<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fxbSrQpPYHn74wsdWs6BjZC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016000100001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Factors in Deciding between Novel and Traditional Oral Anticoagulants to Prevent Embolism in Atrial Fibrillation Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas - InCor - HC - FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maur&#237;cio Scanavacca</bold>, Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas do InCor - HC - FMUSP AV. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Pinheiros, SP - Brazil. E-mail:<email>mauricio.scanavacca@incor.usp</email>
					</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>106</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>3</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolism and Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the sustained arrhythmia most frequently found in clinical practice. Its prevalence is expected to increase in the coming decades. Its occurrence implies a reduction in the quality of life and an increase in mortality, mainly due to stroke and systemic thromboembolism (TE). The stroke originating from AF carries a higher risk of severe complications, such as permanent disability and prolonged hospitalization, as compared to that of other etiologies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
    <p>Since the discovery of vitamin K (VitK) antagonists more than 50 years ago, they have become the most effective treatment to prevent stroke and TE in patients with AF. However, because of the risk of hemorrhagic complications they pose, only patients with persistent AF considered of very high risk, previous embolic accidents, mechanical valvular prostheses, and those undergoing electrical cardioversion used to receive that treatment in an initial phase. Between the 1980 and 1990 decades, major clinical controlled studies determining the importance of stroke prevention in non-valvular AF were carried out, providing scientific support to the current clinical use of VitK antagonists. The greater benefit of the VitK antagonists as compared to placebo (a mean 64% reduction in relative risk) has been undoubtedly demonstrated, as has been the modest or even absent role of acetylsalicylic acid in stroke prevention in that population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
    <p>Despite that evidence, the clinical use of VitK antagonists remained very limited over the following years, because of their complex pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Undesirable drug interactions and their narrow therapeutic window (borderline between efficacy in embolism prevention and risk of bleeding) are the major limitations of their use and the reason for the need to monitor often the anticoagulation level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
    <p>On the other hand, the advances in knowing the risk factors for the formation of AF-related atrial thrombus and embolism and the risk of bleeding due to VitK antagonists have motivated the development of new strategies based on the risk-benefit ratio of using anticoagulants to prevent stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The major risk scores currently used are CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc for embolism, and HASBLED for bleeding. The balance between those two scores has made the use of anticoagulants easier. Nevertheless, VitK antagonists have been underused in clinical practice. Real world studies have shown that only 50% of the patients with indication for their use received medical recommendation, and only 50% of them (specially in Brazil) had proper INR control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
    <p>Aiming at a better safety profile, with fewer drug and food interactions, non-VitK antagonist oral anticoagulants, the "novel oral anticoagulants" (NOACs), have been developed. Dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, was the first NOAC registered and approved by the major drug regulatory agencies around the world, based on the results of the RE-LY study in 2009.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Subsequently, NOACs belonging to the family of activated factor X inhibitors were developed, being approved for clinical use by the major drug regulatory agencies around the world after the publication of the following studies: ROCKET-AF (rivaroxaban);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> ARISTOTLE (apixaban);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>and, more recently, ENGAGE (edoxaban).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
