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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.2" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HL9DJDjPQ8vQ5rK7dYLbzjt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002500614</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050117</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150117</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dipyridamole stress myocardial perfusion by computed tomography in patients with left bundle branch block</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabeda</surname>
            <given-names>Est&#234;van Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Maria Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Higa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parga</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Tomografia e Resson&#226;ncia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Tomografia e Resson&#226;ncia Cardiovascular, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Est&#234;van Vieira Cabeda</bold> , Cl&#237;nica Kozma. Rua Teixeira Soares, 793 - Centro, Postal Code 99010-080, Passo Fundo, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>estevancabeda@cardiol.br</email>, <email>estevancabeda@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cabeda EV, Falc&#227;o AMG, Soares Jr. J, Rochitte CE, Nomura CH, &#193;vila LFR, Parga JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>614</fpage>
      <lpage>624</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Functional tests have limited accuracy for identifying myocardial ischemia in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the diagnostic accuracy of dipyridamole-stress myocardial computed tomography perfusion (CTP) by 320-detector CT in patients with LBBB using invasive quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) (stenosis &#8805; 70%) as reference; to investigate the advantage of adding CTP to coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and compare the results with those of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirty patients with LBBB who had undergone SPECT for the investigation of coronary artery disease were referred for stress tomography. Independent examiners performed per-patient and per-coronary territory assessments. All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study that was approved by the institution&#8217;s ethics committee.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The patients&#8217; mean age was 62 &#177; 10 years. The mean dose of radiation for the tomography protocol was 9.3 &#177; 4.6 mSv. With regard to CTP, the per-patient values for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy were 86%, 81%, 80%, 87%, and 83%, respectively (p = 0.001). The per-territory values were 63%, 86%, 65%, 84%, and 79%, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). In both analyses, the addition of CTP to CTA achieved higher diagnostic accuracy for detecting myocardial ischemia than SPECT (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The use of the stress tomography protocol is feasible and has good diagnostic accuracy for assessing myocardial ischemia in patients with LBBB.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Bundle-Branch Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Multidetector Computed Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Dipyridamole</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo,)</funding-source>
          <award-id>2010/15584-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The relationship between left bundle branch block (LBBB) and coronary artery disease (CAD) has been demonstrated in numerous studies, which show LBBB to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Identification of myocardial ischemia in patients with LBBB is important for risk stratification and clinical management<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. However, LBBB is an obstacle to the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia due to changes in ventricular repolarization (ST&#8209;T segment) in the electrocardiogram (ECG)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Investigation of myocardial ischemia in such patients remains a diagnostic challenge because most functional tests (particularly, myocardial perfusion imaging by scintigraphy) have limited accuracy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Studies have revealed that LBBB can be associated with fixed perfusion defects when assessed by nuclear imaging despite normal corresponding coronary angiograms. These are most common in the septal area and can be found even when the patient has had a normal coronary angiogram. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear.</p>
      <p>Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is an effective and non-invasive method, which is used to detect and characterize coronary lesions. CTA has a high sensitivity and negative predictive value, shown in studies using cineangiocoronariography as the gold standard<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. The latest generation of CT scanners has made image acquisition possible within a single heartbeat, resulting in images with high accuracy for the diagnosis of CAD with substantial drop from exposure to ionizing radiation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Recently, studies using pharmacologic stress myocardial CT perfusion (CTP) have been reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. These give functional information about coronary stenosis. Their accuracy is comparable to myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and cardiac magnetic resonance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>CTP uses first-pass perfusion to assess myocardial perfusion, which is an entirely different mechanism than that used by SPECT. It is unknown if the presence of LBBB would influence the accuracy of CTP. To the best of our knowledge, CTP has never been tested in a controlled manner in a specific group of patients with LBBB.</p>
      <p>Our aims were as follows to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CTP using a 320&#8209;row detector CT scanner in patients with LBBB who were under evaluation for CAD and to compare CTP with SPECT for the detection of myocardial ischemia using quantitative invasive coronary angiography (QCA) as the gold standard. We also calculated the additional value of CTP over and above CTA alone in the diagnosis of significant stenosis (&#8805; 70% on QCA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A prospective study was conducted in a consecutive patient cohort with documented LBBB. The patients were seen in the outpatient department of our institution and had been referred for the evaluation of CAD with a pharmacological stress SPECT exam (adenosine or dipyridamole).</p>
      <p>All patients who agreed to undergo a dipyridamole myocardial perfusion stress CT (Aquilion ONE 320 CT scanner, Toshiba Medical System, Ottawara, Japan) and who had no contraindications were selected. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria was as follows: contraindications to contrast iodine (such as creatinine &gt; 1.5 mg/dL or known allergy to the contrast); contraindications to the use of metoprolol (such as severe bradycardia &lt; 40 beats/min, second and third degree atrioventricular block, severe aortic stenosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and atrial fibrillation); a history of cardiac surgery; previous coronary angioplasty or documented prior myocardial infarction; heart valve prosthesis and other cardiac devices; class III and IV (NYHA) heart failure; pregnancy; BMI &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; and age &lt; 35 years. Patients who refused to sign the consent forms were also excluded.</p>
      <p>The study ran from February to December 2011. In this time, 3709 patients underwent stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Of those patients, 87 patients who had LBBB and were under investigation for CAD, underwent stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with vasodilators (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). After reviewing the eligibility criteria, 30 patients were selected to undergo a CT study, which included three steps: Calcium score, myocardial stress perfusion scan with dipyridamole, and myocardial perfusion/coronary angiography at rest (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). These patients had undergone SPECT within the previous 2 months and were referred for invasive coronary angiography within 60 days of the cardiac CT.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Workflow of patient selection. LBBB: Left bundle branch block; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; Clinical condition: Heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0614-50117-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Stress Perfusion LBBB CT protocol. CACS: Calcium score; ECG: Electrocardiogram; Stress CTP: Stress myocardial perfusion; Rest CTP: Rest myocardial perfusion; CTA: Coronary angiography; IV: Intravenous; SL: Sublingual.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0614-50117-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>All patients were instructed to descontinue beta-blockers for 48 h before the tests, and to stop caffeine and xanthines from their diet for 24 h prior to pharmacological stress for either the CT and SPECT tests. They were asked to fast for 6 h immediately before the scan.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pre-scan &amp; Calcium score</title>
        <p>A CT protocol was followed with the patient attached to electrocardiographic and blood pressure monitoring. It began with a CT scanogram of the chest. A Coronary Artery Calcium Score (CACS) scan was conducted from the carina to the bottom of the heart silhouette.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Stress myocardial perfusion CT</title>
        <p>The cardiac field of view (FOV) in the craniocaudal direction was determined on the basis of CACS. The 320&#8209;row scanner uses a collimation of 320 &#215; 0.5-mm detector row and a gantry rotation of 350 ms, providing up to 16 cm of z-axis coverage in a single tube rotation, enough to capture the entire heart.</p>
        <p>The stress scan was initiated 2 min after the end of an intravenous dipyridamole infusion (0.56 mg/kg), which was given through the right antecubital vein for 4 min. Real-time bolus tracking was performed, adjusting a region of interest (ROI) to a threshold of 210 HU (Hounsfield Unit) in the descending aorta. CTP acquisition was always performed within one heartbeat, including systolic and diastolic phases (40&#8211;80% R-R interval), after an infusion of 70 mL of intravenous contrast medium Iopamidol (Iopamiron 370 mg/mL; Bayer Schering Pharma, Berlin, Germany) at a rate of 5 ml/s, followed by 30 mL of a saline flush. The tube voltage (kV) and tube current (mA) were pre-determined according to the patient&#8217;s BMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). During dipyridamole infusion symptoms, blood pressure and electrocardiographic parameters were continuously monitored.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>CT protocol acquisition parameters and results</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Modality</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Gating</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">kV</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">mA</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&lt; 29 Kg/m<sup>2</sup></th>
                <th align="center"/>
                <th align="center">&gt; 29 Kg/m<sup>2</sup></th>
                <th align="center">&lt; 29 Kg/m<sup>2</sup></th>
                <th align="center">&gt; 29 Kg/m<sup>2</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CACS</td>
                <td align="center">Prospective</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">120</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">150</td>
                <td align="center">300</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stress CTP</td>
                <td align="center">Prospective</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">100</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">580</td>
                <td align="center">450-580</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CTA and rest CTP</td>
                <td align="center">Prospective<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
									</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">100</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">580</td>
                <td align="center">450-580</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>One retrospective exam was made due to the tachycardia at rest.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Effective radiation exposure (mSv)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Dados</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total Radiation dose of CT protocol</td>
                <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 4.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CACS scan</td>
                <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stress scan</td>
                <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rest scan</td>
