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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RGsfHFkrm3DcYD5WxLwNJhP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200084</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005004101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence in Hyperthyroid and Euthyroid Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;rdo&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ari</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tenekecio&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Erhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ari</surname>
            <given-names>Selma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bozat</surname>
            <given-names>Tahsin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koca</surname>
            <given-names>Vedat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melek</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Edirne State Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Edirne, Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Edirne State Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Edirne</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Bursa Postgraduate Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Bursa, Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bursa Postgraduate Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bursa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Hasan Ar&#305;</bold>, Bursa, Y&#305;ld&#305;r&#305;m, 16320 - Turkey. E-mail: <email>hasanari03@yahoo.com</email>,<email>hasanari03@hotmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gurdog M, Ari H, Bozat T, Koca V; Acquisition of data: Gurdog M, Ari H, Ari S, Bozat T, Melek M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Tenekeciog E, Ari S, Bozat T, Koca V, Melek M; Statistical analysis: Ari H, Bozat T, Melek M; Obtaining financing: Ari S, Koca V; Writing of the manuscript: Gurdog M, Ari H, Tenekeciog E, Bozat T; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gurdog M, Ari H, Tenekeciog E, Koca V, Melek M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>84</fpage>
      <lpage>91</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in adults, and is encountered in 10-15% of the patients with hyperthyroidism. Unless euthyroidism is restored, pharmacological or electrical cardioversion is controversial in patients with AF who remain hyperthyroid.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of electrical cardioversion and predictors of AF recurrence in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study included 33 hyperthyroid (21 males) and 48 euthyroid (17 males) patients with persistent AF. The patients were sedated with intravenous midazolam before undergoing electrical cardioversion delivered by synchronized biphasic shocks. Rates of AF recurrence were recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean follow-up was 23.63 &#177; 3.74 months in the hyperthyroid group and 22.78 &#177; 3.15 months in the euthyroid group (p = 0.51). AF recurred in 14 (43.8%) and 21 (44.7%) patients in each group, respectively (p = 0.93). Multivariate regression analysis in each group showed that AF duration was the only predictor of AF recurrence, with odds ratios of 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05 - 1.82, p = 0.02) in the hyperthyroid group and 1.42 (95% CI = 1.05 - 1.91, p= 0.02) in the euthyroid group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Rates of long-term AF recurrence were similar in successfully cardioverted hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients. The only predictor of AF recurrence in both groups was AF duration.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Recurrence</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperthyreoidism</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Countershock</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a supraventricular arrhythmia characterized by non-coordinated atrial activation later followed by mechanical dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> AF is the second most common arrhythmia in cardiology after sinus tachycardia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and affects 10 - 15% of the patients with hyperthyroidism.</p>
      <p>Arterial thromboembolism, the most serious complication of AF, frequently results in stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Recent studies have demonstrated that the risk of ischemic stroke increases significantly in patients with AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The high incidence of thromboembolic events found in elderly hyperthyroid patients with heart failure and AF is associated with increased mortality and morbidity rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Since the risk of thromboembolic events is associated with the duration of AF, achieving a sinus rhythm (SR) as early as possible is important to decrease the risk of fatal complications in hyperthyroid patients with AF. Although hyperthyroidism is considered a reversible cause of AF, only two-thirds of the patients return spontaneously to an SR after their thyroid hormone levels return to normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> For patients who achieve euthyroidism but persist with AF, cardioversion is an option.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>However, since the risk of thromboembolism is substantial in AF patients, the decision to postpone cardioversion until euthyroidism is restored is controversial.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to identify predictors of AF recurrence and compare AF recurrence rates in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients who underwent successful electrical cardioversion.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Between January 2006 and July 2010, a total of 137 consecutive patients volunteered to participate in this study and underwent elective cardioversion for persistent AF according to clinical indication. Patients with TSH levels below the normal range were considered hyperthyroid. The normal ranges for thyroid hormone levels were 0.34-5.60 <italic>&#956;</italic>IU/mL for TSH, 2.50-4.20 pg/mL for free T3 (FT3), and 0.58-1.64 pg/dL for free T4 (FT4). Exclusion criteria for participation in the study were severe valvular heart disease, history of previous valvular surgery, severe left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction [EF] &lt; 50%), severe left atrial (LA) enlargement (&gt; 5 cm), previous history of electrical or medical cardioversion for AF, history of AF ablation, and paroxysmal AF. After excluding 29 patients with severe valvular heart disease, 21 with left ventricular dysfunction, and six with paroxysmal AF, the final cohort was composed of 81 patients with persistent AF.</p>
        <p>The ethics committee of our hospital approved the study protocol, and we obtained informed consent from the entire study cohort. We performed physical examinations of the participants, recorded their use of medications for concomitant systemic diseases, and collected peripheral venous blood samples from them for complete blood count and biochemical analysis.</p>
        <p>Patients were defined as hypertensive when presenting a systolic blood pressure (SBP) above 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) above 90 mmHg on two consecutive measurements with a 6-hour interval, or when using antihypertensive drugs. They were defined as diabetic when having fasting blood glucose levels above 126 mg/dL on two consecutive measurements, or when using oral antidiabetic drugs or insulin.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transthoracic echocardiography</title>
        <p>All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) before and 24 hours after cardioversion according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> We performed this evaluation with a Vivid7 Pro TTE system and a 3.5 MHz probe with the patient positioned in lateral decubitus. We calculated the left ventricular EF with the Teichholz formula from M-mode images obtained from a parasternal long-axis view and measured the LA volume with the modified biplane area-length method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> To calculate the left atrial ejection fraction (LAEF), we used the following formula (in %): (left atrial maximum volume [LAVmax] - left atrial minimum volume [LAVmin]/LAVmaxx100). In the apical four-chamber view, we measured the peak E-wave velocity and E-wave deceleration time with pulsed-wave Doppler (PWD) placing the sample volume (3 mm) between the mitral leaflets tips, and obtained images from the lateral mitral annulus with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Gains were minimized, and the TDI filter and Nyquist limits were adjusted to 16 - 20 cm/s to allow for a clear tissue signal. Early diastolic mitral annular velocities (Em) were measured.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> All data were averaged from 3 - 5 consecutive beats to deal with AF's variable R-R intervals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transesophageal echocardiography</title>
