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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rhhx8WkgDNV6GWK7KjwXqXQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005060001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pulmonary Embolism Mortality in Brazil from 1989 to 2010: Gender and Regional Disparities</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darze</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casqueiro</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ciuffo</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Allen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Iuri Resed&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Salvador</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Sahade Darze</bold> , Servi&#231;o de Medicina Cardiovascular, Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar. Avenida Garibaldi 2199, Postal Code 40170-130, Salvador, Bahia &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>esdarze@yahoo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Darze ES, Casqueiro JB, Ciuffo LA, Santos JM, Magalh&#227;es IR, Latado AL; Statistical analysis: Darze ES, Latado AL; Writing of the manuscript: Darze ES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>4</fpage>
      <lpage>12</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>A significant variation in pulmonary embolism (PE) mortality trends have been documented around the world. We investigated the trends in mortality rate from PE in Brazil over a period of 21 years and its regional and gender differences.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Using a nationwide database of death certificate information we searched for all cases with PE as the underlying cause of death between 1989 and 2010. Population data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). We calculated age-, gender- and region-specific mortality rates for each year, using the 2000 Brazilian population for direct standardization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Over 21 years the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) fell 31% from 3.04/100,000 to 2.09/100,000. In every year between 1989 and 2010, the ASMR was higher in women than in men, but both showed a significant declining trend, from 3.10/100,000 to 2.36/100,000 and from 2.94/100,000 to 1.80/100,000, respectively. Although all country regions showed a decline in their ASMR, the largest fall in death rates was concentrated in the highest income regions of the South and Southeast Brazil. The North and Northeast regions, the lowest income areas, showed a less marked fall in death rates and no distinct change in the PE mortality rate in women.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Our study showed a reduction in the PE mortality rate over two decades in Brazil. However, significant variation in this trend was observed amongst the five country regions and between genders, pointing to possible disparities in health care access and quality in these groups.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Health Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Age Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Regional Medical Programs</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most common acute cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and stroke, affecting approximately 1 in 1000 people per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> Both hospital and population-based studies, mostly from North America, have shown that the PE mortality rate has been decreasing over the past three decades. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> However, a recent European study has demonstrated that this fall in PE mortality could only be observed in some countries, while others showed stable or increasing rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Demographic changes and several developments in prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment over the past two decades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> may have affected the incidence of PE, and its case fatality and mortality rates.</p>
      <p>Unfortunately, there is a conspicuous absence of epidemiologic data in Brazil and other Latin American countries pertaining to venous thromboembolism (VTE). Additionally, despite the fact that Brazil is among the largest global economies, similarly to all developing countries, it is plagued with marked inequalities in health care access and quality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Knowledge of the trends in mortality rate from prevalent diseases, its regional disparities and sex differences is fundamental to the conception and implementation of national and global health policies.</p>
      <p>Using a nationwide database, we investigated the trends in PE mortality rate in Brazil over a period of 21 years. We also tried to uncover possible disparities in these trends between genders and amongst the five Brazilian geographical regions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Mortality data was compiled from the Brazilian National Mortality Data System directly from its web pages, which are available for the public free of charge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The database provides the age-, sex-, and region-specific number of deaths based on data collected from death certificates. Based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes, we searched for all cases that had PE as the underlying cause of death between 1989 and 2010. We used the ICD ninth revision codes 415 and 673 until 1995, and, after that, the tenth revision codes I26 and O88. The study followed the Declaration of Helsinki set of principles.</p>
      <p>National population data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), which were also stratified by sex, age and the five Brazilian geographical regions: North, Northeast, West-Central, Southeast and South.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> For age-adjusted rates, the 2000 Brazilian population was used as standard.</p>