                <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SPECT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>
									</td>
                <td align="center">14.6 &#177;4.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td>Other parameters</td>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total Contrast material dose, (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">131 &#177; 10.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CTA image quality (subjective analysis)</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td>
                  <bold>Heart rate (beats/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Basal heart rate on CT room</td>
                <td align="center">71.1 &#177; 11.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stress scan heart rate</td>
                <td align="center">87.3 &#177; 12.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Increase heart rate with dipyridamole<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                <td align="center">18%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rest scan heart on CTA</td>
                <td align="center">62.7 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>CACS: Calcium score; CTP: Computed tomography myocardial perfusion; kV: Tube voltage; mA: Tube current; mSv: MiliSievert; SPECT: Single photon emission computed tomography.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Thallium-201 was used in two patients, with 99m TC-sestamibi being used in the remaining 28 patients.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Mean value.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rest myocardial perfusion CT</title>
        <p>After stress CTP acquisition, intravenous aminophylline (Aminophylline, University of S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) was administered (240 mg in 2 min) to reverse the vasodilator effect. Patients then received IV metoprolol (Seloken, AstraZeneca, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), titrated to their blood pressure and other clinical criteria, with a maximum dose of 15 mg. This was continued until a target heart rate of &lt; 65 beats/min was reached. A sublingual nitrate (2.5 mg Isordil, Sigma Pharma, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) was used for inducing epicardial coronary artery vasodilation.</p>
        <p>A rest perfusion/CTA scan was performed using prospective ECG gating, with a FOV that ensured the acquisition of the coronary arteries, keeping the same parameters as the stress scan (kV and mA) and the same contrast dose. An ROI in the descending aorta of 240 HU was programmed. To minimize radiation, the acquisition window was narrowed to target only diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle (60%&#8211;80% of R&#8211;R interval).</p>
        <p>Whether at rest or during stress, myocardial perfusion was a static first-pass acquisition performed within a single phase of contrast injection. All parameters used for each of the three steps of the protocol are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>At the end of the protocol, the patients were re-examined and, if necessary, received 250&#8211;500 mL of saline solution intravenously in order to minimize the risk of contrast nephropathy and hypotension due to the vasodilators.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SPECT</title>
        <p>A pharmacological stress test was performed on all patients (adenosine or dipyridamole) using INFINIA, VENTRI I and II GE<sup>&#174;</sup> and CARDIO I and II Philips<sup>&#174;</sup> equipment. Half of the patients underwent each type of stress test. The standard institutional clinical protocol was followed, under which, the patients were injected with 10 mCi of technetium-99 m-sestamibi at rest. Gated SPECT images were acquired with a dual-detector gamma camera, with 64 projections, each for 20 s, in a noncircular 180&#176; orbit. Adenosine stress tests were performed with an intravenous adenosine infusion at 140 mcg/kg/min for 6 min. The tracer (30 mCi of technetium-99 m-sestamibi) was injected at the third minute of infusion. Dipyridamole stress tests were performed with intravenous dipyridamole (0,56 mg/kg for 4 min) and the tracer was injected after 2 min. After 30&#8211;60 min, gated SPECT images were obtained.</p>
        <p>The short axis, horizontal long axis, and vertical long axis were used to read the images. The method to reproduce the images obtained was interactive reconstruction. A pre&#8209;reconstruction filter was also used, with the aim of smoothing images and eliminating high-frequency noise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of CT &amp; SPECT images and QCA</title>
        <p>Two blinded observers independently analyzed the images. They were both physicians with over 4 years&#8217; experience of interpreting CTA. Analysis of CTP and CTA were performed separately. Whenever they disagreed, a consensus had to be reached. None of the observers had received any clinical information or been made aware of the results of any other tests.</p>
        <p>All analyses (CTP and CTA) were performed on a workstation (Vitrea FX, Vital Images, Minnetonka, MN, USA) using a visual and semi-quantitative approach and compared with QCA as the reference method with a reduction in the luminal diameter of 70% or more being considered significant.</p>
        <p>Two blinded observers independently analyzed the SPECT images. They were both physicians with over 10 years&#8217; experience interpreting SPECT. When there was a disagreement in the SPECT images between these two nuclear medicine physicians, a third reader helped them to reach a consensus. Similar to CT, the images of SPECT were analyzed using a visual and semi-quantitative approach.</p>
        <p>Data analysis was performed to compare the accuracy of myocardium CTP and SPECT and to compare it against the gold standard of QCA.</p>
        <p>The American Heart Association 17-segment model was used to identify perfusion defects. When comparing perfusion data (CTP vs. SPECT) with coronary anatomical data derived from CTA/QCA, we used the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association recommendations to consolidate the segmental data into three territories. This is known as per-territory analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>CTP data was evaluated on a true short axis using two and four chamber views, with multiplanar reformatted images that were an average of 8 mm thick. The appropriate window and level were also used (350W/150L)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Initial evaluation of perfusion defects started in the diastolic phase. To avoid potential artifacts, readers used systolic phases to confirm the perfusion defect. A true perfusion defect was defined as subendocardial hypoenhancement encompassing &gt; 25% of the transmural extent, which was present in different phases of the cardiac cycle and within a specific coronary territory.</p>
        <p>CTA stenosis was graded as 0%&#8211;25% (minimal), 25%&#8209;49% (mild), 50%&#8211;69% (moderate), and &#8805; 70% (severe)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Coronary territories were classified by the highest degree of stenosis within their segments. All coronary segments were included in our analysis. Image data to evaluate stress myocardial perfusion defects was not used to analyze coronary anatomy. In addition, for each CTA image, a subjective measure of quality was obtained. These ranged from 1 to 5: 1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = moderate, 4 = poor, and 5 = blurred/non-diagnostic images.</p>
        <p>We did not exclude any patients based on SPECT results and neither did we discard any coronary segment (n = 540) based on its diameter, importance, or due to coronary calcium on CTA analyses. No patient was excluded based on CTA or CTP image quality or other artifacts.</p>
        <p>The additional value of CTP on CTA alone was calculated using QCA as a standard reference. The anatomical data (stenosis by CTA) was the decisive criteria for the final definition of the combination (negative or positive when stenosis was mild or severe, respectively). Therefore, when the patient had a mild stenosis (&lt; 50%), the final combination with CTP was negative. When stenosis was severe (&#8805; 70%), the final combination was positive, regardless of the CTP results. But when stenosis was moderate (50%&#8211;69%), combined evaluation was considered positive or negative according to perfusion data (CTP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. No reclassification of CTA stenosis was performed after the information of combined CTA and CTP.</p>
        <p>QCA was performed using a semi-automated detection system (QCA for research 2.0.1, Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, Netherlands), by a biomedical scientist with training and over five years&#8217; experience in QCA. They were blinded to the CTA, CTP, or SPECT results. It was performed in all patients who underwent invasive coronary angiography, including all coronary arteries with any degree of visual stenosis. In order to standardize coronary anatomy (CTA and QCA) analyses, an 18-segment coronary model was used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 10.0 (STATA Corp, College Station, TX, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; SD, whereas categorical variables were expressed as percentages. Association between the methods was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and predictive values. A kappa analysis was performed to evaluate agreement between CTP, CTA, SPECT, and QCA.</p>
        <p>The association between categorical variables and the outcome of QCA &#8805; 70% was assessed using a chi-square or Fisher exact test. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated and described with a 95% confidence interval (CI). <italic>P</italic> values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Patient characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 2</xref>. Of the 30 patients with LBBB, the mean age was 62 &#177; 10 years (60% were women, 30% were obese (BMI &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), 10% were current smokers, and 42% were diabetics). Dyspnea and chest pain (60%) were the most frequent symptoms.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the 30 study patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Demographic data and Risc factor</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Valores</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">62 &#177; 10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White Ethnicity, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (63%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Woman, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (60%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (71%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (46%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (93%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Familiar history of IHD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (40%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight (BMI &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (56%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity (BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (30%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyspneia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (60%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chest pain, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (60%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction, mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">42.4 &#177; 17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Biomaker or lipid level (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol, mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">192 &#177; 57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL cholesterol, mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">45 &#177; 10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL cholesterol, mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">119 &#177; 41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum tryglyceride, mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">135 &#177; 95</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>IHD: Ischemic heart disease; BMI: Body mass index; SD: Standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When this population was evaluated using the Framingham risk score, ten patients were intermediate risk and four were high risk. The average risk was intermediate in men and low in women (13% and 7% 10 year risk, respectively).</p>
      <p>All 30 patients completed the CT protocol with a mean total radiation dose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> of 9.3 &#177; 4.6 mSv (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). The only three cases of adverse events were mild nausea, most likely due to the contrast infusion. One patient who underwent invasive coronary angiography showed a local adverse effect (a mild hematoma at the site of puncture). No other minor or major events were observed that were related to the research protocol.</p>
