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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KcttsrHTh6pfDTYkjTWMc6p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000100073</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150065</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Middle Aortic Syndrome Treated by Implantation of an Advanta V12 Large Diameter Stent</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lee</surname>
            <given-names>Meng-Luen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chiu</surname>
            <given-names>Ing-Sh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Albert D</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Changhua Christian Children's Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pediatrics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Changhua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TW">Taiwan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Changhua Christian Children's Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Changhua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TW">Taiwan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">National Taiwan University Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Taipei</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TW">Taiwan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Changhua Christian Children's Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Imaging</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Changhua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TW">Taiwan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Medical Imaging, Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Meng-Luen Lee</bold> , Changhua Christian Hospital. N&#176;. 135, Nan-Shiao S. Postal Code: 50050, Changhua County, Taiwan E-mail: <email>ferdielee@yahoo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD. Acquisition of data: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD. Writing of the manuscript: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD. Supervision / as the major investigator: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>73</fpage>
      <lpage>75</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta, Thoracic</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta, Abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiography, Balloon.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Middle aortic syndrome (MAS) was coined by Sen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> depicting diffuse hypoplasia or stenosis of the distal thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta. Most often MAS is idiopathic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>; however, it may be associated with a variety of underlying diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Systemic hypertension, which is the most common feature of MAS, is usually found incidentally.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Hypertensive encephalopathy was seen in 42% of patients with abdominal aortic coarctation, 45% of whom died before reaching 34 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Thus, early recognition of hypertensive encephalopathy is crucial for patient survival. We report of a 12-year-old girl presenting with hypertensive encephalopathy as a harbinger of idiopathic MAS, which manifested as an isolated long-segment mid-thoracic aortic coarctation, and was successfully treated by endovascular implantation of an Advanta V12 Large Diameter Stent (AVLDS, Atrium, Hudson, NH, USA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>A 12-year-old girl, who had been treated with anti-epileptic agents for intractable seizures for two months, was referred to our hospital with a chief complaint of hypertension. According to her parents, she initially presented with symptoms of hypertensive encephalopathy before experiencing an attack of generalized tonic-clonic seizure, including headache, dizziness, and mental change. At referral, the blood pressures of the upper and lower limbs were 200/126 mmHg and 113/90 mmHg, respectively, and the radial pulses were bounding. Electrocardiography showed left ventricular hypertrophy by voltage. Echocardiography, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, supine renin activity, supine renin level, and supine aldosterone level were all within normal limits. Computed tomography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 A</xref>) and angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1C</xref>) identified the cause to be MAS, manifesting as an isolated long-segment mid-thoracic coarctation. There was a pressure gradient of 74 mmHg (187 - 113 mmHg) across the coarctation. Intervention was declined, and antihypertensive agent was prescribed. Hypertension of the upper limbs lingered. The patient had headache and dizziness during the flare-ups of hypertension (190-200 mmHg). Endovascular intervention was performed one year later. The pressure gradient was 86 mmHg (193 - 107 mmHg). Stent implantation (SI) was declined because of the expensive charge. Instead, we performed balloon angioplasty (BA) using two sets of Wanda Balloon Catheter (8.0 mm and 10.0 mm x 40 mm; Boston Scientific, Galway, Ireland). The lesion was dilated to 6.76-6.98 mm. Stenosis ratio improved from 47%-51% to 24%-36%, and the pressure gradient dropped from 86 mmHg to 46 mmHg (158 - 112 mmHg). However, the patient was haunted by headache and dizziness at the hypertensive flare-ups (180/100 mmHg), despite treatment with antihypertensive agent.