        <p>All patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with a 6-MHz TEE probe to exclude the presence of atrial thrombi before cardioversion. The procedure was performed with continuous one-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) recording and heart rate and blood pressure monitoring. We obtained blood flow velocities (filling and emptying) in the left atrial appendage (LAA) with PWD in the longitudinal view during TEE by positioning the sample volume at the proximal third (about 1 cm inside) of the LAA cavity. The LA and the LAA were carefully scanned in multiple views for evidence of thrombi.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardioversion and follow-up</title>
        <p>Anticoagulation was obtained before cardioversion with continuous intravenous infusion of heparin (17 U/kg) in patients with ineffective or without warfarin treatment. The heparin dose was adjusted to maintain the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) at 1.5-2 times the normal value. Euthyroid patients without an intracardiac thrombus in the TTE and TEE examinations were given intravenous amiodarone (loading dose of 5 mg/kg and maintenance dose of 10-15 mg/kg/h for 24 hours). Treatment with a beta-blocker was initiated in patients in the hyperthyroid group as an infusion of esmolol (loading dose of 500 mg/kg for 1 min and maintenance dose of 0.05 mg/kg/min with 0.05 mg/kg/min increments every 5 min according to the ventricular rate to reach a maximum dose of 0.2 mg/kg/min) followed by metoprolol (50-100 mg oral) and propylthiouracil (loading dose of 150-300 mg/day and maintenance dose determined according to the clinical response).</p>
        <p>Patients were sedated before cardioversion with intravenous midazolam (initial dose of 3 mg followed by 1 mg injections until sedation). Transthoracic electrical direct current (DC) cardioversion was performed in an intensive care unit with synchronized biphasic DC shocks using a cardioverter-defibrillator (Cardiolife TEC 5531, Nihon Kohden Corporation, Japan). The initial cardioversion energy level was set at 150 J and subsequent levels were 200 J and 270 J. External biphasic DC shocks were applied at the physician's discretion until the highest energy level was reached (270 J) or until SR was restored. The cardioversion was deemed successful when the SR lasted longer than 1 min after the procedure. Patients who restored the SR after cardioversion received effective anticoagulation (international normalized ratio [INR] greater than 2.0) for 1 month with warfarin (initial dose of 5 mg/day later adjusted to maintain the INR at 2 - 3). After discharge from the hospital, amiodarone was interrupted, oral metoprolol 100 - 200 mg/day was maintained, and propafenone 150 - 300 mg/day was initiated (both adjusted according to the heart rate) in both study groups. Heart rate and rhythm were monitored with a 12-lead ECG recording. Patients were evaluated 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the procedure with physical examination, ECG, and an INR measurement. Warfarin was interrupted 1 month after the procedure if the SR was restored and prescribed again according to the thromboembolic risk if the AF recurred. Follow-up visits were performed monthly for heart rhythm monitoring, and patients were advised to seek hospital care immediately if presenting symptoms of palpitations or irregular rhythm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data were collected and analyzed with SPSS 10.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were reported as means &#177; standard deviations and compared with Student's <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and compared with the chi-square or Fisher's exact test when appropriate. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine significant predictors of AF recurrence after cardioversion. The sensitivity and specificity of AF duration to predict AF recurrence were estimated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The cardioversion was successful in 79 patients and unsuccessful in two patients, one in the euthyroid group and the other in the hyperthyroid group. The rate of cardioversion success in the euthyroid and hyperthyroid groups were 97.6% (42 of 43 patients) and 96.9% (32 of 33 patients), respectively. Among patients with successful cardioversion, the male gender prevailed in the hyperthyroid group and the female gender in the euthyroid group (p = 0.006) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Diabetes was significantly more frequent in the euthyroid group (p = 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). As expected, both groups differed significantly regarding levels of TSH (p &lt; 0.001), FT3 (p = 0.001), and FT4 (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Antithyroid drug treatment was started in hyperthyroid patients soon after establishing the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and was maintained during cardioversion.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left"/>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Hyperthyroid (n = 32)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Euthyroid (n = 47)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">65.53 &#177; 6.53</td>
              <td align="center">61.17 &#177; 10.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender (M/F)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (65.6%) / 11 (34.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (34.0%) / 31 (66.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulse rate (beats/min)</td>
              <td align="center">113.56 &#177; 18.90</td>
              <td align="center">109.63 &#177; 20.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">140.59 &#177; 16.57</td>
              <td align="center">138.93 &#177; 16.67</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">86.71 &#177; 9.29</td>
              <td align="center">84.78 &#177; 9.49</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (17%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">25 (78.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (78.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cerebrovascular events</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (4.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">5 (15.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHA2DS2-VASc score</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">2 (6.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">30 (93.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (89.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">27 (84.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (70.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CCB</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (21%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE inhibitors</td>
              <td align="center">24 (75.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (70.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ARB</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Warfarin</td>
              <td align="center">12 (37.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (36.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AF duration (months)</td>
              <td align="center">5.92 &#177; 4.10</td>
              <td align="center">6.22 &#177; 4.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CV energy (J)</td>
              <td align="center">214.68 &#177; 44.72</td>
              <td align="center">221.91 &#177; 43.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; M: male; F: female; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ACE inhibitors: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CHA2DS2-VASc: scoring system based on the presence of cardiac failure, hypertension, age &#8805; 75 years (double weight), diabetes, stroke (double weight), vascular disease, age 65-74 years, and sex category (female); CV: cardioversion; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic and biochemical findings of hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left"/>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Hyperthyroid (n = 32)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Euthyroid (n = 47)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">12.13 &#177; 1.09</td>
              <td align="center">12.49 &#177; 1.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Leukocytes (x10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">8.03 &#177; 1.43</td>
              <td align="center">8.37 &#177; 1.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Platelets (x10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">282.18 &#177; 67.76</td>
              <td align="center">275.65 &#177; 52.76</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">98.93 &#177; 7.01</td>
              <td align="center">105.38 &#177; 20.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">30.00 &#177; 8.13</td>
              <td align="center">36.80 &#177; 8.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Na (mmol/L)</td>
              <td align="center">140.90 &#177; 2.53</td>
              <td align="center">139.82 &#177; 2.67</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">K (mmol/L)</td>
              <td align="center">4.55 &#177; 0.36</td>
              <td align="center">4.50 &#177; 0.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TSH (mIU/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.018 &#177; 0.003</td>
