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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">N5xNTMCQqBXSXgVN37TFjWj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000100018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005029101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Growth Hormone on Cardiac Remodeling During Resistance Training in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Engel</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Estevam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ald&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Maiara Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomasi</surname>
            <given-names>Loreta Casquel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giuffrida</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giometti</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Coelho Figueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Andreo Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacagnelli</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Oeste Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Oeste Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Norte do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Norte do Paran&#225;, UNOPAR, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Norte do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Francis Lopes Pacagnelli,</bold> Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572 &#8211; Bairro Limoeiro, Campus II. Postal Code 19.067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>francispacagnelli@unoeste.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Junqueira A, Cicogna AC, Ald&#225; MA, Tomasi LC, Giuffrida R, Pacagnelli F; Acquisition of data: Junqueira A, Pacagnelli F; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Engel LE, Giuffrida R, Giometti IC, Aguiar AF, Pacagnelli F; Statistical analysis: Freire APCF; Obtaining financing: Ald&#225; MA, Pacagnelli F; Writing of the manuscript: Junqueira A, Cicogna AC, Engel LE, Ald&#225; MA, Tomasi LC, Giuffrida R, Giometti IC, Aguiar AF, Pacagnelli F; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Junqueira A, Cicogna AC, Engel LE, Ald&#225; MA, Tomasi LC, Giuffrida R, Giometti IC, Freire APCF, Aguiar AF, Pacagnelli F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>18</fpage>
      <lpage>25</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Although the beneficial effects of resistance training (RT) on the cardiovascular system are well established, few studies have investigated the effects of the chronic growth hormone (GH) administration on cardiac remodeling during an RT program.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effects of GH on the morphological features of cardiac remodeling and Ca2+ transport gene expression in rats submitted to RT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 7 per group): control (CT), GH, RT and RT with GH (RTGH). The dose of GH was 0.2 IU/kg every other day for 30 days. The RT model used was the vertical jump in water (4 sets of 10 jumps, 3 bouts/wk) for 30 consecutive days. After the experimental period, the following variables were analyzed: final body weight (FBW), left ventricular weight (LVW), LVW/FBW ratio, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area (CSA), collagen fraction, creatine kinase muscle-brain fraction (CK-MB) and gene expressions of SERCA2a, phospholamban (PLB) and ryanodine (RyR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was no significant (p &gt; 0.05) difference among groups for FBW, LVW, LVW/FBW ratio, cardiomyocyte CSA, and SERCA2a, PLB and RyR gene expressions. The RT group showed a significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in collagen fraction compared to the other groups. Additionally, the trained groups (RT and RTGH) had greater CK-MB levels compared to the untrained groups (CT and GH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>GH may attenuate the negative effects of RT on cardiac remodeling by counteracting the increased collagen synthesis, without affecting the gene expression that regulates cardiac Ca<sup>2+</sup> transport.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Growth Hormone</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Motor Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The use of growth hormone (GH) as an ergogenic aid has risen dramatically in the past two decades, especially among athletes involved in strength, hypertrophy and power trainings (bodybuilders and weightlifters) and recreational practitioners interested in maintaining good health and enhancing the physique. However, GH use as an ergogenic aid for athletes is forbidden by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> because of its direct effects on performance, such as body fat reduction, strength and muscle mass increase, and skeletal muscle regeneration. In addition, the inappropriate use of GH can lead to a decline in performance and irreparable health damage.</p>
      <p>Growth hormone can affect heart functioning and cause cardiac hypertrophy, without fibrosis increase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> This response is accompanied by an increase in contractility, changes in the genesis of the cardiac potential of action and peripheral vasodilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> Some studies have shown the cardioprotective effect of GH after myocardial infarction, easing pathological cardiac remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> However, other studies have reported the damage caused by the chronic hypersecretion of GH (acromegaly), leading to the development of concentric cardiac hypertrophy with interstitial fibrosis and lymphomononuclear infiltrate. If not controlled, the elevated GH level can lead to heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> Although other risk factors are related to acromegaly, the excess of GH and of its mediator [insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)] might be the major contributor to cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Growth hormone has been often used to increase muscle mass and strength, and to enhance cardiac function during programs of resistance training (RT). Although the beneficial effects of RT on the cardiovascular system, such as increased capillary density, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, changes in connective tissue and benefits to the cardiac function, have been well established,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> few studies have investigated the effects of chronic GH administration on cardiac remodeling during RT programs.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at testing the hypothesis that GH administration during RT modulates cardiac remodeling, interfering with morphological parameters and the gene expression of proteins involved in Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis, such as sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase (SERCA2a) pump, phospholamban (PLB) and ryanodine (RyR). The gene expression of SERCA2a, PLB and RyR was analyzed because of its important role in cardiac contractile function, acting on intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals and procedures</title>
        <p>This study assessed 28 male Wistar rats (mean weight of 235 &#177; 15.2 g) aged 9 weeks-old, from the Central Vivarium of the Oeste Paulista University (UNOESTE), S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. The animals were individually labeled, and housed in seven cages containing four animals each, with free access to water and food (SupraLab&#174;). The standard environmental conditions were maintained, with controlled light (12-hour light/dark cycles, with light from 7 AM on), temperature (21 &#177; 5&#176;C) and relative air humidity (55% &#177; 5%).</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Committee on Animal Research and Ethics of the UNOESTE (protocols 1688 and 1689), and abided by the <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic>, published by the National Research Council.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>After an adaptation of seven days, the rats were distributed into four groups: control (CT, n = 7); receiving GH (GH, n = 7); undergoing RT (RT, n = 7); and association of RT and GH administration (RTGH, n = 7).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>GH administration</title>