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Computed tomography (1A), frontal thoracic aortography (1B), and lateral thoracic aortography (1C) showed an isolated long-segment mid-thoracic aortic coarctation. A dumbbell morphology (1D) was visualized before full expansion of an Advanta V12 Large Diameter Stent (AVLDS). After implantation, repeated thoracic aortography (1E) showed full AVLDS dilatation. Follow-up thoracic aortography (1F and 1G) and computed tomography (1H) showed in situ AVLDS anchoring to the aortic wall effectively and covering the full length of the coarctation sufficiently.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0073-50065-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>We recommended that the treatment gap between the neurological presentations of hypertensive encephalopathy and the interventional procedure of SI for mid-thoracic aortic coarctation should not be intentionally delayed or postponed, notwithstanding her neurological symptoms improving or becoming refractory. Finally, SI was accepted by her parents and performed one year later. To achieve a maximal diameter of the target lesion in this growing adolescent, we chose a 12 mm x 61 mm AVLDS to treat this lesion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 D</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1E</xref>). AVLDS was distended gradationally by increasing the balloon pressure from a nominal pressure of 8 atm to a burst pressure of 12 atm. The outer diameter of the expanded balloon of this chosen stent (12.3 mm at 8 atm; 12.6 mm at 12 atm) is estimated to be at least 2.5 times the diameter of the lesion (4.18-4.88 mm). It appeared useful to anchor this device effectively to the aortic wall to prevent it from slipping. After SI, the lesion was dilated from 6.38-6.45 mm to 10.57-1 0.68 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 F</xref> and<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1G</xref>). The pressure gradient dropped from 64 mmHg to 3 mmHg. Stenosis ratio improved from 57%-62% to 4%-6%, by comparing the diameters of the coarctation (before SI: 4.18-4.88 mm; after SI: 10.57-10.68 mm) with those of the normal distal thoracic aorta (11.07-11.27 mm). Follow-up computed tomography showed AVLDS <italic>in situ</italic> covering the full length of the mid-thoracic coarctation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 H</xref>). The patient was free of the sequelae of hypertensive encephalopathy over the 36-month follow-up.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>BA has been advocated as an effective modality for relieving stenosis of the aorta in children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> SI has been advised as an alternative if facing flow-limiting dissection, ineffective BA, and recurrent restenosis after suboptimal BA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Thus, BA should not be considered as a sole therapy in patients with MAS, especially in those with the abdominal aortic coarctation near or across the orifices of both renal arteries (with or without a company of renal artery stenosis). In such a scenario, BA may be plagued with bad results due to the obliteration of renal arteries. Although kissing BA may serve as an alternative, surgery has a pivotal role in correcting such anomalies with simultaneous long-segment abdominal aortic coarctation and orifice renal artery stenosis at the junctions. Brzezinska-Rajszys reported of five children presenting with long-segment stenosis of the mid/lower thoracic and upper abdominal aorta due to MAS, which was palliated by the implantation of Palmaz stent prior to surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The Palmaz stent requires a delivery system with smaller profiles (8-11 Fr) than the profile of the Cheatham-Platinum (CP) stent (10-16 Fr). The issue with the Palmaz stent is that it fails to keep up with the somatic growth of the smaller pediatric patients. On the other hand, the CP stent is too large a device for smaller children and its use is limited only to adults. To overcome this treatment dilemma, a satisfactory solution is the emerging technique of AVLDS, which is a balloon-expandable stent made of 316L stainless steel and encapsulated with expandable graft material made of polytetrafluoroethylene. AVLDS can be deployed through a smaller delivery system (9-11 Fr) than that of the CP stent and can be dilated up to 22 mm approximating the grown-up size of the abdominal aorta in adults. These attributes render AVLDS an optimal choice for smaller children with potential somatic growth. AVLDS has been used to relieve various types of cardiovascular obstruction in 18 patients with