    <p>Considering the high efficacy of warfarin as compared to placebo and acetylsalicylic acid to prevent TE phenomena, those four studies were designed for the non-inferiority hypothesis. The results obtained with a large number of patients (70,000) have shown that NOACs are at least non-inferior to warfarin regarding efficacy. On the other hand, an unequivocal comparison could not be established between the different NOACs, because the studies are not identical. On indirect analysis, dabigatran at the dose of 150 mg, twice a day, and apixaban at the dose of 5 mg, twice a day, stood out, showing superiority over warfarin in reducing total stroke. Regarding safety, all NOACs were superior to warfarin in reducing hemorrhagic stroke and potentially fatal hemorrhages. Rivaroxaban and edoxaban stood out because of their convenient administration, with just one daily intake. Based on those clinical studies, the European Guideline of Cardiology recommends any NOAC (dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban) as an alternative to VitK antagonists in patients with non-valvular AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>The American guideline for the management of patients with AF recommends VitK antagonists as class IA and the NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban) as class IB for patients with non-valvular AF and risk factors for stroke and systemic embolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
    <p>Real world observations have reproduced the initial clinical studies, confirming that NOACs are an effective alternative for stroke/TE prevention in patients with AF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> being also recommended by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology guideline on anticoagulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>This wider range of choice, however, generates natural questioning about the current role of VitK antagonists. Two aspects have guided the selection of anticoagulants in this transition phase, in which clinicians acquire experience with the new drugs, comparing them with those traditionally used: 1) technical questions, related to drug efficacy and safety; and 2) the possibility that the patients pay for their treatment or have it paid for by health care services.</p>
    <p>Regarding the technical question, the advantages of warfarin are as follows: 1) it is the one and only drug with proven efficacy in patients with mitral stenosis, patients with metal valve prostheses and renal failure; 2) greater experience over decades (50 years of use); 3) the physician follows the effectiveness or risk of the treatment by controlling INR; 4) easily maintained treatment because of the low cost of the medication; 5) possibility of effect attenuation by administrating vitK or blood derivative products; and 6) prolonged therapeutic effect, so that skipping one dose usually does not interfere with the therapeutic activity. Regarding the technical question, the advantages of the NOACs are as follows: 1) rapid onset and end of their anticoagulant effect; 2) they usually do not require transition with low-molecular-weight heparin; 3) low drug interaction; 4) no food interaction; 5) important reduction in the risk for hemorrhagic stroke; and 6) smaller necessity for periodical laboratory control (although anticoagulation control is not recommended, regular renal function monitoring is still required).</p>
    <p>There are some gray areas in the use and indication of NOACs, such as the procedures of cardioversion and ablation and the context of acute coronary disease, and the interventions with bare-metal and drug-eluting stent implantation. Regarding the cardioversions for AF, the substudies RE-LY, ARISTOTLE and ROCKET-AF have shown similar effectiveness between NOACs and VitK inhibitors, an observation confirmed by the X-VeRT trial, which randomized rivaroxaban and VitK antagonists in patients with AF undergoing cardioversion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Regarding AF ablation, isolated studies have shown that NOACs are usually effective and safe, depending on the type of protocol used. There are new ongoing studies to define the best strategy for patients in that condition.</p>
    <p>Regarding patients with AF in the context of acute coronary disease, recently or during hemodynamic interventions, prospective studies on NOACs are awaited. The subanalyses of previous multicenter studies have not authorized the unrestricted use of NOACs in those patients, warfarin being the most often studied drug, in double or triple combination with antiplatelet agents. However, there are "recommendations" for the early use of NOACs at their lowest dose studied (rivaroxaban 15 mg, once a day; dabigatran 110 mg, twice a day; or apixaban 2.5 mg, twice a day) in association with an antiplatelet agent, preferably clopidogrel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The future results of the studies conducted with that purpose will or will not support the current orientation.</p>
