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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5cHysqxq9hCcZP6BBcMWT5z</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000100013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050140</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150140</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Genetic and Environmental Effects on the Abdominal Aortic Diameter Development</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarnoki</surname>
            <given-names>Adam Domonkos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarnoki</surname>
            <given-names>David Laszlo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Littvay</surname>
            <given-names>Levente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garami</surname>
            <given-names>Zsolt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karlinger</surname>
            <given-names>Kinga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berczi</surname>
            <given-names>Viktor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Semmelweis University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Budapest</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="HU">Hungary</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy &#8211; Semmelweis University, Budapest &#8211; Hungary</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Semmelweis University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Central European University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Budapest</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="HU">Hungary</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Central European University, Budapest &#8211; Hungary</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Central European University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">The Houston Methodist Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart &amp; Vascular Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Houston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">TX</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart &amp; Vascular Center &#8211; The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Adam Domonkos Tarnoki</bold> , Semmelweis University Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy. 78/A, &#220;ll&#246;i street. Postal Code:1082, Budapest &#8211; Hungary. E-mail: <email>tarnoki2@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Garami Z, Karlinger K, Berczi V; Acquisition of data: Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Littvay L, Garami Z, Karlinger K; Statistical analysis: Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Littvay L; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Littvay L, Garami Z, Karlinger K, Berczi V.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>13</fpage>
      <lpage>17</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Configuration of the abdominal aorta is related to healthy aging and a variety of disorders.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We aimed to assess heritable and environmental effects on the abdominal aortic diameter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>114 adult (69 monozygotic, 45 same-sex dizygotic) twin pairs (mean age 43.6 &#177; 16.3 years) underwent abdominal ultrasound with Esaote MyLab 70X ultrasound machine to visualize the abdominal aorta below the level of the origin of the renal arteries and 1-3 cm above the bifurcation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Age- and sex-adjusted heritability of the abdominal aortic diameter below the level of the origin of the renal arteries was 40% [95% confidence interval (CI), 14 to 67%] and 55% above the aortic bifurcation (95% CI, 45 to 70%). None of the aortic diameters showed common environmental effects, but unshared environmental effects were responsible for 60% and 45% of the traits, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Our analysis documents the moderate heritability and its segment-specific difference of the abdominal aortic diameter. The moderate part of variance was explained by unshared environmental components, emphasizing the importance of lifestyle factors in primary prevention. Further studies in this field may guide future gene-mapping efforts and investigate specific lifestyle factors to prevent abdominal aortic dilatation and its complications.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aorta, Abdominal / genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Heredity</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The size of the aorta decreases with distance from the aortic valve in a tapering fashion, the normal diameter of the descending aorta being defined as &lt; 1.6 cm/m<sup>2</sup>, and that of the abdominal aorta, less than 3.0 cm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> Configuration of the abdominal aorta can be related to healthy ageing, exercise, and/or a variety of disorders, such as hypertension, aneurysm, dissection or rupture.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> The increase of the aortic size is continous during life, the normal expansion rate is about 1-;2 mm/year and involves all segments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> The ageing of the aorta is accompanied by a loss of compliance and an increase of wall stiffness caused by structural changes, including an increase in the collagen content, formation of intimal atherosclerosis with calcium deposits, smooth muscle activation, matrix degradation, cystic media necrosis, upregulation of proteolytic pathways and oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> It is also known that certain genetic diseases, such as abdominal aortic aneurysm formation, are associated with aortic geometry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> The relationship between the increasing aortic size and the risk of spontaneous rupture or dissection has been well documented.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> Although familiar accumulation of these abdominal aortic aneurysms has been reported by several studies, the extent of genetic determination over the abdominal aortic geometry is still scarce. Although the prevalence of the diseases related to the abdominal aortic diameter (e.g., atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm) has increased in the past decades due to lifestyle changes and various risk factors, no study has investigated whether the variation of the abdominal aortic diameter is due to genetic or environmental differences. If heritable effects are important, studies are necessary to identify specific genetic markers that determine abdominal aortic size. On contrary, if environment plays a greater role, an emphasis should be put on lifestyle interventions in order to influence the development of the abdominal-aortic-diameter-related diseases. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to assess the extent of genetic and environmental effects on the abdominal aortic diameter.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants and study design</title>