      <p>We calculated age-, gender- and region-specific mortality rates for each year between 1989 and 2010. In order to analyze overall trends in mortality rates, and gender and regional differences in these trends, direct standardization was performed using the Brazilian population of the year 2000 as standard. Linear regression models were built in order to estimate mean annual changes in mortality rates during the study period, considering the year as the independent variable and the mortality rate as the dependent variable. A significance level of 5% was used for the linear regression models. All data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows, version 17 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Overall trends in mortality rates</title>
        <p>Between 1989 and 2010, there were 20,927,857 deaths in Brazil, of which 92,999 (51,871 women and 41,128 men) had PE listed as the underlying cause. The crude mortality rate due to PE decreased from 2.80/100,000 in 1989 to 2.62/100,000 in 2010. The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) also fell significantly from 3.04/100,000 to 2.09/100,000 during the same period, corresponding to a 31% drop in 21 years and a mean annual reduction of 0.057/100,000 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) from pulmonary embolism by gender</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Age-specific mortality rates due to PE varied significantly for every 20-year age stratum, increasing exponentially along the five age groups for each year analyzed. In 2010, the last year studied, the age-specific mortality rate at least tripled for each age group older than 19 years, irrespective of gender (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). The largest number of deaths occurred in the 60&#173;79 age stratum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). Between 1989 and 2010 the age-specific mortality rate decreased in all age groups, with the largest relative fall observed in the 60&#173;79 age stratum (36.6%), and the lowest fall in the 20-39 age stratum (14.9%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crude mortality rates from pulmonary embolism by age group and gender for the year 2010</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Total number of pulmonary embolism deaths by age group for men (A) and women (B)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crude mortality rates from pulmonary embolism by age group</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Trends in mortality rates and gender</title>
        <p>Among men, the crude mortality rate and the ASMR fell along the 21-year period, from 2.45/100,000 to 2.22/100,000 and from 2.94/100,000 to 1.80/100,000, respectively. Among women, however, the crude mortality rate increased from 2.50/100,000 in 1989 to 3.01/100,000 in 2010, but the ASMR decreased from 3.10/100,000 to 2.36/100,000. Despite the significant fall in the ASMR for both sexes (men = 39%; women = 24%), in every year between 1989 and 2010, the ASMR was higher in women than in men (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). When stratified by age &#8805; and &lt; 40 years, mortality rates were similar in men and women until the mid-1990's, and from that point onwards remained consistently higher in women regardless of the age group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crude mortality rates from pulmonary embolism by gender and ages &lt; and &#8805; 40 years.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Trends in mortality rates and regional differences</title>
        <p>In 2010, the highest ASMRs were observed in the Southeast and South regions, and the lowest rates, in the North region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>). A declining trend in the ASMR was observed in all regions, but the most marked changes were seen in the South, West-Central and Southeast regions, with drops in ASMR of 48.7%, 39.8% and 31.1%, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). In the North and Northeast regions, only small declines in ASMR - much below the national average - were observed along the 21-year period (12.8% and 7.2%, respectively). In the North and Northeast regions, there was no appreciable variation in the ASMR among women, and, in the Southeast and West-Central regions, the relative decrease in the ASMR between 1989 and 2010 was significantly inferior in women compared to men. Only in the South region, there were equivalent falls in ASMR between genders during the study period (men = 48.3%; women = 49.1%).</p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Map of age-standardized mortality rates from pulmonary embolism per 100,000 people in the five Brazilian regions &#8211; 2010</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) from pulmonary embolism per geographic region and gender</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relative changes in age-standardized mortality rates from pulmonary embolism per geographic region by gender, 1989-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Region</th>
                <th align="center">Overall </th>
                <th align="center">Men </th>
                <th align="center">Women </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">North</td>
                <td align="center">-12.8%</td>
                <td align="center">-22.3%</td>
                <td align="center">-2.4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Northeast</td>
                <td align="center">-7.2%</td>
                <td align="center">-13.3%</td>
                <td align="center">-2.1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Southeast</td>
                <td align="center">-31.1%</td>
                <td align="center">-41.1%</td>
                <td align="center">-16.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">South</td>
