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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">K5HYgkGWb6BhQ5qckDBR4Wd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000100077</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Paradigm-HF: a Paradigm Shift in Heart Failure Treatment?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Anis</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Anis Rassi Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Anis Rassi Hospital, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia,</bold> Escola Baiana de Medicina - P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Av. Princesa Leopoldina 19/402, Gra&#231;a. Postla Code 40150-080, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail:<email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Correia LCL, Rassi Jr. A; Writing of the manuscript: Correia LCL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>77</fpage>
      <lpage>79</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/treatment</kwd>
        <kwd>Neprilysin/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / therapeutic use.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>In the first semester of this year, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new drug for the treatment of heart failure, LCZ696, commercially known as<italic>Entresto</italic>. This new treatment option was evaluated by the FDA on a priority basis (fast track designation), which allowed a faster release than usual. In Brazil, the drug is being evaluated by the National Health Surveillance Agency (Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria- ANVISA), similarly to what occurs in Canada and the European Union countries.</p>
    <p>The scientific evidence that has supported the approval of the new drug by the FDA was primarily obtained from the results of the PARADIGM-HF (Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and morbidity in Heart Failure) randomized clinical trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> which proved that LCZ696 was more effective than enalapril in a sample of more than 8,000 patients with systolic heart failure.</p>
    <p>The enthusiasm for the new drug is due to the fact that this is the first, among several drugs tested over more than 20 years, to demonstrate increased efficacy when compared to traditional treatment with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers and spironolactone. However, in the presence of exaggerated enthusiasm, one must carefully evaluate how much this feeling is proportional to the level of evidence.</p>
    <p>In a systematic analysis, we can say that the PARADIGM-HF trial has a low risk of bias and random errors when concluding that the LCZ696 is superior to enalapril at a dose of 20 mg daily. As for the size of the benefit, 21 patients need to use LCZ696 rather than enalapril for 27 months to prevent an event (death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for heart failure). This effect is qualitatively and quantitatively relevant. But does the PARADIGM-HF, in fact, represent a change in the paradigm of heart failure treatment?</p>
    <sec>
      <title>The tested concept</title>
      <p>Although LCZ696 appears to be the name of a newly invented molecule, it is not exactly that. In fact, it is a mixture of 320 mg of traditional valsartan with sacubitril. Sacubitril is the new drug, which acts by inhibiting neprilysin action. Neprilysin degrades "good" molecules, such as the natriuretic peptide and bradykinin. Therefore, by inhibiting neprilysin, sacubitril increases the concentration of these molecules, which have vasodilating and natriuretic action. Therefore, the burden of proof is on the clinical benefit of sacubitril. Surprisingly, this was not the concept tested in PARADIGM-HF trial.</p>
      <p>What has been done in the PARADIGM-HF trial? The standard treatment of the sacubitril group was curiously more appropriate than the standard treatment in the control group. While the sacubitril group patients enjoyed a blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system determined by a maximum dose of valsartan (320 mg daily), in the control group patients were given half of the maximum dose of enalapril (20 mg daily, fixed dose).</p>
      <p>The correct method and commonly used in clinical trials to test the efficacy of a new therapeutic strategy is to randomize patients to a new treatment vs. placebo, making the standard treatment similar between the two groups, through the mere effect of randomness. One would therefore randomize patients to sacubitril vs. placebo, without interfering with the adjunctive treatment. In this case, sacubitril itself would be tested, not an association represented by the curious name of LCZ696. Hence, the baseline treatment received by the patients would not represent a confounding factor.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Insufficient justification</title>
        <p>The authors affirm in their article that simultaneous inhibition of ACE and of neprilysin should be avoided due to the risk of angioedema, justifying avoiding an association of sacubitril with enalapril in the study protocol. The references used to generate such concern come from studies with omapatrilat, a drug that inhibits these two systems and has been associated with 0.8% angioedema, compared to 0.5% angioedema in the control group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Regardless of the weakness of this argumentation, if the intention was to prevent such an association, there would be an alternative to avoid the confounding factor of heterogeneous adjunctive treatment between the groups: randomize patients to sacubitril and valsartan vs. placebo and valsartan, at the same dose. Thus, the groups would receive the same treatment, with the only difference being represented by the presence of sacubitril.</p>