        <p>From the Hungarian Twin Registry, 114 healthy Caucasian twin pairs [69 monozygotic (MZ), 45 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs] above 18 years of age (mean age 43.6 &#177; 16.3 years) were selected and recruited for an abdominal ultrasound in the Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy of the Semmelweis University in 2009 and 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. We excluded opposite-sex DZ twin pairs to avoid bias of the heritability estimates in the presence of gender-specific or X-chromosome effects. Pregnant subjects were excluded from the study. Patients with atherosclerotic disease or other causes of aortic stenosis were not excluded from the analysis. Instead of genotyping for zygosity classification, we used a multiple&#173;choice self&#173;reported seven-part questionnaire.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Risk factors, history of cardiovascular diseases and smoking habits were recorded on a questionnaire. All participants gave informed consent. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Semmelweis University and was conducted in full compliance with regulations of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limited abdominal ultrasonography</title>
        <p>A limited abdominal ultrasonography was performed using B-mode and Doppler ultrasound in order to visualize the abdominal aorta below the level of the origin of the renal arteries and 1-3 cm above the bifurcation, equipped with a curved array transducer (1-;8 MHz, CA431, Esaote MyLab 70X Vision, Esaote, Genova, Italy). Standardized digital images of the aorta were recorded in supine position, and transversal plane images were applied for axial views. The gray-scale amplification gain, the time-gain compensation curve, and focus number were adjusted to acquire the best images of the aorta. The examinations were performed by the same radiologist. Trackball was used in order to set the best image of the aorta in systole, and the largest aortic diameter was measured in the transverse plane by electronic calipers at the time of scanning.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The SPSS Statistics 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for descriptive analysis and comparison of MZ and DZ subsamples by independent samples t-test. Pearson correlations were calculated between aortic diameters and continuous variables. Aortic diameter parameters showed a normal distribution.</p>
        <p>A descriptive estimate of the genetic influence in MZ and DZ pairs was calculated using the within-pair co-twin correlations corrected for the twins' age and gender. In twin analysis, substantially higher MZ co-twin correlation (compared to DZ correlations) suggests heritability, while similar co-twin correlations imply that shared environmental components drive the variance more strongly. Higher DZ similarities compared to MZ twins suggest that unshared (unique) environmental factors are responsible for the trait. Based on similarities between MZ and DZ twins, structural equation modeling (A-C-E model) was carried out with Mplus Version 6.1 (Muth&#233;n &amp; Muth&#233;n, Los Angeles, CA, USA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> in order to decompose the variance into additive genetic effects (A), and common (or shared) environmental (C) and unique (or unshared) environmental (E) effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Empirical confidence intervals were calculated with a Bollen-Stine Bootstrap.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> All inferential statistics was estimated using full information maximum likelihood. Nested models were compared using likelihood-ratio and &#967;<sup>2</sup> tests, and Akaike Information Criteria model selection was performed according to the principle of parsimony. P value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Descriptive analysis</title>
        <p>There were no significant differences between MZ and DZ twins in risk factors, history of diseases and clinical characteristics. Thirty-nine percent of the study sample was comprised of males. The MZ and DZ groups were formed by 32 males and 106 females, and 30 males and 60 females, respectively. Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes were present in 32%, 22% and 6%. Active individuals represented 17% of the sample, and ex-smokers, 14%. The mean aortic diameters below the origin of the renal arteries and above the level of the aortic bifurcation were 1.5 &#177; 0.2 cm and 1.4 &#177;0.2 cm, respectively. There was no significant difference between MZ and DZ twins regarding the aortic diameter below the level of the origin of the renal arteries, but DZ twins had significantly smaller aortic diameter above the bifurcation (1.4 &#177; 0.2 vs. 1.3 &#177; 0.2 cm, p &lt; 0.005). There was no abdominal aortic aneurysm among the subjects. There was no significant correlation between the aortic diameters and body mass index, weekly alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Hypertensive subjects had significantly larger aortic diameter below the level of the renal artery origin (1.6 &#177; 0.2 vs. 1.5 &#177; 0.2, p &lt; 0.05), but there was no similar relationship above the level of the aortic bifurcation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Univariate analysis</title>
        <p>Monozygotic co-twin correlations were higher than DZ ones, indicating that age- and sex-adjusted heritability of the abdominal aortic diameter below the level of the origin of the renal arteries was 40% [95% confidence interval (CI), 14 to 67%], and that above the aortic bifurcation was 55% (95% CI, 45 to 70%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). None of the aortic diameters showed common environmental effects, but unshared environmental effects were responsible for 60% and 45% of the traits, respectively.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Parameter estimates for additive hereditary (A), common environmental (C) and unique environmental (E) influences on aortic diameter by structural equation modeling</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Dependent variable</th>
                <th align="center"/>
                <th align="center">AIC</th>
                <th align="center">BIC</th>
                <th align="center">-2LL</th>