        <p>The GH group animals received 0.2 IU/kg of recombinant human GH (rhGH, Saizen&#174; - Merck) subcutaneously, every 2 days, for 30 consecutive days.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> The other animals received a similar volume of saline solution (0.9% NaCl).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resistance training</title>
        <p>Physical training was performed according to a protocol of vertical jumps in water, 3 times per week, for 30 consecutive days. One week before starting the experiment, the rats were adapted to water exercise, with a daily increase in the number of sets and weight load of 50% of their total body weight. The training occurred inside a PVC tube (diameter of 25 cm, and depth of 38 cm), filled with warm water (30&#176;C) as described by De Mello Malheiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> After the adaptation period, the animals initiated the training protocol, each session consisting of 4 sets of 10 jumps at 1-minute rest intervals between the sets. The rats were weighed before each session to recalculate their weight load (50% of the total body weight). The overload consisted in wearing a Velcro vest with fixed weights in the anterior region of the chest. At the end of each training, the animals were dried and returned to their cages.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Parameters analyzed</title>
        <p>By the end of 4 weeks, 72 hours after the last training session, the animals were weighed and sacrificed by exsanguination under anesthesia with ethylic ether. Their hearts were removed and weighed, the left ventricle dissected, and weighed again. The LV apex was frozen in liquid nitrogen, while the LV upper portion was fixed in 10% formalin solution for gene expression and morphological studies, respectively. The humid LV weight (LVW), normalized to the rat&#8217;s final body weight (FBW), was used as an index of ventricular hypertrophy (LVW/FBW ratio).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Morphological study</title>
        <p>Samples of cardiac tissue were fixed in 10% formalin solution for 48 hours. After fixation, the tissue was embedded in paraffin blocks, and 4-micrometer histological sections obtained and mounted in glass slides. The histological sections were stained with Hematoxilin-Eosin (HE) to assess the cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes, by using a LEICA DM750 microscope coupled to a video camera that sends digital images to a computer, which has a program for image analysis (Image Pro-plus, Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). The images were obtained by use of a binocular optical microscope. All images were captured by the video camera at the 40x magnification. Image selection for capture and digitalization was performed visually. All analyses were performed by one single examiner, blinded to the group of images. The morphometry of those images obtained and digitalized was performed by using appropriate software. Four LV sections were obtained for each animal. In each section, different fields were captured, chosen according to the site exhibiting the highest number of cells on a cross&#8209;section. For each ventricle analyzed, 50 cells were measured. The myocytes selected were cross-sectioned, had a round shape and visible central nucleus, and were located in the subendocardial layer of the LV muscular wall. This was aimed at standardizing the set of myocytes of the different groups. The mean cardiomyocyte cross-sectional areas obtained for each group were used as indicators of cell size.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Six-micrometer coronal histological sections were mounted in glass slides and stained with Picrosirius Red, specific for collagen visualization, to assess the LV myocardial interstitium. Collagen fibers were visualized in red and myocytes in yellow. The collagen volume fraction as a percentage was automatically calculated and corresponded to the sum of the collagen areas divided by the sum of the collagen tissue area and the cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area. The images of the cardiac tissue were captured by a LEICA DM LS microscope coupled to a video camera that sends digital images to a computer, which has a program for image analysis (Image Pro&#8209;plus, Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). For each ventricle, 20 fields were analyzed, using a 40X objective. The fields far away from the perivascular region were chosen.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Gene expression of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> regulators</title>
        <p>Total RNA was extracted from the cardiac tissue (left ventricle) by using TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen), and then treated with DNAse according to the manufacturer&#8217;s recommendation. Electrophoresis was used to assess RNA integrity. The High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) was used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) from 1000 ng of total RNA. RT-qPCR was used to quantitatively measure the relative levels of mRNA from SERCA2a (Rn00568762_m1), RyR (Rn01470303_m1) and PLB (Rn01434045_m1). TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) was used according to the manufacturer&#8217;s recommendation, as was the Applied Biosystems StepOne Plus detection system. All samples were assessed twice. The cycling conditions were as follows: enzyme activation at 50&#176;C for 2 minutes; denaturation at 95&#176;C for 10 minutes; amplification of cDNA products with 40 denaturation cycles at 95&#176;C for 15 seconds; and annealing/extension at 60&#176;C for 1 minute. Gene expression was quantified in relation to the CT group values and after normalization with &#946;-actin as an internal control (ACTB, Rn00667869_m1), and determined according to the 2-&#916;&#916;Ct method, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measuring CK-MB</title>
        <p>Blood was collected for serum biochemistry of creatine kinase muscle-brain fraction (CK-MB) in tubes (Vacutainer&#174;) without anticoagulant. After that, total blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm (g = 1257). The serum obtained was stored in plastic microtubes and maintained at -20&#176;C. The test was performed with the automatic UV-Kinetic method (Cobas C111, Roche&#174;).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>To compare the parameters studied between the experimental groups and to validate the assumptions of data normality and homogeneity of variance, the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene&#8217;s tests were performed, respectively. Data with normal distribution underwent one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and Tukey&#8217;s test for contrasts, while the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for data with non-normal distribution. Parametric variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and non-parametric as median and 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles. The SPSS software for Windows, version13.0, was used in all analyses, and the statistical significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> show the anatomic and morphological parameters indicating cardiac remodeling, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> shows data on gene expression. The FBW, LVW, LVW/FBW ratio and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>) showed no statistical difference (p &gt; 0.05), and neither has the gene expression of the regulatory proteins (RyR, SERCA2a and PLB) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). However, the RT group showed a significant increase (p &lt; 0.05) in the interstitial collagen fraction as compared to all other groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). That increase did not occur when RT was combined with GH (RTGH group) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). In addition, the groups trained (RT and RTGH) showed higher CK-MB levels as compared to the non-trained ones (CT and GH) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Anatomical parameters (weight) expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, median and 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles, and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and interstitial collagen fraction expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Groups</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CT</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>GH</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>RT</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>RTGH</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3">FBW (g)</td>
