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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">88wGkf8VdGRhrfdcQynzPFw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000100056</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005030101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150146</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hemorheological and Glycemic Parameters and HDL Cholesterol for the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cho</surname>
            <given-names>Sung Woo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kim</surname>
            <given-names>Byung Gyu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kim</surname>
            <given-names>Byung Ok</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Byun</surname>
            <given-names>Young Sup</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goh</surname>
            <given-names>Choong Won</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rhee</surname>
            <given-names>Kun Joo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kwon</surname>
            <given-names>Hyuck Moon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lee</surname>
            <given-names>Byoung Kwon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology - Department of Internal Medicine - Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul - Korea</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">College of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Inje University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Seoul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="KR">Korea</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology - Department of Medicine - Samsung Medical Center, Seoul - Korea</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Samsung Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Seoul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="KR">Korea</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology - Department of Internal Medicine - Gangnam Severance Hospital - Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul - Korea</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">College of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Yonsei University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Seoul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="KR">Korea</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Byoung Kwon Lee,</bold> Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine. Postal Code 135&#8209;720, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu - Seoul. E-mail: <email>cardiobk@yuhs.ac</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and acquisition of data: Cho SW, Kwon HM, Lee BK; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cho SW, Kwon HM, Lee BK; Statistical analysis: Cho SW, Kim BG; Writing of the manuscript: Cho SW, Lee BK; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kim BO, Byun YS, Goh CW, Rhee KJ, Kwon HM, Lee BK.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>56</fpage>
      <lpage>61</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hemorheological and glycemic parameters and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are used as biomarkers of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the association and clinical relevance of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), fibrinogen, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and HDL cholesterol in the prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in an outpatient population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>708 stable patients who visited the outpatient department were enrolled and followed for a mean period of 28.5 months. Patients were divided into two groups, patients without MACE and patients with MACE, which included cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, newly diagnosed CHD, and cerebral vascular accident. We compared hemorheological and glycemic parameters and lipid profiles between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Patients with MACE had significantly higher ESR, fibrinogen, fasting glucose, and HbA1c, while lower HDL cholesterol compared with patients without MACE. High ESR and fibrinogen and low HDL cholesterol significantly increased the risk of MACE in multivariate regression analysis. In patients with MACE, high fibrinogen and HbA1c levels increased the risk of multivessel CHD. Furthermore, ESR and fibrinogen were significantly positively correlated with HbA1c and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol, however not correlated with fasting glucose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Hemorheological abnormalities, poor glycemic control, and low HDL cholesterol are correlated with each other and could serve as simple and useful surrogate markers and predictors for MACE and CHD in outpatients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Sedimentation</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinogen</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / adverse events</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and plaque formation are progressive and dynamic consequences of the complex interactions between endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and hemorheological factors. Hemorheological abnormalities may lead to elevated shear forces at the vascular endothelium by increasing red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and local blood viscosity, promoting endothelial injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> They may also trigger the rupture of lipid-rich, unstable atherosclerotic lesion, thus leading to thrombus formation and clinical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> These phenomena are indicated by several hemorheological parameters, including the acute phase reactants erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and fibrinogen,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> which are therefore predictors and biomarkers of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), acute coronary syndrome, coronary heart disease (CHD), and ischemic stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Hemorheological abnormalities such as increased blood and plasma viscosity, enhanced RBC aggregation, and decreased RBC deformability have been described in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Chronic complications of diabetes are macro- and micro-vascular dysfunction, which may increase the potential for thrombosis and plaque formation and finally increase cardiovascular mortality. Furthermore, abnormalities in blood rheology are prominent in patients with poor glycemic control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Indeed, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which is the parameter of glycemic control, has been reported as a predictor and risk factor of MACE, acute coronary syndrome, and CHD in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Also, it is well established that low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level is a cardiovascular risk factor, negatively correlated with blood viscosity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Previous studies have reported correlations between hemorheological abnormalities, poor glycemic control, and low HDL cholesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> However, few reports have addressed such relationship by taking into account simultaneously these three risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In the present study, we investigated the association of hemorheological and glycemic parameters with HDL cholesterol, and the clinical relevance of these factors in the prediction of MACE and CHD in an outpatient population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population and design</title>