                <th align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> difference</th>
                <th align="center">df difference</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">rMZ</th>
                <th align="center">rDZ</th>
                <th align="center">A</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">C</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">E</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.413 (0.201, 0.630)</td>
                <td align="center">0.151 (-0.199, 0.436)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Aortic diameter below the level of renal arteries<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">A-C-E <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                <td align="center">-57.544</td>
                <td align="center">-41.127</td>
                <td align="center">-69.54</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.40</td>
                <td align="center">0.14 &#8211; 0.67</td>
                <td align="center">0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.38</td>
                <td align="center">0.60</td>
                <td align="center">0.36 &#8211; 0.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">A-E</td>
                <td align="center">-59.544</td>
                <td align="center">-45.863</td>
                <td align="center">-69.54</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.40</td>
                <td align="center">0.20 &#8211; 0.62</td>
                <td align="center">0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.60</td>
                <td align="center">0.38 &#8211; 0.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">C-E</td>
                <td align="center">-57.339</td>
                <td align="center">-43.658</td>
                <td align="center">-67.34</td>
                <td align="center">5.628</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
                <td align="center">0.14 &#8211; 0.48</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
                <td align="center">0.52 &#8211; 0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.566 (0.366, 0.709)</td>
                <td align="center">0.209 (-0.069, 0.570)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Aortic diameter above the bifurcation<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">A-C-E</td>
                <td align="center">-79.736</td>
                <td align="center">-63.371</td>
                <td align="center">-91.736</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.55</td>
                <td align="center">0.29 &#8211; 0.72</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.56</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
                <td align="center">0.29 &#8211; 0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">A-E <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                <td align="center">-81.736</td>
                <td align="center">-68.099</td>
                <td align="center">-91.736</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.55</td>
                <td align="center">0.35 &#8211; 0.70</td>
                <td align="center">0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
                <td align="center">0.30 &#8211; 0.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">C-E</td>
                <td align="center">-76.108</td>
                <td align="center">-62.472</td>
                <td align="center">-86.108</td>
                <td align="center">2.204</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0.138</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.39</td>
                <td align="center">0.20 &#8211; 0.59</td>
                <td align="center">0.61</td>
                <td align="center">0.41 &#8211; 0.80</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>69 monozygotic, 45 dizygotic twin pairs;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>68 monozygotic, 45 dizygotic twin pairs.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>AIC: Akaike information criteria; BIC: Bayesian information criteria; LL: Log likelihood; &#935;<sup>2</sup>: Chi-square test, based on model log likelihood comparative model fit test; rMZ: Saturated correlation between monozygotic twins; rDZ: Saturated correlation between dizygotic twin.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>best fitting model</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>Co-twin correlations of MZ (rMZ) and DZ (rDZ) twins offer basic insight on the heritability levels. Higher MZ correlations (vs DZ correlations) indicate a genetic effect, while similar rMZ and rDZ indicate shared environmental influence. 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are presented in brackets for all estimates. Univariate analyses are presented in which all components (A &#8211; additive genetic effects, C &#8211; common environmental effects, E &#8211; unique environmental effects) are estimated. Multiplying the numbers by 100 gives the variance in percentage. CIs not including 0 indicate significant estimates. Additionally reduced models are also shown (A-E or C-E), where the absent component is fixed at 0. Then we assess if these reduced models fit significantly worse (see p-value) than the full ACE model using a nested chi-square test. AIC and BIC offer additional evidence on which model is the most acceptable.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To our knowledge, our results demonstrate first the genetic effects on the abdominal aortic diameters in a healthy sample. This heritability was moderate, and a similarly moderate extent of variance was explained by unshared environmental components.</p>
      <p>Only Cecelja et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> have investigated the aortic dimensions in twins so far, and have reported that the highly heritable augmentation pressure in women is associated with the ratio of distal to proximal arterial diameters, but no heritability assessment of aortic diameters has been performed. The Strong Heart Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> has investigated the heritability of echocardiographically derived aortic root diameters in the American Indian participants, and has reported an additive genetic contribution of 51%, which is comparable to our findings. However, the diameter of the abdominal aorta has never been assessed. Our findings underscore that there is a moderate role of genetic effects in the aortic diameter development, which may predispose to aortic dilatation. These findings indicate that, in half, genetic effects drive the ageing of the abdominal aorta, but in the other half of the variance it can be influenced by the lifestyle. This