                <td align="center">-48.7%</td>
                <td align="center">-48.3%</td>
                <td align="center">-49.1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">West-Central</td>
                <td align="center">-39.8%</td>
                <td align="center">-47.5%</td>
                <td align="center">-30.7%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our study showed that over the last two decades in Brazil there was a progressive and steady fall in the mortality rate from PE of approximately 31%. The same consistent decline was observed in all age groups and in both sexes, although women had a less marked fall in mortality rates along the same period. On the other hand, trends in PE mortality differed among the Brazilian regions. A steeper declining trend was observed in the South, Southeast and West&#173;Central regions, whereas the North and Northeast regions showed a much smaller decline with no appreciable change among women. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only population-based study to investigate the long-term PE mortality trends in Latin America.</p>
      <p>There are basically two possible explanations for the observed fall in PE mortality rates: a decrease in the incidence of VTE and/or a decrease in the case fatality rate from PE. A significant drop in the incidence of VTE seems unlikely for a few reasons. Although it had remained stable for 30 years until the 1990's, from then on several studies from different regions of the world have consistently demonstrated a progressive increase in the overall VTE incidence and its hospitalization rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> It is well known that the incidence of VTE increases sharply with age, particularly after the age of 60.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> With the aging world population, the number of VTE cases would be expected to increase. The prevalence of known risk factors for VTE has also increased during the 20-year study period. The prevalence of congestive heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and all types of cancer has been climbing for more than 10 years,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and so has the number of surgical procedures and hospital admissions,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> important risk factors for venous thrombosis. Nevertheless, the relatively sharp increase in the VTE incidence observed after the 1990's seems disproportionate to the slow increments in the mean population age and prevalence of risk factors. Some authors have suggested that these observations may be attributed in part to the development and universal use of multidetector pulmonary computed tomography angiography (CTA), which has enabled a more accurate diagnosis of PE, including the detection of a more significant number of small subsegmental emboli.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Contrary to the incidence rate, several hospital- and population-based studies have shown that, over the past 20 years, the case fatality rate of PE has dropped from around 10%-12% to 7%-8%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and may be the reason for the fall in the mortality rate observed in our study and several others around the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> Earlier and more accurate diagnosis and treatment may be the explanation for the reduction in case fatality rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Since VTE prophylaxis in surgical and medical hospitalized patients continues to be underused<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and the PE incidence rises, prevention does not seem to contribute significantly to the reduction in the mortality rate. There is controversy on the actual role that the multidetector pulmonary CTA introduction in the late 1990's has played in case fatality and mortality rates. On one hand, a more accurate diagnosis would lead to earlier treatment and consequently a lower risk of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> However, the increase in sensitivity of the test and the detection of small and possibly insignificant subsegmental emboli may bring about a phenomenon called overdiagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> This is characterized by an increase in the incidence of milder or clinically insignificant forms of the disease, a consequent decline in case fatality, but no or minimal change in mortality rates, since the absolute number of deaths remains unaffected. It is not known whether this rationale applies to our findings, since there are neither parallel data on the incidence trends and case fatality rates in Brazil, nor studies documenting patterns of CTA use for the diagnosis of PE.</p>
      <p>Our study has also shown that women had higher crude mortality rate and ASMR in every year during the study period when compared to men, even when stratified by age groups (&#8805; 40 years and &lt; 40 years). The decline in mortality observed from 1989 to 2010 was also less marked in women (24% versus 39%). Gender disparities in health have been demonstrated in other cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and may represent differential exposure to risks or inequalities in health care access and quality. The age-adjusted incidence of VTE appears to be slightly higher in men, with a sex ratio of 1.2:1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> However, the incidence rates are somewhat higher in women during the childbearing age, reflecting the exposure to estrogen and pregnancy. On the other hand, after the age of 45, the incidence rates are generally higher in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> Regarding case fatality, most studies have shown either similar or slightly higher rates in men compared to women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Our observation of a higher overall ASMR in women contrasts with prior investigations from the United States, where men had higher mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> Only one European international study showed similar findings, where women had higher age-standardized PE mortality in all countries studied, except for Poland.