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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MhK9yMmYh7pVV3fyCQY5jvd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000200082</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Spacetime</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Achutti</surname>
            <given-names>Aloyzio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pesquisa e Extens&#227;o sobre Sa&#250;de Urbana, Ambiente e Desigualdade</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de Pesquisa e Extens&#227;o sobre Sa&#250;de Urbana, Ambiente e Desigualdade (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Aloyzio Achutti</bold> , Avenida Bastian 212, CEP 90130-020 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. Email: <email>achutti@cardiol.br</email>
					</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>82</fpage>
      <lpage>83</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Disease Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Inequity</kwd>
        <kwd>Demographic Data</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Spacetime is a fundamental issue in physics, inherent to the basis of science. It encompasses two concepts bound to the perception of our simple reality, through which we measure and interpret our universe.</p>
    <p>The notion of space relates to sovereignty, a characteristic that matters to all living beings to ensure species subsistence, reproduction, safety and preservation. Human beings have evolved to urban organization, a way of living together that has predominated for a few decades.</p>
    <p>Time is embedded in DNA itself, through the phenomenon of apoptosis, which controls each actor's time on stage, ensuring permanent renovation and elimination of mistakes made along the way - a strategy to guarantee that the show goes on - prioritizing the species over the individual. It relates to mortality, evolution, development and sustainability.</p>
    <p>Mortality describes the mean lifespan of a population, yielding the illusion of something homogeneous, but clearly unequal regarding its distribution, including the spatial one. The search for the cause of that inequality leads us to speculate about both the life quality and conditions of the population and the heterogeneity in human development. The comparison of historical series allows us to identify marginalized strata, or those unable to take advantage of something others benefit from.</p>
    <p>That type of study comparing historical series can be carried out on a world scale, observing, analyzing and comparing one country with another. Or it can be carried out inside one country with several distributions of the spatial matrix, according to regions, states or municipalities. In addition, the study can be conducted according to gender, age groups, ethnicity, occupations, etc.</p>
    <p>The study of mortality evolution over time in the Rio de Janeiro state<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> is a good example. We, in the city of Porto Alegre, worried with the urban issue, have studied our city and its distribution according to its districts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> That study has evidenced, through the early mortality due to cardiovascular diseases, the vulnerability related to social inequality and urban segregation. One of the authors, S&#233;rgio Bassanesi, used to say that as you move away from the center to the periphery of a city (from better to worse indices), more years of potential life are lost. Or as I have discussed on a newspaper article at the time,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> "tell me your zip code, and I will tell you your cardiovascular risk".</p>
    <p>Historical series allow indicators to be put into perspective. That study on mortality in the Rio de Janeiro state has shown a progressive and consistent drop in mortality rates over time in almost all regions assessed, most of them converging to better and relatively closer levels, despite the persistence of a delay among individuals coming from less favorable situations, which would be expected.</p>
    <p>Our trend towards professional formation (or deformation) is to focus on the good news related to health indicators, forgetting that they are no more than an epiphenomenon, determined by quality of life, and that not always a reduction in mortality reflects better performance of the other human development indicators. Not only health, or more specifically cardiovascular health, is linked to social determinants, but violence is linked to inequality, to self-esteem defects, to apathy and lack of perspective, to savage work exploitation, to financial and budget imbalances, to corruption, to quality of care and information, to all wrongdoing that affects people, in Brazil or anywhere else. To keep advantages and for protection, we divide ourselves territorially (space), as if we were not occupying the same space at the same time, and as if we did not belong to the same species.</p>
    <p>We have been worried about global warming, estimating how much time we still have to prevent a global catastrophe, avoiding the point of no return. We should do the same when analyzing the temperature of inequality in the studies on mortality. How much time do we still have to understand the causes of inequality in the spatial distribution of health indicators? How much time is left to invest in eliminating them?</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Soares GP, Klein CH, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM. Evolution of mortality due to circulatory system diseases in the municipalities of the state of Rio de Janeiro from 1979 to 2010. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;104(5):356-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza e Silva</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evolution of mortality due to circulatory system diseases in the municipalities of the state of Rio de Janeiro from 1979 to 2010</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>356</fpage>
          <lpage>365</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Bassanesi SL, Azambuja MI, Achutti A. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease and social inequalities in Porto Alegre: from evidence to action. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;90(6):370-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bassanesi</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azambuja</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Achutti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease and social inequalities in Porto Alegre: from evidence to action</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>82</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Achutti A. O cora&#231;&#227;o e o CEP. Zero Hora, Porto Alegre. 2007 set 13; 44(15356):15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Achutti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>O cora&#231;&#227;o e o CEP</article-title>