good immediate results,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and achieved successful short-term results in 25 patients with coarctation of the aortic arch;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> moreover, it was used once in a 13-year-old boy with a similar long-segment thoraco-abdominal aortic coarctation due to idiopathic MAS, as in our case, providing significant reduction in blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The clinical caveats of the implantation of an AVLDS are two-fold. First, it is important that the AVLDS should be chosen beforehand so that both ends of the stent reach beyond the area of any post-stenotic dilatation, aneurysm, or dissection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Second, to overcome the intrinsic elastic recoil of polytetrafluoroethylene and to prevent the stent from slipping, it is important to anchor the AVLDS to the wall using an initial balloon up to 2.5 times the diameter of the coarctation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      <p>We also recommend that the treatment gap between the neurologic presentations of hypertensive encephalopathy and the interventional procedure of SI for such a long-segment mid-thoracic aortic coarctation should not be intentionally delayed or postponed, despite the fact that patient's neurological symptoms got improved or remained refractory.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Hypertensive encephalopathy can be a harbinger of idiopathic MAS. AVLDS is an ideal modality to treat an isolated long-segment mid-thoracic coarctation in an adolescent with potential somatic growth.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Esteves</surname>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome da Aorta M&#233;dia Tratada por Implanta&#231;&#227;o de um Stent de Grande Di&#226;metro Advanta V12</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lee</surname>
            <given-names>Meng-Luen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chiu</surname>
            <given-names>Ing-Sh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Albert D</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Changhua Christian Children's Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pediatrics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Changhua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TW">Taiwan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Changhua Christian Children's Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Changhua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TW">Taiwan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">National Taiwan University Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Taipei</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TW">Taiwan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Changhua Christian Children's Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Imaging</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Changhua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TW">Taiwan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Medical Imaging, Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua - Taiwan</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Meng-Luen Lee, Changhua Christian Hospital. N&#176;. 135, Nan-Shiao S. CEP 50050, Changhua, County - Taiwan. E-mail:<email>ferdielee@yahoo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Lee ML, Chiu IS, Yang AD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as da Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta Abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia com Bal&#227;o.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O termo "s&#237;ndrome da aorta m&#233;dia" (SAM) foi criado por Sen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> para descrever uma hipoplasia ou estenose difusa da aorta tor&#225;cica distal e da aorta abdominal. A maioria dos casos de SAM &#233; idiop&#225;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> entretanto, a s&#237;ndrome pode estar associada a v&#225;rias patologias subjacentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica, a caracter&#237;stica mais comum da SAM, geralmente &#233; diagnosticada incidentalmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A encefalopatia hipertensiva foi encontrada em 42% dos pacientes com coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal e entre eles, 45% faleceram antes dos 34 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Portanto, o reconhecimento precoce da encefalopatia hipertensiva &#233; crucial para a sobreviv&#234;ncia. Neste estudo, relatamos o caso de uma menina de 12 anos apresentando encefalopatia hipertensiva como um indicador de SAM, que se manifestava numa coarcta&#231;&#227;o isolada em um longo segmento da aorta m&#233;dia, sendo ent&#227;o tratada com sucesso atrav&#233;s da implanta&#231;&#227;o endovascular de um stent de grande di&#226;metro Advanta V12 (AVLDS; Atrium, Hudson, NH, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Uma menina de 12 anos que havia sido tratada por dois meses com medicamentos