        <p>From February 2007 to January 2009, 708 stable patients who visited the outpatient department were enrolled in the study and followed until June 2010. Patients with acute or chronic infection, inflammatory disease, liver failure, renal insufficiency, or cancer were excluded from the analysis. Hypertension was considered as the presence of repeated measurements of systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg, or antihypertensive drug treatment. DM was defined as a fasting blood glucose concentration &#8805; 126 mg/dL or use of antihyperglycemic drugs. Smoking was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire, with current smoking defined as any smoking within the past year.</p>
        <p>Patients were divided into two groups, patients with MACE and patients without MACE. MACE included cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), newly diagnosed CHD, and cerebral vascular accident (CVA). Patients with AMI were diagnosed on the basis of clinical presentations, specific electrocardiographic alterations, and serum cardiac enzyme levels. CHD was diagnosed by coronary angiography or coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography. A significantly diseased artery was defined as having &#8805; 50% stenosis in at least one of its segments. Patients with CVA were diagnosed on the basis of clinical presentations and cerebral imaging modality such as CT or magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
        <p>We received approval from the institutional review board of Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea to conduct all these analyses. All subjects included gave their informed consent at the time of the examination.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood sampling and preparation</title>
        <p>Blood samples were taken by venipuncture after an overnight fast from patients. Serum fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels were measured using dedicated reagents by automatic chemistry analyzer (AU 5400, Beckman-Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA). Complete blood count (CBC) was measured using XE-2100 (Sysmex cooperation, Kobe, Japan). ESR was measured by Test-1 analyzer (Alifax, Padova, Italy) and fibrinogen was determined using coagulometric techniques in a CA-1500 autoanalyzer (Sysmex). HbA1c was measured by a high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay (G8 system, Tosoh, Japan). All of the laboratory parameters were determined in the central laboratory of the Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All data were analyzed using the PASW 18.0 software. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and continuous variables as means &#177; standard deviation. Normally distributed continuous variables were compared using unpaired student t-test, and categorical variables were compared using the chi-squared test. Binary multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed, starting with a model including a number of potential confounders (age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, and total cholesterol levels). Spearman rank correlation test was used for correlation analyses of continuous parameters. p value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>MACE and baseline clinical characteristics in study population</title>
        <p>The mean follow-up period of the study population was 28.5 months, and MACE occurred in 60 patients during this period. Three patients died (one because of sudden cardiac death and two because of heart failure), one patient was admitted due to AMI, 53 patients were newly diagnosed CHD, and 3 patients were admitted due to CVA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency (%) of events in 60 patients with adverse cardiac events</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Events</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Death</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coronary heart disease</td>
                <td align="center">53 (88.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cerebrovascular accident</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The patients with MACE were significantly older and had significantly higher incidence of hypertension and DM compared to patients without MACE. In addition, the patients with MACE had significantly lower levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet, and HDL cholesterol, while higher levels of ESR, fibrinogen, fasting glucose, and HbA1c compared to patients without MACE. The baseline clinical characteristics of the study population are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>MACE (-) (n = 648)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>MACE (+) (n = 60)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">60.2 &#177; 13.5</td>
                <td align="center">66.1 &#177; 9.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender (male), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">336 (51.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (51.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">452 (69.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (83.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (19.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (35.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous MI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (11.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous CHD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (22.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (33.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">242 (37.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (43.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13.9 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hematocrit (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41.7 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">40.2 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>WBC (mm3)</td>
                <td align="center">6596 &#177; 1732</td>
                <td align="center">7096 &#177; 2041</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Platelet (&#215;103/mm3)</td>
                <td align="center">239.8 &#177; 60.0</td>
                <td align="center">219.3 &#177; 46.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ESR (mm/h)</td>
                <td align="center">14.6 &#177; 13.3</td>
