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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tcbs7J4fWPPbq5YRBjZMJYP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000100033</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005030103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Level of Physical Activity and In-Hospital Course of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana de Goes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Norma Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faro</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Baptista de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa,</bold> Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Av Stanley Silveira,33; Sala 210. Postal Code 49015-400, Aracaju, SE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>acssousa@terra.com.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Jorge JG, Barreto Filho JAS, Oliveira JLM, Sousa ACS; Acquisition of data: Jorge JG, Oliveira NA, Faro GBA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jorge JG, Santos MAA, Barreto Filho JAS, Oliveira JLM, Melo EV, Oliveira NA, Faro GBA, Sousa ACS; Statistical analysis: Jorge JG, Santos MAA, Barreto Filho JAS, Melo EV, Sousa ACS; Writing of the manuscript: Jorge JG, Santos MAA, Barreto Filho JAS, Oliveira JLM, Sousa ACS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jorge JG, Santos MAA, Barreto Filho JAS, Oliveira JLM, Sousa ACS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>33</fpage>
      <lpage>40</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the modern world. A sedentary lifestyle, present in 85% of the Brazilian population, is considered a risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease. However, the correlation of a sedentary lifestyle with cardiovascular events (CVE) during hospitalization for ACS is not well established.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between physical activity level, assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), with in-hospital prognosis in patients with ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study with 215 subjects with a diagnosis of ACS consecutively admitted to a referral hospital for cardiac patients between July 2009 and February 2011. All volunteers answered the short version of the IPAQ and were observed for the occurrence of CVE during hospitalization with a standardized assessment conducted by the researcher and corroborated by data from medical records.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The patients were admitted with diagnoses of unstable angina (34.4%), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without ST elevation (41.4%), and AMI with ST elevation (24.2%). According to the level of physical activity, the patients were classified as non-active (56.3%) and active (43.7%). A CVE occurred in 35.3% of the cohort. The occurrence of in-hospital complications was associated with the length of hospital stay (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15) and physical inactivity (OR = 2.54), and was independent of age, systolic blood pressure, and prior congestive heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>A physically active lifestyle reduces the risk of CVE during hospitalization in patients with ACS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentary Lifestyle</kwd>
        <kwd>Questionnaires</kwd>
        <kwd>Motor Activity / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the main causes of death in the modern world<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and accounts for about 30% of the deaths in Brazil and 10% of the hospital admissions covered by the Brazilian Unified Health System (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
      <p>The high incidence of ACS occurs due to physical inactivity and failure in the control of classic risk factors (RF) such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> According to a survey conducted by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, 85% of the Brazilian population is physically inactive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
      <p>The specific mechanisms by which physical activity and physical conditioning reduce mortality remain uncertain. Physical activity is associated with favorable changes in cardiovascular risk, since it reduces obesity, improves body fat distribution, and decreases the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Regular exercise also has a modest but beneficial effect on blood pressure and lipoprotein profile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      <p>New evidence suggests that exercise training promotes favorable changes in the fibrinolytic system, autonomous nervous system, and endothelial function, leading to modifications that may influence the cardiovascular function and reduce the cardiovascular risk. It has also been shown that exercise training in individuals with known coronary disease improves myocardial perfusion and reduces atherosclerosis progression and levels of myocardial ischemia in response to a certain degree of effort. Data suggest that the perfusion effect may improve the clinical outcome and reduce cardiac events, resulting in a better outcome after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Despite the high incidence, morbidity, and mortality of ACS and the recognized protective role of regular practice of physical activity in AMI prevention, the inverse correlation between physically active lifestyle and occurrence of cardiovascular events (CVE) during hospitalization of patients with ACS is not well established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) the degree of physical activity of patients with ACS and its association with in-hospital prognosis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Type</title>
        <p>Observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients and Methods</title>
        <p>Nonrandom convenience sample recruited consecutively. The sample size was estimated based on the frequency of admission of patients with ACS to the Chest Pain Unit (CPU) in a hospital considered a referral center for patients with cardiac disease in Sergipe, Brazil. This hospital has received a Level 3 Accreditation (IQG - <italic>Instituto Qualisa de Gest&#227;o</italic>) and is part of the SOLAR (<italic>S&#227;o Lucas Registro em SCA</italic>) registry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The estimated minimum sample size was 195 individuals and was based on the following parameters: two-tailed alpha = 0.05, power = 90%, probability of an event in the group with greater physical activity = 30%, odds ratio (OR) of the less active <italic>versus</italic> the more active group = 1.7. We increased in 10% the sample size due to a potential size reduction if some individuals decided to withdraw the research consent. Considering an approximate rate of 10 admissions per month, we then obtained a final sample size of 215 patients.</p>
        <p>We recruited patients of both genders admitted with ACS to the CPU of the hospital mentioned above between July 2009 and February 2011. All patients were covered by supplemental health insurance.</p>
        <p>All volunteers included in the study answered the short version of the IPAQ. The questionnaire was applied individually after admission of the patient to the CPU. The participants received instructions and recommendations to complete the questionnaire without a time limit. Any questions by the patients were promptly clarified by the investigator, who personally accompanied all the data collection.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria</title>
        <p>The study included patients with ACS (unstable angina, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction [non-STEMI], or ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI]), determined by clinical history (symptoms consistent with acute ischemia) and serial increase in markers of cardiac necrosis, and confirmed by at least one of the following tests: electrocardiography, transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, and coronary cineangiography. The only exclusion criterion was the inability to complete the questionnaire (ex: hemodynamic instability, dementia, delirium, severe depressive disorders, etc).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>To determine the clinical and laboratory profile and the in-hospital course of the ACS patients, we performed a standardized assessment implemented by the researcher and corroborated by data from medical records. The following parameters were evaluated: a) patient identification; b) clinical condition on admission (diastolic blood pressure [DBP], systolic blood pressure [SBP], heart rate [HR]); c) treatment in the acute phase (percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation, transluminal balloon angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting, and pharmacological treatment); d) routine tests (blood count, creatinine, blood glucose, urea, serum lipid profile, sodium and potassium, markers of myocardial necrosis [troponin, CK-MB], echocardiography); e) medical history and cardiovascular RF (hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, prior and current smoking, prior cardiovascular diseases, etc.), f) anthropometric measurements (weight and height for calculation of body mass index [BMI]), and g) in-hospital occurrence of CVE (cardiovascular death, recurrent ischemic events, acute pulmonary edema [APE], stroke, cardiogenic shock, and atrial fibrillation), and length of hospital stay.</p>