              <td align="center">2.77 &#177; 1.36</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FT3 (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">6.67 &#177; 6.24</td>
              <td align="center">2.57 &#177; 0.60</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FT4 (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">2.39 &#177; 1.23</td>
              <td align="center">1.26 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">60.68 &#177; 6.72</td>
              <td align="center">62.42 &#177; 6.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA diameter (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.40 &#177; 0.36</td>
              <td align="center">4.39 &#177; 0.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA diameter 24<sup>th</sup> hour (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.32 &#177; 0.37</td>
              <td align="center">4.36 &#177; 0.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA maximum volume (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">88.11 &#177; 21.89</td>
              <td align="center">79.15 &#177; 24.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA maximum volume at the 24<sup>th</sup> hour (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">99.76 &#177; 23.23</td>
              <td align="center">92.73 &#177; 24.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAEF(%)</td>
              <td align="center">45.26 &#177; 5.53</td>
              <td align="center">43.78 &#177; 8.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAEF 24<sup>th</sup> hour (%)</td>
              <td align="center">55.14 &#177; 4.33</td>
              <td align="center">53.96 &#177; 5.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAAPEV (cm/sec)</td>
              <td align="center">0.47 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.47 &#177; 0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAAMEV (cm/sec)</td>
              <td align="center">0.39 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.39 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAAPFV (cm/sec)</td>
              <td align="center">0.51 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.50 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAAMFV (cm/sec)</td>
              <td align="center">0.41 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.40 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral E (cm/sec)</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral E 24<sup>th</sup> hour (cm/sec)</td>
              <td align="center">0.73 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral A 24<sup>th</sup> hour (cm/sec)</td>
              <td align="center">0.47 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.40 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral A TVI 24<sup>th</sup> hour (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">9.10 &#177; 2.73</td>
              <td align="center">8.40 &#177; 2.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV lateral E<sup>1</sup> (cm/sec)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.10 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV lateral E<sup>1</sup> 24<sup>th</sup> hour (cm/sec)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.09 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral E/E<sup>1</sup></td>
              <td align="center">8.17 &#177; 2.74</td>
              <td align="center">8.24 &#177; 3.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral E/E<sup>1</sup> 24<sup>th</sup> hour</td>
              <td align="center">7.80 &#177; 2.42</td>
              <td align="center">7.90 &#177; 2.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; FT3: free triiodothyronine; FT4: free thyroxine; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LA: left atriual; LAEF: left atrial ejection fraction; LAAPEV: LA appendage peak emptying velocity; LAAMEV: LA appendage mean emptying velocity; LAAPFV: LA appendage peak filling velocity; LAAMFV: LA appendage mean filling velocity; E: early diastolic filling wave; A: late diastolic filling wave; TVI: time velocity integral; E<sup>1</sup>: early diastolic tissue Doppler wave.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Patients in the hyperthyroid and euthyroid groups had similar follow-up durations (23.63 &#177; 3.74 months and 22.78 &#177; 3.15 months, respectively, p = 0.51), rates of AF recurrence (43.8% [14 patients] and 44.7% [21 patients], respectively, p = 0.93) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), and time to AF recurrence (6.81 &#177; 4.53 months and 7.90 &#177; 4.22 months, respectively, p = 0.52). In the euthyroid group, univariate regression analysis revealed that age, AF duration, cardioversion energy level, history of hypertension, LAEF, LAA peak emptying velocity (LAAPEV), LAA mean emptying velocity (LAAMEV), LAA peak filling velocity (LAAPFV), and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were significant predictors of AF recurrence (p = 0.03, p &lt; 0.01, p = 0.01, p = 0.03, p = 0.04, p = 0.02, p = 0.03, p = 0.048, p = 0.04 respectively). In multivariate regression analysis, AF duration was the only significant predictor of AF recurrence in the euthyroid group (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05 - 1.91), p = 0.02]. In the hyperthyroid group, AF duration (p &lt; 0.01), mitral A-wave velocity at the 24<sup>th</sup> hour (p = 0.01), and time-velocity integral (p = 0.02) emerged as significant predictors of AF recurrence in univariate regression analysis, whereas AF duration was the only predictor of AF recurrence in multivariate analysis (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.05 - 1.82, p = 0.02). ROC curve analyses showed that the sensitivity and specificity rates of an AF duration of 9.5 months in predicting AF recurrence were 60% and 78%, respectively, in the euthyroid group, and 55% and 76%, respectively, in the hyperthyroid group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rates of atrial fibrillation recurrence in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients. SR: sinus rhythm; AF: atrial fibrillation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0084-60013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curves showing the sensitivity and specificity rates of AF duration in predicting AF recurrence in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0084-60013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study evaluated the rates and predictors of AF recurrence after cardioversion in euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. The key finding was that long-term AF recurrence rates were similar in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients after cardioversion and that AF duration was the only parameter predictive of AF recurrence in both groups.</p>
      <p>In the clinical setting, AF is the most common rhythm disorder. It is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and its frequency increases with aging. Age, male gender, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, and heart valve disorders are among the most important risk factors for the development of AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Due to rapid and irregular heartbeats, thrombi may form in the heart of patients with AF. Entrance of these thrombi into the bloodstream may cause complications that increase the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease, such as peripheral emboli and stroke in particular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Chronic AF carries an annual thromboembolic complication risk of 3 - 4%, which is 5 - 7 times higher than that in patients with an SR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Low serum TSH level is an independent risk factor for AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A study conducted in more than 23,000 patients has found AF in 2.3% of patients with euthyroidism, 12.7% of those with subclinical hyperthyroidism, and 1 3.8% of those with clinical hyperthyroidism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Siu et al. have found that during a 1-year follow-up 9.4% of the AF patients with hyperthyroidism have ischemic stroke compared with 3.1% in those without hyperthyroidism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The incidence of ischemic stroke in hyperthyroid AF patients has been described as significantly higher when compared with that in euthyroid patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      <p>A common treatment approach to AF induced by hyperthyroidism is first to normalize the levels of thyroid hormone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Even though hyperthyroidism is considered a reversible cause of AF, only 60 - 70% of the hyperthyroid patients return to an SR when the thyroid hormones are normalized, with the remaining 30 - 40% maintaining permanent AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The return to an SR occurs within the first 8 - 10 weeks after the levels of thyroid hormones return to normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> This is a very long period considering the impact of a thromboembolic complication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Restoration of an SR decreases thromboembolic risks and improves cardiac pump function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Recurrence of AF affects more than one-third of the patients in the first two weeks after cardioversion. The risk of recurrence decreases later on and becomes stable during the follow-up period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A study has reported that while the cardioversion success rate is around 90% in cases with AF duration shorter than 1 year, the recurrence risk is 40% in the first 6 months and 50 - 60% at the end of the first year, even when antiarrhythmic medications are used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The mean AF duration in our patients was 6 months and 97.5% (79 out of 81) achieved an SR. This high success rate in our patients may be explained by their short AF duration, small LA, premedication with antiarrhythmic drugs, young age, and adequate left ventricular function. In patients with hyperthyroidism, the hyperthyroid state preserved the LA and LAA contractile functions, which increased the cardioversion success rate.</p>