                <td align="center">21.3 &#177; 17.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrinogen (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">292.4 &#177; 69.6</td>
                <td align="center">318.6 &#177; 58.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fasting glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">106.4 &#177; 28.6</td>
                <td align="center">117.0 &#177; 47.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.9 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">6.2 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">191.4 &#177; 39.0</td>
                <td align="center">186.3 &#177; 52.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">121.1 &#177; 31.2</td>
                <td align="center">121.3 &#177; 42.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">48.8 &#177; 11.2</td>
                <td align="center">43.2 &#177; 9.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglyceride (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">156.5 &#177; 88.7</td>
                <td align="center">171.1 &#177; 115.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BUN (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">16.6 &#177; 5.8</td>
                <td align="center">16.8 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.12 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.28</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular events; MI: Myocardial infarction; CHD: Coronary heart disease; WBC: White blood cell count; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; BUN: Blood nitrogen urea. Data in mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prediction of MACE, hemorheological parameters and HDL cholesterol</title>
        <p>Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the association between hemorheological and glycemic parameters and the risk of MACE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). In univariate analysis, higher level of ESR (OR 1.026, p = 0.001), fibrinogen (OR 1.005, p = 0.006), fasting glucose (OR 1.008, p = 0.016), and HbA1c (OR 1.358, p = 0.007) increased the risk of MACE. However, in multivariate analysis, only ESR (OR 1.021, p = 0.013) and fibrinogen (OR 1.004, p = 0.04) were significantly associated with the risk of MACE. Also, lower level of HDL cholesterol increased the risk of MACE in both univariate (OR 0.945, p &lt; 0.001) and multivariate analysis (OR 0.948, p = 0.001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Odds ratios for the association between hemorheological parameters, glycemic parameters and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Univariate analysis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Multivariate analysis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Odds ratio (95% CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Odds ratio (95% CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>ESR</td>
                <td align="center">1.026 (1.011-1.042)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">1.021 (1.004-1.038)</td>
                <td align="center">0.013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrinogen</td>
                <td align="center">1.005 (1.001-1.008)</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
                <td align="center">1.004 (1.000-1.008)</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fasting glucose</td>
                <td align="center">1.008 (1.001-1.014)</td>
                <td align="center">0.016</td>
                <td align="center">1.004 (0.997-1.012)</td>
                <td align="center">0.26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c</td>
                <td align="center">1.358 (1.087-1.697)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
                <td align="center">1.225 (0.890-1.684)</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL cholesterol</td>
                <td align="center">0.945 (0.917-0.974)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.948 (0.918-0.979)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, and cholesterol were included into the initial model. CI: Confidence interval; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prediction of CHD severity and hemorheological and glycemic parameters</title>
        <p>Among the 53 patients of newly diagnosed CHD, 25 patients had one-vessel disease and 28 patients had multivessel disease. The patients with multivessel disease had significantly higher levels of fibrinogen, fasting glucose, and HbA1c compared to patients with one-vessel disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Among the hemorheological and glycemic parameters, higher level of fibrinogen (OR 1.013, p = 0.031 and OR 1.017, p = 0.032) and HbA1c (OR 2.519, p = 0.027 and OR 16.45, p = 0.015) increased the risk of multivessel CHD in both univariate and multivariate analysis, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean values of hemorheological and glycemic parameters according to the number of diseased coronary vessels in patients with coronary heart disease</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>One-vessel disease (n = 25)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Multivessel disease (n = 28)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>ESR (mm/h)</td>
                <td align="center">19.4 &#177; 11.6</td>
                <td align="center">22.8 &#177; 20.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrinogen (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">300.9 &#177; 46.7</td>
                <td align="center">336.1 &#177; 60.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fasting glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">104.2 &#177; 23.7</td>
                <td align="center">133.3 &#177; 63.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.9 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">44.0 &#177; 9.6</td>
                <td align="center">41.7 &#177; 8.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.37</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; HDL: High-density lipoprotein. Data in mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Odds ratios for the association between hemorheological and glycemic parameters and the risk of multivessel coronary artery disease</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Univariate analysis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Multivariate analysis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Odds ratio (95% CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Odds ratio (95% CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>ESR</td>
                <td align="center">1.014 (0.978-1.051)</td>
                <td align="center">0.47</td>
                <td align="center">1.022 (0.975-1.071)</td>
                <td align="center">0.36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrinogen</td>
                <td align="center">1.013 (1.001-1.024)</td>
                <td align="center">0.031</td>
                <td align="center">1.017 (1.001-1.033)</td>
                <td align="center">0.032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fasting glucose</td>