        <p>We defined as smokers those patients who maintained the habit of smoking, and as ex-smokers those who had quit smoking for at least one year. Patients were classified as diabetics if they had a previous diagnosis of DM and/or were using hypoglycemic agents, or if they had a fasting blood glucose &gt; 126 mg/dL in a previous test or during hospitalization. They were considered hypertensive if they already had a diagnosis of hypertension prior to the admission, and/or were using antihypertensive medications, or if they presented systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 90 mmHg. Dyslipidemia was determined by the occurrence of increased serum levels of LDL-C and/or decreased serum levels of HDL-C and/or increased serum levels of triglycerides (LDL-C &gt; 130 mg/dL, HDL-C &lt; 40 mg/dL, and triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL). Patients with BMI &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were considered to have excess weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
        <p>A diagnosis of recurrent myocardial ischemia was based on recurrent ischemic symptoms, new electrocardiographic changes, and/or a new elevation in CK-MB levels after a decrease from a peak value.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> APE was defined as the presence of clinical signs of left ventricular failure, dyspnea, and signs of hypoxia and fluid in the lungs (that is, observation of crackles on pulmonary auscultation and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates consistent with congestion on chest x-ray). Stroke was defined as the rapid development of clinical signs of focal (or global) brain function disorder lasting more than 24 hours without an apparent cause other than vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Cardiogenic shock was determined in the presence of hypotension (SBP &lt; 90 mmHg or 30 mmHg below the baseline value), evidence of tissue hypoperfusion such as oliguria, cyanosis, cold extremities, and changes in consciousness level, pulmonary capillary pressure &gt; 18 mmHg, cardiac index &lt; 1.8 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>, systemic vascular resistance index &gt; 2,000 dyne.sec/cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and increase in O<sub>2</sub> arteriovenous difference &gt; 5.5 mL/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        <p>The IPAQ, the questionnaire used in our study, collects information regarding the routine practice of physical activity. This questionnaire has been proposed by the Consensus Group for the Development of an International Physical Activity Questionnaire, formed under the seal of the World Health Organization and with representatives in 25 countries, including Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> We chose the short form of this self-administered questionnaire (version 8), which is composed of eight open questions investigating activities in the prior week. The questions explore the frequency (days/week) and time (minutes/day) dedicated to walking and to activities involving physical effort of moderate and vigorous intensities, in addition to activities performed in the sitting position. Vigorous physical activities are those that require major physical effort and breathing much more intense than normal, whereas moderate physical activities are those that require some physical effort and breathing a little more intense than the normal.</p>
        <p>To classify the routine practice of physical activity, we followed the consensus proposed by the <italic>Centro de Estudos do Laborat&#243;rio de Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul</italic> (a center that oversees the implementation of the IPAQ in Brazil), and considered four strata:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> I - <italic>Very Active:</italic> &#8805; 30 minutes/session of vigorous activity &#8805; 5 days/week; and/or &#8805; 20 minutes/session of vigorous activity &#8805; 3 days/week in addition to a &#8805; 30 minutes/session of moderate activities or walking &#8805; 5 days/week; II - <italic>Active:</italic> &#8805; 20 minutes/session of vigorous activity &#8805; days/week; and/or &#8805; 30 minutes/session of moderate activities or walking &#8805; 5 days/week; and/or &#8805; 150 minutes/week of any of the added activities (vigorous + moderate + walk); III - <italic>Irregularly Active:</italic> &lt; 150 and &gt; 10 minutes/week of any of the added activities (vigorous + moderate + walk); and IV - <italic>Sedentary:</italic> &#8804; 10 minutes/week of any of the added activities (vigorous + moderate + walking).</p>
        <p>Based on this stratification and experience from clinical practice, the subjects were classified into two groups: non-active, comprising sedentary and irregularly active individuals; and active, encompassing active and very active individuals.</p>
        <p>It is important to emphasize that we considered a patient as practicing physical activity when he or she exercised regularly for at least 3 months before the first SCA event.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical Aspects</title>
        <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of UFS (<italic>Universidade Federal de Sergipe</italic>) with the number 5673.0.000.107-09. Prior to participating in the study, all volunteers signed a free and informed consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis and Data Interpretation</title>
        <p>The qualitative variables were expressed as frequency (percentage), and the quantitative variables were analyzed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to determine the type of distribution; those which met the assumption of normality were presented as mean and standard deviation. The variables without a normal distribution were described as median and interquartile intervals or minimum and maximum values.</p>
        <p>For comparisons between qualitative variables, we used the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, when appropriate. We used the Student <italic>t</italic> test for comparisons between the two main groups when the continuous or discrete variables had a normal distribution. Variables with asymmetric distribution were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test.</p>
        <p>The association between level of physical activity and occurrence of in-hospital complications was evaluated with logistic regression to determine unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. For inclusion in the model, we considered crude odds ratio with p &lt; 0.10, and to remain in the model, p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        <p>All analyses were performed using SPSS, version 17.0. The differences observed during the analyses were considered statistically significant when the probability was &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the Study Population</title>
        <p>We evaluated 215 volunteers with a mean age of 66.5 &#177; 14.7 years, of whom 124 (57.7%) were male and 124 (57.7%) were Caucasians. Regarding the type of ACS, 34.4% of the individuals had unstable angina, 41.4% had non-STEMI, and 24.2% had STEMI. According to the level of physical activity, patients were classified as non-active (n = 121, 56.3%), or active (n = 94, 43.7%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of the population.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of patients with ACS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Physical Activity Level</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>General (n = 215)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Non-active (n = 121)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Active (n = 94)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Demographic data</bold>
                </td>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years), mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">66.5 &#177; 14.7</td>
                <td align="center">68.2 &#177; 15.8</td>
                <td align="center">64.3 &#177; 12.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male Gender, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (57.7)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (57.9)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (57.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Caucasians, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (57.7)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (63.6)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Admission data, mean &#177; SD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">137 &#177; 26.3</td>
                <td align="center">140.1 &#177; 28.7</td>
                <td align="center">132.8 &#177; 22.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
									</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80.7 &#177; 14.8</td>
                <td align="center">81.7 &#177; 16.3</td>
                <td align="center">79.4 &#177; 12.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Heart Rate (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">79.3 &#177; 16.9</td>
                <td align="center">80.7 &#177; 18.2</td>
                <td align="center">77.5 &#177; 14.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ejection Fraction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
									</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diagnosis, n (%) 0.28</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acute Myocardial Infarction with ST elevation</td>
                <td align="center">52 (24.2)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (20.7)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (28.7)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acute Myocardial Infarction without ST elevation</td>
                <td align="center">89 (41.4)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (45.5)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (36.2)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Unstable Angina</td>
