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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PjKzTbdghQXT9sxnD8LjCFx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000100026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005030102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150147</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aortic Counterpulsation Therapy in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: Analysis of the TBRIDGE Registry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Adam</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Lins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ciambelli</surname>
            <given-names>Giuliano Serafino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kopel</surname>
            <given-names>Liliane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernoche</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Nicolau Geisler Daud</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macatr&#227;o-Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Frota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Breno de Alencar Araripe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Gelas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor HC FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Cristiano Guedes Bezerra,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, 2&#186; andar, secretaria da unidade de terapia intensiva. Postal Code 05403-900, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cristianoguedes@cardiol.br</email>, <email>cristiano.bezerra@incor.usp.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Bezerra CG, Falc&#227;o BAA, Lage SG; Acquisition of data: Bezerra CG, Adam EL, Baptista ML, Ciambelli GS, Kopel L, Bernoche C, Lopes LNGD, Macatr&#227;o-Costa MF, Falc&#227;o BAA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Bezerra CG, Adam EL, Baptista ML, Ciambelli GS, Falc&#227;o BAA, Lage SG; Statistical analysis: Bezerra CG, Adam EL, Falc&#227;o BAA, Lage SG; Writing of the manuscript: Bezerra CG, Adam EL, Falc&#227;o BAA, Lage SG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bezerra CG, Adam EL, Kopel L, Bernoche C, Lopes LNGD, Macatr&#227;o-Costa MF, Falc&#227;o BAA, Lage SG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>26</fpage>
      <lpage>32</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The use of aortic counterpulsation therapy in advanced heart failure is controversial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and its impact on 30-day mortality in patients with heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Historical prospective, unicentric study to evaluate all patients treated with IABP betwen August/2008 and July/2013, included in an institutional registry named TBRIDGE (The Brazilian Registry of Intra-aortic balloon pump in Decompensated heart failure - Global Evaluation). We analyzed changes in oxygen central venous saturation (ScvO<sub>2</sub>), arterial lactate, and use of vasoactive drugs at 48 hours after IABP insertion. The 30-day mortality was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and diferences in subgroups were evaluated by the Log-rank test.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 223 patients (mean age 49 &#177; 14 years) were included. Mean left ventricle ejection fraction was 24 &#177; 10%, and 30% of patients had Chagas disease. Compared with pre-IABP insertion, we observed an increase in ScvO<sub>2</sub> (50.5% vs. 65.5%, p &lt; 0.001) and use of nitroprusside (33.6% vs. 47.5%, p &lt; 0.001), and a decrease in lactate levels (31.4 vs. 16.7 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001) and use of vasopressors (36.3% vs. 25.6%, p = 0.003) after IABP insertion. Thirty-day survival was 69%, with lower mortality in Chagas disease patients compared without the disease (p = 0.008).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>After 48 hours of use, IABP promoted changes in the use of vasoactive drugs, improved tissue perfusion. Chagas etiology was associated with lower 30-day mortality. Aortic counterpulsation therapy is an effective method of circulatory support for patients waiting for heart transplantation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Shock, Cardiogenic / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplanation</kwd>
        <kwd>Counterpulsation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiogenic shock is a clinical condition with a high mortality rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Patients with severe ventricular dysfunction and advanced heart failure are frequently referred to intensive care units (ICUs) for hemodynamic support. Despite pharmacological therapy including diuretics, vasodilators and inotropic agents, many of these patients persists in shock, demanding support until recovery or heart transplantation.</p>
      <p>Introduced in the 1960s, the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) remains the most widely used circulatory assist device in cardiogenic shock.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Its effectiveness for the management of these patients is based on the positive hemodynamic effects on cardiac output, coronary perfusion and left ventricular afterload, in addition to its suitability to the intensive care setting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Although there are no randomized controlled trials showing a reduction in mortality, the IABP has been indicated to patients with acute coronary syndromes and hemodynamic instability until recovery of stunned myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Its indication in advanced cardiomyopathy also lacks evidence, although is related to clinical stabilization and maintenance of tissue perfusion during advanced stages of the disease. The aims of this study were to evaluate hemodynamic and metabolic effects of IABP and 30-day mortality in patients with advanced cardiomyopathy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Historical prospective, unicentric study, performed to evaluate all patients treated with IABP between August/2008 and July/2013, in a cardiac ICU dedicated to heart failure patients. Data were obtained from an institutional registry named TBRIDGE (The Brazilian Registry of Intra-aortic ballon pump in Decompensated heart failure - Global Evaluation), created to evaluate the IABP performance on circulatory assistance in patients with advanced cardiomyopathy based on information collected from patients' electronic medical records. We assessed the central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO<sub>2</sub>), pH, bicarbonate, base excess, arterial lactate, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelet count, urea, creatinine, sodium, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and echocardiographic data - left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricle end-diastolic diameter, left ventricle end-systolic diameter, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, presence and degree of right ventricular dysfunction, presence and degree of mitral regurgitation. We also investigated the percentage of patients using vasoactive drugs (dobutamine, milrinone, sodium nitroprusside) and vasopressors (norepinephrine and dopamine). Patients were classified according to the level of respiratory support (room air, nasal cannula oxygen, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation) and severity of renal dysfunction. Renal failure was defined as need for hemodialysis or estimated creatinine clearance &lt; 60 mL/min, calculated by the Cockroft-Gault formula. Clinical and laboratory data immediately before (pre-IABP) and 48 hours after the insertion of IABP (post-IABP) were compared.</p>