              <td align="center">297.27 &#177; 22.14</td>
              <td align="center">313.81 &#177; 14.02</td>
              <td align="center">304.30 &#177; 29.08</td>
              <td align="center">292.05 &#177; 15.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">305.10</td>
              <td align="center">309</td>
              <td align="center">307.10</td>
              <td align="center">285.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">[286.90 &#8211; 315.00]</td>
              <td align="center">[300.40 &#8211; 332.40]</td>
              <td align="center">[286.5 &#8211; 332.00]</td>
              <td align="center">[273.40 &#8211; 332.40]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3">LVW (g)</td>
              <td align="center">0.74 &#177; 0.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.75 &#177; 0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 &#177; 0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">[0.53 &#8211; 1.16]</td>
              <td align="center">[0.62 &#8211; 1.14]</td>
              <td align="center">[0.43 &#8211; 0.73]</td>
              <td align="center">[0.60 &#8211; 0.98]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3">LVW/FBW (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">2.48 &#177; 0.95</td>
              <td align="center">2.76 &#177; 0.79</td>
              <td align="center">2.55 &#177; 1.04</td>
              <td align="center">2.64 &#177; 0.81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">2.04</td>
              <td align="center">2.35</td>
              <td align="center">2.12</td>
              <td align="center">2.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">[1.85 &#8211; 3.80]</td>
              <td align="center">[2.07 &#8211; 3.53]</td>
              <td align="center">[1.27 &#8211; 2.38]</td>
              <td align="center">[2.03 &#8211; 3.35]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CSA (&#956;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">343.64 &#177; 56.67</td>
              <td align="center">364.06 &#177; 48.31</td>
              <td align="center">412.84 &#177; 78.50</td>
              <td align="center">344.44 &#177; 35.43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IC (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.55 &#177; 1.10</td>
              <td align="center">2.19 &#177; 0.70</td>
              <td align="center">5.74 &#177; 2.62</td>
              <td align="center">2.54 &#177; 0.65</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>CT: No exercise and no growth hormone (control); GH: No exercise + growth hormone; RT: Resistance training; RTGH: Resistance training + growth hormone; FBW: Final body weight; LVW: Left ventricular weight; CSA: Cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area; &#956;m<sup>2</sup>: Micrometer; IC: Interstitial collagen fraction; g: Grams. * p &lt; 0.05 vs. CT, GH, RTGH groups.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Technique of myocardial collagen staining: Picrosirius Red. Optical microscope, 40X magnification. Collagen stained in red. A &#8211; control group (CT); B &#8211; growth hormone group (GH); C &#8211; resistance training group (RT); D &#8211; resistance training and growth hormone group (RTGH).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0018-60003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Relative levels of mRNA determined by qPCR of ryanodine (RyR), sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase (SERCA2a) and phospholamban (PLB), expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. CT: Control group; GH: Growth hormone group; RT: Resistance training group; RTGH: Resistance training + growth hormone group.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0018-60003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Measurement of creatine kinase muscle-brain fraction (CK-MB) by use of biochemical analysis, expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. CT: Control group; GH: Growth hormone group; RT: Resistance training group; RTGH: Resistance training + growth hormone group. *p &lt; 0.05 (statistically significant difference): CT versus RT; p &lt; 0.05 CT versus RTGH; p &lt; 0.05 GH versus RT; p &lt; 0.05 GH versus RTGH.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0018-60003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study aimed at investigating the effects of GH administration, isolated or combined with RT, on the morphological parameters and gene expression of the major proteins involved with Ca<sup>2+</sup> transport (SERCA2a, PLB and RyR) during cardiac remodeling. This study&#8217;s findings were: 1) RT isolated acted on cardiac remodeling, increasing LV collagen density; and 2) GH administration during RT modulates cardiac remodeling, attenuating the increase in collagen fraction, without altering myocardial damage and the proteins involved with Ca<sup>2+</sup> transport.</p>
      <p>The RT group showed higher collagen synthesis then the other groups. That could be explained by the cardiac pressure overload imposed by the mechanical stress of RT, which could have induced collagen breakdown, thus stimulating collagen synthesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> That hypothesis is supported by a study showing an increase in interstitial collagen formation induced by aerobic training or RT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> The study by De Souza et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> has shown a 2.8% increase in the interstitial collagen fraction in the group submitted to RT (control group = 5.5% and trained group = 9%). In our study, that increased from 2.55% to 5.74%. Our collagen fraction values are not in accordance with those of the study by De Souza et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> because the age and weight of the animals were different. However, other studies by our team with male Wistar rats of similar weights corroborate our findings, in which the collagen fraction varied from 2.5% to 3% in the control group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Our results expand the previous observations, showing for the first time that an increase in collagen synthesis can occur during RT with no change in the cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area. That effect can be attributed, at least partially, to the cardiomyocyte damage<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> induced by physical exercise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> as demonstrated in our study by the elevation in CK-MB levels.</p>
      <p>Curiously, the increase in collagen synthesis was attenuated when GH was combined with RT. The result is consistent with previous studies showing a cardioprotective effect of GH on the synthesis of type I and III collagen during pathological cardiac remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In rats with ventricular hypertrophy induced by chronic pressure overload, GH induced a cardioprotective effect, attenuating myocardial fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, not analyzing the collagen type (I&#945;I, I&#945;II and III) was a limitation of our study, because it can vary according to the type of stimulus (physiological or pathological), and with the supplementation of substances and exercise intensity. Thus, further studies are necessary to determine the collagen type and the molecular pathways that are activated in response to different exercise types.</p>