is a very important point because the loss of compliance, atherosclerosis and increase of aortic stiffness, which are related to aortic geometry and in which age-related increases in collagen synthesis potentially lead to dilatation, could be prevented with a healthy lifestyle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In addition, it has never been demonstrated that there is a segment-specific difference in the heritability: the aortic diameter above the level of bifurcation is more heritable than that below the level of the origin of renal arteries. We might speculate whether this finding could explain why atherosclerosis is more common before the bifurcation. It is known that hemodynamic disturbances, such as turbulent flow or low shear stress, associated with branching or high curvature, contribute to some of the localization of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Segment-specific differences in heritability have been shown in case of carotid arteries indicating that inherited effects made a heterogeneous contribution to intima-media thickness by segment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      <p>In addition to the genetic mechanism, we reported that unique environmental factors, such as lifestyle, play a moderate role in determining aortic diameters. These risk and lifestyle factors have been extensively studied (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, etc.). According to some researchers, the programming of this mechanism begins already in foetal life and depends on mother's exposure to risk factors as well as via epigenetic modulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Identification of risk factors, which have a 45-60% influence, rather proximally under the level of origin of renal arteries, would make the diagnosis more effective allowing possibility of detection of diseases in early stages and their prevention with lifestyle habit changing. The disease is believed to be connected with the lifestyle associated with high levels of oxidative stress and highly processed food.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      <p>A long-term goal of the present study is to detect and map new polymorphic genes that influence variation in abdominal aortic size and thereby contribute to the development of asymptomatic subclinical aortic dilatation and dissection or rupture. In recent years, several (relatively few) genes related to abdominal aortic aneurysm formation have been reported. Susceptibility genes, rather than causal gene mutations, were suspected in aneurysms, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysms, which are genetically complex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A genome&#173;wide study with infrarenal aorta diameter &#8805; 30 mm or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm demonstrated that LDLR rs6511720 is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A recent report showed that rs10757278 and rs1333049 on chromosome 9p21.3 are significantly associated with increased risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm in the Chinese population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> However, genetic studies in healthy individuals are necessary and other population-based studies on genetic factors influencing abdominal aortic size need to be performed to identify specific genetic markers that determine abdominal aortic size. This information may lead to improvement in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the prevention of abdominal aortic dilatation and its complications.</p>
      <p>Limitations of our study must be noted. No ECG gating was applied in our study, but systolic dilatation of the aorta was well identifiable in all cases. Second, aortic size measurements performed provide only a single static evaluation at one point in time. Older patients might demonstrate a more significant influence of environmental factors on aortic size, and alter the analysis of this study. Also, the relationship of genetic and environmental influence on aortic growth over time would be significantly more important than the influence over size at one point in time. In addition, ultrasonography has a weakness of inter-observer variability and limited visibility of aorta due to bowel gases and obesity, but in this study all participants were evaluated by the same radiologist and the aorta was well visible in all cases. Ultrasound was found to be relatively equal in the imaging of abdominal aorta compared to computed tomography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Additional limitation includes the relatively small number of participating DZ twins compared to usual twin studies, which may lead to statistical errors in the A-C-E model analysis by increasing the E variance.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In summary, moderate heritability and its segment-specific difference of abdominal aortic diameter were shown in a healthy sample, which will guide future gene-mapping efforts. Unshared environmental factors were responsible for the other, moderate portion of the variance.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Gen&#233;ticos e Ambientais no Desenvolvimento do Di&#226;metro da Aorta Abdominal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarnoki</surname>
            <given-names>Adam Domonkos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarnoki</surname>
            <given-names>David Laszlo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Littvay</surname>
            <given-names>Levente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garami</surname>
            <given-names>Zsolt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karlinger</surname>
            <given-names>Kinga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berczi</surname>