      <p>We evaluated 30-day mortality, rate of heart transplantation, readmissions after hospital discharge, IABP-related complications (pseudoaneurysm, bleeding, arteriovenous fistula, arterial and venous embolism), and the rate of anticoagulant use.</p>
      <p>Quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation and median and interquartile range (IQR), as appropriate. Qualitative variables were expressed as absolute frequencies and percentages. Pre- and post-IABP quantitative data were compared by paired Student's t-test (for normal distribution data) or by the Wilcoxon test (when assumption of normal distribution was rejected), and qualitative data were compared by the McNemar test.</p>
      <p>Survival curve was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and diferences in subgroups were evaluated by the Log-rank test. Clinical assessment of patients in the late follow-up was based on the last outpatient visit data contained in their medical records. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Analysis of data was performed using the SPSS software, version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). The study was approved by the local ethics committee.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 2,892 patients were admitted to the cardiac ICU, and 223 (7.7%) received 302 IABPs, during the five-year period of the study. Clinical features are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>. The leading etiologies of heart failure were Chagas disease (30%), ischemic cadiomyopathy (29%) and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (15%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The most common indication for IABP was low cardiac output syndrome (93%), followed by refractory angina (1.7%), electrical storm (2.2%), and support for high-risk procedures (3.1%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of patients treated with intra-aortic balloon pump</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="left"/>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">49.3 &#177; 14.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">162 (72.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">90 (40.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (13.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (34.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (33.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cerebrovascular disease &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypothyroidism &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (11.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peripheral vascular insufficiency &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous percutaneous coronary intervention &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (17.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous coronary artery bypass grafting &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (9.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous heart transplantation &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Permanent atrial fibrillation &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (30)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Implantable cardioverter defibrillator &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (5.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pacemaker &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (9.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiac resynchronization therapy &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (8.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cancer &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Primary valvular disease &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (4.9)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Causes of heart failure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Causes of heart failure</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Chagas disease</td>
              <td align="center">30.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">15.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Valvular cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">6.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Viral myocarditis</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Alcoholic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">3.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiomyopathy after chemotherapy</td>
              <td align="center">3.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Others</td>
              <td align="center">9.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The median time of hemodynamic support with IABP was 10 days (IQR: 4-22.5). The longest time on IABP was 263 days. Fifty-two patients (23.3%) used two or more IABP devices during hospitalization.</p>
      <p>The mean LVEF assessed by echocardiogram was 24 &#177; 10%, with left ventricular diastolic diameter of 69 mm. Moderate or severe mitral regurgitation was observed in 62% of patients, and moderate or severe right ventricular dysfunction was found in 70.8% of patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Echocardiographic data</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="left"/>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricle ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">24.4 &#177; 10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricle diastolic diameter&#8211; mm</td>
              <td align="center">69.4 &#177; 12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricle systolic diameter &#8211; mm</td>
              <td align="center">60.8 &#177; 13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pulmonary artery systolic pressure &#8211; mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">50.6 &#177; 12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Moderate to severe mitral regurgitation (% of patients)</td>
              <td align="center">62</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Moderate to severe right ventricle dysfunction (% of patients)</td>