                <td align="center">74 (34.4)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (33.9)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (35.1)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>p &#8804; 0.05; n: Number; SD: Standard deviation; mmHg: Millimeters of mercury; bpm: Beats per minute; %: Percentage; ACS: Acute coronary syndrome.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>At baseline, there were no differences between the groups regarding age, gender, BMI, DBP, HR, and type of ACS. However, non-active individuals presented significantly lower ejection fraction (EF, p &lt; 0.001) and higher mean SBP (p = 0.04) than active individuals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>With regard to prior cardiovascular diseases, only congestive heart failure (p = 0.002) and deep venous thrombosis (p = 0.02) were more prevalent in the non-active compared with the active group. Regarding the occurrence of cardiovascular RF, approximately 3/4 of the patients were hypertensive, about 1/3 had dyslipidemia, a few less than half of the patients had DM and approximately 1/4 were obese and smokers, without significant differences between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medical history and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with ACS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Physical Activity Level</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>General (n = 215)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Non-active (n = 121)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Active (n = 94)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medical History, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Family History of Obstructive Heart Failure</td>
                <td align="center">116 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (31.6)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (22.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior Coronary Artery Disease</td>
                <td align="center">102 (47.4)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (49.2)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (44.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior Acute Myocardial Infarction</td>
                <td align="center">62 (28.8)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (32.2)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (24.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Unstable Angina</td>
                <td align="center">122 (56.7)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (58.7)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (54.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stable Angina</td>
                <td align="center">29 (13.5)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (10.7)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty</td>
                <td align="center">96 (44.7)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (43.8)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (45.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior Myocardial Revascularization</td>
                <td align="center">41 (19.1)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (19.8)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (18.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">130 (60.5)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (59.5)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (61.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">95 (44.2)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (46.3)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (41.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">160 (74.4)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (74.4)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (74.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">40 (18.6)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (18.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior Congestive Heart Failure</td>
                <td align="center">44 (20.5)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (28.1)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (10.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
									</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior Arrhythmia</td>
                <td align="center">67 (31.2)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (34.7)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (26.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior Deep Venous Thrombosis</td>
                <td align="center">24 (11.2)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (15.7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
									</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">23 (10.7)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (13.2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Body Mass Index, mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">27.0 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>p &#8804; 0.05; n: Number; SD: Standard deviation; %: Percentage; ACS: Acute coronary syndrome.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients' In-hospital Course</title>
        <p>A CVE occurred in 35.3% of the cohort, with an increasing trend in the frequency of complications with a decrease in physical activity level (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The characteristics of the patients' in-hospital course are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency of complications during hospital stay in patients with ACS.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0033-60006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>We observed a significant difference in the frequency of APE (p = 0.01), stroke (p = 0.03), and atrial fibrillation (p = 0.01) among patients with different levels of physical activity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). However, the groups did not show differences regarding the frequency of cardiogenic shock (p = 0.13), reinfarction (p = 0.45), or death (p = 1.00). As for the length of hospital stay, there was a difference between the activity levels, with medians of 8 days (interquartile range = 5-10 days) for the less active group and 6 days (interquartile range = 4-8 days) for the more active group. This difference was significant when analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test (p = 0.011).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Outcome of patients with ACS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Physical Activity Level</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>General (n = 215)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Non-active (n = 121)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Active (n = 94)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cardiovascular Events</bold>
                </td>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiovascular Events, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (35.3)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (46.3)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (21.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acute Pulmonary Edema, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">07 (7.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.01 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reinfarction, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (16.3)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (18.2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (13.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stroke, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2.8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.03 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Shock, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1.9)</td>
                <td align="center">2.3 (3.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1.7 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atrial Fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (5.6)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (9.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.01 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
									</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Death, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1.4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>p &#8804; 0.05; n: Number; %: Percentage; ACS: Acute coronary syndrome.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The odds ratio of a non-active patient presenting a complication when compared with an active patient was 2.54 (95% confidence interval [CI] 95% = 1.24 - 5.20; p = 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Finally, the occurrence of in-hospital complications had a stronger association with physical inactivity (OR = 2.54) than with length of hospital stay (OR = 1.15) in a multivariate analysis that included the variables physical activity level, age, gender, diagnosis, EF, DM, hypertension, smoking, BMI, and length of hospital stay (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adjusted odds ratio for cardiovascular complications related to the level of physical activity</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Physical activity level</bold>
                </td>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-active</td>
                <td align="center">2.54</td>
                <td align="center">1.24-5.20</td>
                <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Active</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">0.97-1.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male</td>
                <td align="center">1.77</td>
                <td align="center">0.85-3.67</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diagnosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acute Myocardial Infarction with ST Elevation</td>
                <td align="center">1.25</td>
                <td align="center">0.47-3.26</td>
                <td align="center">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acute Myocardial Infarction without ST Elevation</td>