    <p>A very important aspect for the incorporation of NOACs is their cost, much higher than that of VitK antagonists. This has relevant clinical implications, because their suspension, even if transient, places the patient at risk for embolic events due to the rapid loss of their anticoagulant effects and the possibility of paradoxical hypercoagulability. In the social context, most patients treated at public hospitals receive VitK antagonists. The incorporation of new anticoagulants should promote a significant impact on the budget of those hospitals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Therefore, Brazilian studies assessing the local needs and the clinical and financial impact of the introduction of those new therapeutic strategies in patients with AF are required. In addition, it is worth noting that, while that cost/effectiveness ratio has not been clarified, the prevention of embolism in AF by using VitK antagonists is well established, and the maintenance of INR within the therapeutic range promotes efficacy levels equivalent to those of NOACs.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, the knowledge acquired with the management of VitK antagonists over the years allows us to glimpse a horizon of opportunities to use NOACs to perfect the prevention of TE phenomena in patients with AF. The comfort provided by NOACs, by not requiring anticoagulation level monitoring, however, should not be interpreted as no need for drug surveillance and for periodical care of the patient as a whole. Further clinical studies conducted in Brazil are required to allow the identification of patients' profiles more favorable to each of those new drugs, considering a good cost/effectiveness ratio.</p>
  </body>
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        <article-title>Fatores na Decis&#227;o entre os Novos e os Tradicionais Anticoagulantes Orais na Preven&#231;&#227;o de Embolia em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</article-title>
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          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas - InCor - HC - FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio Scanavacca,</bold> Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas do InCor - HC - FMUSP, AV. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Pinheiros, SP - Brasil. E-mail:<email>mauricio.scanavacca@incor.usp</email>
					</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia e Trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia sustentada mais frequente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e com perspectiva de preval&#234;ncia crescente nas pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas. Sua ocorr&#234;ncia implica em redu&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida e em aumento da mortalidade, devido principalmente ao acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e ao tromboembolismo (TE) sist&#234;mico. O AVC oriundo da FA apresenta maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es graves, como incapacidade permanente e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada, quando comparado ao de outras etiologias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
      <p>A partir de sua descoberta h&#225; mais de 50 anos, os antagonistas da vitamina K (VitK) tornaram-se o tratamento mais efetivo na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC e TE nos pacientes com FA. Entretanto, devido ao risco de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, apenas pacientes com FA persistente considerados de muito alto risco, com acidente emb&#243;lico pr&#233;vio, portadores de pr&#243;teses valvares mec&#226;nicas e aqueles que se submetiam a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica recebiam esse tratamento numa fase inicial. Entre as d&#233;cadas de 80 e 90 foram realizados os principais estudos cl&#237;nicos controlados que determinaram a import&#226;ncia da preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC na FA n&#227;o valvar e deram o suporte cient&#237;fico para seu uso cl&#237;nico atual. Foi demonstrado de forma indiscut&#237;vel o maior benef&#237;cio dos antagonistas da VitK em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (em m&#233;dia 64% de redu&#231;&#227;o de risco relativo) e o papel modesto ou at&#233; ausente do &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Apesar dessas evid&#234;ncias, o uso cl&#237;nico dos antagonistas da VitK continuou muito limitado ao longo dos anos subsequentes, devido &#224; sua complexa farmacocin&#233;tica e farmacodin&#226;mica. Intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas indesej&#225;veis e sua estreita janela terap&#234;utica (limite entre efic&#225;cia na preven&#231;&#227;o de embolia e o risco de sangramento) s&#227;o as principais limita&#231;&#245;es para seu uso e motivo para a necessidade de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o frequente do n&#237;vel de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, os avan&#231;os do conhecimento dos fatores de risco para forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo atrial e embolia relacionados a FA e do risco de sangramento pelos antagonistas da VitK motivaram o desenvolvimento de novas estrat&#233;gias baseadas na rela&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio do uso dos anticoagulantes na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os principais escores de risco utilizados atualmente s&#227;o o CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc, para embolia, e o HASBLED, para sangramento. O balan&#231;o entre os dois escores tem facilitado a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes. Apesar