do inotropismo). A rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s a maratona (marcador do lusitropismo).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em atletas amadores, a maratona parece promover altera&#231;&#245;es na capacidade cardiopulmonar identificadas pelo menos em at&#233; 4 dias ap&#243;s a prova, com redu&#231;&#227;o na contratilidade e, portanto, no inotropismo card&#237;aco. Tais modifica&#231;&#245;es sugerem que algum grau de "fadiga card&#237;aca" possa ocorrer.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Homeostase</kwd>
        <kwd>Esportes</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Corrida</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico prolongado, como as corridas de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (maratona), produz um estresse suprafisiol&#243;gico que pode ter impacto na homeostase do atleta. Deple&#231;&#227;o dos substratos energ&#233;ticos, aumento progressivo da temperatura corporal, desequil&#237;brio hidroeletrol&#237;tico e dano muscular extenso s&#227;o consequ&#234;ncias comuns dessa pr&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica transit&#243;ria ("fadiga card&#237;aca") pode ser observado ao longo de v&#225;rios dias ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio prolongado. Tal quadro pode ser evidenciado em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis atrav&#233;s de estudos de imagem espec&#237;ficos e da an&#225;lise de biomarcadores card&#237;acos no sangue perif&#233;rico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> Atrav&#233;s de ecocardiograma (ECO) Doppler transtor&#225;cico realizado ap&#243;s provas de longa dura&#231;&#227;o foram encontradas altera&#231;&#245;es na contratilidade, no relaxamento, na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, incluindo altera&#231;&#245;es no di&#226;metro interno do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, aumento da onda A e redu&#231;&#227;o na rela&#231;&#227;o E/A.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Preju&#237;zo na troca dos gases pulmonares e redu&#231;&#227;o na capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico intenso e prolongado sugerem que o mesmo possa induzir preju&#237;zo funcional respirat&#243;rio persistente, mesmo ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> Stickland et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> sugerem que a altera&#231;&#227;o na troca de gases pulmonares p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio intenso e prolongado seja influenciada pelo sistema cardiovascular. Entretanto, essa rela&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foi bem estabelecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Apesar do interesse crescente sobre os efeitos cardiovasculares e pulmonares que ocorrem ap&#243;s uma maratona, poucos s&#227;o os estudos dispon&#237;veis empregando o teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) como uma ferramenta para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente experimento foi verificar se ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es na capacidade cardiopulmonar de atletas amadores (amostra piloto) ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma maratona.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Esta &#233; uma s&#233;rie de casos composta por seis indiv&#237;duos atl&#233;ticos avaliados no ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia do Esporte do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Todos participaram da mesma edi&#231;&#227;o da Maratona Internacional de S&#227;o Paulo. Da mesma forma, todos assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, que, junto ao protocolo do estudo, foi previamente aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, seguindo as normas da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos apenas corredores do sexo masculino, caucasianos, com experi&#234;ncia em pelo menos uma maratona nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos e uma meia maratona no &#250;ltimo ano. Todos eram saud&#225;veis e sem relato de doen&#231;as cardiopulmonares.</p>
        <p>O primeiro TCPE foi realizado na semana que antecedeu a maratona (3 dias antes), sendo o segundo realizado entre 3 e 4 dias ap&#243;s a prova. Os indiv&#237;duos mantiveram-se sem treinamento entre o dia da maratona e o dia do TCPE ap&#243;s a maratona, tendo sido orientados a proceder de forma semelhante quanto &#224; ingest&#227;o de l&#237;quidos, alimenta&#231;&#227;o e descanso ao longo do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-maratona (orienta&#231;&#227;o por escrito). Todos os testes funcionais foram realizados em esteira rolante (TEB<sup>&#174;</sup>, modelo APEX 200, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), com obten&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pelo equipamento da TEB<sup>&#174;</sup> (modelo APEX 1000) atrav&#233;s de protocolo em est&#225;gios, os quais iniciavam a uma velocidade de 8 km/h e apresentavam incremento de 1 km/h a cada 1 minuto, visando levar o indiv&#237;duo &#224; exaust&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise dos gases expirados, utilizou-se um analisador CardiO2 System (Medical Graphics Corporation<sup>&#174;</sup>, Minnesota, EUA) com sensores que permitem a an&#225;lise respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o <italic>(breath-by-breath).