                <td align="center">1.017 (0.999-1.036)</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
                <td align="center">1.017 (0.997-1.038)</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c</td>
                <td align="center">2.519 (1.111-5.712)</td>
                <td align="center">0.027</td>
                <td align="center">16.45 (1.704-158.75)</td>
                <td align="center">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL cholesterol</td>
                <td align="center">0.972 (0.915-1.033)</td>
                <td align="center">0.36</td>
                <td align="center">0.940 (0.872-1.012)</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, and cholesterol were included into the initial model. CI: confidence interval; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation of hemorheological and glycemic parameters with HDL cholesterol</title>
        <p>Spearman univariate correlation analysis of hemorheological and glycemic parameters is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>. ESR was significantly positively correlated with fibrinogen (r = 0.67, p &lt; 0.001). Interestingly, ESR (r = 0.247, p &lt; 0.001) and fibrinogen (r = 0.254, p &lt; 0.001) were significantly positively correlated with HbA1c, but not with fasting glucose. In addition, HDL cholesterol was significantly negatively correlated with ESR (r = -0.079, p = 0.038), fibrinogen (r = -0.18, p &lt; 0.001), fasting glucose (r = -0.158, p &lt; 0.001), and HbA1c (r = -0.194, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Spearman rank correlation's (r) of each parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>ESR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Fibrinogen</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Fasting glucose</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HbA1c</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrinogen</td>
                <td align="center">0.67</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fasting glucose</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">p = 0.94</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.12</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c</td>
                <td align="center">0.247</td>
                <td align="center">0.254</td>
                <td align="center">0.514</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL cholesterol</td>
                <td align="center">-0.079</td>
                <td align="center">-0.18</td>
                <td align="center">-0.158</td>
                <td align="center">-0.194</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">p = 0.038</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, we investigated the association between hemorheological, glycemic parameters and HDL cholesterol, and the clinical relevance of these factors for the prediction of MACE and CHD in outpatient population.</p>
      <p>ESR, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein are acute phase proteins whose concentrations increase in response to inflammation. Because chronic inflammation is involved in the progression of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, ESR and fibrinogen are elevated in cardiovascular disease and DM patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Our data also showed that higher ESR and fibrinogen are independent risk factor of MACE. The ESR is controlled by the balance between pro-sedimentation factors, mainly fibrinogen, and those factors resisting sedimentation, especially the negative charge of the erythrocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> When an inflammatory process is present, the increased concentration of fibrinogen in the blood causes RBC to stick to each other. Therefore, ESR and fibrinogen are hemorheological parameters which are represented as RBC aggregation and whole blood and plasma viscosity. In addition, our result showed that ESR was significantly positively correlated with fibrinogen.</p>
      <p>DM is the most critical risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease and its chronic complications affect many organ systems. The precise mechanisms of diverse cellular and vascular dysfunction in DM are still being investigated. Among many mechanisms, hemorheological abnormalities are suggested to contribute to vascular dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, there are few reports on the relationship between hemorheological factors and the status of glycemic control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Notably, our data showed that ESR and fibrinogen were significantly positively correlated with HbA1c, however not with fasting glucose. In addition, higher fibrinogen and HbA1c are independent risk factors of multivessel CHD in patients with MACE. Therefore, these data clearly indicated that poor glycemic control may cause hemorheological abnormalities and hence increase the risk of CHD.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, our study showed that low HDL cholesterol significantly increased the risk of MACE, and HDL cholesterol was significantly negatively correlated with ESR, fibrinogen, fasting glucose and HbA1c. This result suggests an interaction between hemorheological parameters, glycemic parameters, and HDL cholesterol, which would contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.</p>
      <p>One limitation of our study is that we did not measure direct hemorheological parameters such as RBC deformability, plasma viscosity, and shear stress. In addition, the follow-up period was relatively short as compared with previous studies. Moreover, we had a small sample size, and were not able to compare our findings with those from other studies that used different screening methods for patients with MACE. However, ESR and fibrinogen are fast and inexpensive markers that can be easily measured in out-patient department. Therefore, our results based on an outpatient population provide the compelling evidence that ESR and fibrinogen are helpful for screening of high risk patients and guiding decisions on therapeutic interventions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Hemorheological abnormalities, poor glycemic control, and low HDL cholesterol are correlated with each other and could serve as simple, useful surrogate markers and as predictors for MACE and CHD in outpatients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kwon</surname>
            <given-names>Hyuck Moon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lee</surname>