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> The reasons for the gender differences in PE mortality rates among various countries remain unexplained, but might point to sex-related variations in health care, such as proper and prompt referral for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Although a declining trend in ASMR was observed in all Brazilian regions, the largest fall in death rates was concentrated in the highest income regions of the South and Southeast Brazil. The North and Northeast regions, the lowest income areas, showed a less marked fall in death rates and no distinct change in PE mortality rate in women. A similar variation in region-specific PE mortality trends has also been observed when comparing different European countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Although the majority has shown declining trends in PE mortality, some countries have shown either no change or even a clear increase in rates. If the declining PE mortality is interpreted as evidence of more accurate diagnosis and consequent earlier initiation of proper treatment, the heterogeneous mortality trends observed in the different country regions may reflect inequalities in health care delivery, with the most striking declines in mortality rates observed in the regions with the highest level of economic and social development. Nevertheless, the design of this study and its limitations should temper the strength of this association.</p>
      <p>Uncertainties regarding the quality of physician coding of the underlying cause of death is a major concern when comparing mortality data over time and across country regions. The accuracy in assigning the cause of death may suffer a significant variation along a 20-year period and may be strikingly different in places with different levels of access to health care resources. In Brazil, only 79% of deaths were estimated to be registered, and 20% of death certificates had ill-defined codes assigned as the cause of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Therefore, the lower mortality rates seen in the lowest income regions may actually represent worse completeness and accuracy of the death registration process.</p>
      <p>Given the known difficulties in diagnosing PE clinically<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and the low sensitivity of the PE diagnosis in death certificates,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> our data probably represent an underestimation of the true mortality rates, a hypothesis strengthened by the much lower PE mortality rates in Brazil when compared to the United States and Europe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> The change from ICD 9 to ICD 10 does not seem to have affected our data, since no abrupt changes in mortality rates were observed the year after the conversion in Brazil, which occurred simultaneously in all regions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Our study shows a declining trend in PE mortality rates in all age groups over the last 20 years in Brazil, but also documented important differences in these trends amongst the five Brazilian regions and between genders. Although encouraging, the fall in the overall PE death rates was not as marked in women and in the lowest income regions, pointing to possible undesirable disparities in health care access and quality in these groups.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortalidade por Embolia Pulmonar no Brasil entre 1989 e 2010: Disparidades Regionais e por G&#234;nero</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darze</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casqueiro</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ciuffo</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Allen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Iuri Resed&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Salvador</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Sahade Darze</bold> , Servi&#231;o de Medicina Cardiovascular, Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar. Avenida Garibaldi 2199, CEP 40170-130, Salvador, Bahia &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>esdarze@yahoo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Darze ES, Casqueiro JB, Ciuffo LA, Santos JM, Magalh&#227;es IR, Latado AL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Darze ES, Latado AL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Darze ES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Uma significativa varia&#231;&#227;o nas tend&#234;ncias de mortalidade por embolia pulmonar (EP) foi documentada em todo o mundo. Investigamos as tend&#234;ncias na taxa de mortalidade por EP no Brasil no per&#237;odo de 21 anos, assim como suas diferen&#231;as regionais e de g&#234;nero.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Utilizando uma base de dados nacionais de certificados de &#243;bito, buscamos todos os casos de EP como causa b&#225;sica de morte entre 1989 e 2010. Dados populacionais foram obtidos no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica. Calculamos as taxas de mortalidade espec&#237;fica por idade, g&#234;nero e regi&#227;o para cada ano, usando a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira do ano 2000 para padroniza&#231;&#227;o direta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Nos 21 anos, a taxa de mortalidade padronizada por idade (TMPI) caiu 31%, passando de 3,04/100.000 para 2,09/100.000. Em cada ano entre 1989 e 2010, a TMPI foi maior nas mulheres do que nos homens, tendo ambos mostrado uma significativa tend&#234;ncia decrescente, de 3,10/100.000 para 2,36/100.000 e de 2,94/100.000 para 1,80/100.000, respectivamente. Embora todas as regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s tenham apresentado um decl&#237;nio em suas taxas de mortalidade padronizada por idade, as maiores quedas concentraram-se nas regi&#245;es de mais alta renda do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. As regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, que t&#234;m as mais baixas rendas, apresentaram uma queda menos marcante nas taxas de mortalidade, sem qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o na taxa de mortalidade por EP nas mulheres.