          <source>Zero Hora</source>
          <publisher-loc>Porto Alegre</publisher-loc>
          <year>2007</year>
          <month>09</month>
          <day>13</day>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>15356</issue>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Espa&#231;o-Tempo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Achutti</surname>
            <given-names>Aloyzio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pesquisa e Extens&#227;o sobre Sa&#250;de Urbana, Ambiente e Desigualdade</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de Pesquisa e Extens&#227;o sobre Sa&#250;de Urbana, Ambiente e Desigualdade (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Aloyzio Achutti</bold> , Avenida Bastian 212, CEP 90130-020 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. Email:<email>achutti@cardiol.br</email>
					</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>Iniquidade Social</kwd>
        <kwd>Dados Demogr&#225;ficos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Espa&#231;o-tempo &#233; uma das quest&#245;es fundamentais da f&#237;sica e mexe com as pr&#243;prias bases da ci&#234;ncia. S&#227;o dois conceitos ligados &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o da nossa simples realidade, atrav&#233;s dos quais medimos e interpretamos o universo no qual vivemos.</p>
      <p>A no&#231;&#227;o de espa&#231;o est&#225; ligada ao territ&#243;rio de dom&#237;nio, caracter&#237;stica que interessa a todos os seres vivos para garantir a subsist&#234;ncia, reprodu&#231;&#227;o, seguran&#231;a e preserva&#231;&#227;o da esp&#233;cie. Entre n&#243;s humanos, evolu&#237;mos para a estrutura&#231;&#227;o urbana, forma de conv&#237;vio predominante h&#225; poucas d&#233;cadas.</p>
      <p>O tempo est&#225; embutido no pr&#243;prio DNA, atrav&#233;s do fen&#244;meno apoptose, no comando do tempo de cena de cada ator, garantindo renova&#231;&#227;o permanente e elimina&#231;&#227;o dos erros de percurso - estrat&#233;gia para assegurar a continuidade do espet&#225;culo - priorizando a esp&#233;cie em detrimento do indiv&#237;duo. Tem a ver com mortalidade, evolu&#231;&#227;o, desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade.</p>
      <p>Mortalidade descreve o tempo m&#233;dio de vida de uma popula&#231;&#227;o dando-nos ilus&#227;o de algo homog&#234;neo, mas evidentemente desigual quando analisada sua distribui&#231;&#227;o, inclusive espacial. A busca da explica&#231;&#227;o causal das diferen&#231;as leva-nos a elucubrar sobre condi&#231;&#245;es e qualidade de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o e heterogeneidade no desenvolvimento humano. A compara&#231;&#227;o de s&#233;ries hist&#243;ricas permite identificar estratos marginalizados, ou que n&#227;o conseguem acompanhar as vantagens das quais outros se beneficiam.</p>
      <p>Esse tipo de estudo pode ter escala mundial, observando, analisando e comparando um pa&#237;s com outro. Pode-se fazer dentro de um mesmo pa&#237;s com diversas distribui&#231;&#245;es da matriz espacial, por regi&#245;es, estados ou munic&#237;pios. Pode-se estudar tamb&#233;m por g&#234;nero, grupos et&#225;rios, etnias, ocupa&#231;&#245;es, etc.</p>
      <p>O estudo da evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da mortalidade no Estado do Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#233; um bom exemplo. N&#243;s, em Porto Alegre, preocupados com a quest&#227;o urbana, estudamos nossa cidade e sua distribui&#231;&#227;o por bairros,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> revelando, atrav&#233;s da mortalidade precoce por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, a vulnerabilidade ligada &#224; desigualdade social e segrega&#231;&#227;o urbana. Um de nossos autores, S&#233;rgio Bassanesi, dizia que, a cada quil&#244;metro que se desloca do centro para a periferia (melhores para piores &#237;ndices), contam-se anos perdidos de expectativa de vida. Ou, como eu discuti num artigo de jornal da &#233;poca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> "diga-me o teu CEP e dir-te-ei teu risco cardiovascular".</p>
      <p>As s&#233;ries hist&#243;ricas permitem olhar indicadores em perspectiva. No estudo da mortalidade no Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#233; poss&#237;vel constatar ao longo do tempo uma queda progressiva e consistente dos &#237;ndices em quase todas as regi&#245;es analisadas, convergindo quase todos para n&#237;veis melhores e relativamente mais pr&#243;ximos, embora permane&#231;a - o que seria de se esperar - um atraso entre aqueles que partiram de situa&#231;&#245;es menos favor&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Nossa tend&#234;ncia pela forma&#231;&#227;o (ou deforma&#231;&#227;o) profissional &#233; de nos fixarmos na boa not&#237;cia relacionada com indicador de sa&#250;de, esquecendo que n&#227;o passa de um epifen&#244;meno, determinado pela qualidade de vida, e que nem sempre uma redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade reflete melhor desempenho nos demais indicadores de desenvolvimento humano. N&#227;o somente a sa&#250;de - ou mais especificamente a sa&#250;de cardiovascular - est&#225; atrelada a determinantes sociais, mas tamb&#233;m a viol&#234;ncia est&#225; ligada &#224; desigualdade, aos defeitos de autoestima, ao desinteresse e &#224; falta de perspectiva, &#224; explora&#231;&#227;o selvagem do trabalho, aos desequil&#237;brios financeiros e or&#231;ament&#225;rios, &#224; corrup&#231;&#227;o, &#224; qualidade da assist&#234;ncia e da informa&#231;&#227;o, enfim, a todas as mazelas que afetam as pessoas, aqui e em qualquer parte do mundo. Para conservar as vantagens e por defesa, n&#243;s nos segregamos territorialmente (espa&#231;o), como se n&#227;o estiv&#233;ssemos ocupando o mesmo espa&#231;o ao mesmo tempo, e n&#227;o pertenc&#234;ssemos &#224; mesma esp&#233;cie.</p>
      <p>Temos nos preocupado com o aquecimento global, fazendo estimativas sobre quanto tempo ainda temos para evitar a cat&#225;strofe global, fugindo do ponto sem retorno. Dever&#237;amos fazer o mesmo ao analisar a temperatura da desigualdade atrav&#233;s dos estudos de mortalidade. Quanto tempo ainda nos resta para compreendermos e investirmos na aboli&#231;&#227;o das causas que determinam desigualdade na distribui&#231;&#227;o espacial dos indicadores de sa&#250;de?</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