      <p>A study conducted by Emery and Staffurth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> has demonstrated that following a successful cardioversion, 45% of the patients maintain an SR during 2 years. This ratio decreased to 36% when the follow-up was longer (mean 7.4 years).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Siu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> have shown that AF recurrence rates 24 months after a successful cardioversion were 59% in patients with hyperthyroidism compared with 83% in those without thyroid dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The risk of AF recurrence in our study was similar in patients with hyperthyroidism (14 patients, recurrence rate 43.8%) and euthyroidism (21 patients, recurrence rate 44.7%, p = 0.93). The different recurrence rates in our study compared with others may be due to different AF durations and echocardiographic features.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A similar study has shown a risk of recurrence of 30% in the first year after cardioversion, which increased to 60 and 79% when the cardioversion was postponed to 12 and 36 months, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The risk of AF recurrence was lower in patients with hyperthyroidism when compared with those with euthyroidism,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> although another study similar to ours found comparable rates in both groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>Considering the complications of AF and the long 8- to 10-week period required for thyroid hormone levels to normalize, cardioversion can be performed in hyperthyroid patients even before achievement of euthyroidism.</p>
      <p>The main predictors of AF recurrence after successful cardioversion are severe left ventricular dysfunction, LA enlargement, and long duration of the previous AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Long AF duration leads to atrial enlargement and development of more reentrant atrial circuits. Also, fibrous and inflammatory changes in the atrial myocardial tissue shorten the atrial conduction time. These factors lead to permanent AF and higher recurrence rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In our study, predictors of AF recurrence were evaluated both in hyperthyroid and euthyroid subjects and the only significant predictor of AF recurrence was long AF duration.</p>
      <p>Increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and decreased levels of aldosterone have been shown to be predictors of AF recurrence. These biochemical markers reflect inflammation, neurohormonal activation, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. There is growing interest in exploring the participation of inflammatory and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of AF. A meta-analysis has suggested that increased baseline CRP levels were associated with a higher risk of AF recurrence after successful electrical cardioversion, although there was significant heterogeneity among the studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Both ANP and BNP levels increase in patients with AF due to neurohormonal activation and decrease after successful cardioversion. However, studies evaluating the predictive value of natriuretic peptides is conflicting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Recently, other pathophysiologic factors associated with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system were evaluated through determination of aldosterone levels. Serum aldosterone level is a marker of atrial structural remodeling, and lower levels have been associated with a lower rate of AF recurrence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Although we did not evaluate biochemical markers in our study, hyperthyroidism may influence the ANP and BNP levels, which may have interfered with the results.</p>
      <p>In euthyroid patients, an electromechanical delay in the LA and the P-wave duration have been shown to be predictors of AF recurrence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Also, studies assessing P-wave duration have shown significant heterogeneity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The main limitation of our study is its small sample size. Despite of that, our study presents an alternative treatment for hyperthyroid patients with AF that may prevent fatal complications. Another limitation is that we did not evaluate biochemical markers, or electromechanical and electrocardiographic parameters, which could be affected by many factors. The preliminary findings of the present study should be confirmed in controlled clinical studies with a larger sample size of patients with AF induced by hyperthyroidism.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical implication</title>
        <p>Hyperthyroidism is a cause of AF, and only 65 - 70% of the patients return spontaneously to an SR after achieving normal hormone levels. All patients with AF regardless of having hyperthyroidism or euthyroidism have a substantial risk of thromboembolism. To prevent this complication, hyperthyroid patients may undergo cardioversion even before achieving euthyroidism.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Rates of AF recurrence are similar in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients, and the duration of AF is the only predictor of AF recurrence in both.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores de Recorr&#234;ncia de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial em Pacientes com Eutireoidismo e Hipertireoidismo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;rdo&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ari</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tenekecio&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Erhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ari</surname>
            <given-names>Selma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bozat</surname>
            <given-names>Tahsin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koca</surname>
            <given-names>Vedat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melek</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Edirne State Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Edirne, Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Edirne State Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Edirne</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Bursa Postgraduate Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Bursa, Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bursa Postgraduate Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bursa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Hasan Ari,</bold> Bursa, Yildirim, 16320 - Turquia. E-mail: <email>hasanari03@yahoo.com</email>,<email>hasanari03@hotmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: G&#252;rdog M, Ari H, Bozat T, Koca V; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: G&#252;rdog M, Ari H, Ari S, Bozat T, Melek M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Tenekeciog E, Ari S, Bozat T, Koca V, Melek M; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ari H, Bozat T, Melek M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ari S, Koca V; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: G&#252;rdog M, Ari H, Tenekeciog E, Bozat T; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: G&#252;rdog M, Ari H, Tenekeciog E, Koca V, Melek M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia mais comum em adultos e &#233; encontrada em 10-15% dos pacientes com hipertireoidismo. A menos que haja retorno ao eutireoidismo, a cardiovers&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica ou el&#233;trica &#233; controversa em pacientes com FA que permanecem com hipertireoidismo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efic&#225;cia da cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica e os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de FA em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu pacientes com FA persistente, dos quais 33 (21 homens) apresentavam hipertireoidismo e 48 (17 homens) eutireoidismo. Os pacientes foram sedados com midazolam endovenoso antes de serem submetidos &#224; cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica com choques sincronizados bif&#225;sicos. As taxas de recorr&#234;ncia da FA foram registradas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 23,63 &#177; 3,74 meses no grupo com hipertireoidismo e 22,78 &#177; 3,15 meses no grupo com eutireoidismo (p = 0,51). A FA recorreu em 14 (43,8%) e 21 (44,7%) pacientes em cada grupo, respectivamente (p = 0,93). Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada em cada grupo mostrou que a dura&#231;&#227;o da FA foi o &#250;nico preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA com odds ratios de 1,38 (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] 95% = 1,05 - 1,82, p = 0,02) no grupo com hipertireoidismo e 1,42 (IC 95% = 1,05 - 1,91, p = 0,02) no grupo com eutireoidismo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>As taxas de recorr&#234;ncia da FA a longo prazo foram semelhantes em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo submetidos com sucesso &#224; cardiovers&#227;o. A dura&#231;&#227;o da FA foi o &#250;nico preditor de recorr&#234;ncia da FA em ambos os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Recidiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertireoidismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovers&#227;o El&#233;trica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; uma arritmia supraventricular caracterizada por ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o-coordenada seguida posteriormente por disfun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A FA &#233; a segunda causa mais comum de arritmia na cardiologia ap&#243;s a taquicardia sinusal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e ocorre em 10 - 15% dos pacientes com hipertireoidismo.</p>
        <p>O tromboembolismo arterial, complica&#231;&#227;o mais grave da FA, resulta frequentemente em acidente vascular cerebral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Estudos recentes demonstram que o risco de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico aumenta significativamente em pacientes com FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A alta incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em pacientes idosos com hipertireoidismo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e FA est&#225; associada com um aumento das taxas de mortalidade e morbidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Uma vez que o risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos est&#225; associado com a dura&#231;&#227;o da FA, a restaura&#231;&#227;o mais precoce poss&#237;vel do ritmo sinusal (RS) &#233; importante para diminuir o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es fatais em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e FA. Embora o hipertireoidismo seja considerado uma causa revers&#237;vel de FA, apenas dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes retornam espontaneamente ao RS ap&#243;s seus n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos retornarem ao normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Para os pacientes que persistem com FA ap&#243;s recuperarem o eutireoidismo, a cardiovers&#227;o &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No entanto, como o risco de tromboembolismo &#233; substancial em pacientes com FA, o adiamento da cardiovers&#227;o at&#233; o retorno ao eutireoidismo &#233; controverso.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de FA e comparar as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de FA em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo submetidos com sucesso &#224; cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Entre janeiro de 2006 e julho de 2010, um total de 137 pacientes consecutivos se ofereceram voluntariamente para participar deste estudo e foram submetidos &#224; cardiovers&#227;o eletiva por apresentarem FA persistente, de acordo com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Pacientes com n&#237;veis de TSH abaixo dos valores de refer&#234;ncia foram considerados como tendo hipertireoidismo. Os n&#237;veis hormonais considerados normais foram de 0,34 - 5,60 <italic>&#956;</italic>lU/mL para o TSH, 2,50 - 4,20 pg/mL para o T3 livre (T3L) e 0,58 - 1,64 pg/dL para o T4 livre (T4L). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o para a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo foram a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar grave, hist&#243;ria de cirurgia valvar pr&#233;via, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o [FE] &lt; 50%), aumento importante (&gt; 5 cm) do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica ou farmacol&#243;gica para FA, hist&#243;ria de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA e presen&#231;a de FA parox&#237;stica. Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de 29 pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar grave, 21 com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, e seis com FA parox&#237;stica, a amostra final foi composta por 81 pacientes com FA persistente.</p>
          <p>O comit&#234; de &#233;tica do nosso hospital aprovou o protocolo do estudo e n&#243;s obtivemos consentimento informado de todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos. N&#243;s realizamos exame f&#237;sico dos participantes, registramos o uso de medicamentos para doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas concomitantes e coletamos amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico para o hemograma e an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram considerados hipertensos quando apresentavam press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) acima de 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) acima de 90 mmHg em duas medidas consecutivas com intervalo de 6 horas, ou quando estavam em uso de anti-hipertensivos. Eles foram caracterizados como diab&#233;ticos quando apresentavam glicemias de jejum acima de 126 mg/dL em duas medidas consecutivas, ou usavam antidiab&#233;ticos orais ou insulina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) antes e 24 horas depois da cardiovers&#227;o, seguindo as diretrizes da<italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> N&#243;s realizamos esta avalia&#231;&#227;o com o sistema Vivid7 Pro TTE e transdutor de 3,5 MHz com o paciente posicionado em dec&#250;bito lateral. N&#243;s calculamos a FE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com a f&#243;rmula de Teichholz a partir de imagens obtidas em modo M de corte paraesternal longitudinal, e medimos o volume do AE com o m&#233;todo &#225;rea-comprimento biplano modificado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Para calcular a FEAE, utilizamos a seguinte f&#243;rmula (em %): (volume m&#225;ximo atrial esquerdo [VMaxAE] - volume m&#237;nimo atrial esquerdo [VMinAE] /VMaxAEx100). No corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras, n&#243;s medimos a velocidade de pico da onda E e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E com Doppler pulsado posicionando o volume da amostra (3 mm) entre as extremidades dos folhetos da valva mitral, e obtivemos imagens do anel mitral lateral com doppler tecidual (DT). Os ganhos foram minimizados, e o filtro do DT e o limite Nyquist foram ajustados para 16 - 20 cm/s para otimizar o sinal do tecido. As velocidades diast&#243;licas precoces do anel mitral (Em) foram medidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>Todos os dados foram calculados a partir da m&#233;dia de 3 - 5 batimentos consecutivos para acomodar a varia&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos R-R da FA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados com ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) com um transdutor de 6 MHz para excluir a presen&#231;a de trombos atriais antes da cardiovers&#227;o.</p>
          <p>O procedimento foi realizado com eletrocardiograma (ECG) de uma deriva&#231;&#227;o gravado continuamente e com monitoramento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial. N&#243;s obtivemos as velocidades de fluxo sangu&#237;neo (enchimento e esvaziamento) no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) com Doppler pulsado em corte longitudinal durante o ETE atrav&#233;s do posicionamento do volume da amostra no ter&#231;o proximal (cerca de 1 cm para dentro) da cavidade do AAE. O AE e o AAE foram cuidadosamente rastreados em diversos cortes em busca de evid&#234;ncia de trombos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovers&#227;o e acompanhamento</title>