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nosso estudo mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de mortalidade por EP nas duas d&#233;cadas no Brasil. Entretanto, houve uma significativa varia&#231;&#227;o nessa tend&#234;ncia entre as cinco regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s e entre g&#234;neros, indicando uma poss&#237;vel disparidade no acesso aos cuidados de sa&#250;de e sua qualidade nesses grupos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade da Assist&#234;ncia &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores Et&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Programas M&#233;dicos Regionais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A embolia pulmonar (EP) &#233; a terceira doen&#231;a cardiovascular aguda mais comum ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral, acometendo cerca de 1 em 1000 pessoas por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> Estudos de base hospitalar e populacional, principalmente na Am&#233;rica do Norte, mostraram que a taxa de mortalidade por EP vem caindo nas tr&#234;s &#250;ltimas d&#225;ecadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> Entretanto, um recente estudo europeu demonstrou que essa queda na mortalidade por EP s&#243; foi observada em alguns pa&#237;ses, tendo outros apresentado taxas est&#225;veis ou crescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Altera&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas e v&#225;rios avan&#231;os em profilaxia, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento ao longo das duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> podem ter afetado a incid&#234;ncia e as taxas de letalidade e de mortalidade da EP.</p>
        <p>H&#225; uma significativa aus&#234;ncia de dados epidemiol&#243;gicos no Brasil e outros pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; tromboembolia venosa (TEV). Al&#233;m disso, ainda que o Brasil esteja entre as maiores economias globais, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de todos os pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, &#233; assolado por marcantes desigualdades no acesso aos cuidados de sa&#250;de e sua qualidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> &#201; fundamental que se conhe&#231;am as tend&#234;ncias da taxa de mortalidade de doen&#231;as prevalentes, suas disparidades regionais e diferen&#231;as quanto a g&#234;nero, para a concep&#231;&#227;o e implementa&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de nacionais e globais.</p>
        <p>Usando uma base de dados de abrang&#234;ncia nacional, investigamos as tend&#234;ncias da taxa de mortalidade por EP no Brasil num per&#237;odo de 21 anos. Tentamos ainda descobrir as poss&#237;veis disparidades nessas tend&#234;ncias entre os g&#234;neros e nas cinco regi&#245;es geopol&#237;ticas do Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Os dados de mortalidade foram compilados a partir do Sistema Brasileiro de Dados sobre Mortalidade diretamente de suas p&#225;ginas na web, de livre acesso ao p&#250;blico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Essa base de dados fornece o n&#250;mero de mortes espec&#237;fico por idade, sexo e regi&#227;o a partir de dados coletados dos certificados de &#243;bito. Tendo por base os c&#243;digos da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID), procuramos todos os casos cuja causa b&#225;sica de morte fosse EP entre 1989 e 2010. Usamos os c&#243;digos 415 e 673 da nona revis&#227;o da CID at&#233; 1995, e depois os c&#243;digos I26 e O88 da d&#233;cima revis&#227;o. O estudo obedeceu aos princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
        <p>Os dados sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira foram obtidos no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE), tamb&#233;m estratificados por g&#234;nero, idade e as cinco regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas do Brasil: Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Para o ajuste das taxas por idade, considerou-se como padr&#227;o a popula&#231;&#227;o do Brasil no ano 2000.</p>
        <p>Calculamos as taxas de mortalidade espec&#237;ficas para idade, g&#234;nero e regi&#227;o para cada ano entre 1989 e 2010. As tend&#234;ncias globais na taxa de mortalidade e as diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero e de regi&#227;o nessas tend&#234;ncias foram analisadas atrav&#233;s de padroniza&#231;&#227;o direta, tomando-se a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira no ano 2000 como padr&#227;o. Constru&#237;ram-se modelos de regress&#227;o linear para estimar as mudan&#231;as anuais m&#233;dias na taxa de mortalidade no per&#237;odo deste estudo, considerando-se o ano como vari&#225;vel independente e a taxa de mortalidade como vari&#225;vel dependente. Utilizou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para os modelos de regress&#227;o linear. Todos os dados foram analisados com o programa SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 17 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Tend&#234;ncias globais na taxa de mortalidade</title>