            <given-names>Byoung Kwon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology - Department of Internal Medicine - Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul - Korea</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology - Department of Medicine - Samsung Medical Center, Seoul - Korea</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology - Department of Internal Medicine - Gangnam Severance Hospital - Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul - Korea</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Byoung Kwon Lee,</bold> Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine. CEP 135-720, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu &#8211; Seoul. E-mail: <email>cardiobk@yuhs.ac</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, e obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cho SW, Kwon HM, Lee BK; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cho SW, Kwon HM, Lee BK; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cho SW, Kim BG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cho SW, Lee BK; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Kim BO, Byun YS, Goh CW, Rhee KJ, Kwon HM, Lee BK.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos e glic&#234;micos e o HDL-colesterol s&#227;o utilizados como biomarcadores da aterosclerose e trombose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o e a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o (VHS), fibrinog&#234;nio, glicose de jejum, hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) e HDL-colesterol na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos cardiovasculares (EAC) importantes em pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>708 pacientes est&#225;veis ambulatoriais foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo e acompanhados por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 28,5 meses. Os pacientes foram subdivididos em pacientes sem EAC e pacientes com EAC, que inclu&#237;ram morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, doen&#231;a coronariana rec&#233;m-diagnosticada, e acidente vascular cerebral. Comparamos os par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos, glic&#234;micos, e perfis lip&#237;dicos entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com EAC apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de VHS, fibrinog&#234;nio, glicose de jejum, e HbA1c, e n&#237;veis mais baixos de HDL-colesterol em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes sem EAC. VHS e n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio elevados, e baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol aumentaram significativamente o risco de EAC em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada. Al&#233;m disso, VHS e fibrinog&#234;nio correlacionaram-se positivamente com HbA1c e negativamente com HDL-colesterol, mas n&#227;o se correlacionaram com glicose de jejum.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Dist&#250;rbios hemorreol&#243;gicos, baixo controle glic&#234;mico e baixo n&#237;vel de HDL-colesterol correlacionam-se entre si e podem ser usados como marcadores substitutos simples, &#250;teis, e como preditores de EAC e doen&#231;a coronariana em pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedimenta&#231;&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinog&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / eventos adversos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A aterosclerose, a trombose, e a forma&#231;&#227;o de placa s&#227;o consequ&#234;ncias din&#226;micas e progressivas das complexas intera&#231;&#245;es entre disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o, e fatores hemorreol&#243;gicos. Os dist&#250;rbios hemorreol&#243;gicos podem elevar a for&#231;a de cisalhamento do endot&#233;lio vascular pelo aumento da agrega&#231;&#227;o de eritr&#243;citos e da viscosidade sangu&#237;nea local, promovendo, assim, les&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem, ainda, induzir a ruptura da inst&#225;vel, rica em lip&#237;dios, les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica, levando &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos e dos sintomas cl&#237;nicos da s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Tais fen&#244;menos s&#227;o indicados por par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos, incluindo a velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o (VHS) e fibrinog&#234;nio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> os quais s&#227;o reactantes de fase aguda e, portanto, preditores e biomarcadores de eventos adversos cardiovasculares (EAC) importantes, s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, doen&#231;a coronariana, e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Dist&#250;rbios hemorreol&#243;gicos, tais como maior viscosidade plasm&#225;tica e sangu&#237;nea, agrega&#231;&#227;o eritr&#243;cit&#225;ria aumentada, e deformidade eritrocit&#225;ria reduzida foram descritas em pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Complica&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas do DM incluem disfun&#231;&#227;o macro e microvascular, o qual pode aumentar o potencial para trombose e forma&#231;&#227;o de placas e, por fim, aumentar a mortalidade cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, anormalidades na reologia sangu&#237;nea s&#227;o importantes em pacientes com controle glic&#234;mico comprometido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> De fato, a hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), a qual &#233; par&#226;metro do controle glic&#234;mico, foi indicada como um preditor e fator de risco para EAC, s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda e doen&#231;a coronariana, tanto em pacientes diab&#233;ticos como em n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Ainda, est&#225; bem estabelecido que baixo n&#237;vel de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol) &#233; um fator de risco cardiovascular, negativamente correlacionado com viscosidade sangu&#237;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios relataram correla&#231;&#245;es entre dist&#250;rbios hemorrel&#243;gicos, baixo controle glic&#234;mico, e baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Contudo, poucos estudos abordaram essa rela&#231;&#227;o considerando os tr&#234;s fatores de risco simultaneamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> No presente estudo, n&#243;s investigamos a associa&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos e glic&#234;micos com o HDL-colesterol, bem como a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desses fatores na predi&#231;&#227;o de EAC e doen&#231;a coronariana em pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e delineamento do estudo</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo entre fevereiro de 2007 e janeiro de 2009, 708 pacientes est&#225;veis atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo e acompanhados at&#233; junho de 2010. Pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o aguda ou cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, insufici&#234;ncia renal, ou c&#226;ncer foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Hipertens&#227;o foi considerada como a presen&#231;a de medidas repetidas de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg, ou de tratamento com drogas hipertensivas. DM foi definida como presen&#231;a de concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea de glicose &#8805; 126 mg/dL ou uso de drogas anti-hiperglicemiantes. Tabagismo foi avaliado por um question&#225;rio autoaplicado, e tabagismo atual foi definido como qualquer uso de cigarros no &#250;ltimo ano.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, pacientes com EAC e pacientes sem EAC. Os EAC inclu&#237;ram morte card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), doen&#231;a coronariana rec&#233;m-diagnosticada, e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Pacientes com IAM foram diagnosticados com base na apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas espec&#237;ficas, e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de enzimas card&#237;acas. A doen&#231;a coronariana foi diagnosticada por angiografia coron&#225;ria ou por angiografia por tomografia computadorizada (TC). Para a defini&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria significativamente doente, considerou-se estenose &#8805; 50% em pelo menos um dos segmentos. Pacientes com AVC foram diagnosticados com base na apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e exames de imagem cerebral, tais como TC ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