          <p>Foi realizada anticoagula&#231;&#227;o antes da cardiovers&#227;o com infus&#227;o endovenosa cont&#237;nua de heparina (17 U/kg) em pacientes em tratamento ineficaz ou sem tratamento com varfarina. A dose de heparina foi ajustada para manter o tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA) entre 1,5 a 2 vezes o valor normal. Os pacientes com eutireoidismo sem trombo intracard&#237;aco nos exames de ETT e ETE receberam amiodarona intravenosa (dose inicial de 5 mg/kg e dose de manuten&#231;&#227;o de 10 - 15 mg/kg/h por 24 horas). Em pacientes com hipertireoidismo, foi iniciado tratamento com betabloqueador atrav&#233;s da infus&#227;o de esmolol (dose inicial de 500 mg/kg durante 1 min e dose de manuten&#231;&#227;o de 0,05 mg/kg/min com incrementos de 0,05 mg/kg/min a cada 5 min de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia ventricular para atingir uma dose m&#225;xima de 0,2 mg/kg/min) seguida por metoprolol (50 - 100 mg via oral) e propiltiouracil (dose inicial de 150 - 300 mg/dia e dose de manuten&#231;&#227;o determinada de acordo com a resposta cl&#237;nica).</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram sedados antes da cardiovers&#227;o com midazolam por via intravenosa (dose inicial de 3 mg seguida de inje&#231;&#245;es de 1 mg at&#233; a seda&#231;&#227;o). A cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica transtor&#225;cica por corrente direta (CD) foi realizada em uma unidade de terapia intensiva com choques de CD bif&#225;sicos e sincronizados com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um cardioversor-desfibrilador (Cardiolife TEC 5531, Nihon Kohden Corporation, Jap&#227;o). A quantidade inicial de energia a ser aplicada na cardiovers&#227;o foi fixada em 150 J e os n&#237;veis subsequentes foram de 200 J e 270 J. Choques de CD externos e bif&#225;sicos foram aplicados a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico at&#233; atingir o n&#237;vel mais alto de energia (270 J) ou at&#233; restaura&#231;&#227;o do RS. A cardiovers&#227;o foi considerada bem-sucedida quando o RS durou mais de um minuto ap&#243;s o procedimento. Os pacientes que recuperaram o RS ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o receberam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o efetiva (raz&#227;o normalizada internacional [RNI] maior que 2,0) por 1 m&#234;s com varfarina (dose inicial de 5 mg/dia ajustada posteriormente para manter o RNI entre 2 - 3). Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, a amiodarona foi interrompida, metoprolol por via oral 100 - 200 mg/dia foi mantido e propafenona 150 - 300 mg/dia (ambos ajustados de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) foi iniciada nos dois grupos. A frequ&#234;ncia e o ritmo card&#237;aco foram monitorados com ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Os pacientes foram avaliados 1, 2 e 4 semanas ap&#243;s o procedimento com exame f&#237;sico, ECG e determina&#231;&#227;o da RNI. A varfarina foi interrompida 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s o procedimento nos pacientes que recuperaram o RS e foi prescrita novamente de acordo com o risco de tromboembolismo nos pacientes que apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia da FA. As visitas de acompanhamento foram realizadas mensalmente para monitoramento do ritmo card&#237;aco e os pacientes foram orientados a procurar o hospital imediatamente se apresentassem sintomas de palpita&#231;&#245;es ou ritmo irregular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados e analisados com SPSS 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e comparadas com os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student e Mann-Whitney U. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagens e comparadas com o teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, quando apropriado. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada foram utilizadas para determinar os preditores significativos de recorr&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o. A sensibilidade e a especificidade da dura&#231;&#227;o da FA em predizer a recorr&#234;ncia da FA foi analisada atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de curvas ROC<italic>(receiver operating characteristic).</italic> Valores de p menores que 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A cardiovers&#227;o foi bem-sucedida em 79 pacientes e malsucedida em dois pacientes, um do grupo com eutireoidismo e outro do grupo com hipertireoidismo. A taxa de sucesso da cardiovers&#227;o nos grupos com eutireoidismo e hipertireoidismo foram de 97,6% (42 de 43 pacientes) e 96,9% (32 de 33 pacientes), respectivamente. Entre os pacientes com cardiovers&#227;o bem-sucedida, houve uma preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino no grupo com hipertireoidismo e do sexo feminino no grupo com eutireoidismo (p = 0,006) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). O diabetes foi significativamente mais frequente no grupo com eutireoidismo (p = 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Como esperado, ambos os grupos apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis de TSH (p &lt; 0,001), T3L (p = 0,001) e T4L (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Pacientes com hipertireoidismo iniciaram tratamento com antitireoidianos logo ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico do hipertireoidismo e o mantiveram durante a cardiovers&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left"/>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Hipertireoidismo (n = 32)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Eutireoidismo (n = 47)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">65,53 &#177; 6,53</td>
                <td align="center">61,17 &#177; 10,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#233;nero (M/F)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (65,6%) / 11 (34,4%) /</td>
                <td align="center">16 (34,0%) / 31 (66,0%) /</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulsa&#231;&#227;o (batimentos/min)</td>
                <td align="center">113,56 &#177; 18,90</td>
                <td align="center">109,63 &#177; 20,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">140,59 &#177; 16,57</td>
                <td align="center">138,93 &#177; 16,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">86,71 &#177; 9,29</td>
                <td align="center">84,78 &#177; 9,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">25 (78,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (78,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eventos cerebrovasculares</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">5 (15,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore CHA2DS2-VASc</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center"><sub>,</sub>0 <sub>1&#177;</sub><sup>1</sup><sub>2</sub>,</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">30 (93,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (89,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">27 (84,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (70,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BCC</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidores da ECA</td>
                <td align="center">24 (75,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (70,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRA</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varfarina</td>
                <td align="center">12 (37,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (36,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da FA (meses)</td>
                <td align="center">5,92 &#177; 4,10</td>
                <td align="center">6,22 &#177; 4,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Energia CV (J)</td>
                <td align="center">214,68 &#177; 44,72</td>
                <td align="center">221,91 &#177; 43,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; M: masculino; F: feminino; BRA: bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina; Inibidores da ECA: enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BCC: bloqueadores do canal de c&#225;lcio; CHA2DS2-VASc: sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o baseado na presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o, idade &#8805; 75 (peso duplo), diabetes, acidente vascular cerebral (peso duplo), doen&#231;a vascular, idade 65 - 74 anos e categoria do g&#234;nero (feminino); CV: cardiovers&#227;o; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e bioqu&#237;micos dos pacientes com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left"/>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Hipertireoidismo (n = 32)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Eutireoidismo (n = 47)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">12,13 &#177; 1,09</td>
                <td align="center">12,49 &#177; 1,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leuc&#243;citos (x10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">8,03 &#177; 1,43</td>
                <td align="center">8,37 &#177; 1,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Plaquetas (x10<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">282,18 &#177; 67,76</td>
                <td align="center">275,65 &#177; 52,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">98,93 &#177; 7,01</td>
                <td align="center">105,38 &#177; 20,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">30,00 &#177; 8,13</td>
                <td align="center">36,80 &#177; 8,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Na (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">140,90 &#177; 2,53</td>
                <td align="center">139,82 &#177; 2,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">K (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,55 &#177; 0,36</td>