disso, os antagonistas da VitK mantiveram-se subutilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Estudos de mundo real demonstraram que apenas 50% dos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para o seu uso recebiam recomenda&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e somente cerca de 50% desses (especialmente no Brasil) tinham os controles de INR adequados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Objetivando um perfil de maior seguran&#231;a, com menores intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas e alimentares, foram desenvolvidos os anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da VitK, os "novos anticoagulantes orais" (NACOs). A dabigatrana, um inibidor direto da trombina, foi o primeiro NACO registrado e aprovado pelas principais ag&#234;ncias regulat&#243;rias mundiais, a partir dos resultados do estudo RE-LY em 2009.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Subsequentemente, foram desenvolvidos NACOs da fam&#237;lia dos inibidores do fator X ativado, sendo tamb&#233;m aprovados para uso cl&#237;nico pelas principais ag&#234;ncias reguladoras mundiais ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o dos estudos ROCKET-AF (rivaroxabana),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> ARISTOTLE (apixabana)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e, mais recentemente, do estudo ENGAGE (edoxabana).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      <p>Considerando a elevada efic&#225;cia da varfarina em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo e ao &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico na preven&#231;&#227;o de fen&#244;menos TE, esses quatro estudos foram delineados para a hip&#243;tese de n&#227;o inferioridade. De um modo geral, os resultados obtidos com grande n&#250;mero de pacientes (cerca de 70 mil) demonstraram que os NACOs s&#227;o no m&#237;nimo n&#227;o inferiores &#224; varfarina no crit&#233;rio de efic&#225;cia. Por outro lado, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma compara&#231;&#227;o inequ&#237;voca entre os diferentes NACOs, visto que os estudos n&#227;o s&#227;o exatamente id&#234;nticos. Na an&#225;lise indireta, a dabigatrana na dose de 150 mg, duas vezes ao dia, e a apixabana na dose de 5 mg, duas vezes ao dia, destacaram-se demonstrando superioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina na redu&#231;&#227;o do AVC total. No crit&#233;rio de seguran&#231;a, todos os NACOs foram superiores &#224; varfarina na redu&#231;&#227;o do AVC hemorr&#225;gico e das hemorragias com risco de morte. J&#225; a rivaroxabana e a edoxabana destacaram-se pela comodidade posol&#243;gica, com apenas uma tomada di&#225;ria. Com base nesses estudos cl&#237;nicos, a Diretriz Europeia de Cardiologia recomenda qualquer um dos NACOs (dabigatrana, apixabana ou rivaroxabana) como alternativa aos antagonistas da VitK nos pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A Diretriz Americana recomenda os antagonistas da VitK como classe IA e os demais NACOs (apixabana, dabigatrana e rivaroxabana) como classe IB para pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar e fatores de risco para AVC e embolia sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      <p>As observa&#231;&#245;es de mundo real t&#234;m reproduzido os estudos cl&#237;nicos iniciais, reiterando que os NACOs s&#227;o alternativa efetiva para a preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC/TE nos pacientes portadores de FA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> tendo sido tamb&#233;m recomendados pela diretriz de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Essa maior disponibilidade de escolha, entretanto, gera um natural questionamento sobre o papel atual dos antagonistas da VitK. Dois aspectos t&#234;m determinado a sele&#231;&#227;o dos anticoagulantes nessa fase de transi&#231;&#227;o em que os cl&#237;nicos passam a adquirir experi&#234;ncia com os novos medicamentos e os comparam com os tradicionalmente utilizados: 1) quest&#245;es t&#233;cnicas, relacionadas a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do medicamento; e 2) a disponibilidade dos pacientes e dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de custearem o seu tratamento.</p>
      <p>Na quest&#227;o t&#233;cnica, pesam a favor da varfarina: 1) &#250;nico f&#225;rmaco com demonstrada efic&#225;cia nos pacientes com estenose mitral, portadores de pr&#243;teses valvares met&#225;licas e com insufici&#234;ncia renal; 2) maior experi&#234;ncia ao longo das d&#233;cadas (50 anos de utiliza&#231;&#227;o); 3) o m&#233;dico tem a percep&#231;&#227;o da efetividade ou risco do tratamento pelo controle do INR; 4) facilidade de manuten&#231;&#227;o do tratamento pelo baixo custo do medicamento; 5) possibilidade de atenua&#231;&#227;o do efeito pela administra&#231;&#227;o de vitK ou hemoderivados; e 6) efeito terap&#234;utico prolongado, de modo que o esquecimento de uma dose habitualmente n&#227;o interfere na sua atividade terap&#234;utica. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos NACOs, os aspectos t&#233;cnicos que pesam a seu favor s&#227;o: 1) efeito anticoagulante com in&#237;cio e t&#233;rmino r&#225;pidos; 2) geralmente n&#227;o precisam de transi&#231;&#227;o com heparina de baixo peso molecular; 3) baixa intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa; 4) aus&#234;ncia de intera&#231;&#227;o alimentar; 5) redu&#231;&#227;o importante do risco de acidente hemorr&#225;gico cerebral; e 6) menor necessidade de controles laboratoriais peri&#243;dicos (embora o controle da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seja recomendado, ainda &#233; necess&#225;ria a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o regular da fun&#231;&#227;o renal).</p>