          <p>Recebemos a aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de revis&#227;o do Hospital Sanggye Paik da Universidade de Inje, Seul, Coreia do Sul, para realizar todas as an&#225;lises. Todos os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos forneceram seu consentimento declarado no momento do exame.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta e preparo das amostras de sangue</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram colhidas por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa ap&#243;s jejum noturno. Concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de jejum de glicose, colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, HDL-colesterol, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol), nitrog&#234;nio da ureia sangu&#237;nea (BUN), e creatinina foram medidas usando-se reagentes espec&#237;ficos e analisador bioqu&#237;mico autom&#225;tico (AU 5400, Beckman-Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA). A contagem de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas foi realizada usando-se o XE-2100 (Sysmex cooperation, Kobe, Japan). A VHS foi medida pelo analisador Test-1 (Alifax, Padova, Italy), e o fibrinog&#234;nio determinado por t&#233;cnicas de coagulometria em um analisador autom&#225;tico CA-1500 (Sysmex). HbA1c foi medida por cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta press&#227;o (G8 system, Tosoh, Japan). Todos os testes foram realizados no laborat&#243;rio central do Hospital Sanggye Paik da Universidade de Inje.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os dados foram analisados pelo programa PASW 18.0. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagens, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas pelo teste do chi-quadrado. Foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria multivariada, iniciando-se com um modelo que inclu&#237;a os fatores de confus&#227;o em potencial (idade, g&#234;nero, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, e n&#237;veis de colesterol total). An&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram conduzidas pelo teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>EAC e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de seguimento dos pacientes foi de 28,5 meses, e EAC ocorreram em 60 pacientes nesse per&#237;odo. Tr&#234;s pacientes morreram (um por morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e dois por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), um paciente foi internado por IAM, 53 foram recentemente diagnosticados com doen&#231;a coronariana, e 3 foram internados por AVC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia (%) de eventos em 60 pacientes com eventos adversos card&#237;acos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Eventos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>N (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (88,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Pacientes com EAC eram significativamente mais velhos, e apresentaram uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente maior de hipertens&#227;o e DM em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes sem EAC. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com EAC apresentaram n&#237;veis mais baixos de hemoglobina, hemat&#243;crito, plaquetas, e HDL-colesterol, e n&#237;veis mais altos de VHS, fibrinog&#234;nio, glicose de jejum, e HbA1c em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes sem EAC. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;stica cl&#237;nicas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>EAC (-) (n = 648)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>EAC (+) (n = 60)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,2 &#177; 13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">66,1 &#177; 9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero (masculino), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">336 (51,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (51,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">452 (69,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (83,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (19,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (35,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (11,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (13,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (22,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">242 (37,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (43,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,9 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,7 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">40,2 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos (mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">6596 &#177; 1732</td>
                  <td align="center">7096 &#177; 2041</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plaquetas (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">239,8 &#177; 60,0</td>
                  <td align="center">219,3 &#177; 46,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VHS (mm/h)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6 &#177; 13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">21,3 &#177; 17,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">292,4 &#177; 69,6</td>
                  <td align="center">318,6 &#177; 58,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose de jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">106,4 &#177; 28,6</td>
                  <td align="center">117,0 &#177; 47,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">191,4 &#177; 39,0</td>
                  <td align="center">186,3 &#177; 52,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">121,1 &#177; 31,2</td>
                  <td align="center">121,3 &#177; 42,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,8 &#177; 11,2</td>
                  <td align="center">43,2 &#177; 9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">156,5 &#177; 88,7</td>
                  <td align="center">171,1 &#177; 115,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BUN (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6 &#177; 5,8</td>