anti-epil&#233;pticos para convuls&#245;es, foi encaminhada ao nosso hospital com a queixa principal de hipertens&#227;o. De acordo com as informa&#231;&#245;es relatadas pelos seus pais, ela apresentava sintomas iniciais de encefalopatia hipertensiva antes de uma convuls&#227;o t&#244;nico-cl&#244;nica generalizada, incluindo cefaleia, tonturas e altera&#231;&#245;es mentais. No encaminhamento, as press&#245;es arteriais dos membros superiores e inferiores eram de 200/126 mmHg e 113/90 mmHg, respectivamente. Os pulsos radiais estavam hipercin&#233;ticos. O eletrocardiograma mostrou atrav&#233;s da voltagem, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Ecocardiografia, velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o, ureia sangu&#237;nea, creatinina, atividade e n&#237;veis de renina e aldosterona em posi&#231;&#227;o supina encontravam-se dentro dos limites normais. A tomografia computadorizada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1 A</xref> ) e a angiografia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1 B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">1C</xref>) mostraram SAM como a causa e que se manifestava na forma de uma coarcta&#231;&#227;o isolada de um longo segmento da aorta tor&#225;cica m&#233;dia. Havia um gradiente de press&#227;o de 74 mmHg (187 menos 113 mmHg) entre os extremos da coarcta&#231;&#227;o. A interven&#231;&#227;o foi recusada e medicamento anti-hipertensivo foi prescrito. A hipertens&#227;o dos membros superiores persistiu. A paciente apresentou cefaleia e tonturas durante as crises de hipertens&#227;o (190-200 mmHg). A interven&#231;&#227;o endovascular foi efetuada um ano depois. O gradiente de press&#227;o era de 86 mmHg (193 menos 107 mmHg). A implanta&#231;&#227;o de um stent (IS) foi recusada, devido ao seu alto custo. Como alternativa, efetuamos uma angioplastia com bal&#227;o (AB), usando dois conjuntos de cateteres-bal&#227;o Wanda (8,0 mm e 10,0 mm x 40 mm; Boston Scientific, Galway, Irlanda). A les&#227;o foi dilatada para 6,76-6,98 mm. O grau de estenose foi aperfei&#231;oado de 47-51% para 24-36% e o gradiente de press&#227;o diminuiu de 86 mmHg para 46 mmHg (158 menos 112 mmHg). Entetanto, a paciente continuou acometida de cefaleia e tontura durante as crises de hipertens&#227;o (180/100 mmHg), apesar da medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A tomografia computadorizada (1A), a aortografia tor&#225;cica frontal (1B) e a lateral (1C) mostraram uma coarcta&#231;&#227;o isolada de um longo segmento da aorta tor&#225;cica m&#233;dia. Foi visualizada uma morfologia em halteres (1D) antes da expans&#227;o completa de um stent de grande di&#226;metro Advanta V12 (AVLDS). Depois da implanta&#231;&#227;o, uma nova aortografia tor&#225;cica (1E) mostrou a dilata&#231;&#227;o completa do AVLDS. A aortografia tor&#225;cica de acompanhamento (1F e 1G) e a tomografia computadorizada (1H) mostraram o AVLDS in situ, ancorado &#224; parede da aorta de forma eficaz e cobrindo suficientemente toda a extens&#227;o da coarcta&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0073-50065-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Foi recomendado que o intervalo de tratamento entre os sinais neurol&#243;gicos de encefalopatia hipertensiva e o procedimento de IS para a coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica m&#233;dia n&#227;o fosse deliberadamente ampliado ou postergado, independentemente de melhoras dos sintomas neurol&#243;gicos da paciente apresentem melhoras ou permane&#231;am ausentes. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de IS foi finalmente aceita pelos pais da paciente e efetuada um ano depois. Para que se atingisse um di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo da les&#227;o-alvo na adolescente ainda em crescimento, escolhemos um AVLDS de 12 mm x 61 mm para tratar a les&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1 D</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">1E</xref>). O stent foi distendido, aumentando gradualmente a press&#227;o do bal&#227;o de uma press&#227;o nominal de 8 atm at&#233; uma press&#227;o de ruptura de 12 atm. Estima-se que o di&#226;metro externo do bal&#227;o expandido do stent de escolha (12,3 mm a 8 atm; 12,6 mm a 12 atm) seja pelo menos 2,5 vezes o di&#226;metro da les&#227;o (4,18-4,88 mm). Seria de grande utilidade fixar esse dispositivo &#224; parede a&#243;rtica de forma eficaz para prevenir seu deslizamento. Depois da IS, a les&#227;o foi dilatada de 6,38-6,45 mm para 1 0,57-1 0,68 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1 F</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">1G</xref>). O gradiente de press&#227;o diminuiu de 64 mmHg para 3 mmHg. O grau de estenose apresentou uma melhora de 57%-62% para 4%-6%, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos di&#226;metros da coarcta&#231;&#227;o (antes da IS: 4,18-4,88 mm; ap&#243;s IS: 10,57-10,68 mm) com os da aorta tor&#225;cica distal normal (11,07-11,27 mm). No acompanhamento, uma tomografia computadorizada mostrou o AVLDS <italic>in situ,</italic> cobrindo toda a extens&#227;o da coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica m&#233;dia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1 H</xref>). A paciente mostrou-se livre de sequelas da encefalopatia hipertensiva durante sua revis&#227;o realizada 36 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A AB tem sido defendida como uma modalidade eficaz no tratamento da estenose a&#243;rtica em crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e tamb&#233;m aconselhada como uma alternativa em casos de disseca&#231;&#227;o com limita&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, AB ineficaz ou re-estenose recorrente depois de uma AB n&#227;o ideal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Assim, a AB n&#227;o deve ser considerada a &#250;nica terapia em pacientes com SAM, especialmente naqueles em que a coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal se localiza pr&#243;xima ou sobre os &#243;stios de ambas as art&#233;rias renais (acompanhada ou n&#227;o de estenose das art&#233;rias renais). Nessa hip&#243;tese, a AB pode dar maus resultados, com a oblitera&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias renais.</p>
        <p>Embora a angioplastia com kissing balloon possa servir como uma alternativa, cirurgia tem um papel essencial na corre&#231;&#227;o de tal anomalia, com coarcta&#231;&#227;o de um longo segmento da aorta abdominal e estenose dos &#243;stios das art&#233;rias renais no mesmo local. Brzezinska-Rajszys e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> relataram cinco casos de crian&#231;as que apresentavam estenose de longos segmentos da aorta tor&#225;cica m&#233;dia ou inferior e da aorta abdominal superior, devida &#224; SAM. Esses casos foram amenizados pela implanta&#231;&#227;o de um stent Palmaz antes da cirurgia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O stent Palmaz requer um sistema de coloca&#231;&#227;o com perfis menores (8-11 Fr) que os do stent Cheatham-Platinum (CP; 10-16 Fr). A pol&#234;mica em torno do stent Palmaz &#233; devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia no acompanhamento do crescimento som&#225;tico dos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos de pequeno tamanho. Por outro lado, o stent CP &#233; um dispositivo muito grande para crian&#231;as pequenas e limitado apenas para adultos. Para resolver esse dilema terap&#234;utico, uma solu&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria &#233; a t&#233;cnica emergente do uso de AVLDS, que s&#227;o stents expans&#237;veis atrav&#233;s de um bal&#227;o de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel 316L e encapsulados com um material de transplante expans&#237;vel feito de politetrafluoretileno. Os AVLDS podem ser colocados atrav&#233;s de um sistema menor (9-11 Fr) que o dos stents CP e podem ser dilatados at&#233; 22 mm, aproximando-se do tamanho final da aorta abdominal em adultos. Estas caracter&#237;sticas tornam os AVLDS uma escolha ideal para crian&#231;as de pequeno tamanho com potencial de crescimento som&#225;tico. AVLDS foram usados para tratar v&#225;rios tipos de obstru&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em 18 pacientes com bons resultados imediatos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e mostraram sucesso no curto prazo em 25 pacientes com coarcta&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Tamb&#233;m foi usado um AVLDS em um menino de 13 anos, portador de uma coarcta&#231;&#227;o semelhante de um longo segmento da aorta toracoabdominal, que assim como no presente caso, era devida a SAM, proporcionando uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> As advert&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas da implanta&#231;&#227;o de um AVLDS s&#227;o duas: Em primeiro lugar, &#233; importante que o stent seja escolhido de antem&#227;o de forma que ambas as suas extremidades alcancem a &#225;rea al&#233;m da dilata&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-esten&#243;tica, aneurisma ou disseca&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Em segundo, para compensar a retra&#231;&#227;o el&#225;stica intr&#237;nseca do politetrafluoretileno e evitar que o stent deslize, &#233; importante fix&#225;-lo &#224; parede a&#243;rtica usando um bal&#227;o inicial com um di&#226;metro at&#233; 2,5 vezes maior que o da coarcta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m recomendamos que o intervalo de tratamento entre os sinais neurol&#243;gicos de encefalopatia hipertensiva e o procedimento de IS, em coarcta&#231;&#245;es de longos segmentos da aorta tor&#225;cica m&#233;dia, n&#227;o seja intencionalmente extendido ou postergado, independentemente de se os sintomas neurol&#243;gicos do paciente apresentem melhoras ou permane&#231;am ausentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A encefalopatia hipertensiva pode ser um indicador de SAM idiop&#225;tica. O AVLDS apresentou-se como uma modalidade ideal para o tratamento de coarcta&#231;&#227;o isolada de um longo segmento da aorta tor&#225;cica m&#233;dia, em pacientes adolescentes com potencial de crescimento som&#225;tico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