        <p>It can be observed that neither of the two alternatives to avoid the confounding effect was used in the study design, making it impossible to know which concept was actually tested. Was the higher efficacy of LCZ696 due to the advent of sacubitril or greater blockage of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?</p>
        <p>It was not only different adjunct drugs that were used in both groups. The enalapril dose was proportionally lower than the valsartan dose. The study authors justify the enalapril dose in the PARADIGM-HF trial by stating that this is the mean dose of the major studies that validated the efficacy of this drug, the SO LVD and the CONSENSUS (Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study) trial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The dose of 40 mg enalapril was proposed in CONSENSUS trial, although a minority reached this dose, with a mean dose of 17 mg. The PARADIGM-HF study patients were functional class II/III, with SOLVD being more representative of that population. In the SOLVD trial, the target dose ceased to be 40 mg to be 20 mg, thus equal to that of PARADIGM-HF.</p>
        <p>The affirmation that the enalapril dose in PARADIGM-HF is similar to that used in these studies has been naively accepted by some as a justification for the methodology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, this does not free the study from the potential confounding effect represented by the methodology. Regardless of the "clinical logic" when choosing the working method, the adjunctive sacubitril treatment was significantly different between the groups. There is a great difference between choosing a medication dose to treat an individual patient and a study protocol that aims to demonstrate a concept of efficacy. In the latter, there must be concern for confounding bias.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, the fixed dose of 20 mg a day of enalapril used in the study is not the same as a mean dose of 20 mg a day, which results from the individualization according to the patient, using higher doses in some and lower doses in others. A mean dose of 20 mg a day is probably more effective than a fixed dose of 20 mg a day.</p>
        <p>Therefore, one cannot state with certainty that sacubitril represents the long-awaited evolution in the treatment of heart failure. The study is vulnerable to the confounding effect generated by an inadequate method to test the concept of efficacy of the drug active principle.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The run-in phase</title>
        <p>There is a second problem with the PARADIGM-HF trial, related to the demonstration of tolerability and safety of the LCZ696 scheme. This study presents an underutilized strategy in phase III-clinical trials: a run-in phase. Before being randomized, patients were submitted, in an open manner, for 4 to 6 weeks of treatment with LCZ696 and only those who tolerated the drug were included in the study. Thus, the study is related only to patients who are tolerant (initially) to LCZ696, which reduces its external validity regarding safety outcomes. If someone decides to replace the old ACE inhibitor by LCZ696, they should know that there is a greater probability of intolerance in their patient, compared to that observed in the study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>From our point of view, rather than assessing the issue from the perspective of a fast track, regulatory agencies should, unhurriedly, question the industry why they chose a design that does not adequately evaluate the effectiveness of the new molecule, using a less effective blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the control group. The medical community has a duty to closely monitor whether these questions will be raised.</p>
      <p>And if the LCZ696 is released as an innovation in the treatment of heart failure, it is up to us, the cardiologists, to react with scientific maturity regarding the decision to whether or not use this treatment in our patients. Therefore, perhaps we will be preserving the countless individuals with heart failure from a pseudo-scientific conduct.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP Rizkala AR, et al; PARADIGM-HF Investigators and Committees. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(11):993-1004.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Desai</surname>
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              <surname>Gong</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Lefkowitz MP Rizkala ARPARADIGM-HF Investigators and Committees</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>371</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Packer M, Califf RM, Konstam MA, Krum H, McMurray JJ, Rouleau JL, et al. Comparison of omapatrilat and enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure: the Omapatrilat Versus Enalapril Randomized Trial of Utility in Reducing Events (OVERTURE). Circulation. 2002;106(8):920-6.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Krum</surname>
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              <surname>Rouleau</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
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          <article-title>Comparison of omapatrilat and enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure: the Omapatrilat Versus Enalapril Randomized Trial of Utility in Reducing Events (OVERTURE)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
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        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(23):1429-35.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)</article-title>
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            <collab>The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group</collab>
          </person-group>
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        <mixed-citation>4 Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(5):293-302.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>The SOLVD Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