</italic> As condi&#231;&#245;es de temperatura da sala foram controladas e mantidas entre 21&#176;C e 23&#176;C, registrando-se a umidade relativa do ar por termo-higr&#244;metro e a press&#227;o barom&#233;trica em bar&#243;metro de Torricelli (valores m&#233;dios 61% e 703 mmHg, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>Para quantifica&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO<sub>2</sub> pico), foi utilizado o per&#237;odo dos 30 segundos que antecederam o final do esfor&#231;o e os 30 segundos ap&#243;s o final do esfor&#231;o. Ap&#243;s obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o, realizamos m&#233;dias a cada 15 segundos e determinamos o maior valor dentro desse per&#237;odo. No &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio do TCPE, os corredores apontavam na escala de Borg o valor correspondente &#224; sua percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p>Os atletas foram submetidos ao ECO tr&#234;s dias antes da maratona e imediatamente ap&#243;s a mesma. O exame foi realizado em uma tenda localizada a 100 metros da linha de chegada. O tempo para aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi de at&#233; 10 minutos. Foi utilizado um aparelho Vivid 7 (GE Healthcare<sup>&#174;</sup>, Milwaukee, WI, EUA) com capacidade para armazenamento digital de imagens, equipado com um transdutor setorial M4S.</p>
        <p>Realizou-se ECO completo com modo unidimensional, bidimensional, Doppler convencional e Doppler tecidual de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> Capturaram-se clipes de quatro batimentos consecutivos. Os exames foram arquivados digitalmente e analisados em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada (ECHOPAC<sup>&#174;</sup> 6.0, Milwaukee, WI, EUA).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foi realizada no software SPSS vers&#227;o 22.0 (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, 2013). Os resultados foram expressos atrav&#233;s de medianas e amplitudes interquartis, uma vez que os dados rejeitaram a normalidade pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para avaliar o impacto da maratona nos dados obtidos nos dois momentos pr&#233;-determinados (pr&#233; e p&#243;s prova), utilizou-se o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon, sendo o teste de Spearman utilizado para a correla&#231;&#227;o do delta das vari&#225;veis. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia dos testes foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A Maratona Internacional de S&#227;o Paulo foi realizada durante a primavera. No in&#237;cio da prova, a temperatura era de 17,8&#176;C, a umidade do ar, 55% e a velocidade do vento, 1 m/s. No final da maratona, a temperatura era de 22,8&#176;C, a umidade do ar, 59% e a velocidade do vento, 2 m/s. O dia manteve-se ensolarado durante todo o per&#237;odo da prova.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos seis atletas neste estudo piloto. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref> mostra suas caracter&#237;sticas gerais, como dados antropom&#233;tricos, idade, tempo de prova, percentual da velocidade pico no qual o atleta realizou a maratona (velocidade m&#233;dia durante a maratona/velocidade pico no teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio x 100) e o volume de treino em horas/semana.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos maratonistas (n = 6)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mediana (Perc. 25; Perc.75)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">43,0 (36; 47)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">67,1 (61; 75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">164,5 (163; 168)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de prova (min)</td>
                <td align="center">221,5 (207; 250)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade m&#233;dia (km/h)</td>
                <td align="center">11,9 (9; 12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% vel. Pico</td>
                <td align="center">64,0 (54; 66)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Horas de treino/semana</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 (8; 13)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o representados em mediana e intervalo interquartil; % vel. Pico: velocidade m&#233;dia durante a maratona / velocidade pico no teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio x 100.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>Todos os atletas apresentaram boa capacidade cardiopulmonar, tanto no TCPE pr&#233;- quanto naquele p&#243;s-maratona, alcan&#231;ando praticamente a mesma velocidade pico em ambos os testes (mediana de 18 e 18,5, respectivamente). Todos os testes foram considerados m&#225;ximos, com quociente respirat&#243;rio (R) superior a 1,1 e associado a fadiga intensa, caracterizada por &#237;ndice 19 ou 20 pela escala de percep&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o (Borg).</p>
          <p>Observamos que houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no VO<sub>2</sub> pico, assim como no pulso de oxig&#234;nio (PO<sub>2</sub>) de pico, no TCPE p&#243;s-prova. Houve tamb&#233;m redu&#231;&#227;o na rela&#231;&#227;o da inclina&#231;&#227;o da curva da ventila&#231;&#227;o sobre a curva de produ&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>), mas n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a nos valores de ventila&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima entre os testes. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os valores das vari&#225;veis do TCPE.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-maratona (n = 6)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;-Maratona</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>P&#243;s-Maratona</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC repouso (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (65; 76)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,5 (61; 80)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC pico (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (167; 181)</td>