                <td align="center">4,50 &#177; 0,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TSH (mIU/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018 &#177; 0,003</td>
                <td align="center">2,77 &#177; 1,36</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T3L (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">6,67 &#177; 6,24</td>
                <td align="center">2,57 &#177; 0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T4L (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">2,39 &#177; 1,23</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60,68 &#177; 6,72</td>
                <td align="center">62,42 &#177; 6,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro AE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,40 &#177; 0,36</td>
                <td align="center">4,39 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do AE 24<sup>a</sup> horas (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,32 &#177; 0,37</td>
                <td align="center">4,36 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume m&#225;ximo do AE (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">88,11 &#177; 21,89</td>
                <td align="center">79,15 &#177; 24,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume m&#225;ximo do AE 24a horas (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">99,76 &#177; 23,23</td>
                <td align="center">92,73 &#177; 24,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEAE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">45,26 &#177; 5,53</td>
                <td align="center">43,78 &#177; 8,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEAE 24a horas (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55,14 &#177; 4,33</td>
                <td align="center">53,96 &#177; 5,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PVEsAAE (cm/seg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 &#177; 0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VMesAAE (cm/sec)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PVEnAAE (cm/sec)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,50 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VMEnAAE (cm/sec)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,40 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E mitral (cm/seg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E mitral 24a horas (cm/sec)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A mitral 24a horas (cm/sec)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,40 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A mitral ITV 24a horas (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">9,10 &#177; 2,73</td>
                <td align="center">8,40 &#177; 2,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E<sup>1</sup> VE lateral (cm/sec)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E<sup>1</sup> VE lateral 24a horas (cm/sec)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E<sup>1</sup> mitral</td>
                <td align="center">8,17 &#177; 2,74</td>
                <td align="center">8,24 &#177; 3,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E<sup>1</sup> mitral 24a horas</td>
                <td align="center">7,80 &#177; 2,42</td>
                <td align="center">7,90 &#177; 2,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide; T3L: tri-iodotironina livre; T4L: tiroxina livre; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FEAE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo; PVEsAAE: pico da velocidade de esvaziamento do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; VMEsAAE: velocidade m&#233;dia de esvaziamento do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; PVEnAAE pico da velocidade de enchimento do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; VMEnAAE velocidade m&#233;dia de enchimento do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; E: onda de enchimento diast&#243;lico inicial; A: onda de enchimento diast&#243;lico tardio; ITV: integral tempo-velocidade, E<sup>1</sup>: onda diast&#243;lica inicial ao Doppler tecidual.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ambos os grupos com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo apresentaram semelhantes dura&#231;&#245;es de seguimento (23,63 &#177; 3,74 meses e 22,78 &#177; 3,15 meses, respectivamente, p = 0,51), taxas de recorr&#234;ncia da FA (43,8% [14 pacientes] e 44,7% [21 pacientes], respectivamente, p = 0,93) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>) e tempo de recorr&#234;ncia da FA (6,81 &#177; 4,53 meses e 7,90 &#177; 4,22 meses, respectivamente, p = 0,52). Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada incluindo pacientes do grupo com eutireoidismo revelou que a idade, dura&#231;&#227;o da FA, quantidade de energia aplicada na cardiovers&#227;o, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o, FEAE, pico da velocidade de esvaziamento do AAE (PVEsAAE), velocidade m&#233;dia de esvaziamento do AAE (VMEsAAE), pico da velocidade de enchimento do AAE (PVEnAAE) e uso de inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (ECA) foram preditores significativos de recorr&#234;ncia da FA (p = 0,03, p &lt; 0,01, p = 0,01, p = 0,03, p = 0,04, p = 0,02, p = 0,03, p = 0,048 e p = 0,04, respectivamente). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, a dura&#231;&#227;o da FA foi o &#250;nico preditor significativo de recorr&#234;ncia da FA no grupo com eutireoidismo <italic>(odds ratio</italic> [OR] = 1,42, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC] = 1,05 - 1,91, p = 0,02). No grupo com hipertireoidismo, a dura&#231;&#227;o da FA (p &lt; 0,01), a velocidade m&#225;xima da onda A do fluxo mitral na 24a. hora (p = 0,01) e a integral tempo-velocidade (p = 0,02) emergiram como preditores significativos de recorr&#234;ncia da FA na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada, enquanto que neste grupo a dura&#231;&#227;o da FA foi tamb&#233;m o &#250;nico preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA na an&#225;lise multivariada (OR = 1,38, 95% CI = 1,05 - 1,82, p = 0,02]. An&#225;lises de curva ROC mostraram que as taxas de sensibilidade e especificidade de uma FA com dura&#231;&#227;o de 9,5 meses em predizer a recorr&#234;ncia da FA foram 60% e 78%, respectivamente, no grupo com eutireoidismo e 55% e 76%, respectivamente, no grupo com hipertireoidismo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxa de recorr&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes com eutireoidismo e hipertireoidismo.RS: ritmo sinusal; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0084-60013-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas ROC mostrando as taxas de sensibilidade e especificidade da dura&#231;&#227;o da FA em predizer a recorr&#234;ncia da FA em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-02-0084-60013-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo avaliou as taxas e os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com eutireoidismo e hipertireoidismo. O achado principal foi que a longo prazo as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia da FA foram semelhantes em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o e que a dura&#231;&#227;o da FA foi o &#250;nico par&#226;metro preditivo de recorr&#234;ncia da FA em ambos os grupos.</p>
        <p>A FA &#233; o dist&#250;rbio de ritmo mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e &#233; considerada um fator de risco independente para eventos cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> com aumento da frequ&#234;ncia com o envelhecimento. Idade, sexo masculino, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e dist&#250;rbios valvares do cora&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o entre os fatores de risco mais importantes para o desenvolvimento da FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Devido aos batimentos card&#237;acos r&#225;pidos e irregulares, trombos podem se formar no cora&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA. A entrada desses trombos na corrente sangu&#237;nea pode causar complica&#231;&#245;es que aumentam a morbidade e mortalidade associadas com a doen&#231;a, tais como embolia perif&#233;rica e derrame, em particular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A FA cr&#244;nica carrega um risco anual de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas de 3 - 4%; este risco &#233; 5 - 7 vezes maior do que o encontrado em pacientes com RS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Um n&#237;vel s&#233;rico baixo de TSH &#233; um fator de risco independente para FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Um estudo realizado em mais de 23.000 pacientes encontrou FA em 2,3% dos pacientes com eutireoidismo, 12,7% daqueles com hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico e 13,8% com hipertireoidismo cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Siu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> mostraram que no per&#237;odo de um de 1 ano, 9,4% dos pacientes com hipertireoidismo e FA apresentaram acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico em compara&#231;&#227;o a 3,1% nos pacientes sem hipertireoidismo. A incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e FA tem sido descrita como sendo significativamente maior do que a encontrada em