          <p>Entre 1989 e 2010, registraram-se 20.927.857 mortes no Brasil, 92.999 (51.871 mulheres e 41.128 homens) das quais tiveram EP como causa b&#225;sica. A taxa de mortalidade bruta por EP caiu de 2,80/100.000 em 1989 para 2,62/100.000 em 2010. A taxa de mortalidade padronizada por idade (TMPI) tamb&#233;m caiu significativamente de 3,04/100.000 para 2,09/100.000 no mesmo per&#237;odo, correspondendo a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 31% em 21 anos e a uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia anual de 0,057/100.000 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>A taxa de mortalidade espec&#237;fica por idade por EP variou significativamente para cada 20 anos de faixa et&#225;ria, aumentando exponencialmente nas cinco faixas et&#225;rias para cada ano analisado. Em 2010, o &#250;ltimo ano estudado, a taxa de mortalidade espec&#237;fica por idade pelo menos triplicou para cada faixa et&#225;ria a partir de 19 anos, independentemente do g&#234;nero (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 2</xref>). O maior n&#250;mero de mortes ocorreu na faixa de 60-79 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3</xref>). Entre 1989 e 2010, a taxa de mortalidade espec&#237;fica por idade caiu em todas as faixas et&#225;rias, observando-se a maior queda relativa na faixa de 60&#173;79 anos (36,6%), e a menor queda na faixa de 20-39 anos (14,9%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxas de mortalidade padronizada por idade (TMPI) para embolia pulmonar por g&#234;nero</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxas de mortalidade bruta para embolia pulmonar por faixa et&#225;ria e g&#234;nero para o ano 2010</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>N&#250;mero total de mortes por embolia pulmonar por faixa et&#225;ria para homens (A) e mulheres (B)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxas de mortalidade bruta para embolia pulmonar por faixa et&#225;ria</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tend&#234;ncias da taxa de mortalidade e g&#234;nero</title>
          <p>Entre os homens, as taxas de mortalidade bruta e padronizada por idade ca&#237;ram no per&#237;odo de 21 anos de 2,45/100.000 para 2,22/100.000 e de 2,94/100.000 para 1,80/100.000, respectivamente. Entre as mulheres, no entanto, a taxa de mortalidade bruta aumentou de 2,50/100.000 em 1989 para 3,01/100.000 em 2010, mas a TMPI caiu de 3,10/100.000 para 2,36/100.000. A despeito da significativa queda na TMPI para os dois sexos (homens = 39%; mulheres = 24%), em cada ano entre 1989 e 2010 aquela taxa foi maior nas mulheres do que nos homens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 1</xref>). Quando estratificadas por idade &#8805; e &lt; 40 anos, as taxas de mortalidade foram semelhantes para homens e mulheres at&#233; meados dos anos 1990, tendo, a partir de ent&#227;o, permanecido consistentemente mais elevada nas mulheres a despeito da faixa et&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxas de mortalidade bruta para embolia pulmonar por g&#234;nero e idades &lt; e &#8805; 40 anos</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tend&#234;ncias da taxa de mortalidade e diferen&#231;as regionais</title>
          <p>Em 2010, as maiores taxas de mortalidade espec&#237;fica por idade foram observadas nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul, e as menores, na regi&#227;o Norte (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6</xref>). Identificou-se uma tend&#234;ncia decrescente na TMPI em todas as regi&#245;es, sendo as mudan&#231;as mais significativas observadas nas regi&#245;es Sul, Centro-Oeste e Sudeste, com quedas na taxa de mortalidade padronizada por idade de 48,7%, 39,8% e 31,1%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>). Nas regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, observaram&#173;se apenas pequenas quedas na TMPI -; muito abaixo da m&#233;dia nacional -; no per&#237;odo de 21 anos (12,8% e 7,2%, respectivamente). Nas regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, n&#227;o houve uma significativa varia&#231;&#227;o na TMPI entre as mulheres, e nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, a redu&#231;&#227;o relativa na TMPI entre 1989 e 2010 foi significativamente inferior nas mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens. Apenas na regi&#227;o Sul houve quedas equivalentes na TMPI nos dois g&#234;neros no per&#237;odo do estudo (homens = 48,3%; mulheres = 49,1%).</p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mapa das taxas de mortalidade padronizada por idade para embolia pulmonar por 100.000 pessoas nas cinco regi&#245;es do Brasil, 2010</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxas de mortalidade padronizada por idade (TMPI) para embolia pulmonar por regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica e g&#234;nero</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-106-01-0004-60001-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es relativas nas taxas de mortalidade padronizada por idade para embolia pulmonar por regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas e g&#234;nero, 1989-2010</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Regi&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Geral</th>
                  <th align="center">Homens</th>
                  <th align="center">Mulheres</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">-22,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nordeste</td>
                  <td align="center">-7,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">-13,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sudeste</td>
                  <td align="center">-31,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">-41,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">-16%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sul</td>
                  <td align="center">-48,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">-48,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">-49,1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Centro-Oeste</td>