      <p>Invasive coronary angiography was performed in all patients. Analyses were made per-patient and per-territory for CTP, CTA, and SPECT, using QCA as the reference standard (considering significant coronary stenosis &#8805; 70%; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagnostic accuracy of CT protocol and SPECT in per-patient and per-territory analysis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid;solid;border-left:hidden;solid;border-top:hidden"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">
                <bold>Per-Patient Analysis <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">&#8225;</xref></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6">
                <bold>Per-Territory Analysis <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">&#8225;</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid;border-left:hidden"/>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CTP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CTA</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SPECT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">
                <bold>CTP + CTA</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CTP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>CTA</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SPECT</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>CTP + CTA</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">Accuracy</td>
              <td align="center">83%</td>
              <td align="center">90%</td>
              <td align="center">63%</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">90%</td>
              <td align="center">79%</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">91%</td>
              <td align="center">69%</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">89%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">Sensitivity</td>
              <td align="center">86%</td>
              <td align="center">86%</td>
              <td align="center">97%</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">93%</td>
              <td align="center">63%</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">85%</td>
              <td align="center">44%</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">85%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">Specificity</td>
              <td align="center">81%</td>
              <td align="center">94%</td>
              <td align="center">32%</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">87%</td>
              <td align="center">86%</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">94%</td>
              <td align="center">79%</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">90%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">PPV</td>
              <td align="center">80%</td>
              <td align="center">92%</td>
              <td align="center">56%</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">87%</td>
              <td align="center">65%</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">85%</td>
              <td align="center">48%</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">79%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">NPV</td>
              <td align="center">87%</td>
              <td align="center">88%</td>
              <td align="center">92%</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">93%</td>
              <td align="center">84%</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">94%</td>
              <td align="center">77%</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">93%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid; border-left:hidden">
                <bold>A</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="left" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-right:hidden">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-left:hidden">
                <bold>CTP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <bold>QCA &#8805; 70%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>CTP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-right:hidden">
                <bold>QCA &#8805; 70%</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>+</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>+</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:hidden">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-left:hidden">-</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="left">-</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">54</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:hidden">64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-left:hidden">+</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="left">+</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">9</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:hidden">26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-left:hidden">Total</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden"/>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">63</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:hidden">90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center" colspan="5" style="border-left:hidden">p = 0.001</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="6" style="border-right:hidden">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left:hidden">
                <bold>A</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="left" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-right:hidden">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-left:hidden">
                <bold>SPECT</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <bold>QCA &#8805; 70%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>SPECT</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-right:hidden">
                <bold>QCA &#8805; 70%</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>+</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>+</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:hidden">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-left:hidden">-</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="left">-</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">50</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:hidden">65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-left:hidden">+</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="left">+</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">13</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:hidden">25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-left:hidden">Total</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden"/>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">63</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-right:hidden">90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="5" style="border-left:hidden">p = 0.045</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="6" style="border-right:hidden">p &lt; 0.021</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <p>Data of 30 patients and 90 territories using QCA as reference standard (considering coronary stenosis &#8805; 70%). PPV: Positive predictive value. NPV: Negative predictive value.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>In SPECT per-patient analysis, the presence of fixed defect or/and ischemia was used.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>In SPECT per-territory analysis only ischemia was used.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN09">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <p>A -Per-patient analysis. B- Per-territory analysis.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <table frame="box" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid;border-left:hidden;border-top:hidden">
                <bold>C</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">
                <bold>Per-Patient Analysis</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Per-Territory Analysis</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CTP</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CTA</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">
                <bold>SPECT</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CTP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CTA</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SPECT</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">Accuracy</td>
              <td align="center">70%</td>
              <td align="center">87%</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">63%</td>
              <td align="center">71%</td>
              <td align="center">84%</td>
              <td align="center">59%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">Sensitivity</td>
              <td align="center">67%</td>
              <td align="center">89%</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">89%</td>
              <td align="center">50%</td>
              <td align="center">73%</td>
              <td align="center">36%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">Specificity</td>
              <td align="center">75%</td>
              <td align="center">83%</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">25%</td>
              <td align="center">90%</td>
              <td align="center">94%</td>
              <td align="center">79%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">PPV</td>
              <td align="center">80%</td>
              <td align="center">89%</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">64%</td>
              <td align="center">81%</td>
              <td align="center">91%</td>
              <td align="center">60%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">NPV</td>
              <td align="center">60%</td>
              <td align="center">83%</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">60%</td>
              <td align="center">67%</td>
              <td align="center">80%</td>
              <td align="center">58%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>C</label>
            <p>Data of 30 patients and 90 territories using QCA as reference standard (considering coronary stenosis &gt; 50%).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>p &gt; 0.05. The others analysis p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values and accuracy were 86%, 81%, 80%, 87%, and 83% respectively for per-patient analysis and 63%, 86%, 65%, 84%, and 79%, respectively for per-territory analysis (n = 90 territories) in relation to CTP (p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patient number 30, a SPECT false-positive caused by LBBB. (A) Stress and (B) rest SPECT showing a fixed defect in the anteroseptal wall (white arrows). CTA on curved multiplanar reformatted image (C) and invasive coronary angiography (D) show a normal left anterior descending coronary artery. Normal Stress (E) and Rest (F) CTP.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0614-50117-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f04">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patient number 12, a better correlation between CTP/CTA and QCA than SPECT. (A) Mild ischemia in the apical wall in SPECT demonstrated by yellow arrows at stress and normal at rest. (B) Severe stenosis in the proximal obtuse marginal showed on curved multiplanar reformatted CTA image (above) and invasive coronary angiography (below). (C) Severe stenosis in the left anterior descending at proximal and midportion shown on curved multiplanar reformatted CTA image (above) and invasive coronary angiography (below). (D) 4-chamber CTP demonstrating ischemia in the lateral and apical walls (black arrows). (E) Short-axis CTP showing ischemia in the anterior and lateral walls (black arrow).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0614-50117-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Regarding SPECT results, in per-patient analysis considering ischemia and/or fixed defects, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were 97%, 32%, 56%, 92% and 63% respectively (p = 0.045). In per-territory analysis, relating only patients with ischemia and excluding those with fixed defects on SPECT, the values were 44%, 79%, 48%, 77% and 69%, respectively (p = 0.021) evaluated by QCA (stenosis &#8805;70%) as reference standard.</p>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">table 3</xref>, the results are also given for a QCA stenosis of &gt; 50%. Comparing the results (QCA &#8805; 70% versus &gt; 50%), it is clear that for both methods, CTP and SPECT, the accuracy was better with a QCA &#8805; 70%.</p>
      <p>Almost half of the patients (14/30) had a SPECT examination that was influenced by a septal defect that was due to LBBB. When QCA was conducted, five of these were found to be true positives and nine were false positives. From this group of fourteen patients, seven had normal CTP and QCA.</p>
      <p>When per-patient analysis was carried out, the interobserver agreement (kappa) was considered moderate for CTP (k = 0.53; p &lt; 0.05) and SPECT (k = 0.41 p &lt; 0.05); however, the figures were slightly better for CTP (23/30) than SPECT (21/30).</p>
      <p>The median CACS was 212. From the 30 patients, four had a CACS of zero; eight had a CACS between 0 and 100; ten had a CACS between 100 and 400; six had a CACS between 400 and 1000 and two had a CACS, which was more than 1000.</p>
      <p>The CACS mean Agatston score was 512 (244&#8211;814), which is on the 93<sup>rd</sup>percentile (91&#8211;98, p &lt; 0.001) for the group who had a coronary stenosis of &#8805; 70%, on QCA. This was closely related to the CAD burden according to gender, race, and age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Incremental value of CTA on CTP</title>