                <td align="center">1.92</td>
                <td align="center">0.84-4.38</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Unstable Angina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ejection Fraction</td>
                <td align="center">0.108</td>
                <td align="center">0.00-2.10</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes Mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">1.33</td>
                <td align="center">0.65-2.73</td>
                <td align="center">0.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">1.14</td>
                <td align="center">0.52-2.52</td>
                <td align="center">0.73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Smoking</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">2.13</td>
                <td align="center">0.86-5.23</td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Body Mass Index</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
                <td align="center">0.86-1.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Length of Hospital stay</td>
                <td align="center">1.15</td>
                <td align="center">1.08-1.23</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>p &#8804; 0.05; OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; %: Percentage.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed a p value of 0.39 (values higher than 0.05 indicate an adequacy of the model). Similarly, we estimate the classificatory power, which proved to be satisfactory: positive predictive value = 61.54%; negative predictive value = 70.45%; rate of correct classification: 68.84%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>A physically active lifestyle has been associated with a lower risk of ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In this investigation, we also demonstrated its association with a reduction in the occurrence of cardiovascular complications during hospital stay. The results show that sedentary patients when compared with physically active ones had a 2.54 (95% CI 1.24 - 5.20) times greater probability of presenting a recurrent event. In total, 43.7% of the patients were physically active and 35.3% presented CVE during hospitalization.</p>
      <p>Data from the multicenter study GREECS (<italic>Greek Study of Acute Coronary Syndromes</italic>), which evaluated the level of physical activity in 2,172 patients with ACS, showed a CVE rate of 9.4%, of which 3.2% were fatal. Of physically inactive patients, 10.6% had an event in the first 30 days after hospitalization. Among the minimally active and very active individuals, 7.1% and 6.3%, respectively, presented events. Analyses adjusted for age and gender showed that physically active patients had a probability 0.8 (95% CI 0.63 - 1.19) times lower of having a recurring event when compared with physically inactive ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Examination of similar data sets may help understand our findings. In Brazilian patients enrolled in the GRACE registry,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>the main in-hospital CVE during a mean length of hospital stay of 9 days were heart failure (21%), reinfarction (15%), cardiogenic shock (11%), death (11%), and stroke (1%). As for the association between CVE and mortality, Jesus et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> in a study performed in the same institution as ours, found a CVE rate of 12% during hospitalization, with a mortality rate of 2.5%, which is similar to the findings of the present study.</p>
      <p>We found that the frequency of complications during hospital stay in patients with ACS increases as their level of physical activity decreases. These findings are in agreement with those from the GREECS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> study which suggest that physical activity is associated with a low risk of death due to a reduction in recurring events. This protective effect may be secondary to a control in RF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> since physical activity reduces oxidative stress, which stabilizes the plaque, and stabilizes cell membranes, which decreases the frequency of arrhythmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Even though physical activity has a well established cardioprotective effect, the mechanism by which physical exercise exerts this effect, especially in patients with ACS, is not well understood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Resistance exercises have been associated with a substantial increase in myocardial performance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and infarct extent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> These exercises have the potential to interfere with ischemic preconditioning in the heart since the exercise is itself associated with myocardial ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> The protective effect of ischemic preconditioning occurs in two phases: early (up to 3 hours after the exercise) and delayed (from 24 to 72 hours after the exercise, and possibly related to the increase in cytoprotective proteins).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Ribeiro and Oliveira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> stated that regular physical activity is associated with a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including a decreased tendency to form thrombi, by reducing coagulation activity and increasing fibrinolytic activity. However, physical exercise increases acutely the coagulation and fibrinolytic responses. In contrast, the chronic effects are positive in individuals in whom these processes are impaired (for example, following an AMI).</p>
      <p>Chow et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> have demonstrated in participants of the OASIS-5 study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> that physical activity reduces the early occurrence of CVE, notably AMI, stroke, and mortality. Another potential benefit promoted by regular physical activity is that the adherence to an active lifestyle is by itself a marker of adherence to other beneficial and healthy behaviors.</p>
      <p>Some limitations must be considered in the interpretation of our results. The IPAQ is a practical and reproducible instrument, but it adopts an indirect methodology to assess the level of physical activity and is, therefore, subject to flaws. The population of patients in the present study is composed exclusively of beneficiaries of supplementary health insurance and does not include beneficiaries of the Unified Health System. We should also emphasize that the cohort was recruited from a single center. Another potential limitation of this research is the interpretation of the proposed association: the patients may complicate less because they are healthier and practice physical activity, or they may be healthier because they practice physical activity and, therefore, complicate less. Since this is not a study of causality, the research model is unable to advance beyond this point.</p>
      <p>Future studies should evaluate the quality of medical care by monitoring the patients after advising them to join a rehabilitation program. This would fulfill one of the goals of observational studies, which is to improve clinical practice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>We observed a lower frequency of complications during hospital stay in patients with ACS who practiced more physical activity (or were categorized as active). We did not evaluate the frequency in different strata of physical activity levels. The application of the IPAQ to characterize the level of physical activity provides relevant information about the in-hospital prognosis of patients with ACS.</p>
      <p>Future studies are required to confirm our data and, more importantly, to test the long-term impact of a routine practice of physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ACS.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Juliana de Goes Jorge, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;vel de Atividade F&#237;sica e Evolu&#231;&#227;o Intra-Hospitalar de Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana de Goes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Norma Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faro</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Baptista de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa,</bold> Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Av Stanley Silveira,33; Sala 210. CEP 49015-400, Aracaju, SE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>acssousa@terra.com.