      <p>Despite the increase in collagen synthesis, no difference was observed in the cardiomyocyte cross-sectional areas or in the LVW/FBW ratio following RT isolated or combined with GH, demonstrating that no cardiac hypertrophy occurred. Our cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area values (CT group: mean of 343.64&#181;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>) are in accordance with those of another study also using male Wistar rats of similar weights (control group: 305.6 - 333&#181;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Those results are not in accordance with the results of other studies involving different overload stimuli.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Moreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> have not found changes in the LWE/FBW ratio of rats submitted to chronic pressure overload in an aortic stenosis model after a short period of treatment with GH (1 mg/kg for 14 days). Those authors have only shown myocardial fibrosis attenuation as a cardioprotective effect, indicating a specific effect of that hormone. In addition, Sugizaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> have not evidenced differences in the LVW/FBW ratio in rats swimming with weight overload (5% of body weight). The animals were submitted to five swimming sessions per week, for 12 consecutive weeks. However, Bara&#250;na et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> have reported an increase in the diameter of cardiomyocytes of rats submitted to an RT protocol consisting in upper body extension (with maximum lifted weight with the exercise apparatus), 4 sets of 12 repetitions, using 65% to 75% of one repetition maximum, for 4 or 12 weeks.</p>
      <p>That type of training induced concentric cardiac hypertrophy with neither ventricular dysfunction nor cavity reduction. The reasons for the conflicting results are not clear, but can be due to the training protocol (period, intensity, volume) and GH doses used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
      <p>The exact cellular and molecular mechanisms of the reported effects of GH and RT on the heart have not been completely elucidated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In this study, no change in the genes related to cardiac Ca<sup>2+</sup> transport was observed. The cardiomyocytes express receptors for the secretion of GH and IGF-1, and such receptors are influenced by hemodynamic changes. Both hormones are believed to have stimulating effects on myocardial contractility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In addition, those hormones and GH-releasing peptides, such as ghrelin, have beneficial cardiac effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Ma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> have reported that the activation of the GHS-R1a ghrelin receptor produced an inotropic effect on ischemic cardiomyocytes resulting from ischemia/reperfusion injury, because they might protect or recover Ca<sup>2+</sup> transport proteins, such as SERCA2a and PLB. In this study, we expected that the effect on cardiac remodeling could be mediated by the elevation in the expression of those genes, resulting from GH administration, because that hormone boosts the cell protein synthesis and mRNA formation. However, that did not occur.</p>
      <p>Two possible physiological explanations for that fact could be the lower sensitivity of the cardiovascular tissue to the direct effect of GH,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and the negative feedback of GH and IGF due to their exogenous administration, which could have interfered in the regulation of GH synthesis and secretion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In addition, the lack of GH effects on RT and the genes of Ca<sup>2+</sup> transport can be due to the training protocol. Previous studies have already reported the change in gene expression of cardiac Ca<sup>2+</sup> after a training program of 8 weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Although RT increases the intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration, increasing cardiomyocyte contractility and overexpression of SERCA2a, and, consequently, of its regulator PLB,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> our results showed no change in the variables assessed in the time period assessed.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The RT caused cardiac interstitial collagen remodeling without changes in cardiomyocyte cross-sectional areas. That, however, did not occur when the RT was associated with GH administration. The results indicate that GH can attenuate the effects of RT on cardiac remodeling by counterbalancing the increase in collagen synthesis, without affecting the expression of the genes that regulate cardiac Ca<sup>2+</sup> transport.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Universidade do Oeste Paulista and Universidade Estadual Paulista</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Adriana Junqueira, from Universidade do Oeste Paulista.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The authors thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher-Level-Education Personal - CAPES (PROSUP, master&#8217;s program).</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do Horm&#244;nio do Crescimento na Remodela&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Durante Treinamento Resistido em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Engel</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Estevam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ald&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Maiara Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomasi</surname>
            <given-names>Loreta Casquel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giuffrida</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giometti</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Coelho Figueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Andreo Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacagnelli</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Oeste Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Oeste Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Norte do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Norte do Paran&#225;, UNOPAR, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Norte do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Francis Lopes Pacagnelli,</bold> Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572 &#8211; Bairro Limoeiro, Campus II. CEP 19.067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>francispacagnelli@unoeste.br</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Junqueira A, Cicogna AC, Ald&#225; MA, Tomasi LC, Giuffrida R, Pacagnelli F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Junqueira A, Pacagnelli F; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Engel LE, Giuffrida R, Giometti IC, Aguiar AF, Pacagnelli F; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Freire APCF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ald&#225; MA, Pacagnelli F; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Junqueira A, Cicogna AC, Engel LE, Ald&#225; MA, Tomasi LC, Giuffrida R, Giometti IC, Aguiar AF, Pacagnelli F; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Junqueira A, Cicogna AC, Engel LE, Ald&#225; MA, Tomasi LC, Giuffrida R, Giometti IC, Freire APCF, Aguiar AF, Pacagnelli F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Apesar de os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do treinamento resistido (TR) sobre o sistema cardiovascular estarem bem estabelecidos, poucos estudos t&#234;m investigado os efeitos cr&#244;nicos da administra&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nio do crescimento (GH) sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca durante um programa de TR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>avaliar os efeitos do GH sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em suas caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e na express&#227;o dos genes do tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sub>2+</sub> em ratos submetidos ao TR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em 4 grupos (n = 7 por grupo): controle (CT), GH, TR e TR com GH (TRGH). A dose de GH foi de 0,2 UI/kg, a cada dois dias, por 30 dias. O modelo de TR utilizado foi o salto vertical em &#225;gua (4 s&#233;ries de 10 saltos, 3 vezes/semana) durante 30 dias consecutivos. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo experimental, as seguintes vari&#225;veis foram analisadas: peso corporal final (PCF), peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PVE), raz&#227;o PVE/PCF, &#225;rea seccional de cardiomi&#243;citos (ASC), fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, creatina quinase fra&#231;&#227;o m&#250;sculo-c&#233;rebro (CK-MB) e express&#227;o g&#234;nica de SERCA2a, fosfolambam (PLB) e rianodina (RyR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa (p &gt; 0,05) entre os grupos para PCF, PVE, raz&#227;o PVE/PCF, ASC, e express&#227;o g&#234;nica de SERCA2a, PLB e RyR. O grupo TR mostrou um significativo aumento (p &lt; 0,05) da fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros. Al&#233;m disso, os grupos treinados (TR e TRGH) apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis de CK-MB em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o treinados (CT e GH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Esses resultados indicam que o GH pode atenuar os efeitos negativos do TR na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por contrabalan&#231;ar o aumento da s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno, sem afetar a express&#227;o de genes que regulam o tr&#226;nsito de Ca2+ card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-Chave:</title>
        <kwd>Horm&#244;nio do Crescimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade Motora</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso do horm&#244;nio do crescimento (GH) como um aux&#237;lio ergog&#234;nico aumentou acentuadamente nas duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, em especial entre os atletas envolvidos com treinamento de for&#231;a, hipertrofia e pot&#234;ncia (fisiculturistas e levantadores de peso) e praticantes recreativos interessados em manter a sa&#250;de e melhorar a est&#233;tica corporal. No entanto, o uso do GH como um aux&#237;lio ergog&#234;nico para atletas &#233; proibido pela Ag&#234;ncia Mundial Anti-Doping (WADA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> devido a seus efeitos diretos sobre o desempenho, incluindo a redu&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal, o aumento de for&#231;a e massa muscular, e a melhora regenerativa do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico. Por outro lado, o uso indevido de GH pode levar ao decl&#237;nio do desempenho e irrepar&#225;veis danos &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>O GH pode afetar o funcionamento do cora&#231;&#227;o e causar hipertrofia card&#237;aca, sem aumento de fibrose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> Essa resposta &#233; acompanhada por um aumento da contratilidade, altera&#231;&#245;es na g&#234;nese dos potenciais de a&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acos e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> Algumas pesquisas t&#234;m mostrado o efeito cardioprotetor do GH ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, amenizando a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> Por outro lado, h&#225; estudos que relatam os danos do GH em indiv&#237;duos com hipersecre&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica desse horm&#244;nio (acromegalia), conduzindo ao desenvolvimento de hipertrofia card&#237;aca conc&#234;ntrica com fibrose intersticial e infiltrado linfomononuclear. Nesse contexto, se a sobrecarga do horm&#244;nio n&#227;o for controlada, pode evoluir para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> Embora outros fatores de risco estejam relacionados com acromegalia, &#233; prov&#225;vel que o excesso de GH e de seu mediador [fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina I (IGF-I)] seja o principal contribuinte para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					</p>
        <p>O GH tem sido muitas vezes utilizado para aumentar a massa muscular e a for&#231;a, e para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca durante programas de treinamento resistido (TR). Embora os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do TR no sistema cardiovascular estejam bem estabelecidos (aumento da densidade capilar, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, altera&#231;&#245;es no tecido conjuntivo e benef&#237;cios na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> poucos estudos investigaram os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de GH na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca durante um programa de TR.</p>
        <p>Portanto, este estudo teve como prop&#243;sito testar a hip&#243;tese de que a administra&#231;&#227;o de GH durante o TR modula a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca interferindo nos par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos e na express&#227;o g&#234;nica de prote&#237;nas envolvidas na homeostase do Ca<sup>2+</sup>, como a bomba c&#225;lcio-ATPase do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA2a), fosfolambam (PLB) e rianodina (RyR). Analisamos a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de SERCA2a, PLB e RyR devido ao seu importante papel na fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til card&#237;aca atuando na homeostase do Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais e Procedimentos</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados 28 ratos Wistar machos, com peso m&#233;dio de 235 &#177; 15,2 gramas, 9 semanas de idade, provenientes do Biot&#233;rio Central da Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Os animais foram alojados em 7 caixas com 4 animais cada, receberam marca&#231;&#227;o individual e tiveram acesso livre a &#225;gua e ra&#231;&#227;o (SupraLab&#174;). Foram mantidas as condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais padr&#227;o, com controle de luz (ciclos claro/escuro de 12 horas, luz a partir das 7 AM), de temperatura ambiente (21 &#177; 5&#176;C) e de umidade relativa de ar (55 &#177; 5%). Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (CEUA) da UNOESTE com os protocolos n&#176; 1688 e 1689 e realizado conforme o <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic>, publicado pelo <italic>National Research Council</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Os ratos foram direcionados ao Biot&#233;rio de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da UNOESTE e, ap&#243;s 7 dias de aclimata&#231;&#227;o, foram distribu&#237;dos em 4 grupos: controle (CT, n = 7); com administra&#231;&#227;o de GH (GH, n = 7); com TR (TR, n = 7); e associa&#231;&#227;o de TR com administra&#231;&#227;o de GH (TRGH, n = 7).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Administra&#231;&#227;o de GH</title>
          <p>Os animais do grupo GH receberam 0,2 UI/kg de GH recombinante humano (rhGH, Saizen&#174; - Merck) por via subcut&#226;nea, a cada 2 dias, por 30 dias consecutivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Os demais animais receberam solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica (NaCl 0,9%) em volume similar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Treinamento resistido</title>
          <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico foi realizado por meio de um protocolo de saltos verticais na &#225;gua, 3 vezes por semana por 30 dias consecutivos. Uma semana antes de iniciar o experimento, os ratos foram adaptados ao exerc&#237;cio na &#225;gua, aumentando o n&#250;mero de s&#233;ries a cada dia de adapta&#231;&#227;o e com sobrecarga de 50% do seu peso corporal total. O treinamento ocorreu dentro de um tubo de PVC (25 cm de di&#226;metro com 38 cm de profundidade), com &#225;gua aquecida (30&#176;C) no seu interior, conforme descrito por De Mello Malheiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o, os animais iniciaram o protocolo de treinamento e cada sess&#227;o consistiu de 4 s&#233;ries de 10 saltos com intervalo de 1 minuto entre as s&#233;ries para descanso. Os ratos foram pesados antes de cada sess&#227;o, a fim de recalcular a carga acrescentada (sobrecarga de 50% do seu peso corporal total). A sobrecarga foi feita por meio de pesos fixos com um colete com velcro posicionado na regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax. Ao final de cada treino, os animais foram secados para retornarem &#224;s suas caixas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros analisados</title>