        <p>There were 5 patients with moderate stenosis, corresponding to 6 coronary segments on CTA. Addition of CTA to CTP significantly improved sensitivity (to 85%), whilst keeping the high specificity of 90% (p &lt; 0.0001). The overall accuracy for detection of functionally significant CAD was 79% for CTP, 70% for SPECT, and 89% for the integrated protocol (CTA + CTP) in per-territory analysis (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        <p>Comparison of AUCs in per-patient and per-territory analysis, looking at SPECT, CTP, CTA and the combination CTA and CTP with QCA as the gold standard (stenosis &#8805; 70%) is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">graphic 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig fig-type="graphic" id="f05">
          <label>Graphic 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>AUC comparing CTA, CTP, SPECT, and combination CTP + CTA with QCA as reference.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>A -Per-patient analysis. B -Per-territory analysis. All analysis have p &lt; 0.05, except for SPECT per-patient analysis (p = NS. * p = 0.16).</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0614-50117-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>In per-patient analysis, CTA and CTP had the highest accuracy (AUC of ROC curve = 0.90; p &lt; 0.0001). CTP AUC was 0.83 p &lt; 0.0001. Comparisons between CTP vs. SPECT and CTP + CTA vs. SPECT showed the superiority of CT methods over SPECT (AUC differences of 0.210 p = 0.038 and 0.277 p = 0.017, respectively).</p>
        <p>In per-territory analysis, there was also a significant improvement in accuracy when comparing the integrated protocol CTA + CTP versus SPECT, showing a difference between areas of 0.259 (p = 0.0004).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Results of CTA vs. QCA</title>
        <p>Results of CTA compared with QCA on per-patient and per-territory analysis (using as a threshold a coronary stenosis &#8805; 70%) are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">table 3</xref>. The results showed excellent accuracy with a sensitivity value of 86%, specificity of 94%, positive predictive value of 92% and negative predictive value of 88% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>We used intravenous metoprolol (average dose 15 mg) to reduce the mean heart rate to 63 beats/min (a reduction of almost 10 beats/min) to enable a good quality CTA to be performed after the stress scan.</p>
        <p>Of the patients referred for invasive coronary angiography, nine (30%) had normal coronary arteries, three (10%) had minimal or mild coronary artery disease (stenosis &lt; 50%), 14 (46%) had stenosis &gt; 70%, four (13%) had single-vessel coronary artery disease (stenosis &gt; 50%), two (7%) had two&#8209;vessel coronary artery disease, and 12 (40%) had triple&#8209;vessel coronary artery disease.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The difficulty in evaluating ischemia in patients with LBBB represents an important area for study, especially given the limitations of current techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study looking at patients with LBBB and using the latest generation 320-row detector CT scanner to analyze the accuracy of CTP using a combination of coronary angiography and myocardial stress perfusion with dipyridamole. This study also showed that a feasible and comprehensive protocol was able to evaluate the CAD burden using CACS, myocardial perfusion imaging during stress and at rest, and a measure of coronary anatomy with good diagnostic accuracy. There was a low rate of adverse events, an acceptable dose of radiation and admissible duration of exam.</p>
      <p>A previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> showed that CTA could be an alternative to stress tests in screening patients with LBBB. The accuracy of CTA can however be decreased by arrhythmia, motion artifacts, or excessive calcifications and the degree of coronary obstruction measured by CTA or conventional angiography remains a poor predictor of reversible ischemia due to atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>A combined evaluation of CTP on CTA during pharmacologic stress under a single examination has recently been described and validated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Besides the information about myocardial ischemia, the addition of stress myocardial CTP can also give additional data to some non-assessable segments, improving diagnostic accuracy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>Myocardial ischemia is an important factor that determines clinical outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and benefit from revascularization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. The stress CTP has been evaluated in numerous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and has proven to be an alternative stress test.</p>
      <p>Despite the fact that CTP is not a dynamic test, there is a great opportunity to visualize the differences of x-ray attenuation between ischemic and remote myocardium. A potential advantage of CTP over SPECT is the ability to acquire high-resolution isotropic 3D images that allow simultaneous coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion analysis. This may be of particular interest for decision&#8209;making regarding revascularization.</p>
      <p>In a recent review evaluating 14 studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, the sensitivity of CTP ranged from 79% to 97% with specificity from 72% to 98% depending on the scanner type, reference stenosis standard, studied population, and whether analysis is per patient or territory. This agrees with our results that demonstrated a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 86% for CTP, when using per-territory analysis. The prevalence of obstructive atherosclerosis in this study was 60%, which was similar to previous studies; 59% in the study by George et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and 69% in the study by Cury et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In our protocol, the addition of CTP to CTA increases CT global accuracy for functionally significant CAD in patients with LBBB, mainly because of a significant increase of sensitivity whilst keeping a high specificity. Thus, a 320-row detector CT scanner with an anatomical and functional integrated protocol may be effective for the detection of functionally significant CAD in patients with LBBB.</p>
      <p>This study could evaluate the presence, extension, and severity of CAD. The total radiation exposure of 9.3 &#177; 4.6 mSv in our CT protocol was lower than SPECT (14.6 &#177; 4.4 mSv), which provides only an assessment of perfusion, not of the coronary anatomy.</p>
      <p>Compared to recent related studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, this study used a low rate of ionizing radiation. This could be explained by some factors: Physical parameters (kV and mA) were adapted to the BMI of the patient and kept as low as reasonably possible. Prospective acquisition limiting radiation was applied only to a short interval of the electrocardiogram. The field of view was limited to the heart and the perfusion images were acquired using only one beat for each phase. AIDR technology (Adaptive Dose Reduction Interactive) was not available at the time of this study, but if used would further reduce the radiation dose.</p>
      <p>It is theoretically possible that inducing tachycardia during the stress CTP could create artifacts, which could mimic or mask a perfusion deficit. There is no evidence that this happened. There was no verifiable increase in interference in the septal and apical walls caused by high heart rates.</p>
      <p>The interobserver concordance for CTP was moderate and this could be explained by the fact that CTP is a new technique and involves a certain degree of uncertainty and a learning curve.</p>
      <p>In this study, we selected stenosis &#8805; 70% instead of &gt; 50% as anatomical reference for QCA. The literature shows the use of both cut-offs to compare CT perfusion stress tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Although studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> reveal that there is functional repercussion with coronary stenosis from 40%, a coronary flow reserve was found to vary widely among patients with stenosis of 50 to 70 percent. The mean reason to select &#8805; 70% as the anatomical reference was the potential to have more definite results for CTP and SPECT when compared to QCA. For the intermediate results on CTA (50&#8211;69%), we were guided by the literature to choose the appropriate functional test to make decisions on revascularization. SPECT is often performed to detect CAD in patients with LBBB. However, stress scintigraphy is not specific due to the frequent occurrence of septal, anterior, and apical defects in the absence of CAD. Specificity has been reported to be low due to false-positive septal perfusion abnormalities, and it had already been shown that specificity could be improved using a dipyridamole stress test. Recently, Fovino et al. reported that the presence of myocardial ischemia on SPECT was the only predictor of events in patients with LBBB who had a low or intermediate cardiac risk and were followed for 32 &#177; 18 months<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>In our analysis, SPECT demonstrated a high negative predictive value in per-patient analysis (92%). Thus, patients with LBBB and normal scintigraphy would not need further investigation or invasive strategy; on the other hand, patients who have an abnormal result may need additional cardiac evaluation for appropriate management. These findings are in agreement with the literature and confirm the high negative predictive value of SPECT with pharmacological stress in patients with LBBB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This was a single-center study with a small number of patients, so our findings need confirmation from larger multicenter studies.</p>
        <p>The majority of patients with obstructive CAD on invasive angiography had triple vessel disease. These patients were followed at the cardiology clinic of a tertiary hospital and referred for evaluation with SPECT due to a high risk of CAD and a high prevalence of cardiac risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension. Our data is therefore most useful for populations with high levels of CAD.</p>
        <p>QCA is the most currently used anatomic reference method. Due to financial issues, fractional flow reserve was not performed in our group of patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We demonstrated that the combination of anatomical and functional information in a single CT examination is feasible and has good accuracy for the detection of obstructive CAD in patients with LBBB. The results of the study suggest that stress perfusion CT, performed with a 320-row detector CT scanner, can be an alternative strategy to patients with LBBB who need evaluation for myocardial ischemia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>This study was funded by grant 2010/15584-0 from FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil).</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the Doctoral dissertation submitted by Est&#234;van Vieira Cabeda to University of S&#227;o Paulo/Brazil.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Maria Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Higa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parga</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Tomografia e Resson&#226;ncia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Tomografia e Resson&#226;ncia Cardiovascular, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Est&#234;van Vieira Cabeda</bold> , Cl&#237;nica Kozma. Rua Teixeira Soares, 793 - Centro, CEP 99010-080, Passo Fundo, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>estevancabeda@cardiol.br</email>, <email>estevancabeda@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cabeda EV, Falc&#227;o AMG, Soares Jr. J, Rochitte CE, Nomura CH, &#193;vila LFR, Parga JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Testes funcionais possuem limitada acur&#225;cia para identificar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Utilizando tom&#243;grafo com 320 detectores foi avaliado a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de estresse com dipiridamol pela tomografia (PMT) em pacientes com BRE utilizando a angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa invasiva (QCA) (estenose &#8805; 70%) como refer&#234;ncia. Procurou-se tamb&#233;m investigar o valor adicional da PMT sobre a angiotomografia coronariana (ATC) comparando a acur&#225;cia com a cintilografia perfusional mioc&#225;rdica (SPECT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trinta pacientes com BRE e SPECT pr&#233;vio em investiga&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram encaminhados para realiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de estresse na tomografia. Observadores independentes realizaram avalia&#231;&#227;o por paciente e por territ&#243;rio coronariano. Todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi 62 &#177; 10 anos. A dose m&#233;dia de radia&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de tomografia foi 9,3 &#177; 4,6 mSv. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a PMT, na an&#225;lise por paciente, a sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos e acur&#225;cia foram, respectivamente, 86%, 81%, 80%, 87%, 83% p = 0,001. Na an&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio os valores foram, respectivamente, 63%, 86% a 65%, 84%, 79% p &lt; 0,001. Em ambas as an&#225;lises, a adi&#231;&#227;o da PMT a ATC determinou maior acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica para detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica quando comparado com o SPECT (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O uso do protocolo de estresse na tomografia &#233; vi&#225;vel e tem boa acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica na pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes com BRE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-Chave:</title>