            <given-names>Viktor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Semmelweis University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Budapest</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="HU">Hungary</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy &#8211; Semmelweis University, Budapest &#8211; Hungary</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Semmelweis University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Central European University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Budapest</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="HU">Hungary</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Central European University, Budapest &#8211; Hungary</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Central European University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">The Houston Methodist Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart &amp; Vascular Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Houston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">TX</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart &amp; Vascular Center &#8211; The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Adam Domonkos Tarnoki</bold> , Semmelweis University Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy. 78/A &#220;ll&#246;i street. Postal Code 1082, Budapeste &#8211; Hungria E-mail: <email>tarnoki2@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Garami Z, Karlinger K, Berczi V; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Littvay L; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Littvay L, Garami Z, Karlinger K; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Littvay L, Garami Z, Karlinger K, Berczi V.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A configura&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal relaciona-se com o envelhecimento saud&#225;vel e uma s&#233;rie de dist&#250;rbios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar efeitos herd&#225;veis e ambientais no di&#226;metro da aorta abdominal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>114 pares de g&#234;meos adultos (69 monozig&#243;ticos e 45 dizig&#243;ticos do mesmo sexo), com idade m&#233;dia de 43,6 &#177; 16,3 anos, foram submetidos a ultrassonografia abdominal com o aparelho Esaote MyLab 70X para visualiza&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal abaixo da origem das art&#233;rias renais e 1-3 cm acima da bifurca&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A herdabilidade ajustada para idade e sexo do di&#226;metro da aorta abdominal abaixo da origem das art&#233;rias renais foi 40% [intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 95%, 14 &#8211; 67%] e acima da bifurca&#231;&#227;o, 55% (IC 95%, 45 &#8211; 70%). Nenhum dos di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos apresentou efeitos ambientais comuns, mas os efeitos ambientais n&#227;o compartilhados foram respons&#225;veis por 60% e 45% dos tra&#231;os, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nossa an&#225;lise mostrou herdabilidade moderada e diferen&#231;a do di&#226;metro da aorta abdominal com especificidade de segmento. A parte moderada da vari&#226;ncia foi explicada pelo componente ambiental n&#227;o compartilhado, enfatizando a import&#226;ncia do estilo de vida na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Estudos adicionais nesse campo poder&#227;o guiar futuros esfor&#231;os de mapeamento gen&#233;tico e investigar fatores espec&#237;ficos de estilo de vida para prevenir dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal e suas complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Aorta Abdominal / gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hereditariedade</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O tamanho da aorta diminui gradualmente &#224; medida que aumenta a dist&#226;ncia da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, definindo-se o di&#226;metro normal da aorta descendente como &lt; 1,6 cm/m<sup>2</sup> e o da aorta abdominal, menor do que 3,0 cm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> A configura&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal pode estar relacionada a envelhecimento saud&#225;vel, exerc&#237;cios e/ou a uma variedade de dist&#250;rbios, como hipertens&#227;o, aneurisma, dissec&#231;&#227;o e ruptura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> O aumento do tamanho da aorta &#233; cont&#237;nuo durante a vida, sendo a taxa de expans&#227;o normal de 1-;2 mm/ano, e envolve todos os segmentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> O envelhecimento da aorta se acompanha de perda de complac&#234;ncia e aumento da rigidez da parede, causados por altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais, incluindo aumento no conte&#250;do de col&#225;geno, forma&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose intimal com dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio, ativa&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;sculo liso, degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz, necrose c&#237;stica da m&#233;dia, hiperatividade de vias proteol&#237;ticas e estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> Sabe-se ainda que certas doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas, como aneurisma de aorta abdominal, acham-se associadas com a geometria a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o tamanho crescente da aorta e o risco de ruptura espont&#226;nea ou dissec&#231;&#227;o foi bem documentado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> Apesar de v&#225;rios estudos terem relatado incid&#234;ncia familiar desses aneurismas de aorta abdominal, o grau de determina&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica na geometria da aorta abdominal &#233; ainda reduzido. Embora a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as relacionadas ao di&#226;metro da aorta abdominal, como aterosclerose e aneurisma de aorta, tenha aumentado nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida e v&#225;rios fatores de risco, nenhum estudo investigou se a varia&#231;&#227;o no di&#226;metro da aorta abdominal deve-se a diferen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas ou ambientais. Se os efeitos herd&#225;veis forem considerados importantes, estudos precisam ser realizados para identificar marcadores gen&#233;ticos espec&#237;ficos que determinem o tamanho da aorta abdominal. Ao contr&#225;rio, se o ambiente desempenha papel mais importante, devem-se enfatizar interven&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida para interferir no desenvolvimento das doen&#231;as relacionadas ao di&#226;metro da aorta abdominal. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a extens&#227;o dos efeitos gen&#233;ticos e ambientais no di&#226;metro da aorta abdominal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes e design do estudo</title>
          <p>Do Registro de G&#234;meos da Hungria, selecionaram-se 114 pares de g&#234;meos saud&#225;veis caucasianos [69 pares de g&#234;meos monozig&#243;ticos (MZ) e 45 dizig&#243;ticos (DZ) do mesmo sexo] com idade superior a 18 anos (idade m&#233;dia de 43,6 &#177; 16,3 anos), que foram recrutados para ultrassonografia abdominal no Departamento de Radiologia e Oncoterapia da Universidade Semmelweis em 2009 e 2010.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> Foram exclu&#237;dos pares de g&#234;meos DZ de sexos opostos para se evitar o vi&#233;s das estimativas de herdabilidade na presen&#231;a de efeitos espec&#237;ficos de sexo ou do cromossomo X. Mulheres gr&#225;vidas foram exclu&#237;das do estudo. Os pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica ou outras causas de estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Em lugar de genotipagem para classifica&#231;&#227;o de zigosidade, utilizou&#173;se um question&#225;rio de m&#250;ltipla escolha autoadministrado com sete partes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Fatores de risco, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e tabagismo foram registrados no question&#225;rio. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Semmelweis e foi conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ultrassonografia abdominal limitada</title>