              <td align="center">70.8</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Laboratory data before and 48 hours after the insertion of IABP are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 4</xref>. Microhemodynamic parameters improved post-IABP as compared with pre-IABP values, such as a decrease in serum lactate (32.9 <italic>vs.</italic> 17.1 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.01), and an increase in ScvO<sub>2</sub> (50.6 <italic>vs.</italic> 66%, p &lt; 0.01), pH (7.37 <italic>vs</italic>. 7.39, p &lt; 0.001), serum bicarbonate (21.1 <italic>vs</italic>. 23.8 mg/dl, p &lt; 0.001) and base excess (-3.31 <italic>vs</italic>. -0.5, p &lt; 0.001). Although creatinine levels did not significantly change after the IABP, a significant decrease in the levels of urea was observed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of laboratory data between pre- and post-insertion of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Serum parameters</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Pre-IABP insertion</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Post-IABP insertion</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean &#177; DP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Mean &#177; DP</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">11 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">10 &#177; 1.66</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>White blood cell count (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">10105 &#177; 4871</td>
              <td align="center">10164 &#177; 5350</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Platelet count (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">211444 &#177; 82599</td>
              <td align="center">162069 &#177; 71889</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">83 &#177; 46</td>
              <td align="center">75.6 &#177; 43</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">2.19 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.04 &#177; 1.28</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pH</td>
              <td align="center">7.36 &#177; 0.09</td>
              <td align="center">7.39 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bicarbonate (mmol/L)</td>
              <td align="center">20.9 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">23.7 &#177; 4.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Base excess (mmol/L)</td>
              <td align="center">-3.55 &#177; 5.54</td>
              <td align="center">-0.62 &#177; 4.43</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ScvO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
              <td align="center">50.6 &#177; 14.8</td>
              <td align="center">66 &#177; 12.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Arterial lactate (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">32.9 &#177; 28.9</td>
              <td align="center">17.1 &#177; 16.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">132 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BNP (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">2213 &#177; 1604</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PCR (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">66.7 &#177; 63</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ScvO<sub>2</sub>: Central venous oxygen saturation; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; PCR: C-reactive protein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After 48 hours of IABP insertion, we found an increased use of the vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (33.7 <italic>vs</italic> 47.5%, p = 0.0002) and reduced use of norepinephrine and dopamine (36.2 <italic>vs</italic> 25.6%, p = 0.0036). No significant differences in the rate of dobutamine or milrinone use were found (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of the frequency of use of vasoactive drugs by the patients between pre and post-insertion of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Vasoactive drugs</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Pre-IABP insertion</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Post-IABP insertion</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Norepinephrine</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">32.6</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">28.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Norepinephrine + Dopamine</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">36.3</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">25.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.0036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dobutamine</td>
              <td align="center">192</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
              <td align="center">192</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sodium nitroprusside</td>
              <td align="center">68</td>
              <td align="center">33.6</td>
              <td align="center">96</td>
              <td align="center">47.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.0002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Milrinone</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">11.4</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">11.4</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The degree of respiratory support did not change after the IABP as compared with pre-IABP. Fifty-one (23%) patients were on room air, 84 (38%) received high flow nasal cannula oxygen, 23 (10%) were on non-invasive positive pressure ventilation and 65 (29%) on mechanical ventilation.</p>
      <p>Before IABP, 172 (77.1%) patients had renal failure, and 20 (8%) of them received hemodialysis. A significant decrease in the number of patients with renal failure, on or not on hemodialysis, was observed after IABP as compared with pre-IABP (77.1% <italic>vs</italic>. 62.33%, p = 0.001).</p>