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      </ref>
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        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Jessup M. Neprilysin inhibition -- a novel therapy for heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(11):1062-4.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Jessup</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neprilysin inhibition -- a novel therapy for heart failure</article-title>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>PARADIGM-HF: Uma Mudan&#231;a de Paradigma no Tratamento da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Anis</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Anis Rassi Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Anis Rassi Hospital, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia,</bold> Escola Baiana de Medicina - P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Av. Princesa Leopoldina 19/402, Gra&#231;a. CEP 40150-080, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia LCL, Rassi Jr. A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Correia LCL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / tratamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Neprilisina / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina / uso terap&#234;utico.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>No primeiro semestre deste ano, foi aprovado pelo <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA) um novo f&#225;rmaco para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o LCZ696, comercialmente denominado de <italic>Entresto.</italic> Essa nova op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento foi avaliada pelo FDA em regime priorit&#225;rio <italic>(fast track designation),</italic> o que permitiu uma libera&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida que a habitual. No Brasil, a droga est&#225; em fase de avalia&#231;&#227;o pela Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (ANVISA), &#224; semelhan&#231;a do que ocorre no Canad&#225; e em pa&#237;ses da Uni&#227;o Europeia.</p>
      <p>A evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica que deu sustenta&#231;&#227;o &#224; aprova&#231;&#227;o do novo f&#225;rmaco pelo FDA foi obtida fundamentalmente a partir dos resultados do ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado PARADIGM-HF <italic>(Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and morbidity in Heart Failure),</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> o qual demonstrou ser o LCZ696 mais eficaz do que o enalapril, em amostra de mais de 8.000 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>O entusiasmo pelo novo medicamento se deve ao fato de este ser o primeiro, dentre v&#225;rios f&#225;rmacos testados ao longo de mais de 20 anos, a demonstrar incremento de efic&#225;cia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento tradicional com inibidores da Enzima de Convers&#227;o da Angiotensina (ECA), betabloqueadores e espironolactona. No entanto, na presen&#231;a de entusiasmo exagerado, devemos avaliar cuidadosamente o quanto esse sentimento &#233; proporcional ao N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Em an&#225;lise sistematizada, podemos afirmar que o estudo PARADIGM-HF possui baixo risco de vieses e de erros aleat&#243;rios ao concluir que o LCZ696 &#233; superior ao enalapril na dose 20 mg ao dia. Quanto ao tamanho do benef&#237;cio, 21 pacientes precisam utilizar LCZ696 ao inv&#233;s de enalapril, durante 27 meses, para prevenir um evento (&#243;bito de causa cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). Esse efeito &#233; qualitativo e quantitativamente relevante.</p>
      <p>Mas ser&#225; que o PARADIGM-HF, de fato, representa uma mudan&#231;a de paradigma no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca?</p>
      <sec>
        <title>O conceito testado</title>
        <p>Embora LCZ696 pare&#231;a ser nome de uma mol&#233;cula rec&#233;m-inventada, n&#227;o se trata exatamente disto. Na verdade, trata-se de uma mistura da tradicional valsartana 320 mg com o sacubritil. Sacubritil &#233; a nova droga, a qual atua inibindo a a&#231;&#227;o da neprilisina. A neprilisina degrada "boas" mol&#233;culas, como o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico e a bradicinina. Dessa forma, ao inibir a neprilisina, o sacubritil aumenta a concentra&#231;&#227;o dessas mol&#233;culas, que t&#234;m a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora e natriur&#233;tica. Portanto, o &#244;nus da prova est&#225; no benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico do sacubritil. Surpreendentemente, esse n&#227;o foi o conceito testado no estudo PARADIGM-HF.</p>
        <p>O que foi feito no estudo PARADIGM-HF? O tratamento padr&#227;o do grupo sacubritil foi curiosamente mais adequado do que o tratamento padr&#227;o do grupo controle. Enquanto no grupo sacubritil os pacientes desfrutaram de um bloqueio do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona determinado por dose m&#225;xima de valsartana (320 mg ao dia), no grupo controle os pacientes utilizaram metade da dose m&#225;xima de enalapril (20 mg ao dia, de forma fixa).</p>
        <p>O m&#233;todo correto e usualmente utilizado por ensaios cl&#237;nicos para testar efic&#225;cia de uma nova estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica &#233; randomizar pacientes para novo tratamento vs. placebo, fazendo com que o tratamento padr&#227;o se torne semelhante entre os dois grupos, pelo mero efeito da aleatoriedade. Seria o caso de randomizar pacientes para sacubritil vs. placebo, sem intervir no tratamento adjunto. Nesse caso, testaria-se o sacubritil propriamente dito, e n&#227;o uma associa&#231;&#227;o representada pelo curioso nome de LCZ696. Dessa forma, o tratamento de base recebido pelos pacientes n&#227;o representaria um fator de confus&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Justificativas insuficientes</title>