        <kwd>Bloqueio de Ramo</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Multidetectores</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Dipiridamol</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) tem sido demonstrada em v&#225;rios estudos e est&#225; associada ao aumento do risco de mortalidade cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com BRE &#233; importante para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco e a conduta cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Entretanto, o BRE constitui um obst&#225;culo para a detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia devido as altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (segmento ST-T) no eletrocardiograma (ECG)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Assim, a investiga&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em tais pacientes ainda &#233; um tarefa diagn&#243;stica dif&#237;cil, uma vez que a maioria dos testes funcionais, especialmente a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, apresentam acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica limitada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Pesquisas revelam que o BRE pode estar associado a defeitos fixos da perfus&#227;o, especialmente na parede septal, quando realizada por cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT), apesar da cineangiocoronariografia apresentar resultados normais. Os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gico desse fen&#244;meno permanecem ainda n&#227;o totalmente esclarecidos.</p>
        <p>A angiotomografia coronariana (ATC) &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo eficaz para a detec&#231;&#227;o e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es coronarianas. O poder diagn&#243;stico da ATC, avaliada por in&#250;meros estudos, possui elevada sensibilidade e valor preditivo negativo, quando comparado a cineangiocoronariografia como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. O desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico das &#250;ltimas gera&#231;&#245;es de tom&#243;grafos possibilitaram a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem num &#250;nico batimento card&#237;aco, com redu&#231;&#227;o substancial da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, mantendo elevado desempenho diagn&#243;stico para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recentes estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com estresse farmacol&#243;gico na tomografia (PMT) tem adicionado informa&#231;&#245;es funcionais a les&#245;es coronarianas. Sua acur&#225;cia &#233; compar&#225;vel ao SPECT e &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao SPECT, a PMT tem um mecanismo distinto, atrav&#233;s de perfus&#227;o de primeira passagem do contraste, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Contudo, n&#227;o se sabe se a presen&#231;a de BRE afeta a acur&#225;cia da PMT. Al&#233;m disso, a PMT n&#227;o foi avaliada de forma controlada em um grupo espec&#237;fico de pacientes com BRE.</p>
        <p>Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da PMT para dete&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes com BRE, utilizando um tom&#243;grafo com 320 detectores, e comparar os resultados com o SPECT tendo a angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa invasiva (QCA) como m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, analisamos o valor adicional da PMT sobre a ATC no diagn&#243;stico de estenose hemodinamicamente significativa (&#8805; 70%) pelo QCA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Um estudo prospectivo foi conduzido em uma coorte consecutiva de pacientes com BRE documentado seguidos ambulatorialmente em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, tendo sido encaminhados a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com estresse farmacol&#243;gico - SPECT (adenosina ou dipriridamol), para investiga&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam contraindica&#231;&#245;es e que aceitaram submeter-se ao protocolo de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de estresse com dipiridamol na tomografia (Aquilion ONE 320 CT scanner, Toshiba Medical System, Ottawara, Japan). Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa m&#233;dica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram as contraindica&#231;&#245;es ao contraste iodado, tais como creatinina &gt; 1,5 mg/dL ou casos de alergia conhecida ao contraste; contraindica&#231;&#245;es ao uso de metoprolol, como bradicardia severa (&lt; 40 batimentos/min), bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo ou terceiro graus, estenose a&#243;rtica severa, asma, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; angioplastia coron&#225;ria ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio previamente documentado; pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas ou outros dispositivos card&#237;acos; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe III e IV (NYHA); gravidez; IMC &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; idade &lt; 35 anos e pacientes que se recusaram a assinar o termo de consentimento.</p>
        <p>De fevereiro a dezembro de 2011, 3.709 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cintilografia perfusional mioc&#225;rdica de estresse. Dentre eles, 87 pacientes com BRE realizaram cintilografia com estresse farmacol&#243;gico com vasodilatadores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 30 pacientes foram selecionados para participar do protocolo de estudo na tomografia que consistiu em tr&#234;s etapas: escore de c&#225;lcio, perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de estresse com dipiridamol e perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica/angiografia coron&#225;ria em repouso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2</xref>). A cintilografia foi realizada 2 meses antes e os pacientes foram encaminhados ao cateterismo card&#237;aco dentro de 60 dias ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de tomografia.</p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. BRE: Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. DCE: depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina; Contraindica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe III e IV (NYHA), doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e asma.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0614-50117-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Protocolo de perfus&#227;o de estresse na tomografia. EC: Escore de c&#225;lcio; ECG: Eletrocardiograma; PMT: Perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela tomografia; ATC: Angiotomografia coronariana; EV: Endovenoso; SL: Sublingual.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0614-50117-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a suspender os betabloqueadores 48 horas antes do exame, a manter jejum por seis horas e a ingerir dieta livre de cafe&#237;na/xantina por 24 horas antes do estresse farmacol&#243;gico, tanto para o exame de tomografia como para SPECT.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Pr&#233;-scan &amp; escore de c&#225;lcio (EC)</title>
          <p>O protocolo de tomografia foi realizado sob monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e teve in&#237;cio com o escanograma do t&#243;rax. O EC foi programado desde a altura da carina a base da silhueta card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de estresse</title>
          <p>O campo de vis&#227;o (FOV) foi determinando na dire&#231;&#227;o craniocaudal com base no EC. O tom&#243;grafo com 320 detectores utiliza colima&#231;&#227;o de 320 x 0,5-mm e velocidade de rota&#231;&#227;o de gantry de 350 msec, resultando uma cobertura de at&#233; 16 cm no eixo Z em cada rota&#231;&#227;o do tubo, suficiente para capturar todo o cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A fase de perfus&#227;o de estresse teve in&#237;cio dois minutos ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da infus&#227;o intravenosa de dipiridamol (0,56 mg/Kg) por quatro minutos pela veia antecubital direita. O rastreamento do bolus de contraste em tempo real foi realizado ajustando&#8209;se a regi&#227;o de interesse ROI para um limiar de 210 HU (Unidade Hounsfield) na aorta descendente. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o da PMT foi sempre realizada dentro de um &#250;nico batimento card&#237;aco, incluindo as fases sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (intervalo R-R de 40&#8209;80%), ap&#243;s infus&#227;o intravenosa de 70 mL de meio de contraste Iopamidol (iodado 370mg/mL; Bayer Schering Pharma, Berlin, Germany), na velocidade de 5mL/segundo, seguidos por fluxo de 30 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o salina. A voltagem do tubo (kV) e a corrente do tubo (mA) foram pr&#233;-determinadas de acordo com o IMC do paciente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>). Sintomas, press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram continuamente monitorados durante a infus&#227;o de dipiridamol.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de tomografia e resultados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Modalidade</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Acoplamento (gating)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>kV</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>mA</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 29 Kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&gt; 29 Kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 29 Kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&gt; 29 Kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EC</td>
                  <td align="center">Prospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">150</td>
                  <td align="center">300</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PMT de estresse</td>
                  <td align="center">Prospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">580</td>
                  <td align="center">450-580</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PMT de repouso e ATC</td>
                  <td align="center">Prospectivo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
										</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">580</td>
                  <td align="center">450-580</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Um exame retrospectivo foi realizado devido a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca elevada em repouso.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Exposi&#231;&#227;o efetiva de radia&#231;&#227;o (mSv)</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Dados</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dose total de radia&#231;&#227;o do protocol de tomograifa</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 4.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EC</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PMT estresse</td>
                  <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PMT repouso + ATC</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SPECT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
										</td>
                  <td align="center">14.6 &#177;4.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td>
                    <bold>Outros par&#226;metros</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dose total de contraste (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 &#177; 10.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Qualidade da imagem ATC (an&#225;lise subjetiva)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td>
                    <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batimentos/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na sala de tomografia</td>
                  <td align="center">71.1 &#177; 11.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no pico de estresse farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">87.3 &#177; 12.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com dipiridamol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref>
										</td>
                  <td align="center">18%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso na ATC</td>