          <p>Ao final das 4 semanas, ap&#243;s 72 horas da &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de treinamento, os animais foram pesados, anestesiados com &#233;ter et&#237;lico e sacrificados por exsanguina&#231;&#227;o. Seus cora&#231;&#245;es foram retirados e pesados, sendo o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) dissecado e ent&#227;o pesado. O &#225;pice do VE foi congelado em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido e a por&#231;&#227;o superior foi fixada em formol tamponado a 10% para as an&#225;lises de express&#227;o g&#234;nica e morfol&#243;gica, respectivamente. O peso &#250;mido do VE (PVE) normalizado para peso corp&#243;reo final do rato (PCF) foi utilizado como &#237;ndice de hipertrofia ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo morfol&#243;gico</title>
          <p>Amostras de tecido card&#237;aco foram fixadas em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol tamponado a 10% por um per&#237;odo de 48 horas. Ap&#243;s fixa&#231;&#227;o, o tecido foi inclu&#237;do em blocos de parafina, obtendo&#8209;se a seguir cortes histol&#243;gicos coronais de 4 micr&#244;metros. Esses cortes histol&#243;gicos foram corados em l&#226;mina com solu&#231;&#227;o de Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) para aferi&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas seccionais dos cardiomi&#243;citos, empregando-se microsc&#243;pio LEICA DM LS acoplado a c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo, que envia imagens digitais a computador dotado de programa de an&#225;lise de imagens (Image Pro&#8209;plus, Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, EUA). As imagens foram obtidas por meio de microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico binocular. Todas as imagens foram capturadas por c&#226;mara de v&#237;deo no aumento de 40x. A sele&#231;&#227;o das imagens para captura e digitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi feita visualmente. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas por um &#250;nico avaliador cego para o grupo de imagens. A morfometria dessas imagens obtidas e digitalizadas foi realizada utilizando&#8209;se software apropriado para tal fim. Quatro cortes de VE foram obtidos para cada animal. Em cada corte, realizou-se a captura de diferentes campos, escolhidos de acordo com o local contendo o maior n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas visualizadas em corte transversal. Foram mensuradas 50 c&#233;lulas por ventr&#237;culo analisado. Os mi&#243;citos selecionados estavam seccionados transversalmente e apresentavam forma redonda, n&#250;cleo vis&#237;vel no centro da c&#233;lula e localizavam-se na camada subendoc&#225;rdica da parede muscular do VE. Esse cuidado visou a uniformizar ao m&#225;ximo o conjunto de mi&#243;citos dos diferentes grupos. As &#225;reas seccionais m&#233;dias obtidas para cada grupo foram utilizadas como indicador do tamanho celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						</p>
          <p>L&#226;minas com cortes histol&#243;gicos coronais de 6 micr&#244;metros e corados pela t&#233;cnica de Picrosirius Red, espec&#237;fica para visualiza&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, foram feitas para avalia&#231;&#227;o do interst&#237;cio do mioc&#225;rdio do VE. Assim, as fibras col&#225;genas foram visualizadas em vermelho e os mi&#243;citos em amarelo. O volume de fra&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno em porcentagem foi calculado automaticamente e correspondeu &#224; soma das &#225;reas de col&#225;geno dividida pela soma da &#225;rea de tecido col&#225;geno e a &#225;rea seccional de cardiomi&#243;citos. As imagens do tecido card&#237;aco foram capturadas por microsc&#243;pio LEICA DM LS acoplado a c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo, que envia imagens digitais a computador dotado de programa de an&#225;lise de imagens (Image Pro-plus, Media Cyberetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, EUA). Foram analisados 20 campos por ventr&#237;culo, utilizando objetiva de 40X. Os campos escolhidos estavam afastados da regi&#227;o perivascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Express&#227;o g&#234;nica relativa de reguladores do Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracelular</title>
          <p>O RNA total foi extra&#237;do do tecido card&#237;aco ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) utilizando&#8209;se TRIzol (Invitrogen), sendo em seguida tratado com DNAse de acordo com orienta&#231;&#227;o do fabricante. A integridade do RNA foi avaliada por eletroforese. O kit <italic>High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription</italic> (Applied Biosystems, CA, EUA) foi usado para a s&#237;ntese de DNA complementar (cDNA) a partir de 1000 ng de RNA total. Utilizou-se RT-qPCR para medir quantitativamente os n&#237;veis relativos de RNAm de SERCA2a (Rn00568762_m1), RyR (Rn01470303_m1) e PLB (Rn01434045_m1). Para tal, utilizaram-se <italic>TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix</italic> (Applied Biosystems, CA, EUA), conforme as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante, e o sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o <italic>Applied Biosystems StepOne Plus</italic>. Todas as amostras foram avaliadas duas vezes. As condi&#231;&#245;es de ciclagem foram as seguintes: ativa&#231;&#227;o da enzima a 50&#176;C por 2 minutos; desnatura&#231;&#227;o a 95&#176;C por 10 minutos; amplifica&#231;&#227;o dos produtos de cDNA por 40 ciclos de desnatura&#231;&#227;o a 95&#176;C por 15 segundos; e anelamento/extens&#227;o a 60&#176;C por 1 minuto. A express&#227;o g&#234;nica foi quantificada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores do grupo CT e ap&#243;s normaliza&#231;&#227;o por um controle interno &#946;-actina (ACTB, Rn00667869_m1), sendo determinada pelo m&#233;todo 2-&#916;&#916;Ct, como anteriormente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dosagem de CK-MB</title>
          <p>Foi realizada coleta de sangue para bioqu&#237;mica s&#233;rica da creatina quinase fra&#231;&#227;o m&#250;sculo-c&#233;rebro (CK-MB) em tubos (Vacutainer&#174;) sem anticoagulante. Ap&#243;s a coleta, o sangue total foi centrifugado a 3000 rpm (g = 1257). O soro obtido foi acondicionado em microtubos pl&#225;sticos e mantido a -20&#176;C. A bioqu&#237;mica s&#233;rica foi realizada por meio do m&#233;todo cin&#233;tico UV automatizado (Cobas C111, Roche&#174;).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Para comparar os par&#226;metros estudados entre os grupos experimentais e validar os pressupostos de normalidade dos dados e homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncias, realizaram-se os testes de Shapiro-Wilk e Levene, respectivamente. Para os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, recorreu-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia em uma via (ANOVA <italic>one-way</italic>) com contrastes pelo m&#233;todo de Tukey ou ainda teste de Kruskal-Wallis para os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as n&#227;o param&#233;tricas em mediana e percentis a 25% e 75%. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o uso do software SPSS para Windows v.13.0. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado para todas as an&#225;lises foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros que indicam remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, anat&#244;micos e morfol&#243;gicos, est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>, e os dados de express&#227;o g&#234;nica est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>. As vari&#225;veis PCF, PVE, rela&#231;&#227;o PVE/PCF e a &#225;rea seccional de cardiomi&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>) n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (p &gt; 0,05), nem a express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas regulat&#243;rias (RyR, SERCA2a, e PLB) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>). No entanto, o grupo TR apresentou um aumento significativo (p &lt; 0,05) na fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno intersticial, quando comparado com todos os outros grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>). Esse aumento n&#227;o ocorreu quando o TR foi combinado com GH (grupo TRGH) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, os grupos treinados (TR e TRGH) apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis de CK-MB quando comparados aos n&#227;o treinados (CT e GH) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos (pesos) expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana e percentis a 25% e 75% e &#225;rea seccional de cardiomi&#243;citos e fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno intersticial expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Grupos</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>CT</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GH</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TRGH</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">PCF (g)</td>
                <td align="center">297,27 &#177; 22,14</td>
                <td align="center">313,81 &#177; 14,02</td>
                <td align="center">304,30 &#177; 29,08</td>
                <td align="center">292,05 &#177; 15,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">305,10</td>
                <td align="center">309</td>
                <td align="center">307,10</td>
                <td align="center">285,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">[286,90 &#8211; 315,00]</td>
                <td align="center">[300,40 &#8211; 332,40]</td>
                <td align="center">[286,5 &#8211; 332,00]</td>
                <td align="center">[273,40 &#8211; 332,40]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">PVE (g)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 &#177; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 &#177; 0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">[0,53 &#8211; 1,16]</td>
                <td align="center">[0,62 &#8211; 1,14]</td>
                <td align="center">[0,43 &#8211; 0,73]</td>
                <td align="center">[0,60 &#8211; 0,98]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">PVE/PCF (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">2,48 &#177; 0,95</td>
                <td align="center">2,76 &#177; 0,79</td>
                <td align="center">2,55 &#177; 1,04</td>
                <td align="center">2,64 &#177; 0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2,04</td>
                <td align="center">2,35</td>
                <td align="center">2,12</td>
                <td align="center">2,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">[1,85 &#8211; 3,80]</td>
                <td align="center">[2,07 &#8211; 3,53]</td>
                <td align="center">[1,27 &#8211; 2,38]</td>
                <td align="center">[2,03 &#8211; 3,35]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASC (&#956;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">343,64 &#177; 56,67</td>
                <td align="center">364,06 &#177; 48,31</td>
                <td align="center">412,84 &#177; 78,50</td>
                <td align="center">344,44 &#177; 35,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,55 &#177; 1,10</td>
                <td align="center">2,19 &#177; 0,70</td>
                <td align="center">5,74 &#177;2,62</td>
                <td align="center">2,54&#177; 0,65</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>CT: Grupo controle (sem exerc&#237;cio e sem horm&#244;nio do crescimento); GH: Grupo sem exerc&#237;cio + horm&#244;nio do crescimento; TR: Grupo treinamento resistido; TRGH: Grupo treinamento resistido + horm&#244;nio do crescimento; PCF: Peso corp&#243;reo final; PVE: Peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ASC: &#193;rea seccional de cardiomi&#243;citos; &#956;m2: Micr&#244;metro; IC: Fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno intersticial; g: Gramas. * p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo CT, GH, TRGH.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>T&#233;cnica de colora&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico - Picrosirius Red. Microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico com objetiva de 40X. O col&#225;geno &#233; corado em vermelho. A &#8211; grupo controle (CT); B &#8211; grupo horm&#244;nio do crescimento (GH); C &#8211; grupo treinamento resistido (TR); D &#8211; grupo treinamento resistido e horm&#244;nio do crescimento (TRGH).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0018-60003-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#237;veis relativos de RNAm determinados por qPCR da rianodina (RyR), Ca<sup>+2</sup>-ATPase do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA2a) e fosfolambam (PLB), expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. CT: Grupo controle; GH: Grupo horm&#244;nio do crescimento; TR: Grupo treinamento resistido; TRGH: Grupo treinamento resistido e horm&#244;nio do crescimento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0018-60003-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dosagem da creatina quinase fra&#231;&#227;o m&#250;sculo-c&#233;rebro (CK-MB) por an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica, expressa em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. CT: Grupo controle; GH: Grupo horm&#244;nio do crescimento; TR: Grupo treinamento resistido; TRGH: Grupo treinamento resistido e horm&#244;nio do crescimento. *p &lt; 0,05 (diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa): CT versus TR; p &lt; 0,05 CT versus TRGH; p &lt; 0,05 GH versus TR; p &lt; 0,05 GH versus TRGH.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0018-60003-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o de GH, isolada ou combinada com TR, nos par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos e na express&#227;o g&#234;nica das principais prote&#237;nas envolvidas no tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup> (SERCA2a, PLB e RyR) durante a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Os achados deste estudo foram: 1) o TR isolado atuou na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, promovendo aumento na densidade de col&#225;geno no VE; e 2) o GH durante o TR modulou a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, atenuando o aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, sem alterar a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e as prote&#237;nas envolvidas no tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
        <p>O grupo TR apresentou maior s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esses achados &#233; que a sobrecarga de press&#227;o card&#237;aca imposta pelo estresse mec&#226;nico do TR pode ter induzido a degrada&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno e, assim, estimulado a s&#237;ntese do col&#225;geno.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Essa hip&#243;tese &#233; apoiada por estudo anterior que mostrou um aumento na forma&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno intersticial induzido pelo treinamento aer&#243;bio ou de resist&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> O estudo De Souza et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> mostrou que a fra&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno intersticial aumentou em 2,8% no grupo que realizou TR (grupo controle = 5,5% e grupo treinado = 9%). No nosso estudo, o aumento foi de 2,55% para 5,74%. Nossos valores de fra&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno discordam daqueles do estudo de De Souza et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> uma vez que a idade e o peso dos animais eram diferentes. Entretanto, outras pesquisas do nosso grupo com ratos Wistar machos e pesos semelhantes corroboram nossos dados, onde a fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno variou de 2,5% a 3% no grupo controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nossos resultados expandem as observa&#231;&#245;es anteriores, mostrando pela primeira vez que um aumento na s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno pode ocorrer durante TR sem mudan&#231;a da &#225;rea seccional de cardiomi&#243;citos. Esse efeito pode ser atribu&#237;do, pelo menos em parte, &#224; les&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> como demonstrado no nosso estudo por eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de CK-MB.</p>