          <p>Os autores argumentam, no artigo, que a inibi&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da ECA e da neprilisina deveria ser evitada, pelo risco de angioedema, justificando evitar uma associa&#231;&#227;o de sacubritil com enalapril no protocolo do estudo. As refer&#234;ncias utilizadas para gerar tamanho receio s&#227;o provenientes de estudos com omapatrilato, droga que inibe simultaneamente esses dois sistemas e que foi associada a 0,8% de angioedema, comparada a 0,5% de angioedema no grupo controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
						</p>
          <p>Independentemente da fraqueza desse argumento, se a inten&#231;&#227;o fosse impedir tal associa&#231;&#227;o, haveria uma alternativa para evitar o fator de confus&#227;o do tratamento adjunto heterog&#234;neo entre os grupos: randomizar os pacientes para sacubritil e valsartana vs. placebo e valsartana, na mesma dose. Assim, os grupos receberiam o mesmo tratamento, sendo a &#250;nica diferen&#231;a representada pela presen&#231;a do sacubritil.</p>
          <p>Percebe-se que nenhuma das duas alternativas para evitar efeito de confus&#227;o foi utilizada no desenho do estudo, tornando imposs&#237;vel saber qual conceito foi realmente testado. A maior efic&#225;cia do LCZ696 deveu-se ao advento do sacubritil ou ao maior bloqueio do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona?</p>
          <p>N&#227;o apenas drogas adjuntas diferentes que foram utilizadas nos dois grupos. A dose de enalapril foi proporcionalmente menor do que a dose de valsartana. Os autores do trabalho justificam a dose utilizada de enalapril no PARADIGM-HF pela argumenta&#231;&#227;o de que essa &#233; a dose m&#233;dia dos principais trabalhos que validaram a efic&#225;cia dessa droga, o SO LVD e o CONSENSUS (<italic>Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival</italic>Study).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A dose de 40 mg de enalapril foi proposta no estudo CONSENSUS, embora uma minoria tenha atingido essa dose, sendo a dose m&#233;dia de 17 mg. Os pacientes do estudo PARADIGM-HF tinham classe funcional II/III, sendo o SOLVD mais representativo dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. No estudo SOLVD, a dose alvo deixou de ser 40 mg para ser 20 mg, portanto, igual &#224; do PARADIGM-HF.</p>
          <p>O argumento de que a dose do enalapril no PARADIGM-HF &#233; semelhante &#224; utilizada nesses estudos tem sido ingenuamente aceito por alguns como justificativa da metodologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, isto n&#227;o liberta o estudo do potencial efeito de confus&#227;o representado pela metodologia empregada. Independentemente da "l&#243;gica cl&#237;nica" na escolha do m&#233;todo do trabalho, o tratamento adjunto ao sacubritil foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos. H&#225; uma grande diferen&#231;a entre escolha de dose de medica&#231;&#227;o para tratamento de um paciente individual e protocolo de estudo que deseja demonstrar um conceito de efic&#225;cia. Nesse &#250;ltimo, deve haver preocupa&#231;&#227;o com vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Ademais, a dose fixa de enalapril de 20 mg ao dia empregada no estudo n&#227;o &#233; a mesma que dose m&#233;dia de 20 mg ao dia, a qual resulta da individualiza&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o paciente, usando doses maiores em alguns e doses menores em outros. A m&#233;dia de 20 mg ao dia provavelmente &#233; mais eficaz do que o fixo de 20 mg ao dia.</p>
          <p>Portanto, n&#227;o se pode afirmar, com seguran&#231;a, que o sacubritil representa a evolu&#231;&#227;o t&#227;o esperada no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O estudo &#233; vulner&#225;vel ao efeito de confus&#227;o gerado por um m&#233;todo inadequado para testar o conceito de efic&#225;cia do princ&#237;pio ativo da droga.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A fase de <bold><italic>run-in</italic></bold></title>
          <p>H&#225; ainda um segundo problema com o ensaio PARADIGM-HF, que se refere &#224; demonstra&#231;&#227;o de tolerabilidade e seguran&#231;a do esquema LCZ696. Esse estudo apresenta uma estrat&#233;gia pouco utilizada em ensaios cl&#237;nicos de fase III: a fase de <italic>run-in.</italic> Antes de randomizados, os pacientes foram submetidos, de maneira aberta, por 4 a 6 semanas, ao LCZ696 e somente entraram no estudo aqueles que toleraram o medicamento. Assim, o estudo diz respeito apenas a pacientes que s&#227;o tolerantes (inicialmente) ao LCZ696, o que reduz sua validade externa quanto a desfechos de seguran&#231;a. Se algu&#233;m decidir trocar o antigo inibidor da ECA pelo LCZ696, deve saber que h&#225; uma probabilidade maior de intoler&#226;ncia em seu paciente, se comparada &#224;quela observada pelo estudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Do nosso ponto de vista, ao inv&#233;s de analisar a quest&#227;o sob o prisma de um<italic>fast track,</italic> as ag&#234;ncias reguladoras deveriam, sem sobressaltos, questionar a ind&#250;stria do porqu&#234; da escolha de um desenho que n&#227;o avalia adequadamente a efic&#225;cia da nova mol&#233;cula, utilizando um bloqueio menos efetivo do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona no grupo controle. A comunidade m&#233;dica tem o dever de acompanhar atentamente se estes questionamentos ser&#227;o levantados.</p>
        <p>E, caso o LCZ696 seja liberado como uma inova&#231;&#227;o no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, caber&#225; a n&#243;s, cardiologistas, reagirmos com maturidade cient&#237;fica quanto &#224; decis&#227;o de se utilizar ou n&#227;o esse tratamento em nossos pacientes. Assim, quem sabe, estaremos preservando os in&#250;meros indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de uma conduta pseudocient&#237;fica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