                  <td align="center">62.7 &#177; 9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>EC: Escore de c&#225;lcio; PMT: Perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por tomografia; ATC: Angiotomografia coronariana;. kV: Voltagem do tubo; mA: Corrente do tubo; mSv: MiliSievert; SPECT: Ccintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Thalio-201 foi usado em dois pacientes e 99mTC-sestamibi foi usado nos demais 28 pacientes.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Valor m&#233;dio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de repouso</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a fase de PMT de estresse, aminofilina (Aminofilina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) foi administrada intravenosamente (240 mg em 2 minutos) para revers&#227;o dos efeitos vasodilatadores. Dependendo de crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, os pacientes recebiam metoprolol EV (dose m&#225;xima de 15mg) (Seloken, AstraZeneca, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) com a finalidade de atingir uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 65 batimentos/min. Nitrato sublingual (2,5 mg Isordil, Sigma Pharma, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) foi utilizado para indu&#231;&#227;o de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
          <p>A fase de PMT de repouso e a ATC foram realizadas com <italic>gating</italic>prospectivo, com um FOV maior e assegurando a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, mantendo os mesmos par&#226;metros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem utilizados na fase de estresse (kV e mA), assim como, a dose de contraste. Programou-se um ROI de 240 HU na aorta descendente. Para minimizar a radia&#231;&#227;o, a janela de aquisi&#231;&#227;o foi limitada apenas a fase diast&#243;lica do ciclo card&#237;aco (60&#8209;80% do intervalo RR).</p>
          <p>Ambas as perfus&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas, de repouso e de estresse, foram realizadas de forma n&#227;o din&#226;mica atrav&#233;s do mecanismo de primeira passagem em uma &#250;nica fase de inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste. Todos os par&#226;metros das tr&#234;s etapas do protocolo est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>Ao final do protocolo, os pacientes eram re-examinados e recebiam de 250 a 500 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o salina intravenosa, dependendo das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, para minimizar o risco de nefropatia e hipotens&#227;o causados pelos vasodilatadores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SPECT</title>
          <p>O exame de estresse farmacol&#243;gico foi realizado em todos os pacientes (adenosina ou dipiridamol) utilizando-se os equipamentos INFINIA, VENTRI I e II GE<sup>&#174;</sup> e CARDIO I e II Philips<sup>&#174;</sup>. Metade dos pacientes foi submetida ao teste de estresse com adenosina. De acordo com o protocolo cl&#237;nico institucional, os pacientes eram injetados com 10 mCi de technetium-99m-sestamibi em repouso e as imagens SPECT sincronizadas foram adquiridas com uma c&#226;mera com detector gama duplo com 64 proje&#231;&#245;es, cada uma para 20 segundos, em uma &#243;rbita n&#227;o circular de 180&#176;. O teste de estresse com adenosina foi realizado com infus&#227;o intravenosa na raz&#227;o de 140 mcg/Kg/minuto durante 6 minutos e o marcador (30 mCi de technetium&#8209;99m&#8209;sestamibi) foi injetado no terceiro minuto. O teste de estresse com dipiridamol foi realizado com infus&#227;o intravenosa na raz&#227;o de 0,56 mg/Kg durante 4 minutos e o marcador foi injetado ap&#243;s dois minutos. As imagens do SPECT foram obtidas ap&#243;s 30&#8209;60 minutos.</p>
          <p>Os eixos curtos e obl&#237;quos foram utilizados para a leitura das imagens. O m&#233;todo para reconstru&#231;&#227;o das imagens obtidas foi a reconstru&#231;&#227;o interativa, utilizando-se tamb&#233;m um filtro de pr&#233;&#8209;reconstru&#231;&#227;o para suaviza&#231;&#227;o das imagens e elimina&#231;&#227;o de ru&#237;dos de alta frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise das imagens de TC &amp; SPECT e QCA</title>
          <p>Dois observadores (m&#233;dicos com &gt; 4-anos de experi&#234;ncia em ATC) analisaram independentemente as imagens. Os observadores n&#227;o tinham conhecimento dos resultados de outros exames e n&#227;o receberam nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. As an&#225;lises de PMT e ATC foram feitas separadamente e os casos discordantes eram resolvidos por consenso entre os observadores.</p>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises (PMT e ATC) foram realizadas em uma &#250;nica esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho (Vitrea FX, Vital Images, Minnetonka, MN, USA), sob uma abordagem visual e semi&#8209;quantitativa, e foram comparadas com o QCA como m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia, considerando redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro luminal &#8805; 70% como hemodinamicamente significativa.</p>
          <p>Dois observadores, sem conhecimento pr&#233;vio dos resultados de outros exames ou informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, (m&#233;dicos com &gt; 10&#8209;anos de experi&#234;ncia em SPECT) analisaram independentemente as imagens do SPECT. Quando havia discord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;dicos, um terceiro decidia um consenso. Assim como na tomografia, as imagens da SPECT foram analisadas sob uma abordagem visual e semi&#8209;quantitativa.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados foi feita visando comparar a acur&#225;cia da PMT com a do SPECT, tendo como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia o QCA.</p>
          <p>O modelo de 17 segmentos da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> foi utilizado para identificar defeitos de perfus&#227;o. Comparando os dados de perfus&#227;o (PMT vs. SPECT) com os dados da anatomia coron&#225;ria derivados do QCA e ATC, foram consolidados tr&#234;s territ&#243;rios coronarianos, de acordo com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do <italic>ACC</italic> e <italic>AHA</italic> (an&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>As imagens da PMT foram avaliadas em eixo curto e nas proje&#231;&#245;es de duas, tr&#234;s e quatro c&#226;maras, em modo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio com 8 mm de espessura, em imagens reformatadas multiplanares. Utilizou-se tamb&#233;m janela e n&#237;vel de visualiza&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fico (350W/150L)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial dos defeitos de perfus&#227;o era realizada na fase diast&#243;lica, e para fins de confirma&#231;&#227;o do defeito perfusional, os observadores utilizaram a fase sist&#243;lica. Os crit&#233;rios para defeitos de perfus&#227;o verdadeiros foram definidos como hipoatenua&#231;&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica ultrapassando &gt; 25% da espessura da parede, em diferentes fases do ciclo card&#237;aco e dentro de um territ&#243;rio coronariano espec&#237;fico.</p>
          <p>A estenose na ATC foi classificada como: de 0% a 25% (m&#237;nima), de 25 a 49% (discreta), de 50% a 69% (moderada) e &#8805; 70% (importante)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Os territ&#243;rios coronarianos foram classificados pelo maior grau de estenose dentro dos seus segmentos. Todos os segmentos coron&#225;rios foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. As imagens adquiridas na fase de perfus&#227;o de estresse n&#227;o foram utilizadas para an&#225;lise da anatomia coronariana. Al&#233;m disso, para cada ATC foi atribu&#237;da uma nota de qualidade subjetiva da imagem variando de 1 a 5 pontos: 1 = excelente, 2 = bom, 3 = moderado, 4 = pobre e 5 = desfocado/imagem inapropriada.</p>
          <p>Nenhum paciente foi exclu&#237;do com base nos resultados e na qualidade de imagem do SPECT e da PMT, assim como, nenhum segmento coronariano foi exclu&#237;do da an&#225;lise da ATC (n = 540) com base em seu di&#226;metro, import&#226;ncia ou devido &#224; presen&#231;a de excessivo c&#225;lcio coronariano.</p>
          <p>O valor adicional da PMT sobre a ATC foi calculado tendo o QCA como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. Os dados anat&#244;micos (estenose pela ATC) constitu&#237;ram o crit&#233;rio decisivo para a defini&#231;&#227;o final da combina&#231;&#227;o (como negativo ou positivo quando a estenose era considerada discreta ou importante, respectivamente). Sendo assim, quando o paciente apresentava uma estenose discreta na ATC (&lt; 50%), a combina&#231;&#227;o final, independente da PMT, era negativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Quando a estenose era importante (&#8805; 70%), a combina&#231;&#227;o final era positiva para isquemia, independetemente dos resultados da PMT. Entretanto, quando a estenose era moderada (50% a 69%), a avalia&#231;&#227;o combinada era considerada positiva ou negativa para isquemia, dependendo dos dados da perfus&#227;o (PMT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. N&#227;o houve reclassifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses coronarianas da ATC ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da PMT. O QCA foi realizado utilizando um sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o semi-automatizado (QCA for research 2.0.1, Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, Netherlands), por um professional biom&#233;dico (com &gt; 5 anos de experi&#234;ncia e treinado em QCA), sem conhecimento dos resultados da ATC, PMT e SPECT. O procedimento foi realizado em todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana invasiva, incluindo todas as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com qualquer grau de estenose vis&#237;vel. Para a padroniza&#231;&#227;o das an&#225;lises da anatomia coron&#225;ria (ATC e QCA), utilizou-se um modelo de 18 segmentos coron&#225;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa STATA 10.0 (STATA Corp, College Station, TX, USA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;rias foram expressas em percentagens. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos foi avaliada utilizando sensibilidade, especificidade, acur&#225;ria e valores preditivos. A an&#225;lise Kappa foi realizada para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia interobservador.</p>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e o desfecho QCA &#8805; 70% foi avaliada utilizando o teste chi-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. A &#225;rea sob a curva (ROC) foi calculada e descrita com 95% de IC. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 2</xref>. Dentre os 30 pacientes com BRE, a m&#233;dia de idade era 62 anos, 60% eram mulheres, 30% eram obesos (IMC &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), 10% eram tabagistas e 42% eram diab&#233;ticos. Dispneia e dor tor&#225;cica (60%) foram os sintomas mais frequentes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais de 30 pacientes do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e fator de risco</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Valores</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brancos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (63%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (60%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (71%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (46%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (93%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (40%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso (IMC &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (56%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade (IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (30%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (60%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dor tor&#225;cica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (60%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">42,4 &#177; 17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel lip&#237;dico (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">192 &#177; 57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">119 &#177; 41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 95</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; DP: Desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada (30 pacientes) pelo escore de risco de Framingham, 10 pacientes foram classificados como risco intermedi&#225;rio e 4 pacientes como alto risco. Em m&#233;dia, o risco entre os homens foi considerado intermedi&#225;rio (13%/10 anos) e entre as mulheres baixo (7%/10anos).</p>