                  <td align="center">16,8 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>EAC: Eventos adversos cardiovasculares; IAM: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; VHS: Velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o; HbA1c: Hemoglobina glicada; LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; BUN: Nitrog&#234;nio da ureia sangu&#237;nea. Dados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predi&#231;&#227;o de EAC, par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos e HDL-colesterol</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para identificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos, par&#226;metros glic&#234;micos, e o risco de EAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref>). Em an&#225;lise univariada, n&#237;veis mais elevados de VHS (OR 1,026, p = 0,001), fibrinog&#234;nio (OR 1,005, p = 0,006), glicose de jejum (OR 1,008, p = 0,016), e HbA1c (OR 1,358, p = 0,007) aumentaram o risco de EAC. No entanto, em an&#225;lise multivariada, somente a VHS (OR 1,021, p = 0,013) e o fibrinog&#234;nio (OR 1,004, p = 0,04) estavam significativamente associados com o risco de EAC. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis mais baixos de HDL-colesterol aumentaram o risco de EAC tanto na an&#225;lise univariada (OR 0,945, p &lt; 0,001) como na an&#225;lise multivariada (OR 0,948, p = 0,001).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>Odds ratios</italic> para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos, par&#226;metros glic&#234;micos, e o risco de eventos adversos cardiovasculares</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th align="left"/>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise univariada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise multivariada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Odds ratio (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Odds ratio (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>VHS</td>
                  <td align="center">1,026 (1,011-1,042)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,021 (1,004-1,038)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,005 (1,001-1,008)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">1,004 (1,000-1,008)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose de jejum</td>
                  <td align="center">1,008 (1,001-1,014)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                  <td align="center">1,004 (0,997-1,012)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c</td>
                  <td align="center">1,358 (1,087-1,697)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">1,225 (0,890-1,684)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-colesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">0,945 (0,917-0,974)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,948 (0,918-0,979)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>idade, g&#234;nero, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, e colesterol foram inclu&#237;dos no modelo inicial. IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a; VHS: Velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o; HbA1c: Hemoglobina glicada; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predi&#231;&#227;o da gravidade de doen&#231;a coronariana, par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos e glic&#234;micos</title>
          <p>Entre os 53 pacientes rec&#233;m-diagnosticados com doen&#231;a coronariana, 25 pacientes tinham doen&#231;a uniarterial e 28 pacientes tinham doen&#231;a multiarterial. Os pacientes com doen&#231;a mutiarterial apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio, glicose de jejum e HbA1c, em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com doen&#231;a uniarterial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>). Entre os par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos e glic&#234;micos, n&#237;veis mais altos de fibrinog&#234;nio (OR 1,013, p = 0,031 e OR 1,017, p = 0,032) e de HbA1c (OR 2,519, p = 0,027 e OR 16,45, p = 0,015) aumentaram o risco de doen&#231;a multiarteral tanto em an&#225;lise univariada como por an&#225;lise multivariada, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores m&#233;dios dos par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos e glic&#234;micos de acordo com doen&#231;a arterial (uniarterial ou multiarterial)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a uniarterial (n = 25)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a multiarterial (n = 28)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>VHS (mm/h)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,4 &#177; 11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">22,8 &#177; 20,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">300,9 &#177; 46,7</td>
                  <td align="center">336,1 &#177; 60,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose de jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">104,2 &#177; 23,7</td>
                  <td align="center">133,3 &#177; 63,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0 &#177; 9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">41,7 &#177; 8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>VHS: Velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o; HbA1c: Hemoglobina glicada; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade. Dados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Odds ratios para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos, par&#226;metros glic&#234;micos, e o risco de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria multiarterial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left"/>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise univariada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise multivariada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Odds ratio (IC95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Odds ratio (IC95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>VHS</td>
                  <td align="center">1,014 (0,978-1,051)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">1,022 (0,975-1,071)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,013 (1,001-1,024)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                  <td align="center">1,017 (1,001-1,033)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose de jejum</td>
                  <td align="center">1,017 (0,999-1,036)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1,017 (0,997-1,038)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c</td>