      <p>The median duration of hospitalization was 37 days. Thirty-day survival was 63.9% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Heart transplantation was performed in 14% of patients. In-hospital mortality was 75%, 82% for those who did not receive heart transplantation and 29% for those who underwent transplantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The median time from the IABP insertion to the transplantation was 28 days, with maximum time of 217 days. A readmission rate of 80% and late mortality rate of 20% was found in the follow-up of 56 discharged patients. Patients with Chagas heart disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) had a greater 30-day survival than patients with other causes (77.5% <italic>vs.</italic> 58.7%, p = 0.008).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Thirty-day survival curve.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0026-50147-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of 30-day mortality between transplant patients (with Tx) and non-transplant patients (without Tx). n: number of patients at risk; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. P-value was calculated using the Log-rank test: p &lt; 0.001.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0026-50147-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of 30-day mortality between patients with Chagas disease and other cardiomyopathies. n: number of patients at risk; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. p value was calculated using the Log-rank test: p = 0.008.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0026-50147-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>With respect to the safety of IABP, a platelet count fall greater than 50,000/mm<sup>3</sup> occurred in 39% of patients, and absolute thrombocytopenia in only 15% of them. A decrease in hemoglobin &gt; 3 g/dL was observed in 8% of patients, and only one patient was diagnosed with retroperitoneal hematoma. Arterial and venous thromboembolic events occurred in 6% of patients, including stroke, peripheral arterial and venous thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>Most patients (50.6%) did not receive full anticoagulation; 2,7% of patients received anticoagulation due to the presence of the IABP and 46.6% for other reasons (venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation, stroke, intracavitary thrombus).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study evaluated clinical data of patients with advanced cardiomyopathy admitted to a cardiac ICU. Differently from previous studies on cardiogenic shock, wich focus on acute myocardial infarction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> our population was composed predominantly of patients with advanced chronic heart failure, refractory to pharmacological therapies. The advanced stage of cardiomyopathy in our study population was characterized by severe left ventricular dysfunction, which was frequently associated with right ventricular dysfunction, hyponatremia, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and increased BNP levels.</p>
      <p>The use of IABP reduced the use of vasopressors, which are known to increase the afterload in left ventricular dysfunction. There was also a significant increase in the use of sodium nitroprusside, a potent arterial vasodilator, beneficial to heart failure patients. Laboratorial data markedly improved after the IABP insertion, with reduction of lactate and urea levels, and increase of ScvO2, pH, bicarbonate and base excess, which may be explained by the effects of IABP on the hemodynamic profile and on the use of vasoactive drugs.</p>
      <p>There was a high prevalence of renal failure in our study population. Although the mean creatinine levels did not change, both the percentage of patients with renal failure and urea serum concentrations significantly decreased after 48 hours of aortic counterpulsation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of IABP on the maintenance and recovery of renal function in patients with cardiogenic shock.</p>
      <p>Heart failure caused by Chagas disease has been associated with unfavorable prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In our study, however, chances of early survival were higher in Chagas disease patients using the IABP compared with patients with other etiologies of heart failure. Data from the literature show that transplant patients with Chagas disease had better prognosis than those without the disease, with survival rates of 83%, 71%, 57% and 46% at 1 month, 1 year, 4 years and 10 years of follow-up, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The paradox of greater survival of Chagas disease patients after heart transplantation was also demonstrated in a Brazilian muti-centric study involving 720 patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Despite an initial clinical improvement following IABP insertion, more than 80% of non-transplant patients died during hospitalization, which emphasizes the need for therapies to improve prognosis. This was highlighted by the difference in mortality between transplant and non-transplant patients.</p>
      <p>Another important consideration was the number of patients (50.6%) not receiving therapeutic anticoagulation and the low incidence of thromboembolic events. The use of IABP in this population reinforces its role as prolonged circulatory support in patients with advanced cardiomyopathy, candidates for transplantation. One patient used the IABP for 217 days until receiving a successful transplant. In agreement with the largest randomized study on the subject, the IABP-SHOCK II trial which involved 600 patients, the use of IABP was considered safe, as it did not increase the risk of complications, such as peripheral ischemia, infection or bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Finally, this is the largest registry of circulatory support in advanced cardiomyopathy patients in Brazil. Nevertheless, due to its observational and unicentric design, this study aimed to generate hypotheses that may contribute to the management of these high mortality risk patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>IABP showed beneficial effects in the first 48 hours, promoting changes in the vasoactive drugs regimen and improving tissue perfusion. Chagas etiology was associated with lower 30-day mortality. Aortic counterpulsation therapy is an effective alternative method of circulatory support for patients waiting for heart transplantation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapia de Contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Avan&#231;ada: An&#225;lise do Registro <italic>TBRIDGE</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Adam</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Lins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ciambelli</surname>
            <given-names>Giuliano Serafino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kopel</surname>