        <p>Todos os 30 pacientes completaram o protocolo de tomografia com uma dose m&#233;dia de radia&#231;&#227;o total de 9,3 &#177; 4,6 mSv (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>). Ocorreram apenas tr&#234;s casos de eventos adversos (n&#225;usea) relacionado ao meio de contraste, e um paciente encaminhado a angiografia coronariana invasiva apresentou um leve hematoma no local da pun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A angiografia coronariana invasiva foi realizada em todos os pacientes. As an&#225;lises foram feitas por paciente e por territ&#243;rio coronariano, para PMT, ATC e SPECT usando o QCA como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, considerando estenose coronariana significativa &#8805; 70% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do protocolo de tomografia e SPECT na avalia&#231;&#227;o por paciente e por territ&#243;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin;border-left-style:hidden;border-top-style:hidden"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise por paciente <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8225;</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8225;</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin;border-left-style:hidden;border-top-left:hidden"/>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>PMT</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>ATC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>SPECT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>PMT + ATC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>PMT</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>ATC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>SPECT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>PMT + ATC</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">Acur&#225;cia</td>
                <td align="center">83%</td>
                <td align="center">90%</td>
                <td align="center">63%</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin">90%</td>
                <td align="center">79%</td>
                <td align="center">91%</td>
                <td align="center">69%</td>
                <td align="center">89%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin">Sensibilidade</td>
                <td align="center">86%</td>
                <td align="center">86%</td>
                <td align="center">97%</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin">93%</td>
                <td align="center">63%</td>
                <td align="center">85%</td>
                <td align="center">44%</td>
                <td align="center">85%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin">Especificidade</td>
                <td align="center">81%</td>
                <td align="center">94%</td>
                <td align="center">32%</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin">87%</td>
                <td align="center">86%</td>
                <td align="center">94%</td>
                <td align="center">79%</td>
                <td align="center">90%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin">PPV</td>
                <td align="center">80%</td>
                <td align="center">92%</td>
                <td align="center">56%</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin">87%</td>
                <td align="center">65%</td>
                <td align="center">85%</td>
                <td align="center">48%</td>
                <td align="center">79%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin">NPV</td>
                <td align="center">87%</td>
                <td align="center">88%</td>
                <td align="center">92%</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:thin">93%</td>
                <td align="center">84%</td>
                <td align="center">94%</td>
                <td align="center">77%</td>
                <td align="center">93%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>PMT</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>QCA &#8805; 70%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:hidden"/>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>PMT</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>QCA &#8805; 70%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>+</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>+</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>-</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>+</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:hidden"/>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td align="center" colspan="4">p = 0,001</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:hidden"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:hidden"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>SPECT</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>QCA &#8805; 70%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:hidden"/>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>SPECT</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>QCA &#8805; 70%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>+</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>+</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>-</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>+</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td align="center" colspan="4">p = 0,045</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">p &lt; 0,021</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>A &#8211; An&#225;lise por paciente. B- An&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio. Dados de 30 pacientes e 90 territ&#243;rios utilizando QCA como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia (considerando estenose coronariana &#8805; 70%). PPV: Valor preditivo positivo. NPV: Valor preditivo negativo.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Na an&#225;lise por paciente do SPECT a presen&#231;a de defeitos fixos ou/e isquemia foram usados.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Na an&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio no SPECT apenas a isquemia foi usada.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <table frame="box" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid;border-left:hidden;border-top:hidden">
                  <bold>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">C</xref>
                  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">An&#225;lise por paciente</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">An&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">PMT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#167;</xref>
									</th>
                <th align="center">ATC</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">
                  <bold>SPECT</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#167;</xref>
                </th>
                <th align="center">PMT</th>
                <th align="center">ATC</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SPECT</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#167;</xref>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">Acur&#225;cia</td>
                <td align="center">70%</td>
                <td align="center">87%</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">63%</td>
                <td align="center">71%</td>
                <td align="center">84%</td>
                <td align="center">59%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">Sensibilidade</td>
                <td align="center">67%</td>
                <td align="center">89%</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">89%</td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
                <td align="center">73%</td>
                <td align="center">36%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">Especificidade</td>
                <td align="center">75%</td>
                <td align="center">83%</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">25%</td>
                <td align="center">90%</td>
                <td align="center">94%</td>
                <td align="center">79%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">PPV</td>
                <td align="center">80%</td>
                <td align="center">89%</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">64%</td>
                <td align="center">81%</td>
                <td align="center">91%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">NPV</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">83%</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-right-width:thin;border-right-style:solid">60%</td>
                <td align="center">67%</td>
                <td align="center">80%</td>
                <td align="center">58%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>C</label>
              <p>Dados de 30 pacientes e 90 territ&#243;rios utilizando o QCA como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia (considerando estenose coronariana &gt; 50%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>p &gt; 0,05. Outras an&#225;lises p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o a PMT, a sensibilidade, a especificidade, os valores preditivos positivo e negativo e a acur&#225;cia foram 86%, 81%, 80%, 87% e 83%, respectivamente, na avalia&#231;&#227;o por paciente (p &lt; 0,001), e 63%, 86%, 65%,84% e 79% respectivamente, na an&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio(n = 90 territ&#243;rios) (p &lt; 0,001). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">4</xref>)</p>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Paciente n.30, com SPECT falso postivo determinado pelo BRE. (A) SPECT de estresse e (B) em repouso mostrando um defeito fixo na parede anteroseptal(setas brancas). (C) ATC em imagem de reformata&#231;&#227;o multiplanar e angiografia coronariana invasiva (D) mostra art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior livre de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. PMT normal ao estresse (E) e ao repouso (F).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0614-50117-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f09">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Paciente n.12, correla&#231;&#227;o melhor entre PMT/ATC com QCA vs. SPECT com QCA. (A) Discreta isquemia na por&#231;&#227;o apical no SPECT na fase de estresse farmacol&#243;gico (setas amarelas) e normal em repouso. (B) Estenose importante no ter&#231;o proximal da art&#233;ria marginal na ATC (acima) e angiografia coronariana invasiva mostrando a mesma les&#227;o (abaixo). (C) Estenose importante na por&#231;&#227;o proximal e m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria descendente anterior na ATC (acima) e angiografia coronariana invasiva confirmando os achados (abaixo). (D) PMT na proje&#231;&#227;o de 4-c&#226;maras demonstrando isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nas paredes lateral e apical (setas pretas). (E) Eixo curto da PMT demonstrando isquemia nas paredes anterior e lateral (seta preta). PMT de repouso normal (a direita).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0614-50117-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados da SPECT na an&#225;lise por paciente, considerando isquemia e/ou defeitos fixos, a sensibilidade, a especificidade, os valores preditivos positivo e negativo e a acur&#225;cia foram, respectivamente, 97%, 32%, 56%, 92% e 63% (p = 0,045). Na an&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio, relacionando apenas pacientes com isquemia e excluindo aqueles com defeitos fixos na SPECT, os valores foram de 44%, 79%, 48%, 77% e 69%, respectivamente (p= 0,021).</p>
        <p>Ainda na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">tabela 3</xref>, est&#227;o descritos os resultados considerando QCA &gt; 50% como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. Comparando os resultados(QCA &#8805; 70% vs. QCA &gt; 50%), &#233; vis&#237;vel que para ambos os m&#233;todos, PMT e SPECT, os resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao QCA &#8805; 70% possuem melhor precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica.</p>
        <p>Em quase metade dos pacientes (14/30) o exame de SPECT foi influenciado pelo defeito septal devido ao BRE. Dentre eles, cinco eram verdadeiros positivos e nove eram falso positivos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao QCA. Nesse mesmo grupo de pacientes com resultados influenciados pelo BRE no SPECT, sete (50%) apresentaram PMT e QCA normais.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise por paciente, a concord&#226;ncia interobservador (kappa) foi considerada moderada para PMT (k = 0,53; p &lt; 0,05) e para SPECT (k = 0,41; p &lt; 0,05). Houve uma leve superioridade para PMT 23/30 vs. SPECT 21/30 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; concord&#226;ncia total da interpreta&#231;&#227;o pelos observadores.</p>
        <p>A mediana dos EC foi 212. Do total de 30 pacientes, quatro apresentaram EC zero; oito pacientes apresentaram EC de 0 a 100; 10 pacientes apresentaram EC de 100 a 400; seis pacientes apresentaram EC de 400 a 1000 e dois pacientes tiveram EC maiores que 1000.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia do EC no grupo com estenose coronariana hemodinamicamente significativa (QCA &#8805; 70%) foi 512 (244&#8209;814) e percentil 93 (91-98) p &lt; 0,001, demonstrando uma &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o da carga de aterosclerose de acordo com o g&#234;nero, ra&#231;a e idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> com o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Valor adicional da CTA sobre a TCP</title>
          <p>Cinco pacientes apresentaram estenose moderada correspondente a 6 segmentos coronarianos na ATC. O valor adicional da ATC &#224; PMT aumentou significativamente a acur&#225;cia do m&#233;todo, quando comparada &#224; PMT sozinha, elevando sobretudo a sensibilidade para 85%, mantendo ainda alta especificidade de 90% (p &lt; 0,0001). Na an&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio, a acur&#225;cia geral para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC hemodinamicamente significativa foi de 79% para PMT, 70% para SPECT e 89% para o protocolo integrado (ATC + PMT), p &lt; 0,0001.</p>