                  <td align="center">175 (169; 186)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vel. pico (km/h)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (16; 20)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,5 (17; 19)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> pico (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,75 (46; 52)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,35 (43; 49)</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref>&lt; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE pico (l/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">134,2 (99; 148)</td>
                  <td align="center">119,9 (111; 147)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">R</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 (1,10 1,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 (1,11; 1,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pulso O<sub>2</sub> (ml.btm)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,4 (17; 21)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,1 (15; 19)</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref>&lt; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PetO<sub>2</sub> pico</td>
                  <td align="center">101,5 (94,5; 105,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">101,5 (96,5; 104,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> inclina&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">33,7 (30; 41)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,1 (27; 39)</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref>&lt; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <p>Os dados est&#227;o apresentados em mediana (percentil 25; percentil 75);</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 = significativo; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; vel.: velocidade; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o; R: quociente respirat&#243;rio; Pulso O<sub>2</sub>: pulso de oxig&#234;nio; PetO<sub>2</sub>: press&#227;o espirada de O<sub>2</sub>; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> inclina&#231;&#227;o: inclina&#231;&#227;o da curva da ventila&#231;&#227;o sobre a curva de produ&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
          <p>Ao ECO, os atletas apresentavam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o dentro dos limites da normalidade, tendo comportamento diferente ap&#243;s a prova em rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso, principalmente devido ao aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao ECO, encontrou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no valor da onda E, da onda s', da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e um concomitante aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os valores das vari&#225;veis do ECO.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados do ecocardiograma de exerc&#237;cio antes e imediatamente ap&#243;s a maratona (n = 6)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;-Maratona</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>P&#243;s-Maratona</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (60; 67)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (101; 111)</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>&lt; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico</td>
                  <td align="center">88,5 (78,5; 100,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (50,7; 67,7)</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>&lt; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">D&#233;bito card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="center">5354 (4747;6458)</td>
                  <td align="center">6234 (5238; 7433)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">50,5 (48,5; 52,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (44,5; 57,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DSFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">31,5 (29,2; 32,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (27,5; 34)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE</td>
                  <td align="center">67,1 (65,5; 69,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,6 (61; 67)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda E</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,67; 1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 (0,5; 0,72)</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>&lt; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda A</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 (0,47; 0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,8; 0,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33 (1,08; 1,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 (0,6; 0,79)</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>&lt; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda s'</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8 (8,2; 9,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7 (5,9; 8)</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>&lt; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda e'</td>