            <given-names>Liliane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernoche</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Nicolau Geisler Daud</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macatr&#227;o-Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Frota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Breno de Alencar Araripe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Gelas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor HC FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cristiano Guedes Bezerra,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, 2&#186; andar, secretaria da unidade de terapia intensiva. CEP 05403-900, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cristianoguedes@cardiol.br</email>, <email>cristiano.bezerra@incor.usp.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bezerra CG, Falc&#227;o BAA, Lage SG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bezerra CG, Adam EL, Baptista ML, Ciambelli GS, Kopel L, Bernoche C, Lopes LNGD, Macatr&#227;o- Costa MF, Falc&#227;o BAA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bezerra CG, Adam EL, Baptista ML, Ciambelli GS, Falc&#227;o BAA, Lage SG; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bezerra CG, Adam EL, Falc&#227;o BAA, Lage SG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bezerra CG, Adam EL, Falc&#227;o BAA, Lage SG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bezerra CG, Adam EL, Kopel L, Bernoche C, Lopes LNGD, Macatr&#227;o-Costa MF, Falc&#227;o BAA, Lage SG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada &#233; controversa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito hemodin&#226;mico e metab&#243;lico do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BIA) e seu impacto sobre a mortalidade em 30 dias em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo prospectivo hist&#243;rico, unic&#234;ntrico, avaliando todos os pacientes tratados com BIA entre agosto/2008 e julho/2013, inclu&#237;dos em registro institucional denominado TBRIDGE (<italic>The Brazilian Registry of Intra-aortic balloon pump in Decompensated heart failure - Global Evaluation)</italic>. Analisaram-se varia&#231;&#245;es na satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central de oxig&#234;nio (SVO2), lactato arterial e uso de f&#225;rmacos vasoativos 48 horas ap&#243;s instala&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo. A mortalidade em 30 dias foi estimada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e diferen&#231;as entre subgrupos foram avaliadas pelo teste de Log-rank.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 223 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 49 &#177; 14 anos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo m&#233;dia de 24 &#177; 10%, sendo 30% acometidos por Doen&#231;a de Chagas. Em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#233;-instala&#231;&#227;o do BIA, ap&#243;s a instala&#231;&#227;o, houve aumento da SVO2 (51% vs. 66%, p &lt; 0,001) e no uso de nitroprussiato (34% vs. 48%, p &lt; 0,001), al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o do lactato (31 vs. 17 mg/dL, p &lt; 0,001) e no uso de vasopressores (36% vs. 26%, p = 0,003). A sobrevida em 30 dias foi de 69%, com menor mortalidade nos pacientes chag&#225;sicos comparativamente aos n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos (p = 0,008).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nas primeiras 48 horas de utiliza&#231;&#227;o, o BIA promoveu mudan&#231;a no uso de f&#225;rmacos vasoativos e melhora da perfus&#227;o tecidual. A etiologia chag&#225;sica associou-se a menor mortalidade em 30 dias. A terapia de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica mostrou-se op&#231;&#227;o eficaz de suporte circulat&#243;rio em pacientes candidatos a transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Bal&#227;o Intra-A&#243;rtico</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O choque cardiog&#234;nico &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de elevada mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada frequentemente s&#227;o internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) para suporte hemodin&#226;mico. Apesar do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico com diur&#233;ticos, vasodilatadores e inotr&#243;picos, muitos pacientes persistem com sinais de choque e necessitam de terapias adicionais at&#233; a recupera&#231;&#227;o ou o transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>Introduzido na d&#233;cada de 1960, o bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BIA) ainda &#233; o dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mais utilizado no mundo para o tratamento do choque cardiog&#234;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Seus benef&#237;cios hemodin&#226;micos relacionados ao aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, melhora da perfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria e redu&#231;&#227;o de p&#243;s-carga ventricular esquerda, al&#233;m da sua r&#225;pida inser&#231;&#227;o no ambiente de terapia intensiva, o tornam &#250;til no manejo desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Apesar de n&#227;o haver na literatura estudos randomizados que demonstrem redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade, o BIA &#233; frequentemente indicado em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, em que se espera recupera&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio atordoado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Outrossim, sua indica&#231;&#227;o na miocardiopatia avan&#231;ada carece de evid&#234;ncias, por&#233;m est&#225; associada &#224; estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e manuten&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o tecidual durante as fases avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito hemodin&#226;mico e metab&#243;lico e seu impacto sobre a mortalidade em 30 dias em pacientes com miocardiopatia avan&#231;ada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo hist&#243;rico, unic&#234;ntrico, avaliando todos os pacientes tratados com BIA entre agosto/2008 e julho/2013, em uma unidade de terapia intensiva dedicada ao tratamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Esses dados foram obtidos a partir de um registro institucional denominado TBRIDGE (The Brazilian Registry of Intra-aortic ballon pump in Decompensated heart failure - Global Evaluation), criado com a finalidade de avaliar a efic&#225;cia do BIA na assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria de pacientes com miocardiopatia avan&#231;ada e que concentra dados coletados atrav&#233;s de prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico institucional.</p>
        <p>Avaliou-se a satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central de oxig&#234;nio (SVO<sub>2</sub>), pH, bicarbonato, excesso de bases, lactato arterial, hemoglobina, leucograma, plaquetas, ureia, creatinina, s&#243;dio, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP), prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) e dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos - fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, presen&#231;a e gradua&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, presen&#231;a e gradua&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Verificou-se a taxa de uso de f&#225;rmacos vasoativos (dobutamina, milrinona, nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio) e vasopressores (noradrenalina e dopamina). Os pacientes foram classificados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de assist&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (ar ambiente, cateter nasal de oxig&#234;nio, ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva ou ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva) e ao grau de comprometimento de fun&#231;&#227;o renal. A insufici&#234;ncia renal (IR) foi definida como a necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise ou o <italic>clearence</italic> estimado de creatinina menor que 60 mL/min, calculado pelo m&#233;todo de Cockroft-Gault. Informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais imediatamente antes da inser&#231;&#227;o do BIA (pr&#233;-BIA) foram comparadas &#224;quelas 48 horas ap&#243;s (p&#243;s-BIA). Analisamos a mortalidade em 30 dias, as taxas de transplante card&#237;aco e reinterna&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao BIA (pseudoaneurisma, sangramentos, f&#237;stula arteriovenosa, embolia arterial ou venosa), al&#233;m da taxa de uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram descritos como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, mediana e intervalo interquartil (IQ) para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas e frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e porcentagens para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Vari&#225;veis quantitativas nos momentos pr&#233; e p&#243;s BIA foram comparados pelo teste t de Student pareado (para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon (para dados cuja suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade foi rejeitada), e o teste de McNemar foi usado para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas.</p>
        <p>A curva de sobrevida foi estimada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e diferen&#231;as entre subgrupos foram avaliadas pelo teste de Log-rank. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de seguimento tardio dos pacientes que receberam alta hospitalar foi baseada na &#250;ltima consulta ambulatorial. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%. Os dados foram analisados por meio do software SPSS vers&#227;o 17.0 para Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Estados Unidos). O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica para an&#225;lise de projetos de pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de cinco anos, 2892 pacientes foram admitidos na UTI de hospital cardiol&#243;gico quatern&#225;rio, sendo que 223 pacientes (7,7%) receberam 302 bal&#245;es intra-a&#243;rticos. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes que utilizaram o BIA encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 1</xref>. As principais causas da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram doen&#231;a de Chagas (30%), miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (29%) e miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica (15%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). A indica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente para o uso do BIA foi s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (93%), e as indica&#231;&#245;es menos comuns foram angina refrat&#225;ria (1,7%), tempestade el&#233;trica (2,2%) e suporte para procedimentos de alto risco (3,1%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes que utilizaram bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="left"/>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade m&#233;dia (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">49,3 &#177; 14,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">162 (72,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (40,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (13,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (34,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (33,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipotireoidismo &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (11,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia pr&#233;via &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (17,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (9,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transplante card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marcapasso &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (9,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (8,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neoplasia &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valvopatia prim&#225;ria &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4,9)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Causas da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (%)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Causas da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">30,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">15,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Miocardiopatia valvar</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Miocardite viral</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Miocardiopatia alco&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Miocardiopatia p&#243;s-quimioterapia</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outras</td>
                <td align="center">9,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A mediana do tempo de suporte circulat&#243;rio com o BIA foi de 10 dias (IQ: 4 - 22,5). O tempo m&#225;ximo em uso do dispositivo foi de 263 dias. O uso de dois ou mais bal&#245;es intra-a&#243;rticos durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em 52 pacientes (23,3%).</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia da FEVE avaliada pelo ecocardiograma foi de 24 &#177; 10%, com di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo de 69 mm. Insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada ou importante esteve presente em 62% dos pacientes, e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita moderada ou grave esteve presente em 70,8% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Dados Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="left"/>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24,4 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8211; mm</td>
                <td align="center">69,4 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8211; mm</td>