          <p>O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">gr&#225;fico 1</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise comparando as &#225;reas sob as curvas ROCs por paciente e por territ&#243;rio, considerando SPECT, PMT, ATC e a combina&#231;&#227;o ATC+PMT tendo o (QCA &#8805; 70%) como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
          <fig fig-type="graphic" id="f10">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico 1 - Curva ROC comparando a ATC, PMT e SPECT e a combina&#231;&#227;o de PMT + ATC tendo o QCA como referencia.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>A &#8211; An&#225;lise por paciente. B &#8211; An&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio. Todas as an&#225;lises tiveram p &lt; 0,05, exceto para a an&#225;lise por paciente no SPECT (p = NS. * p = 0,16).</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0614-50117-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise por paciente, ATC+PMT teve a maior acur&#225;cia (AUC da curva ROC = 0,90 p &lt; 0,0001. A curva ROC para PMT foi de 0,83 (p &lt; 0,0001). As compara&#231;&#245;es entre PMT vs. SPECT e PMT+ ATC vs. SPECT mostraram superioridade dos m&#233;todos tomogr&#225;ficos sobre o SPECT, com diferen&#231;as entre as curvas ROCs de 0,210 p = 0,038 e 0,277 p = 0,017, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio, observou-se melhor acur&#225;cia comparando as curvas ROCs da ATC+PMT vs. SPECT, observando uma diferen&#231;a de 0,259 entre as curvas.(p = 0,0004).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados da CTA vs. ACQ</title>
          <p>Os resultados da ATC quando comparado ao QCA nas an&#225;lises por paciente e por territ&#243;rio, utilizando como referencia QCA &#8805; 70%, s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os resultados mostram excelente acur&#225;cia com sensibilidade de 86%, especificidade 94%, valor preditivo positivo 92% e valor preditivo negativo 88% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
          <p>Com o uso em m&#233;dia de 15mg de metoprolol intravenoso, foi alcan&#231;ado uma redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de 63 batimentos/min para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ATC, o que permitiu uma boa qualidade de ATC mesmo ap&#243;s o exame de estresse.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes encaminhados &#224; angiografia coronariana invasiva, nove (30%) tinham art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais, tr&#234;s (10%) apresentavam doen&#231;a arterial coronariana m&#237;nima ou leve (estenose &lt; 50%), 14 pacientes (46%) tinham alguma coron&#225;ria com estenose &gt; 70%. Considerando estenose &gt; 50%, quatro (13%) tinham padr&#227;o uniarterial, dois (7%) biarterial e 12 (40%) tinham doen&#231;a arterial coronariana triarterial.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A quest&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia em pacientes com BRE representa uma &#225;rea importante, especialmente se considerarmos as limita&#231;&#245;es das t&#233;cnicas atuais. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo analisando a acur&#225;ria da PMT utilizando a combina&#231;&#227;o de angiotomografia coronariana e perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com estresse (dipiridamol) exclusivamente em pacientes com BRE em um tom&#243;grafo multislice com 320 detectores.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstra tamb&#233;m que um protocolo vi&#225;vel e abrangente foi capaz de avaliar carga de DAC pelo EC, imagem de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sob estresse e em repouso, al&#233;m da anatomia coronariana com boa acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, baixo n&#237;vel de eventos adversos e aceit&#225;vel dose de radia&#231;&#227;o e tempo.</p>
        <p>Um estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> mostrou que a ATC pode ser uma alternativa na pesquisa de DAC/isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes com BRE. Entretanto, em alguns casos, a ocorr&#234;ncia de limita&#231;&#245;es na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da ATC devido a arritmia, artefatos respirat&#243;rios e excessiva calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana podem reduzir a sua precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. Al&#233;m disso, apenas o grau de estenose avaliado tanto pela ATC ou pela cineangiocoronariografia invasiva permanece como um pobre preditor para avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o combinada da PMT sobre a ATC em um &#250;nico exame foi recentemente descrita e validada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Al&#233;m dos dados sobre isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, a associa&#231;&#227;o da PMT &#224; ATC pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es complementares sob segmentos coronarianos na ATC de avalia&#231;&#227;o luminal limitada devido artefatos ou devido a excessiva calcifica&#231;&#227;o local, melhorando assim a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica representa um fator importante e determinante de desfechos cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e de benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Dentre os testes funcionais, a PMT de estresse tem sido avaliada em v&#225;rios estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> mostrando que pode ser um teste funcional alternativo.</p>
        <p>Apesar da PMT, no nosso estudo, n&#227;o ter sido uma aquisi&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica, h&#225; uma grande possibilidade de visualizar as diferen&#231;as de atenua&#231;&#227;o de raio-X entre o mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico e remoto. Uma vantagem potencial da PMT sobre o SPECT &#233; a capacidade de obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens isotr&#243;picas 3D de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, que permitem analisar simult&#226;neamente a anatomia coronariana e a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Isso pode ser de particular interesse para a tomada de decis&#227;o quanto &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em uma revis&#227;o recente avaliando 14 estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, a sensibilidade da PMT variou de 79% a 97% e especificidade de 72% a 98%, dependendo do tipo de tom&#243;grafo, do padr&#227;o refer&#234;ncia de estenose, da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e do tipo de an&#225;lise (por paciente ou por territ&#243;rio). Esses dados est&#227;o de acordo com nossos resultados para PMT que demonstraram sensibilidade de 79% e especificidade de 86% na an&#225;lise por territ&#243;rio. Ainda em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos, a preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose obstrutiva no presente estudo foi de 60%, similar ao estudo de George e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (59%) e ao de Cury e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> (69%).</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, a adi&#231;&#227;o da PMT &#224; ATC aumentou a acur&#225;cia global para para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC hemodinamicamente significativa em pacientes com BRE, principalmente devido aumento da sensibilidade e manuten&#231;&#227;o de elevada especificidade. Portanto, um protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o combinada com dados anat&#244;micos e funcionais, pode ser efetivo para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC hemodinamicamente significativa em pacientes com BRE.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo foi poss&#237;vel avaliar a presen&#231;a, a extens&#227;o e a gravidade da DAC com uma aceit&#225;vel dose de radia&#231;&#227;o de (9,3 &#177; 4,6 mSv) a qual foi mais baixa que a do SPECT (14,6 &#177; 4,4 mSv), que fornece avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o sem a anatomia coronariana.</p>
        <p>Existem alguns fatores deste estudo que podem explicar a baixa dose de radia&#231;&#227;o: Os par&#226;metros f&#237;sicos (kV e mA) foram ajustados ao IMC do paciente utilizando os menores valores poss&#237;veis, a aquisi&#231;&#227;o realizada de forma prospectiva limitando a radia&#231;&#227;o a um curto espa&#231;o no eletrocardiograma, o FOV bem delimitado ao cora&#231;&#227;o e as imagens de perfus&#227;o foram adquiridas utilizando apenas um batimento para cada fase.</p>
        <p>Apesar da possibilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de artefatos devido &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante a PMT de estresse mimetizando ou mascarando o d&#233;ficit de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, n&#227;o foram verificadas grandes interfer&#234;ncias nas paredes septal ou apical.</p>
        <p>A concord&#226;ncia interobservador da PMT foi moderada e pode ser explicada pelo fato de ser uma nova t&#233;cnica envolvendo um certo grau de incertezas e uma curva de aprendizado.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo optamos pela estenose &#8805; 70% ao inv&#233;s de &gt; 50% como refer&#234;ncia anat&#244;mica no QCA. A literatura mostra o uso de ambos pontos de corte para comparar testes de perfus&#227;o de estresse por tomografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Apesar de alguns estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> revelarem a exist&#234;ncia de repercuss&#227;o funcional com estenose coronariana a partir de 40%, sabe-se que uma reserva de fluxo coronariano varia enormemente entre pacientes com estenose de 50 a 70%. A principal raz&#227;o de se optar por &#8805; 70% como refer&#234;ncia anat&#244;mica foi a possibilidade de se obter resultados mais definitivos para PMT e SPECT em compara&#231;&#227;o com QCA. Para les&#245;es intermedi&#225;rias na ATC (50-69%), optou-se pela associa&#231;&#227;o com o teste funcional, em conformidade com a literatura m&#233;dica que justifica a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o guiada por isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>O SPECT &#233; frequentemente realizado para detectar isquemia em pacientes com BRE. Entretanto, o SPECT, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o apresenta adequada especificidade devido &#224; frequente ocorr&#234;ncia de defeitos de perfus&#227;o septais, anteriores e apicais na aus&#234;ncia de DAC (exames falso positivos), por&#233;m, sabe-se que a especificidade nos pacientes com BRE pode ser melhorada com o uso de estresse com vasodilatadores (dipiridamol ou adenosina). Recentemente, Fovino e cols. relataram que a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica pelo SPECT foi o &#250;nico preditor de eventos em pacientes com BRE de risco card&#237;aco baixo&#8209;intermedi&#225;rio, acompanhados por 32 &#177; 18 meses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em nossa an&#225;lise, o SPECT apresentou elevado valor preditivo negativo na an&#225;lise por paciente (92%). Assim, pacientes com BRE e cintilografia normal n&#227;o precisariam de maiores investiga&#231;&#245;es ou de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o invasiva das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias; por outro lado, pacientes com resultados alterados poderiam requerer avalia&#231;&#227;o/exames card&#237;acos adicionais para manejo cl&#237;nico apropriado. Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com a literatura e confirmam o alto valor preditivo negativo do SPECT em pacientes com BRE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo unic&#234;ntrico com um n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes; os achados necessitam, portanto, de confirma&#231;&#227;o com estudos multic&#234;ntricos maiores.</p>
          <p>Este estudo pode ter incorrido em um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, devido a maior parte dos pacientes possu&#237;rem algum grau de les&#227;o coronariana. Isso se deve ao fato de que os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, s&#227;o provenientes do ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia de um hospital terci&#225;rio, refer&#234;ncia em aterosclerose coronariana, com alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco e encaminhados ao setor de medicina nuclear para pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Por outro lado, nosso resultados tamb&#233;m se aplicam para uma popula&#231;&#227;o com elevado risco de DAC.</p>
          <p>A QCA foi o m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia anat&#244;mica utilizado, entretanto, devido a quest&#245;es financeiras, o FFR n&#227;o foi realizado no nosso grupo de pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Demonstramos que a combina&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e funcionais em um &#250;nico exame de tomografia &#233; vi&#225;vel e possui boa acur&#225;cia para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva em pacientes com BRE. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que a perfus&#227;o de estresse pela tomografia pode ser uma alternativa aos pacientes com BRE que estejam em avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi financiado atrav&#233;s do aux&#237;lio 2010/15584&#8209;0 da FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de doutorado de Est&#234;van Vieira Cabeda pelo Instituto de Radiologia - InRad/USP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