                  <td align="center">-39,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">-47,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">-30,7%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que no Brasil, nas duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, houve uma queda progressiva e constante na taxa de mortalidade por EP de 31%. O mesmo decl&#237;nio consistente foi observado em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e nos dois sexos, embora essa queda tenha sido menos marcante nas mulheres no mesmo per&#237;odo. Por outro lado, as tend&#234;ncias na mortalidade por EP diferiram nas diferentes regi&#245;es brasileiras. Observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia a queda mais dr&#225;stica nas regi&#245;es Sul, Sudeste e Centro&#173;Oeste, enquanto as regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste mostraram um decl&#237;nio muito menor e sem significativa altera&#231;&#227;o para as mulheres. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o &#250;nico estudo de base populacional a investigar as tend&#234;ncias de longo prazo de mortalidade por EP na Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
        <p>H&#225; duas poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para a queda observada na taxa de mortalidade por EP: uma redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de TEV e/ou uma redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de letalidade por EP. Uma significativa queda na incid&#234;ncia de TEV parece pouco prov&#225;vel. Embora tenha permanecido est&#225;vel por 30 anos at&#233; os anos 1990, a partir de ent&#227;o, v&#225;rios estudos de diferentes regi&#245;es do mundo t&#234;m consistentemente demonstrado uma progressiva eleva&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia global de TEV e em sua taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Sabe-se que a incid&#234;ncia de TEV aumenta rapidamente com a idade, em particular ap&#243;s os 60 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial, seria de se esperar o aumento do n&#250;mero de casos de TEV. A preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para TEV conhecidos tamb&#233;m aumentou no per&#237;odo de 20 anos do estudo. A preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> e de todos os tipos de c&#226;ncer vem subindo h&#225; mais de 10 anos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> assim como o n&#250;mero de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> todos importantes fatores de risco para trombose venosa. No entanto, a eleva&#231;&#227;o relativamente brusca na incid&#234;ncia de TEV observada ap&#243;s os anos 1990 parece desproporcional aos lentos incrementos na idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o e preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco. Alguns autores sugeriram que tais observa&#231;&#245;es podem ser atribu&#237;das em parte ao desenvolvimento e ao uso universal da angiotomografia computadorizada pulmonar com m&#250;ltiplos detectores, que possibilitou um diagn&#243;stico mais preciso da EP, incluindo a detec&#231;&#227;o de um n&#250;mero mais significativo de pequenos &#234;mbolos subsegmentares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Diferentemente da incid&#234;ncia, v&#225;rios estudos de base hospitalar e populacional mostraram que, nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, a taxa de letalidade por EP caiu de 10%-12% para 7%-8%, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> podendo ser respons&#225;vel pela queda na taxa de mortalidade observada no nosso estudo e em muitos outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> Diagn&#243;stico e tratamento mais precoces e precisos podem explicar a redu&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de letalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Como a profilaxia do TEV em pacientes hospitalizados, quer sejam cir&#250;rgicos ou n&#227;o, continua subutilizada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e a incid&#234;ncia de EP cresce, parece que a preven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o contribui de maneira significativa para uma redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de mortalidade. O papel da introdu&#231;&#227;o no final dos anos 1990 da angiotomografia computadorizada pulmonar com m&#250;ltiplos detectores nas taxas de letalidade e de mortalidade permanece controverso. Se, por um lado, um diagn&#243;stico mais preciso levaria a tratamento mais precoce e, consequentemente, a menor risco de morte,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> a eleva&#231;&#227;o na sensibilidade do teste e a consequente detec&#231;&#227;o de &#234;mbolos subsegmentares pequenos e possivelmente insignificantes poderia resultar em excesso de diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Isso se caracteriza por uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia das formas mais leves ou clinicamente insignificantes da doen&#231;a, com consequente decl&#237;nio na taxa de letalidade, mas sem qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o, ou mesmo m&#237;nima, na taxa de mortalidade, uma vez que isso n&#227;o afeta o n&#250;mero absoluto de mortes. N&#227;o se sabe se tal racioc&#237;nio se aplica aos nossos achados, pois n&#227;o existem dados paralelos sobre as tend&#234;ncias da incid&#234;ncia da EP e suas taxas de letalidade no Brasil, nem estudos que documentem os padr&#245;es de uso de angiotomografia computadorizada para o diagn&#243;stico de EP.