          <p>Realizou-se ultrassonografia abdominal limitada com Doppler e modo B para visualizar a aorta abdominal abaixo da origem das art&#233;rias renais e 1-3 cm acima da bifurca&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, com transdutor curvo (1-;8 MHz, CA431, Esaote MyLab 70X Vision, Esaote, G&#234;nova, It&#225;lia). Imagens digitais padronizadas da aorta foram registradas na posi&#231;&#227;o supina no plano transversal para os cortes axiais. O ganho de amplifica&#231;&#227;o em escalas de cinza, a curva de compensa&#231;&#227;o tempo-ganho e o n&#250;mero de foco foram ajustados para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das melhores imagens da aorta. Os exames foram realizados pelo mesmo radiologista. Usou-se <italic>trackball</italic> para estabelecer a melhor imagem da aorta na s&#237;stole, sendo o maior di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico medido no plano transversal por compassos eletr&#244;nicos no momento do exame.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O programa <italic>SPSS Statistics</italic> 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) foi usado para a an&#225;lise descritiva, sendo as subamostras MZ e DZ comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de amostras independentes. Calcularam-se as correla&#231;&#245;es de Pearson entre os di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Os par&#226;metros de di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
          <p>Calculou-se uma estimativa descritiva da influ&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica nos pares MZ e DZ usando-se correla&#231;&#245;es entre g&#234;meos do mesmo par corrigidas para idade e sexo. Na an&#225;lise de g&#234;meos, uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre MZ substancialmente maior do que uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre DZ sugere herdabilidade, ao passo que correla&#231;&#245;es similares entre g&#234;meos implicam que componentes ambientais compartilhados determinam mais fortemente a vari&#226;ncia. Maiores similaridades DZ comparadas aos g&#234;meos MZ sugerem que fatores ambientais n&#227;o compartilhados (&#250;nicos) sejam respons&#225;veis pelo tra&#231;o. Com base nas similaridades entre g&#234;meos MZ e DZ, realizou-se modelagem de equa&#231;&#227;o estrutural (modelo A-C-E) com Mplus, vers&#227;o 6.1, (Muth&#233;n &amp; Muth&#233;n, Los Angeles, CA, EUA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> para decompor a vari&#226;ncia em efeitos gen&#233;ticos aditivos (A), ambientais comuns ou compartilhados (C) e ambientais &#250;nicos ou n&#227;o compartilhados (E).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Os intervalos de confian&#231;a emp&#237;ricos foram calculados com <italic>bootstrap</italic> de Bollen-Stine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Toda a estat&#237;stica inferencial foi baseada em estimativa por m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a. Modelos aninhados foram comparados usando-se teste de verossimilhan&#231;a e qui&#173;quadrado, sendo a sele&#231;&#227;o de modelo realizada atrav&#233;s dos crit&#233;rios de informa&#231;&#227;o de akaike de acordo com o princ&#237;pio da parcim&#244;nia. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise descritiva</title>
          <p>Os fatores de risco, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;as e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre g&#234;meos MZ e DZ. Os homens representaram 39% da amostra do estudo. Os grupos MZ e DZ foram formados por 32 homens e 106 mulheres, e 30 homens e 60 mulheres, respectivamente. Hipertens&#227;o, hipercolesterolemia e diabetes estavam presentes em 32%, 22% e 6%. Os indiv&#237;duos ativos corresponderam a 17% da amostra, e ex-fumantes, 14%. Os di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos m&#233;dios abaixo da origem das art&#233;rias renais e acima da bifurca&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foram 1,5 &#177; 0,2 cm e 1,4 &#177; 0,2 cm, respectivamente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre g&#234;meos MZ e DZ com rela&#231;&#227;o ao di&#226;metro a&#243;rtica abaixo da origem das art&#233;rias renais, mas os g&#234;meos DZ apresentaram di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico significativamente menor acima da bifurca&#231;&#227;o (1,4 &#177; 0,2 vs. 1,3 &#177; 0,2 cm, p &lt; 0,005). Nenhum aneurisma de aorta abdominal foi identificado. N&#227;o houve significativa correla&#231;&#227;o entre di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, consumo semanal de &#225;lcool, consumo de cigarros, diabetes e hipercolesterolemia. Hipertensos apresentaram di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico significativamente maior abaixo da origem das art&#233;rias renais (1,6 &#177; 0,2 vs. 1,5 &#177; 0,2, p &lt; 0,05), mas isso n&#227;o foi observado acima da bifurca&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise univariada</title>
          <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es foram maiores entre g&#234;meos MZ do que entre DZ, com herdabilidade ajustada para idade e sexo do di&#226;metro da aorta abdominal abaixo da origem das art&#233;rias renais de 40% [95% intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC), 14 a 67%], e para acima da bifurca&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica de 55% (95% IC, 45 a 70%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>). Nenhum dos di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos apresentou efeitos ambientais compartilhados, sendo os efeitos ambientais n&#227;o compartilhados respons&#225;veis por 60% e 45% dos tra&#231;os, respectivamente.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estimativas de par&#226;metros para efeitos gen&#233;ticos aditivos (A), ambientais comuns ou compartilhados (C) e ambientais &#250;nicos ou n&#227;o compartilhados (E) no di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico por modelagem de equa&#231;&#227;o estrutural</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel dependente</th>