        <p>Curiosamente, o aumento na s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno foi atenuado quando o GH foi combinado com TR. Esse resultado &#233; consistente com estudos pr&#233;vios que mostraram um efeito cardioprotetor do GH na s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno tipo I e III durante a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Em ratos com hipertrofia ventricular induzida por sobrecarga cr&#244;nica de press&#227;o, o GH induziu efeito cardioprotetor, atenuando a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> No entanto, uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo foi n&#227;o ter analisado o tipo de col&#225;geno (I&#945;I, I&#945;II e III), que pode variar de acordo com o tipo de est&#237;mulo (fisiol&#243;gico ou patol&#243;gico), bem como com a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias e a intensidade de exerc&#237;cio. Assim, mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para determinar o tipo de col&#225;geno e as vias moleculares que s&#227;o ativadas em resposta a diferentes tipos de exerc&#237;cios.</p>
        <p>Apesar do aumento da s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno, nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada na &#225;rea seccional de cardiomi&#243;citos ou na rela&#231;&#227;o PVE/PCF seguindo TR isolado ou combinado com GH, demonstrando que n&#227;o ocorreu hipertrofia card&#237;aca. Os nossos valores da &#225;rea seccional de cardiomi&#243;citos (grupo CT: m&#233;dia de 343,64 &#181;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>) est&#227;o de acordo com os de outro estudo que tamb&#233;m utilizou ratos machos Wistar e com pesos semelhantes (grupo controle: 305,6 - 333 &#181;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Esses resultados discordam daqueles de outros estudos envolvendo diferentes est&#237;mulos de sobrecarga.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Por exemplo, Moreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> n&#227;o encontraram altera&#231;&#245;es na rela&#231;&#227;o PVE/PCF de ratos submetidos a sobrecarga cr&#244;nica de press&#227;o em um modelo de estenose a&#243;rtica ap&#243;s um curto per&#237;odo de tratamento com GH (1 mg/kg durante 14 dias). Esses autores mostraram apenas a atenua&#231;&#227;o da fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio como efeito cardioprotector, o que indica um efeito espec&#237;fico desse horm&#244;nio. Al&#233;m disso, Sugizaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> n&#227;o evidenciaram diferen&#231;as de PVE/PCF em ratos submetidos a nata&#231;&#227;o com sobrecarga de peso (5% do peso corporal). Os animais foram submetidos a 5 sess&#245;es de nata&#231;&#227;o semanalmente durante 12 semanas consecutivas. No entanto, Bara&#250;na et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> observaram um aumento no di&#226;metro dos cardiomi&#243;citos em ratos submetidos a um protocolo de TR que consistia na extens&#227;o do tronco com a sobrecarga do equipamento por 4 s&#233;ries de 12 repeti&#231;&#245;es com 65% a 75% de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima por 4 ou 12 semanas.</p>
        <p>Esse tipo de treinamento induziu hipertrofia card&#237;aca conc&#234;ntrica sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e diminui&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras. As raz&#245;es para os resultados conflitantes n&#227;o s&#227;o claras, mas eles podem ser devidos ao protocolo de treinamento (per&#237;odo, intensidade, volume) e &#224;s doses de GH utilizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Os exatos mecanismos celulares e moleculares relatados referentes aos efeitos do GH e do TR no cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram totalmente elucidados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Neste estudo n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es nos genes relacionados ao tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup> card&#237;aco. Os cardiomi&#243;citos expressam receptores para a secre&#231;&#227;o de GH e IGF-I e esses receptores s&#227;o influenciados por altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas. Acredita-se que ambos os horm&#244;nios t&#234;m efeitos estimuladores sobre a contratilidade do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Al&#233;m disso, esses horm&#244;nios e pept&#237;deos liberadores de GH, tais como a grelina, t&#234;m efeitos card&#237;acos ben&#233;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Ma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> mostraram que a ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor de grelina GHS-R1a produziu um efeito inotr&#243;pico em cardiomi&#243;citos isqu&#234;micos resultantes de les&#245;es por isquemia/reperfus&#227;o provavelmente por proteger ou recuperar as prote&#237;nas do tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup>, como SERCA2a e PLB. Esperava-se no presente estudo que esse efeito na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pudesse ser mediado pela eleva&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o desses genes, devido &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o do GH, uma vez que ele estimula a s&#237;ntese proteica da c&#233;lula e a forma&#231;&#227;o de RNAm. Isso, por&#233;m, n&#227;o ocorreu.</p>
        <p>Duas poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas para esse fato poderiam ser a menor sensibilidade do tecido cardiovascular &#224; a&#231;&#227;o direta do GH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e o <italic>feedback</italic> negativo de GH e IGF pela sua administra&#231;&#227;o ex&#243;gena, o que pode ter interferido na regula&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese e secre&#231;&#227;o de GH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a falta de efeitos do GH sobre o TR e os genes do tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup> pode dever-se ao protocolo de treino. Estudos anteriores j&#225; haviam observado a mudan&#231;a na express&#227;o g&#234;nica de Ca<sup>2+</sup> card&#237;aca ap&#243;s um programa de treinamento de 8 semanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Embora o TR promova uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> no interior da c&#233;lula, aumentando o grau de contratilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos e a superexpress&#227;o alvo de SERCA2a e, consequentemente, do seu regulador PLB,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> nossos resultados mostram que n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis em quest&#227;o no per&#237;odo de tempo avaliado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O TR promoveu remodela&#231;&#227;o intersticial do col&#225;geno card&#237;aco sem altera&#231;&#245;es da &#225;rea seccional de cardiomi&#243;citos. Esse aumento, no entanto, n&#227;o ocorreu quando o TR foi combinado com o GH. Esses resultados indicam que o GH pode atenuar os efeitos do TR na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por contrabalan&#231;ar o aumento da s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno, sem afetar a express&#227;o dos genes que regulam o tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup> card&#237;aco.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>&gt;O presente estudo foi financiado pela Universidade do Oeste Paulista e Universidade Estadual Paulista.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Adriana Junqueira pela Universidade do Oeste Paulista.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior - CAPES (Taxa PROSUP, mestrado).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