                <td align="center">60,8 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar &#8211; mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">50,6 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral moderada a importante (% de pacientes)</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD moderada a importante (% de pacientes)</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os exames laboratoriais pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tabela 4</xref>. Comparando-se ao pr&#233;-BIA, ap&#243;s 48 horas de assist&#234;ncia, houve melhora nos par&#226;metros laboratoriais de avalia&#231;&#227;o microhemodin&#226;mica, como redu&#231;&#227;o do lactato s&#233;rico (32,9 <italic>vs.</italic> 17,1 mg/dL, p &lt; 0,01), al&#233;m do aumento da SVO<sub>2</sub> (50,6 <italic>vs.</italic> 66%, p &lt; 0,01), do pH (7,37 <italic>vs</italic>. 7,39, p &lt; 0,001), da concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de bicarbonato (21,1 <italic>vs.</italic> 23,8 mg/dL, p &lt; 0,001) e do excesso de bases (-3,31 <italic>vs</italic>. -0,5, p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significativa da creatinina entre os dois momentos, no entanto, ocorreu diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de ureia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de exames laboratoriais entre os momentos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-inser&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BIA)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Exames s&#233;ricos</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Pr&#233;-BIA</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>P&#243;s-BIA</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">11 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">10 &#177; 1,66</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leucograma (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">10105 &#177; 4871</td>
                <td align="center">10164 &#177; 5350</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">211444 &#177; 82599</td>
                <td align="center">162069 &#177; 71889</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 46</td>
                <td align="center">75,6 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">2,19 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,04 &#177; 1,28</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pH</td>
                <td align="center">7,36 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">7,39 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bicarbonato (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">20,9 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">23,7 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BE (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">-3,55 &#177; 5,54</td>
                <td align="center">-0,62 &#177; 4,43</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SVO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50,6 &#177; 14,8</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 12,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lactato arterial (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">32,9 &#177; 28,9</td>
                <td align="center">17,1 &#177; 16,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">2213 &#177; 1604</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">66,7 &#177; 63</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>SVO<sub>2</sub>: Satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central de oxig&#234;nio; BNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; PCR: Prote&#237;na C reativa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No p&#243;s-BIA, observou-se um aumento na utiliza&#231;&#227;o do vasodilatador nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (33,7 <italic>vs</italic>. 47,5%, p = 0,0002) e redu&#231;&#227;o no uso de vasopressores noradrenalina ou dopamina (36,2 <italic>vs.</italic> 25,5%, p = 0,0036). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na taxa de uso de dobutamina e milrinona (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos f&#225;rmacos vasoativos pelos pacientes entre os momentos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-inser&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BIA)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>F&#225;rmacos vasoativos</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Pr&#233;-BIA</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>P&#243;s-BIA</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Noradrenalina</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">32,6</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">28,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Noradrenalina + Dopamina</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">36,3</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">25,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,0036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dobutamina</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">33,6</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">47,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,0002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Milrinona</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o significativa no grau de assist&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria entre os dois momentos avaliados. Antes da inser&#231;&#227;o do BIA, 51 pacientes (23%) encontravam-se em ar ambiente, 84 (38%) em uso de cateter nasal de oxig&#234;nio, 23 (10%) em uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva e 65 (29%) em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.</p>
        <p>Antes da inser&#231;&#227;o do BIA, 172 pacientes (77,1%) apresentavam quadro de IR, sendo que 20 pacientes (8%) estavam em hemodi&#225;lise. Observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de pacientes com IR com ou sem necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise ap&#243;s 48 horas de suporte circulat&#243;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-BIA (62,3%, <italic>vs</italic>. 77,1% p = 0,001).</p>
        <p>A mediana do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi de 37 dias. A taxa de sobrevida em trinta dias foi de 63,9% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). O transplante card&#237;aco (Tx) foi realizado em 14% dos pacientes. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar na popula&#231;&#227;o geral foi de 75%, 82% nos pacientes n&#227;o transplantados e de 29% nos pacientes que receberam o Tx (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). O tempo mediano entre a instala&#231;&#227;o do BIA e o Tx foi de 28 dias, com o tempo m&#225;ximo de 217 dias. No seguimento dos 56 pacientes que receberam alta hospitalar, observamos taxas de 80% de reinterna&#231;&#227;o e 20% de mortalidade tardia. Analisando as diversas causas da IC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>), constatamos que os pacientes chag&#225;sicos apresentaram maior sobrevida em 30 dias em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com outras causas de miocardiopatia (77,5% <italic>vs.</italic> 58,7%, p = 0,008).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de sobrevida em 30 dias.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0026-50147-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em 30 dias entre pacientes transplantados (com Tx) e pacientes n&#227;o transplantados (sem Tx). n: n&#250;mero de pacientes em risco; I.C. 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. O valor de p foi calcudado pelo teste de Log-rank: p &lt; 0,001.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0026-50147-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em 30 dias entre pacientes chag&#225;sicos e pacientes com outras miocardiopatias. n: n&#250;mero de pacientes em risco. I.C. 95%: Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. O valor de p foi calculado pelo teste de Log-rank: p = 0,008.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0026-50147-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a do BIA, queda na contagem de plaquetas acima de 50 mil/mm<sup>3</sup> ocorreu em 39% dos casos, sendo que plaquetopenia absoluta inferior a 100 mil/mm<sup>3</sup> ocorreu em apenas 15%. Queda de hemoglobina maior que 3 g/dL foi observada em 8% dos pacientes, e apenas um paciente foi diagnosticado com hematoma de retroperit&#244;neo. Eventos tromboemb&#243;licos arteriais e venosos ocorreram em 6% dos pacientes, incluindo acidente vascular cerebral, embolia arterial perif&#233;rica e tromboembolismo venoso.</p>