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jorge JG, Barreto Filho JAS, Oliveira JLM, Sousa ACS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jorge JG, Oliveira NA, Faro GBA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jorge JG, Santos MAA, Barreto Filho JAS, Oliveira JLM, Melo EV, Oliveira NA, Faro GBA, Sousa ACS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Jorge JG, Santos MAA, Barreto Filho JAS, Melo EV, Sousa ACS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jorge JG, Santos MAA, Barreto Filho JAS, Oliveira JLM, Sousa ACS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jorge JG, Santos MAA, Barreto Filho JAS, Oliveira JLM, Sousa ACS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) constitui uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade no mundo moderno. O sedentarismo, presente em 85% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, &#233; considerado fator de risco para o surgimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida a correla&#231;&#227;o do sedentarismo com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares (ECV) durante o internamento de portadores da SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar o grau de atividade f&#237;sica de portadores de SCA, mediante a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica (IPAQ), associando com o progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional, transversal e anal&#237;tico com 215 sujeitos admitidos consecutivamente com diagn&#243;stico de SCA em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica no per&#237;odo de julho de 2009 a fevereiro de 2011. Todos os volunt&#225;rios responderam &#224; vers&#227;o curta do IPAQ e foram seguidos quanto ao aparecimento de ECV durante o internamento, a partir de avalia&#231;&#227;o padronizada administrada pelo pesquisador, corroborada com dados do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram internados com diagn&#243;sticos de angina inst&#225;vel (34,4%), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) sem supradesnivelamento de ST (41,4%) e IAM com supradesnivelamento de ST (24,2%). De acordo com o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, foram classificados em n&#227;o ativos (56,3%) e ativos (43,7%). Constatou-se a presen&#231;a de ECV em 35,3% da amostra. A ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar esteve associada ao tempo de internamento (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] = 1,15) e inatividade f&#237;sica (OR = 2,54) e foi independente da idade, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva pr&#233;via.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Estilo de vida fisicamente ativo reduz o risco de ECV durante o internamento em pacientes com SCA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida Sedent&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Question&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade Motora / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) constitui uma das principais causas de morte do mundo moderno<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e &#233; respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 30% dos &#243;bitos no Brasil e 10% das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</p>
        <p>A elevada incid&#234;ncia de SCA ocorre por inatividade f&#237;sica e fal&#234;ncia no controle de fatores de risco (FR) cl&#225;ssicos, como tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia e obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Segundo levantamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, 85% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira n&#227;o pratica nenhuma atividade f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
        <p>N&#227;o se conhece perfeitamente os mecanismos espec&#237;ficos pelos quais a atividade f&#237;sica e o condicionamento f&#237;sico reduzem a mortalidade. Associa-se a atividade f&#237;sica a modifica&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis no risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular por meio de redu&#231;&#227;o da obesidade, melhor distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal e menor incid&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. O exerc&#237;cio regular tamb&#233;m possui efeito modesto, mas ben&#233;fico sobre a press&#227;o arterial e os perfis lipoproteicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Novas evid&#234;ncias sugerem que o treinamento de exerc&#237;cio altera favoravelmente o sistema fibrinol&#237;tico, o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, gerando mudan&#231;as que podem influenciar a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e, portanto, reduzir o risco cardiovascular subsequente. Al&#233;m disso, mostrou-se que o treinamento de exerc&#237;cios entre indiv&#237;duos com coronariopatia conhecida melhora a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e reduz a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose e os n&#237;veis de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica para certa intensidade de esfor&#231;o. Dados sugerem que o efeito sobre a perfus&#227;o parece trazer benef&#237;cios ao resultado cl&#237;nico, al&#233;m de reduzir significativamente a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos adversos, resultando em uma melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Apesar da elevada incid&#234;ncia e morbimortalidade da SCA, e da reconhecida prote&#231;&#227;o proporcionada pela pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica na preven&#231;&#227;o do IAM, a correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre estilo de vida fisicamente ativo e ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares (ECV) durante o internamento de pacientes com SCA n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar com o Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica (IPAQ) o grau de atividade f&#237;sica de pacientes com SCA e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo do tipo observacional, transversal e anal&#237;tico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes e M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Amostra n&#227;o aleat&#243;ria, de conveni&#234;ncia e recrutada de forma consecutiva. A estimativa do tamanho da amostra foi determinada com base na frequ&#234;ncia de admiss&#245;es de pacientes com SCA na Unidade de Dor Tor&#225;cica (UDT) de um hospital considerado como refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica em Sergipe, Brasil. Esse hospital possui Acredita&#231;&#227;o N&#237;vel 3 (IQG - Instituto Qualisa de Gest&#227;o) e faz parte do registro SOLAR (S&#227;o Lucas Registro em SCA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A estimativa do tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra foi de 195 indiv&#237;duos e se baseou nos seguintes par&#226;metros: alfa bicaudal = 0,05, poder = 90%, probabilidade de evento no grupo com maior atividade f&#237;sica = 30%, <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) do grupo menos ativo comparado ao mais ativo = 1,7. O tamanho da amostra foi aumentado em 10% em virtude de um potencial de redu&#231;&#227;o no caso de indiv&#237;duos retirarem o consentimento para a pesquisa. Assim, considerando-se uma taxa aproximada de 10 admiss&#245;es por m&#234;s, o tamanho final da amostra foi estimado em 215 pacientes.</p>
          <p>Foram recrutados pacientes de ambos os g&#234;neros, internados com quadro de SCA na UDT do referido hospital durante o per&#237;odo de julho de 2009 a fevereiro de 2011. Todos os pacientes possu&#237;am plano de sa&#250;de suplementar.</p>
          <p>Todos os volunt&#225;rios inclu&#237;dos no estudo responderam &#224; vers&#227;o curta do IPAQ. O question&#225;rio foi aplicado individualmente ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o do paciente na UDT. Para tanto, os participantes do estudo receberam o question&#225;rio com instru&#231;&#245;es e recomenda&#231;&#245;es para seu preenchimento sem limite de tempo. As eventuais d&#250;vidas manifestadas pelos pacientes foram prontamente esclarecidas pelo investigador, o qual acompanhou pessoalmente toda a coleta de dados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de Inclus&#227;o e Exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo os pacientes que apresentaram quadro de SCA (angina inst&#225;vel, IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST [SST], ou IAM com SST), definido pela hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica (sintomas consistentes com isquemia aguda) e aumento seriado nos marcadores de necrose card&#237;aca, e confirmado a partir de pelo menos um dos seguintes exames: eletrocardiografia, ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com Doppler e cineangiocoronariografia. O &#250;nico crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foi a inabilidade para completar o question&#225;rio (ex: instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, dem&#234;ncia, del&#237;rio, dist&#250;rbios depressivos graves, etc).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Para determinar o perfil cl&#237;nico e laboratorial e a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar dos pacientes com SCA, foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o padronizada administrada pelo pesquisador e corroborada com dados do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico. Foram avaliados os seguintes par&#226;metros: a) identifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente; b) quadro cl&#237;nico na admiss&#227;o (press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica [PAD], press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica [PAS], frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca [FC]); c) tratamento na fase aguda (interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea com <italic>stent</italic>, angioplastia transluminal coron&#225;ria com bal&#227;o, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e tratamento medicamentoso); d) exames de rotina (hemograma, creatinina, glicemia, ureia, perfil lip&#237;dico, s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio, marcadores de necrose card&#237;aca [troponina, CK-MB], ecocardiografia); e) antecedentes e FR cardiovasculares (HAS, DM, dislipidemia, tabagismo atual/recente, doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via, etc.), f) medidas antropom&#233;tricas (peso e altura, para c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corporal [IMC]) e g) evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar quanto ao surgimento de ECV (morte cardiovascular, eventos isqu&#234;micos recorrentes, edema agudo do pulm&#227;o [EAP], acidente vascular cerebral [AVC], choque cardiog&#234;nico e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial) e tempo de internamento.</p>