                  <td align="center">9,2 (8,4; 10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,5 (6,4; 10,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda a'</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1 (7,6; 9,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6 (6,6; 9,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e'</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09 (0,08; 0,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08 (0,06; 0,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <p>Os dados est&#227;o apresentados em mediana (percentil 25; percentil 75);</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 = significativo; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Para avaliar o lusitropismo card&#237;aco, utilizou-se a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e', que n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s a maratona. Por sua vez, para an&#225;lise do inotropismo, utilizou-se a medida da onda s', que representa a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Essa medida mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s a maratona, sugerindo redu&#231;&#227;o de contratilidade e, portanto, do inotropismo card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste experimento foi uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no VO<sub>2</sub> pico ap&#243;s a maratona em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-maratona. Isso ocorreu a despeito de os indiv&#237;duos terem apresentado o mesmo desempenho no TCPE, ou seja, atingiram a mesma velocidade m&#225;xima m&#233;dia em ambos os exames.</p>
        <p>Algumas altera&#231;&#245;es identificadas em nosso estudo v&#227;o ao encontro de resultados observados em investiga&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias realizadas em atletas que completaram provas de <italic>endurance.</italic> Kasikcioglu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> em um estudo publicado em 2006, tamb&#233;m encontraram redu&#231;&#227;o no VO<sub>2</sub> pico. Esses autores sugerem que tal achado possa ter decorrido de uma desacelera&#231;&#227;o na cin&#233;tica do oxig&#234;nio muscular ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio prolongado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>No mesmo sentido, Miles et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> registraram redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, a qual persiste por um per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do mesmo. No entanto, as modifica&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem no sistema de entrega de oxig&#234;nio aos tecidos ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o claras.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, a queda do VO<sub>2</sub> pico e do PO<sub>2</sub> no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-maratona pode ser um achado sugestivo de algum grau de "fadiga card&#237;aca". Com a queda do PO<sub>2</sub> nos testes p&#243;s-maratona, a redu&#231;&#227;o no inotropismo card&#237;aco parece exercer um papel preponderante sobre a queda do VO<sub>2</sub> nesse per&#237;odo. Ali&#225;s, esse parece ter sido o fator que mais contribuiu para a queda do VO<sub>2</sub>, visto que a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de pico se manteve semelhante nos dois testes. Al&#233;m disso, apesar de ocorrer um "benef&#237;cio" parcial demonstrado pela compensa&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, com maior efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria e otimiza&#231;&#227;o na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> para produzir o mesmo esfor&#231;o, h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco no per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a maratona. A partir desses achados, podemos especular uma piora da <italic>performance</italic> do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s o estresse da maratona.</p>
        <p>As hip&#243;teses acima s&#227;o corroboradas tanto pelos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos quanto pelos achados do TCPE p&#243;s-maratona. As modifica&#231;&#245;es na contratilidade ao ECO, em conjunto com a queda no PO<sub>2</sub> e no VO<sub>2</sub> pico ao TCPE, v&#227;o ao encontro da hip&#243;tese de que os atletas possam apresentar algum grau de "fadiga card&#237;aca", principalmente em fun&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es no inotropismo card&#237;aco, sem que o lusitropismo se modifique. Por sua vez, as vari&#225;veis de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o teste pr&#233;- e o p&#243;s-maratona. N&#227;o encontramos explica&#231;&#227;o plaus&#237;vel para tal achado, mas a pequena varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta dessa vari&#225;vel nos faz crer que n&#227;o haja relev&#226;ncia fisiol&#243;gica para essa diferen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es podemos elencar que a amostra em quest&#227;o &#233; pequena e selecionada (todos homens, caucasianos e com idade semelhante), o que pode causar um vi&#233;s nos resultados obtidos, al&#233;m de dificultar qualquer extrapola&#231;&#227;o no quesito validade externa. &#201; digno de nota que o grau de treinamento pr&#233;vio dos atletas n&#227;o p&#244;de ser controlado. Da mesma forma, n&#227;o tivemos controle sobre poss&#237;veis interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o (3-4 dias) que possam ter interferido com os resultados observados (ingest&#227;o h&#237;drica, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, tempo de descanso). Novos estudos s&#227;o importantes para corroborar os resultados encontrados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em atletas amadores, a maratona parece promover altera&#231;&#245;es na capacidade cardiopulmonar identificadas pelo menos em at&#233; 4 dias ap&#243;s a prova, com redu&#231;&#227;o na contratilidade e, portanto, no inotropismo card&#237;aco. Tais modifica&#231;&#245;es sugerem que algum grau de "fadiga card&#237;aca" ocorre.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem a TEB (Tecnologia Eletr&#244;nica Brasileira) e a Yescom (Produtora da Maratona Internacional de S&#227;o Paulo). Ricardo Stein &#233; pesquisador do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq). Ana Paula Sierra &#233; bolsista da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