                  <th align="center"/>
                  <th align="center">AIC</th>
                  <th align="center">BIC</th>
                  <th align="center">-2LL</th>
                  <th align="center">&#935;<sup>2</sup> diferen&#231;a</th>
                  <th align="center">df diferen&#231;a</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">rMZ</th>
                  <th align="center">rDZ</th>
                  <th align="center">A</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">C</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">E</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0.413 (0.201, 0.630)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.151 (-0.199, 0.436)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico abaixo das art&#233;rias renais<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">A-C-E <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">&#8225;</xref>
										</td>
                  <td align="center">-57.544</td>
                  <td align="center">-41.127</td>
                  <td align="center">-69.54</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14 &#8211; 0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.38</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36 &#8211; 0.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">A-E</td>
                  <td align="center">-59.544</td>
                  <td align="center">-45.863</td>
                  <td align="center">-69.54</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 &#8211; 0.62</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38 &#8211; 0.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="center">C-E</td>
                  <td align="center">-57.339</td>
                  <td align="center">-43.658</td>
                  <td align="center">-67.34</td>
                  <td align="center">5.628</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14 &#8211; 0.48</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52 &#8211; 0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0.566 (0.366, 0.709)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.209 (-0.069, 0.570)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico acima da bifurca&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">A-C-E</td>
                  <td align="center">-79.736</td>
                  <td align="center">-63.371</td>
                  <td align="center">-91.736</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29 &#8211; 0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29 &#8211; 0.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">A-E <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">&#8225;</xref>
										</td>
                  <td align="center">-81.736</td>
                  <td align="center">-68.099</td>
                  <td align="center">-91.736</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35 &#8211; 0.70</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30 &#8211; 0.65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">C-E</td>
                  <td align="center">-76.108</td>
                  <td align="center">-62.472</td>
                  <td align="center">-86.108</td>
                  <td align="center">2.204</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.138</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 &#8211; 0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 &#8211; 0.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41 &#8211; 0.80</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Pares de g&#234;meos: 69 monozig&#243;ticos e 45 dizig&#243;ticos;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Pares de g&#234;meos: 68 monozig&#243;ticos e 45 dizig&#243;tico.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <p> AIC: Crit&#233;rios de informa&#231;&#227;o de akaike; BIC: Crit&#233;rios de informa&#231;&#227;o bayesiana; LL: Log-verossimilhan&#231;a; &#935;<sup>2</sup>: Teste qui-quadrado, baseado na compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores de log-verossimilhan&#231;a do modelo de melhor ajuste; rMZ: Correla&#231;&#227;o saturada entre g&#234;meos monozig&#243;ticos; rDZ: Correla&#231;&#227;o saturada entre g&#234;meos dizig&#243;ticos.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>modelo com melhor ajuste</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre g&#234;meos MZ (rMZ) e DZ (rDZ) oferecem uma explica&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica sobre os n&#237;veis de herdabilidade. Maiores correla&#231;&#245;es MZ (versus correla&#231;&#245;es DZ) indicam um efeito gen&#233;tico, enquanto efeitos similares rMZ e rDZ indicam influ&#234;ncia ambiental compartilhada. Intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% s&#227;o apresentados em colchetes para todas as estimativas. An&#225;lises univariadas s&#227;o apresentadas com estimativa de todos os componentes (A &#8211; efeitos gen&#233;ticos aditivos, C &#8211; efeitos ambientais comuns, E &#8211; efeitos ambientais &#250;nicos). A multiplica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#250;meros por 100 fornece a vari&#226;ncia em porcentagens. IC que n&#227;o inclui 0 indica estimativa significativa. Modelos reduzidos (A-E ou C-E), em que o componente ausente &#233; fixado em 0, s&#227;o tamb&#233;m apresentados. Avaliou-se ent&#227;o se esses modelos reduzidos t&#234;m ajuste significativamente pior (ver valor de p) do que o modelo completo ACE, usando-se o teste do qui-quadrado aninhado. AIC e BIC oferecem evid&#234;ncia adicional de qual modelo &#233; mais aceit&#225;vel.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados demonstram os efeitos gen&#233;ticos no di&#226;metro da aorta abdominal em uma amostra saud&#225;vel. Essa herdabilidade foi moderada, sendo uma extens&#227;o similarmente moderada de vari&#226;ncia explicada por componentes ambientais n&#227;o compartilhados.</p>