          <p>Foram definidos como tabagistas os pacientes que mantinham o h&#225;bito de fumar, e como ex-tabagistas os que haviam suspendido o cigarro h&#225; pelo menos um ano. Foram classificados como diab&#233;ticos os que tinham diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DM e/ou estavam em uso de hipoglicemiantes ou aqueles que em exames pr&#233;vios ou durante a interna&#231;&#227;o apresentassem n&#237;veis de glicemia de jejum &gt; 126 mg/dL. HAS foi considerada nos pacientes que j&#225; tinham esse diagn&#243;stico previamente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o e/ou faziam uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas, ou que apresentavam press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805; 90 mmHg. Dislipidemia foi determinada pela ocorr&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de LDL-C e/ou n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos baixos de HDL-C e/ou aumento s&#233;rico de triglicer&#237;deos (LDL-C &gt; 130 mg/dL, HDL-C &lt; 40 mg/dL e triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dL). Pacientes com IMC &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> foram considerados como tendo excesso de peso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
						</p>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica recorrente foi baseado em sintomas isqu&#234;micos recorrentes, novas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e/ou subsequente eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de CK-MB ap&#243;s uma diminui&#231;&#227;o, a partir de um valor de pico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> EAP foi definido como a presen&#231;a de sinais cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, manifesta&#231;&#227;o de dispneia, sinais de hip&#243;xia e fluido nos pulm&#245;es (isto &#233;, ausculta pulmonar revelando estertores e radiografia de t&#243;rax evidenciando infiltrados pulmonares bilaterais consistentes com congest&#227;o). AVC foi definido como o desenvolvimento r&#225;pido de sinais cl&#237;nicos de dist&#250;rbio focal (ou global) da fun&#231;&#227;o cerebral com dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 24 horas sem outra causa aparente al&#233;m da vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Choque cardiog&#234;nico foi definido na presen&#231;a de hipotens&#227;o arterial (PAS &lt; 90 mmHg ou 30 mmHg abaixo do valor basal), evid&#234;ncias de hipoperfus&#227;o tissular, tais como olig&#250;ria, cianose, extremidades frias e altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de consci&#234;ncia, press&#227;o capilar pulmonar &gt; 18 mmHg, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco &lt; 1,8 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>, &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica &gt; 2000 dina.seg/cm<sup>5</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> e aumento da diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa de O<sub>2</sub> &gt; 5,5 mL/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						</p>
          <p>O IPAQ, question&#225;rio utilizado em nosso estudo, coleta informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a pr&#225;tica habitual de atividade f&#237;sica. Esse question&#225;rio foi proposto pelo Grupo Internacional para Consenso em Medidas da Atividade F&#237;sica, constitu&#237;do sob a chancela da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de com representantes de 25 pa&#237;ses, inclusive do Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Optou-se pelo question&#225;rio de autoadministra&#231;&#227;o em seu formato curto (vers&#227;o 8) composto por oito quest&#245;es abertas que investigam atividades na semana anterior. As quest&#245;es indagam sobre a frequ&#234;ncia (dias/semana) e o tempo (minutos/dia) dedicados &#224; execu&#231;&#227;o de caminhadas, atividades envolvendo esfor&#231;os f&#237;sicos de intensidades moderada e vigorosa, al&#233;m de atividades realizadas na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. Considera-se como vigorosa a atividade f&#237;sica que exige grande esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico e respira&#231;&#227;o muito mais intensa que o normal, e moderada a atividade f&#237;sica que exige algum esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico e respira&#231;&#227;o um pouco mais intensa que o normal.</p>
          <p>Para classificar a pr&#225;tica habitual de atividade f&#237;sica, recorreu-se ao consenso proposto pelo Centro de Estudos do Laborat&#243;rio de Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul (centro coordenador do IPAQ no Brasil), considerando quatro estratos:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> I - <italic>Muito Ativo:</italic> &#8805; 30 minutos/sess&#227;o de atividades vigorosas &#8805; 5 dias/semana; e/ou &#8805; 20 minutos/sess&#227;o de atividades vigorosas &#8805; 3 dias/semana somadas a &#8805; 30 minutos/sess&#227;o de atividades moderadas ou caminhadas &#8805; 5 dias/semana; II - <italic>Ativo:</italic> &#8805; 20 minutos/sess&#227;o de atividades vigorosas &#8805; dias/semana; e/ou &#8805; 30 minutos/sess&#227;o de atividades moderadas ou caminhadas &#8805; 5 dias/semana; e/ou &#8805; 150 minutos/semana de qualquer das atividades somadas (vigorosa + moderada + caminhada); III - <italic>Irregularmente Ativo:</italic> &lt; 150 e &gt; 10 minutos/semana de qualquer das atividades somadas (vigorosa + moderada + caminhada); e IV - <italic>Sedent&#225;rio:</italic> &#8804; 10 minutos/semana de qualquer das atividades somadas (vigorosa + moderada + caminhada).</p>
          <p>A partir dessa estratifica&#231;&#227;o, os sujeitos foram classificados em dois grupos baseados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica: n&#227;o ativos, compreendendo os sedent&#225;rios e irregularmente ativos; e ativos, englobando os ativos e muito ativos.</p>
          <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que foram considerados como praticantes de atividade f&#237;sica aqueles pacientes que realizavam exerc&#237;cio regular at&#233; pelo menos tr&#234;s meses antes do primeiro evento da SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#201;ticos</title>
          <p>O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFS (Universidade Federal de Sergipe) com o n&#250;mero 5673.0.000.107-09. Antes de participarem do estudo, todos os volunt&#225;rios assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica e Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos Dados</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram expressas por frequ&#234;ncia (percentagem) e as quantitativas foram submetidas ao teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para determina&#231;&#227;o do tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o; as que preencheram o pressuposto da normalidade foram apresentadas por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas com mediana e intervalos interquartis ou valores m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo.</p>
          <p>Para compara&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, foram empregados o teste de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, quando apropriado. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi aplicado para compara&#231;&#245;es entre os dois grupos principais quando as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas ou discretas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Em caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar foi avaliada com regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para determina&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o de chance (OR) ajustada e n&#227;o ajustada. Para inclus&#227;o no modelo, foram consideradas as raz&#245;es de chance brutas com p &lt; 0,10 e, para perman&#234;ncia no modelo, p &lt; 0,05.</p>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram feitas usando o SPSS, vers&#227;o 17.0. As diferen&#231;as observadas durante a an&#225;lise foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando a probabilidade foi &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 215 volunt&#225;rios com m&#233;dia de idade de 66,5&#177;14,7 anos, sendo 124 (57,7%) do g&#234;nero masculino e 124 (57,7%) de cor de pele branca. Quanto ao tipo de SCA, observou-se: angina inst&#225;vel (34,4%), IAM sem SST (41,4%) e IAM com SST (24,2%). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, 121 (56,3%) pacientes foram classificados como n&#227;o ativos e 94 (43,7%) como ativos. As caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes com SCA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin"/>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>N&#237;vel de Atividade F&#237;sica</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Geral (n = 215)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o Ativos (n = 121)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ativos (n = 94)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td/>
                  <td/>
                  <td/>
                  <td/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">66,5 &#177; 14,7</td>
                  <td align="center">68,2 &#177; 15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">64,3 &#177; 12,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero Masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (57,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (57,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (57,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ra&#231;a Branca, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (57,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (63,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dados admiss&#227;o, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 &#177; 26,3</td>
                  <td align="center">140,1 &#177; 28,7</td>
                  <td align="center">132,8 &#177; 22,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
										</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,7 &#177; 14,8</td>
                  <td align="center">81,7 &#177; 16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">79,4 &#177; 12,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,3 &#177; 16,9</td>