pacientes com eutireoidismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Uma abordagem comum de tratamento da FA induzida por hipertireoidismo &#233; a normaliza&#231;&#227;o inicial dos n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Apesar do hipertireoidismo ser considerado uma causa revers&#237;vel de FA, apenas 60 - 70% dos pacientes com hipertireoidismo retornam para um RS quando os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos normalizam, com os restantes 30 - 40% dos pacientes mantendo FA permanente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>O retorno ao RS ocorre dentro das primeiras 8-10 semanas depois que os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos retornam aos n&#237;veis normais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Este per&#237;odo &#233; muito longo quando se considera o impacto de uma complica&#231;&#227;o tromboemb&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A restaura&#231;&#227;o do RS diminui o risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o da bomba card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Mais de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes apresentam recorr&#234;ncia da FA nas primeiras duas semanas ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o. O risco de recorr&#234;ncia diminui mais tarde e se torna est&#225;vel durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Um estudo relatou que enquanto a taxa de sucesso da cardiovers&#227;o &#233; de cerca de 90% em casos com dura&#231;&#227;o de FA abaixo de 1 ano, o risco de recorr&#234;ncia &#233; de 40% nos primeiros 6 meses e 50 - 60% ao final do primeiro ano, mesmo com o uso de medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da FA em nossos pacientes foi de 6 meses e 97,5% (79 de 81) retornaram ao RS. Esta elevada taxa de sucesso pode ser explicada pelo encontro em nossos pacientes de FA de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, AE com dimens&#245;es reduzidas, pr&#233;-medica&#231;&#227;o com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, idade jovem e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda adequada. Em pacientes com hipertireoidismo, o estado hipertire&#243;idico preservou a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do AE e do AAE, que aumentaram a taxa de sucesso da cardiovers&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Um estudo realizado por Emery e Staffurth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> demonstrou que ap&#243;s uma cardiovers&#227;o bem-sucedida, 45% dos pacientes mant&#234;m o RS durante 2 anos. Esta propor&#231;&#227;o diminuiu para 36% quando o acompanhamento foi maior (m&#233;dia de 7,4 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Siu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> demonstraram que as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia da FA 24 meses ap&#243;s uma cardiovers&#227;o bem-sucedida foram de 59% em pacientes com FA e hipertireoidismo comparadas com 83% naqueles com FA e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana. O risco de recorr&#234;ncia da FA em nosso estudo foi semelhante em pacientes com hipertireoidismo (14 pacientes, taxa de recorr&#234;ncia 43,8%) e eutireoidismo (21 pacientes, taxa de recorr&#234;ncia 44,7%, p = 0,93). As diferen&#231;as em taxas de recorr&#234;ncia entre nosso e outros estudos podem ser atribu&#237;das a dura&#231;&#245;es diferentes da FA e a caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Um estudo semelhante mostrou um risco de recorr&#234;ncia de 30% no primeiro ano ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o, que aumentou para 60 e 79% quando a cardiovers&#227;o foi adiada por 12 e 36 meses, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>. O risco de recorr&#234;ncia da FA foi menor em pacientes com hipertireoidismo quando comparado ao de pacientes com eutireoidismo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> embora outro estudo como o nosso tenha encontrado um ritmo semelhante em ambos os grupos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Considerando-se as complica&#231;&#245;es da FA e o longo per&#237;odo de 8 a 10 semanas necess&#225;rio para os n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos normalizarem, a cardiovers&#227;o pode ser realizada em pacientes com hipertireoidismo mesmo antes de retornarem ao eutireoidismo.</p>
        <p>Os principais preditores de recorr&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s uma cardiovers&#227;o bem-sucedida s&#227;o disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave, aumento de volume do AE e FA anterior com longa dura&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A longa dura&#231;&#227;o da FA leva ao aumento de volume atrial e desenvolvimento de circuitos reentrantes atriais adicionais. Al&#233;m disso, o tempo de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial encurta devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es fibrosas e inflamat&#243;rias no tecido mioc&#225;rdio atrial. Estes fatores levam &#224; FA permanente e a maiores taxas de recorr&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Em nosso estudo, os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia da FA foram avaliados em indiv&#237;duos tanto com hipertireoidismo quanto com eutireoidismo e o &#250;nico preditor significativo de recorr&#234;ncia da FA foi uma FA com longa dura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aumento nos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial (ANP) e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP), e diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de aldosterona foram demonstrados ser preditores de recorr&#234;ncia da FA. Estes marcadores bioqu&#237;micos refletem inflama&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas neuro-hormonal e renina-angiotensina-aldosterona. H&#225; interesse crescente em explorar a participa&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o e do estresse oxidativo na fisiopatologia da FA. Uma metan&#225;lise sugeriu que o aumento dos n&#237;veis basais de PCR est&#225; associado com um risco maior de recorr&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica bem-sucedida, embora tenha havido heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Devido &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal, os n&#237;veis de ANP e BNP aumentam em pacientes com FA e diminuem ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o bem-sucedida. No entanto, as evid&#234;ncias analisando o valor preditivo dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos s&#227;o conflitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Recentemente, outros fatores fisiopatol&#243;gicos associados com o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona foram avaliados atrav&#233;s da determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de aldosterona. O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de aldosterona &#233; um marcador de remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural atrial, e n&#237;veis mais baixos deste horm&#244;nio t&#234;m sido associados com uma taxa menor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Nosso estudo n&#227;o avaliou marcadores bioqu&#237;micos, embora o hipertireoidismo possa influenciar os n&#237;veis de ANP e BNP o que pode ter interferido com os resultados.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com eutireoidismo, um atraso eletromec&#226;nico no AE e a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P t&#234;m sido demonstrados como preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os estudos analisando a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P apresentaram heterogeneidade significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; o pequeno tamanho da amostra. Apesar disso, nosso estudo apresenta uma alternativa de tratamento que pode prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es fatais em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e FA. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que n&#243;s n&#227;o avaliamos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos ou par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e eletromec&#226;nicos, que poderiam ter sido afetados por muitos fatores. As conclus&#245;es preliminares deste estudo devem ser confirmadas em estudos cl&#237;nicos controlados com um tamanho de amostra maior de pacientes com FA induzida por hipertireoidismo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>O hipertireoidismo &#233; uma causa de FA, e apenas 65 - 70% dos pacientes retornam espontaneamente para um RS depois dos n&#237;veis hormonais normalizarem. Todos os pacientes com FA, independente de terem hipertireoidismo ou eutireoidismo, t&#234;m um risco substancial de tromboembolismo. Para prevenir esta complica&#231;&#227;o, pacientes com hipertireoidismo podem ser submetidos &#224; cardiovers&#227;o antes mesmo de recuperarem o eutireoidismo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>As taxas de recorr&#234;ncia da FA s&#227;o semelhantes em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo e a dura&#231;&#227;o da FA &#233; o &#250;nico preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA em ambos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