      <p>Ainda existem algumas &#225;reas de incerteza na utiliza&#231;&#227;o e indica&#231;&#227;o dos NACOs, como nos procedimentos de cardiovers&#227;o, abla&#231;&#227;o e seu uso no contexto da doen&#231;a coronariana aguda, nas interven&#231;&#245;es com implante de <italic>stents</italic> met&#225;licos e farmacol&#243;gicos. Nas cardiovers&#245;es da FA, os subestudos RE-LY, ARISTOTLE e ROCKET-AF mostraram efetividade semelhante entre os NOACs e os inibidores da VitK, observa&#231;&#245;es confirmadas pelo estudo X-Vert que randomizou a rivaroxabana e antagonistas da VitK no cen&#225;rio da cardiovers&#227;o da FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> No caso da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA, estudos isolados t&#234;m demonstrado, de um modo geral, que os NACOs s&#227;o eficazes e seguros, por&#233;m esses resultados dependem do tipo de protocolo utilizado. Novos estudos est&#227;o em andamento para definir a melhor estrat&#233;gia para os pacientes nessa condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>J&#225; naqueles com FA no contexto da doen&#231;a coronariana aguda, recente ou durante interven&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, ainda est&#227;o sendo esperados estudos prospectivos com os NACOs. As sub-an&#225;lises dos estudos multic&#234;ntricos pr&#233;vios ainda n&#227;o autorizam o uso irrestrito dos NACOs nesses pacientes, sendo a varfarina o f&#225;rmaco mais estudado, em combina&#231;&#227;o dupla ou tripla com os antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios. No entanto, j&#225; existem "recomenda&#231;&#245;es" para o uso precoce dos NACOs na menor dose estudada (rivaroxabana 15 mg uma vez ao dia, dabigatrana 110 mg duas vezes ao dia ou apixabana 2,5 mg duas vezes ao dia) em associa&#231;&#227;o ao antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio, com prefer&#234;ncia pelo clopidogrel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Os futuros resultados dos estudos conduzidos com essa finalidade ir&#227;o refor&#231;ar ou n&#227;o essas orienta&#231;&#245;es atuais.</p>
      <p>Um aspecto muito importante para incorpora&#231;&#227;o dos NACOs &#233; o custo do medicamento, muito superior aos dos antagonistas da VitK. Esse aspecto tem implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relevantes, pois a sua suspens&#227;o, mesmo que transit&#243;ria, coloca o paciente em risco de eventos emb&#243;licos pela perda r&#225;pida dos seus efeitos anticoagulantes e pela possibilidade de hipercoagulabilidade paradoxal. No &#226;mbito social, grande parte dos pacientes tratados em hospitais p&#250;blicos recebem os antagonistas da VitK. A incorpora&#231;&#227;o dos novos anticoagulantes deve promover um impacto significativo no or&#231;amento desses hospitais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Portanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos brasileiros avaliando as necessidades locais e o impacto cl&#237;nico e financeiro da introdu&#231;&#227;o dessas novas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas nos pacientes com FA. &#201; importante tamb&#233;m salientar que enquanto essa rela&#231;&#227;o de custo/efetividade n&#227;o for esclarecida, a preven&#231;&#227;o de embolia na FA com uso de antagonistas da VitK &#233; um tratamento consagrado e que a manuten&#231;&#227;o do INR na faixa terap&#234;utica promove n&#237;veis de efic&#225;cia superpon&#237;veis aos NACOs.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, o conhecimento adquirido com o manuseio dos antagonistas da VitK ao longo dos anos permite-nos vislumbrar um horizonte de oportunidades para utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos NACOs no aperfei&#231;oamento da preven&#231;&#227;o de fen&#244;menos TE em pacientes com FA. O conforto proporcionado pelos NACOs, pela n&#227;o necessidade de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, n&#227;o deve ser confundido com a n&#227;o necessidade de f&#225;rmaco-vigil&#226;ncia e de aten&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica ao paciente como um todo. Mais estudos cl&#237;nicos realizados em nosso meio s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para que se reconhe&#231;am os perfis de pacientes mais favor&#225;veis a cada um desses novos medicamentos, levando-se em conta uma boa rela&#231;&#227;o de custo/efetividade.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