                  <td align="center">80,7 &#177; 18,2</td>
                  <td align="center">77,5 &#177; 14,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
										</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diagn&#243;stico, n (%) 0,28</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (24,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (20,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (28,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (41,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (45,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (36,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina Inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (34,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (33,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (35,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>p &#8804; 0,05; n: N&#250;mero; DP: Desvio padr&#227;o; mmHg: Mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio; bpm: Batimentos por minuto; %: Percentagem; SCA: S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Do ponto de vista basal os grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as quanto a idade, g&#234;nero, IMC, PAD, FC e tipo de SCA. Todavia, os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o ativos apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) significativamente menor (p &lt; 0,001) e m&#233;dia de PAS mais elevada (p = 0,04) do que o grupo de pacientes ativos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao passado de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, apenas insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (p = 0,002) e trombose venosa profunda (p = 0,02) foram mais prevalentes no grupo de n&#227;o ativos, comparativamente ao grupo de ativos. Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de FR cardiovascular, aproximadamente 3/4 dos pacientes eram hipertensos, cerca de 1/3 eram dislipid&#234;micos, pouco menos da metade da amostra era de diab&#233;ticos e aproximadamente 1/4 era de obesos e tabagistas, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Antecedentes e fatores de risco cardiovasculares dos pacientes com SCA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin"/>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>N&#237;vel de Atividade F&#237;sica</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Geral (n = 215)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o Ativos (n = 121)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ativos (n = 94)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td/>
                  <td/>
                  <td/>
                  <td/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria Familiar de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Obstrutiva</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (54)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (31,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (22,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (47,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (49,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (44,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio Pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (28,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (32,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (24,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina Inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (56,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (58,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (54,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina Est&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (13,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (10,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angioplastia Transluminal Coronariana Pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (44,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (43,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (45,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio Pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (19,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (19,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (18,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (60,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (59,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (61,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (44,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (46,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (41,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (74,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (74,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (74,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (18,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (18,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Congestiva Pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (20,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (28,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
										</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmia Pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (31,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (34,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (26,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombose Venosa Profunda Pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (11,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (15,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
										</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente Vascular Cerebral Pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (10,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (7,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>p &#8804; 0,05; n: N&#250;mero; DP: Desvio padr&#227;o; %: Percentagem; SCA: S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Intra-hospitalar dos Pacientes</title>
          <p>Constatou-se a presen&#231;a de ECV em 35,3% da amostra, com tend&#234;ncia crescente na frequ&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es (p &lt; 0,001) conforme a diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas da evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar dos pacientes est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares nos pacientes com SCA.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0033-60006-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfecho dos pacientes com SCA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin"/>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>N&#237;vel de Atividade F&#237;sica</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Geral (n = 215)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>N&#227;o Ativos (n = 121)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ativos (n = 94)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Eventos Cardiovasculares</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td/>
                  <td/>
                  <td/>
                  <td/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eventos Cardiovasculares, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (35,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (46,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (21,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
										</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Edema Agudo de Pulm&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">07 (7,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
										</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reinfarto, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (18,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (13,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente Vascular Cerebral, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
										</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Choque, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (9,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
										</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;bito, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>p &#8804; 0,05; n: N&#250;mero; %: Percentagem; SCA: S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Observou-se diferen&#231;a significativa na frequ&#234;ncia de EAP (p = 0,01), AVC (p = 0,03) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p = 0,01) entre pacientes com diferentes n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). No entanto, os grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico (p = 0,13), reinfarto (p = 0,45) e &#243;bito (p = 1,00). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de internamento, constatou-se diferen&#231;a entre os n&#237;veis de atividade, com medianas de 8 dias (intervalo interquartil = 5-10 dias) para o grupo menos ativo e 6 dias (intervalo interquartil = 4-8 dias) para o grupo mais ativo. Esta diferen&#231;a foi significativa ao teste de Mann-Whitney (p = 0,011).</p>
          <p>A raz&#227;o de chance dos pacientes n&#227;o ativos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ativos de apresentarem complica&#231;&#227;o foi de 2,54 (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95% = 1,24 - 5,20, p = 0,01) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ativos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Por fim, a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar esteve mais associada &#224; inatividade f&#237;sica (OR = 2,54) do que ao tempo de internamento (OR = 1,15) em an&#225;lise multivariada que incluiu as vari&#225;veis n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, idade, g&#234;nero, diagn&#243;sticos, FE, DM, HAS, tabagismo, IMC e tempo de internamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Raz&#227;o de chance ajustada para complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares relacionadas ao n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#237;vel atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td/>