                  <td align="center">2,519 (1,111-5,712)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                  <td align="center">16,45 (1,704-158,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-colesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">0,972 (0,915-1,033)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,940 (0,872-1,012)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>idade, g&#234;nero, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, e colesterol foram inclu&#237;dos no modelo inicial. IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a; VHS: Velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o; HbA1c: Hemoglobina glicada; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos e glic&#234;micos com HDL-colesterol</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise (univaridada) de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman dos par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos e glic&#234;micos encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>. Uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa foi observada entre VHS e fibrinog&#234;nio (r = 0,67, p &lt; 0,001). A VHS (r = 0,247, p &lt; 0,001) e o fibrinog&#234;nio (r = 0,254, p &lt; 0,001) correlacionaram-se significativamente com HbA1c, mas n&#227;o com glicose de jejum. Ainda, o HDL-colesterol apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa negativa com a VHS (r = -0,079, p = 0,038), fibrinog&#234;nio (r = -0,18, p &lt; 0,001), glicose de jejum (r = -0,158, p &lt; 0,001), e HbA1c (r = -0,194, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados da correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman entre cada par&#226;metro</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>VHS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Fibrinog&#234;nio</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Glicose de jejum</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>HbA1c</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td/>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose de jejum</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td/>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c</td>
                  <td align="center">0,247</td>
                  <td align="center">0,254</td>
                  <td align="center">0,514</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td/>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-colesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,079</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,158</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,194</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td/>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>VHS: Velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o; HbA1c: Hemoglobina glicada; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, investigamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos, par&#226;metros glic&#234;micos e HDL-colesterol, bem como a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desses fatores para a predi&#231;&#227;o de EAC e doen&#231;a coronariana em pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
        <p>VHS, fibrinog&#234;nio, e prote&#237;na C reativa s&#227;o prote&#237;nas de fase aguda, cujas concentra&#231;&#245;es aumentam em reposta &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o. Como a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica est&#225; envolvida na progress&#227;o de aterosclerose e trombose, a VHS e o fibrinog&#234;nio est&#227;o elevados em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular e DM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a VHS e fibrinog&#234;nio elevados s&#227;o fatores de risco independentes para EAC. A VHS &#233; controlada por um equil&#237;brio entre fatores pr&#243;-sedimenta&#231;&#227;o, principalmente fibrinog&#234;nio, e os fatores resistentes &#224; sedimenta&#231;&#227;o, principalmente a carga negativa na superf&#237;cie dos eritr&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Na presen&#231;a de um processo inflamat&#243;rio, a concentra&#231;&#227;o aumentada de fibrinog&#234;nio no sangue promove ades&#227;o entre os eritr&#243;citos. Portanto, a VHS e o fibrinog&#234;nio s&#227;o par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos representados por agrega&#231;&#227;o eritrocit&#225;ria e viscosidade sangu&#237;nea e plasm&#225;tica. Al&#233;m disso, nossos resultados mostraram que a VHS apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa positiva com o fibrinog&#234;nio.</p>
        <p>DM &#233; o fator de risco associado &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular mais importante, e suas complica&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas afetam muitos sistemas. Os mecanismos precisos da disfun&#231;&#227;o celular e vascular no DM ainda est&#227;o sendo investigados. Entre muitos mecanismos, dist&#250;rbios hemorreol&#243;gicos parecem contribuir com a disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> No entanto, h&#225; poucos estudos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fatores hemorreol&#243;gicos e o status do controle glic&#234;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Um resultado marcante em nosso estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o significativa positiva de VHS e fibrinog&#234;nio com HbA1c, sendo que tal associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi encontrada com glicose de jejum. Al&#233;m disso, elevadas concentra&#231;&#245;es de fibrinog&#234;nio e de HbA1c s&#227;o fatores de risco independentes para doen&#231;a multiarterial em pacientes com EAC. Portanto, esses dados indicaram claramente que o baixo controle glic&#234;mico pode causar anormalidades hemorreol&#243;gicas e, assim, aumentar o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, nosso estudo mostrou que baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol aumentaram significativamente o risco de EAC, e se observou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa negativa do HDL-colesterol com VHS, fibrinog&#234;nio, glicose de jejum e HbA1c. Este resultado sugere uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros hemorreol&#243;gicos, par&#226;metros glic&#234;micos e HDL-colesterol, que poderia contribuir para a progress&#227;o de aterosclerose e trombose.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi o fato de n&#227;o havermos medido par&#226;metros reol&#243;gicos diretos, tais como deformidade eritrocit&#225;ria, viscosidade plasm&#225;tica, e for&#231;a de cisalhamento. Al&#233;m disso, o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento dos pacientes foi relativamente curto comparado ao de estudos pr&#233;vios. Ainda, o tamanho amostral era pequeno, e n&#227;o pudemos comparar nossos achados com os de estudos que usaram diferentes m&#233;todos de rastrear pacientes com EAC. No entanto, a VHS e o fibrinog&#234;nio s&#227;o marcadores r&#225;pidos e de baixo custo, que podem ser facilmente medidos em ambulat&#243;rio. Assim, nossos resultados baseados em um grupo de pacientes ambulatoriais trazem evid&#234;ncias contundentes de que a VHS e o fibrinog&#234;nio auxiliam no rastreamento de pacientes de alto risco e na tomada de decis&#245;es sobre as interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dist&#250;rbios hemorreol&#243;gicos, baixo controle glic&#234;mico e baixo n&#237;vel de HDL-colesterol correlacionam-se entre si e podem ser usados como marcadores substitutos simples, &#250;teis, e como preditores de EAC e doen&#231;a coronariana em pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