        <p>Apenas Cecelja et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> haviam investigado as dimens&#245;es a&#243;rticas em g&#234;meos at&#233; agora, tendo relatado que o aumento altamente herd&#225;vel de press&#227;o nas mulheres acha-se associado com a raz&#227;o entre os di&#226;metros arteriais distais e proximais; entretanto, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de herdabilidade dos di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos n&#227;o havia ainda sido feita. O <italic>Strong Heart Study</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> investigou a herdabilidade dos di&#226;metros da raiz a&#243;rtica obtidos atrav&#233;s de ecocardiografia em &#237;ndios americanos, tendo relatado uma contribui&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica adicional de 51%, compar&#225;vel aos nossos achados. Entretanto, o di&#226;metro da aorta abdominal nunca foi avaliado. Nossos achados enfatizam o papel moderado dos efeitos gen&#233;ticos no desenvolvimento do di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico, podendo predispor a dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. Tais achados indicam que o envelhecimento da aorta abdominal &#233; parcialmente (50%) guiado por efeitos gen&#233;ticos, sendo a outra metade da vari&#226;ncia influenciada pelo estilo de vida. Perda de complac&#234;ncia, aterosclerose e aumento da rigidez a&#243;rtica, todos relacionados &#224; geometria a&#243;rtica, poderiam ser evitados com um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel; neles ocorre aumento da s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno com a idade, o que pode levar &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a exist&#234;ncia de uma diferen&#231;a na herdabilidade espec&#237;fica por segmento nunca foi demonstrada: o di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico acima da bifurca&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais herd&#225;vel do que aquele abaixo da origem das art&#233;rias renais. Devemos especular se tal achado poderia explicar porque a aterosclerose &#233; mais comum antes da bifurca&#231;&#227;o. Sabe-se que dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos, como fluxo turbulento ou baixo estresse de cisalhamento, associados com ramifica&#231;&#227;o e grande curvatura, contribuem para algum grau de localiza&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Diferen&#231;as em herdabilidade espec&#237;ficas por segmento foram mostradas em art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, indicando que os efeitos herdados contribuem de maneira heterog&#234;nea para a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia por segmento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m do mecanismo gen&#233;tico, relatamos que fatores ambientais &#250;nicos, como estilo de vida, desempenham um papel moderado na determina&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos. Esses fatores de risco e estilo de vida foram bastante estudados (tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade). Segundo alguns pesquisadores, a programa&#231;&#227;o desse mecanismo come&#231;a na vida fetal e depende da exposi&#231;&#227;o materna a fatores de risco e de modula&#231;&#227;o epigen&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco, com 45-60% de influ&#234;ncia proximalmente abaixo da origem das art&#233;rias renais, tornaria o diagn&#243;stico mais efetivo, permitindo a detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as em est&#225;gio precoce e sua preven&#231;&#227;o com altera&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida. Acredita-se que a doen&#231;a esteja ligada a um estilo de vida com altos n&#237;veis de estresse oxidativo e alimentos altamente processados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
        <p>O objetivo de longo prazo deste estudo &#233; detectar e mapear novos genes polim&#243;rficos que influenciam a varia&#231;&#227;o de tamanho da aorta abdominal, dessa forma contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica subcl&#237;nica assintom&#225;tica e dissec&#231;&#227;o ou ruptura. Recentemente, alguns genes relacionados &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta abdominal foram relatados. Suspeitou-se mais de genes de susceptibilidade do que de muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas causadoras de aneurismas, particularmente os de aorta abdominal, que s&#227;o geneticamente complexos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Um estudo do genoma com di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico infrarenal &#8805; 30 mm ou aneurisma de aorta abdominal roto demonstrou a associa&#231;&#227;o de LDLR rs6511720 com aneurisma de aorta abdominal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Um recente relato na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa mostrou uma significativa associa&#231;&#227;o de rs10757278 e rs1333049 no cromossomo 9p21.3 com aumento do risco de aneurisma de aorta abdominal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Entretanto, estudos gen&#233;ticos em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, assim como outros estudos de base populacional sobre fatores gen&#233;ticos que influenciam o tamanho da aorta abdominal para identificar marcadores gen&#233;ticos espec&#237;ficos. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o pode melhorar as estrat&#233;gias de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento na preven&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#227;o de aorta abdominal e suas complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo devem ser consideradas. N&#227;o se usou sincroniza&#231;&#227;o com ECG neste estudo, mas dilata&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica da aorta foi bem identificada em todos os casos. As medidas de tamanho da aorta forneceram apenas uma &#250;nica avalia&#231;&#227;o est&#225;tica em certo momento. Pacientes mais idosos podem demonstrar uma influ&#234;ncia mais significativa dos fatores ambientais sobre o tamanho da aorta, e alterar a an&#225;lise deste estudo. Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o das influ&#234;ncias gen&#233;ticas e ambientais no crescimento a&#243;rtico ao longo do tempo seria muito mais importante do que a influ&#234;ncia no tamanho em dado momento. Quanto &#224; ultrassonografia, seus pontos fracos s&#227;o a variabilidade inter-observador e a limitada visibilidade da aorta devido aos gases intestinais e obesidade, mas, neste estudo, todos os participantes foram avaliados pelo mesmo radiologista e a aorta foi bem visualizada em todos eles. A compara&#231;&#227;o da ultrassonografia e da tomografia computadorizada mostrou imagens da aorta abdominal relativamente iguais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Limita&#231;&#245;es adicionais incluem o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de g&#234;meos DZ participantes em compara&#231;&#227;o ao usual em estudos de g&#234;meos, o que pode levar a erros estat&#237;sticos na an&#225;lise do modelo A-C-E ao aumentar a vari&#226;ncia dos efeitos ambientais n&#227;o compartilhados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Concluindo, herdabilidade moderada e diferen&#231;a do di&#226;metro da aorta abdominal com especificidade de segmento foram demonstradas em uma amostra saud&#225;vel, e poder&#227;o orientar esfor&#231;os futuros de mapeamento gen&#233;tico. Os fatores ambientais n&#227;o compartilhados foram respons&#225;veis pela outra parte da vari&#226;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