        <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica, a maioria dos pacientes (50,6%) n&#227;o estava em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena; 2,7% foram anticoagulados pela presen&#231;a do BIA e 46,6% receberam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena por outras indica&#231;&#245;es (tromboembolismo venoso, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, acidente vascular cerebral, trombo intra-cavit&#225;rio).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo avaliou as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de uma popula&#231;&#227;o com cardiopatia avan&#231;ada, internada na UTI de um hospital cardiol&#243;gico quatern&#225;rio. Diferente de outros estudos que abordaram choque cardiog&#234;nico em infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> nossa popula&#231;&#227;o era formada predominantemente por pacientes em fase avan&#231;ada da IC cr&#244;nica, refrat&#225;rios &#224;s terap&#234;uticas habitualmente empregadas para essa condi&#231;&#227;o. A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda importante, frequentemente associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, hiponatremia, hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar e n&#237;veis elevados de BNP, caracteriza o grau avan&#231;ado da miocardiopatia dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O uso do BIA promoveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o no uso de vasopressores, medica&#231;&#245;es reconhecidamente delet&#233;rias para pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda devido ao aumento da p&#243;s-carga. Tamb&#233;m ocorreu aumento significativo na utiliza&#231;&#227;o do nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio, um potente vasodilatador arterial sabidamente ben&#233;fico para pacientes com IC. A evolu&#231;&#227;o dos exames laboratoriais ap&#243;s 48 horas foi consistentemente favor&#225;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o aos coletados imediatamente antes da inser&#231;&#227;o do BIA, com redu&#231;&#227;o do lactato e da ureia, aumento da SVO<sub>2</sub>, melhora do pH, bicarbonato e excesso de bases. Atribu&#237;mos essa melhora laboratorial significativa tanto aos efeitos hemodin&#226;micos quanto &#224; mudan&#231;a na utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos f&#225;rmacos vasoativos associados ao uso do BIA.</p>
        <p>Observamos uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de IR nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Embora a m&#233;dia da creatinina n&#227;o tenha se modificado ap&#243;s 48 horas de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no percentual de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IR e na concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de ureia. O desempenho do BIA na preserva&#231;&#227;o e recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal de pacientes em choque cardiog&#234;nico necessita de avalia&#231;&#227;o em estudos adicionais.</p>
        <p>A IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica est&#225; associada &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Entretanto, em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, o paciente com doen&#231;a de Chagas em uso de BIA apresentou maior chance de sobrevida precoce. Dados da literatura mostram que entre os pacientes transplantados, os chag&#225;sicos tamb&#233;m apresentam melhor progn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos, apresentando no seguimento de 1 m&#234;s, 1 ano, 4 anos e 10 anos, probabilidade de sobrevida de 83%, 71%, 57% e 46%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Este paradoxo de maior sobrevida do paciente chag&#225;sico ap&#243;s Tx tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado em estudo multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro com 720 pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Apesar da melhora cl&#237;nica inicial trazida pelo BIA, mais de 80% dos pacientes n&#227;o transplantados evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, o que reflete a necessidade de tratamentos definitivos para a melhora no progn&#243;stico. Tal fato ficou claro com a diferen&#231;a de mortalidade encontrada entre pacientes transplantados e n&#227;o-transplantados.</p>
        <p>Outro ponto importante foi o elevado n&#250;mero de pacientes (50,6%) que n&#227;o recebiam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena e a baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. O uso do BIA nessa popula&#231;&#227;o refor&#231;a seu papel como suporte circulat&#243;rio prolongado em pacientes com miocardiopatia avan&#231;ada candidatos a Tx. Um paciente utilizou o BIA por 217 dias at&#233; ser transplantado com sucesso. Em conson&#226;ncia com o maior estudo randomizado sobre o tema, no IABP SHOCK II <italic>trial</italic> que incluiu 600 pacientes, o uso do BIA mostrou-se seguro, uma vez que n&#227;o causou aumento de complica&#231;&#245;es, como isquemia perif&#233;rica, infec&#231;&#227;o ou sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Por fim, os dados aqui expostos consistem no maior registro brasileiro de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria em pacientes com miocardiopatia avan&#231;ada. No entanto, pelo car&#225;ter observacional e unic&#234;ntrico, o presente estudo tem o papel de gerar hip&#243;teses que ajudem no manejo desses pacientes de elevada mortalidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso do BIA mostrou benef&#237;cios nas primeiras 48 horas, possibilitando a mudan&#231;a no perfil de f&#225;rmacos vasoativos e melhora da perfus&#227;o tecidual. A etiologia chag&#225;sica associou-se a menor mortalidade em 30 dias para os pacientes chag&#225;sicos. A terapia de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica mostrou-se op&#231;&#227;o eficaz de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico para pacientes em espera do transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