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou maiores taxas de mortalidade bruta e padronizada por idade em cada ano do per&#237;odo estudado para as mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens, mesmo quando estratificadas por faixa et&#225;ria (&#8805; 40 anos e &lt; 40 anos). O decl&#237;nio na mortalidade observado de 1989 a 2010 foi tamb&#233;m menos marcante nas mulheres (24% <italic>versus</italic> 39%). Disparidades de g&#234;nero na sa&#250;de t&#234;m sido relatadas em outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e podem representar diferen&#231;a de exposi&#231;&#227;o aos riscos ou diferen&#231;as de acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e sua qualidade. A incid&#234;ncia de TEV ajustada para idade parece ser ligeiramente maior nos homens, com uma rela&#231;&#227;o de 1,2:1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> No entanto, a incid&#234;ncia &#233; maior em mulheres na idade f&#233;rtil, refletindo a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estrog&#234;nio e &#224; gravidez. Por outro lado, ap&#243;s os 45 anos de idade, a incid&#234;ncia &#233; geralmente maior nos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; taxa de letalidade, a maioria dos estudos mostrou valores similares ou ligeiramente mais altos nos homens do que nas mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Nossa observa&#231;&#227;o de uma maior taxa de mortalidade padronizada por idade global nas mulheres contrasta com investiga&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias nos Estados Unidos, onde os homens apresentaram maior mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> Apenas um estudo europeu internacional apresentou achados similares, com maior taxa de mortalidade padronizada por idade por EP nas mulheres em todos os pa&#237;ses estudados, exceto na Pol&#244;nia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Essa diferen&#231;a de g&#234;nero nas taxas de mortalidade por EP em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses permanece sem explica&#231;&#227;o, mas pode indicar varia&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao sexo no atendimento em sa&#250;de, como refer&#234;ncia adequada e imediata para procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
        <p>Apesar da observa&#231;&#227;o de uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o na taxa de mortalidade padronizada por idade em todas as regi&#245;es brasileiras, a maior queda naquela taxa concentrou&#173;se nas regi&#245;es de mais alta renda, Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. As regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, as de menor renda, apresentaram queda menos marcante nas taxas de mortalidade, sem uma altera&#231;&#227;o distinta na taxa de mortalidade por EP entre as mulheres. Observou-se uma varia&#231;&#227;o similar nas tend&#234;ncias da mortalidade por EP espec&#237;fica por regi&#227;o tamb&#233;m ao se comparar diferentes pa&#237;ses europeus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Embora a maioria tenha apresentado tend&#234;ncias decrescentes na mortalidade por EP, alguns pa&#237;ses mostraram nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o ou at&#233; mesmo uma clara eleva&#231;&#227;o nas taxas. Se a decrescente mortalidade por EP for interpretada como evid&#234;ncia de um diagn&#243;stico mais preciso, com consequente in&#237;cio mais precoce de tratamento adequado, as heterog&#234;neas tend&#234;ncias de mortalidade observadas nas diferentes regi&#245;es dos pa&#237;ses podem refletir desigualdades na presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados de sa&#250;de, com as mais marcadas redu&#231;&#245;es nas taxas de mortalidade observadas nas regi&#245;es com os mais elevados n&#237;veis de desenvolvimento socioecon&#244;mico. No entanto, o desenho deste estudo e suas limita&#231;&#245;es devem amenizar a for&#231;a dessa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Incertezas relacionadas &#224; codifica&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;dico da causa b&#225;sica de morte &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o maior ao se comparar dados de mortalidade ao longo do tempo e nas diferentes regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s. A precis&#227;o na atribui&#231;&#227;o da causa de morte pode sofrer uma significativa varia&#231;&#227;o ao longo de um per&#237;odo de 20 anos, podendo ser bastante diferente em locais com diferen&#231;as no acesso aos cuidados de sa&#250;de. No Brasil, estima-se que apenas 79% das mortes sejam registradas e que, em 20% dos certificados de &#243;bito, tenha&#173;se atribu&#237;do o c&#243;digo &#8220;mal definida&#8221; &#224; causa de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Logo, as baixas taxas de mortalidade vistas nas regi&#245;es de mais baixa renda podem representar pior finaliza&#231;&#227;o e precis&#227;o no processo de registro de morte.</p>
        <p>Conhecendo-se as dificuldades para o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de EP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e a baixa sensibilidade do diagn&#243;stico de EP no certificado de &#243;bito,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> nossos achados provavelmente representam uma subestima&#231;&#227;o das verdadeiras taxas de mortalidade, uma hip&#243;tese refor&#231;ada pelas muito mais baixas taxas de mortalidade por EP no Brasil quando comparadas &#224;s dos Estados Unidos e da Europa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> A mudan&#231;a na vers&#227;o da CID no Brasil, de nona para d&#233;cima revis&#227;o, n&#227;o parece ter afetado nossos achados, pois n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a s&#250;bita nas taxas de mortalidade no ano seguinte &#224;quela mudan&#231;a, ocorrida simultaneamente em todas as regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo mostra uma tend&#234;ncia decrescente nas taxas de mortalidade por EP em todas as faixas et&#225;rias ao longo dos &#250;ltimos 20 anos no Brasil, al&#233;m de documentar importantes diferen&#231;as nessas tend&#234;ncias nas cinco regi&#245;es brasileiras e entre g&#234;neros. Ainda que encorajadora, a queda na taxa global de mortalidade por EP n&#227;o foi acentuada nas mulheres e nem nas regi&#245;es de mais baixa renda, indicando uma poss&#237;vel disparidade no acesso aos cuidados de sa&#250;de e sua qualidade nesses grupos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