                  <td/>
                  <td/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o Ativos</td>
                  <td align="center">2,54</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24-5,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
										</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ativos</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97-1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85-3,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diagn&#243;stico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47-3,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST</td>
                  <td align="center">1,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84-4,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina Inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,108</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00-2,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes Mellitus</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65-2,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52-2,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86-5,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86-1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de Internamento</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08-1,23</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
										</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>p &#8804; 0,05; OR: Odds Ratio; IC: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a; %: Percentagem.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Aplicamos o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow, que apresentou um valor de p de 0,39 (valores de p superiores a 0,05 indicam adequa&#231;&#227;o do modelo). Do mesmo modo, estimamos o poder classificat&#243;rio, que se revelou satisfat&#243;rio: valor preditivo positivo = 61,54%; valor preditivo negativo = 70,45%; taxa de classifica&#231;&#227;o correta: 68,84%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estilo de vida fisicamente ativo tem sido associado com menor risco de SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o ficou demonstrada tamb&#233;m a sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a redu&#231;&#227;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares durante internamento hospitalar. Os resultados mostram que pacientes sedent&#225;rios quando comparados a pacientes fisicamente ativos apresentaram uma probabilidade 2,54 (IC 95% 1,24 - 5,20) vezes maior de um evento recorrente. Ao todo, 43,7% praticavam atividade f&#237;sica e 35,3% apresentaram ECV durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Dados do estudo multic&#234;ntrico GREECS (<italic>Greek Study of Acute Coronary Syndromes</italic>), que pesquisou o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica em 2172 pacientes com SCA, evidenciou que a taxa de ECV foi de 9,4%, sendo que 3,2% desses eventos foram fatais. Entre os pacientes inativos fisicamente, 10,6% tiveram um evento nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Entre os minimamente ativos e muito ativos, 7,1% e 6,3%, respectivamente, apresentaram eventos. An&#225;lises ajustadas para idade e g&#234;nero mostraram que pacientes fisicamente ativos tiveram probabilidade apenas 0,8 (IC 95% 0,63 - 1,19) vezes menor de ter evento recorrente, comparado com pacientes inativos fisicamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Uma explora&#231;&#227;o de conjuntos de dados semelhantes pode ajudar a compreens&#227;o dos nossos achados. No registro GRACE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> os principais ECV intra-hospitalares em pacientes brasileiros durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 9 dias foram a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (21%), o reinfarto (15%), o choque cardiog&#234;nico (11%), o &#243;bito (11%) e o AVC (1%). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre ECV e mortalidade, Jesus et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> encontraram em um estudo realizado na mesma institui&#231;&#227;o da presente pesquisa uma taxa de ECV de 12% durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o com uma mortalidade de 2,5%, o que se assemelha aos achados do presente estudo.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou que a frequ&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares em portadores de SCA aumenta conforme o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica diminui. Estes achados est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com os do estudo GREECS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> que sugere que a atividade f&#237;sica est&#225; associada com baixo risco de morte por reduzir eventos recorrentes. Este efeito protetor pode ocorrer devido ao controle de FR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> pois o exerc&#237;cio reduz o estresse oxidativo, o que estabiliza a placa, e estabiliza a membrana celular, o que reduz o risco de arritmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Ainda que estabelecido o efeito cardioprotetor da atividade f&#237;sica, o mecanismo pelo qual o exerc&#237;cio exerce esse efeito, especialmente em pacientes com SCA, n&#227;o &#233; bem compreendido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia t&#234;m sido associados com um aumento substancial no desempenho mioc&#225;rdico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> e tamanho do infarto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Esses exerc&#237;cios t&#234;m o potencial de agir no pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico do cora&#231;&#227;o, pois o exerc&#237;cio, por ele mesmo, &#233; um meio de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> O efeito protetor do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico ocorre em duas fases: precoce, at&#233; 3 horas ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, e tardia, de 24 a 72 horas ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio e possivelmente relacionada ao aumento de prote&#237;nas citoprotetoras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Ribeiro e Oliveira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> afirmaram que a atividade f&#237;sica regular est&#225; associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o dos riscos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo a redu&#231;&#227;o da tend&#234;ncia trombog&#234;nica pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade de coagula&#231;&#227;o e aumento da atividade fibrinol&#237;tica. Por&#233;m, o exerc&#237;cio aumenta agudamente as respostas de coagula&#231;&#227;o e fibrinol&#237;ticas. J&#225; os efeitos cr&#244;nicos s&#227;o positivos em pessoas com defici&#234;ncias nesses processos (por exemplo, ap&#243;s IAM).</p>
        <p>Chow et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> demonstraram em participantes do estudo OASIS-5<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> que a atividade f&#237;sica reduz a ocorr&#234;ncia precoce de ECV, notadamente o IAM, AVC e mortalidade. Outro potencial benef&#237;cio promovido pela atividade f&#237;sica regular &#233; que aderir a um estilo de vida ativo &#233; por si s&#243; um marcador de ades&#227;o a outros comportamentos ben&#233;ficos e saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de nossos resultados. O question&#225;rio IPAQ &#233; um instrumento pr&#225;tico e reprodut&#237;vel, mas a sua avalia&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica &#233; feita por uma metodologia indireta e, portanto, sujeita a falhas. A popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do presente estudo &#233; composta exclusivamente de usu&#225;rios do sistema de sa&#250;de suplementar, n&#227;o contemplando portanto usu&#225;rios do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. Deve-se salientar ainda que a amostra foi recrutada em um &#250;nico centro. Outra potencial limita&#231;&#227;o desta investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o proposta: os pacientes podem complicar menos porque s&#227;o mais saud&#225;veis e por isso fazem atividade f&#237;sica, ou podem ser mais saud&#225;veis porque praticam atividade f&#237;sica, e por isso, complicam menos. Por n&#227;o se tratar de estudo de causalidade, o modelo de trabalho n&#227;o permite avan&#231;ar al&#233;m deste ponto.</p>
        <p>Uma perspectiva de investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade do cuidado m&#233;dico mediante o acompanhamento dos pacientes ap&#243;s serem aconselhados a entrar em um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Desta forma, estaria sendo cumprida uma das finalidades dos estudos observacionais que &#233; a de melhoria da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Verificou-se frequ&#234;ncia menor de complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares em portadores de SCA que praticaram mais atividade f&#237;sica (ou classificados como ativos). A frequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o foi avaliada em diferentes estratos conforme o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do IPAQ para caracterizar o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica oferece informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes quanto ao progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar de portadores de SCA.</p>
        <p>Pesquisas futuras s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para confirmar nossos dados e, mais importante, para testar os efeitos a longo prazo da pr&#225;tica habitual de atividade f&#237;sica nos desfechos cardiovasculares de pacientes com SCA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Juliana de Goes Jorge pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
