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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FrrmBdBzMvJTWCM4YHYLPCx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002500597</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050123</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150123</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade Associated with Statin Improves Endothelial Function in Diabetics</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gismondi</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Altenburg</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bedirian</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzobon</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Romaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Fritsch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ronaldo Altenburg Gismondi</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303 &#8211; 7&#186; andar &#8211; secretaria de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica. Postal Code 24220&#8209;300, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>ronaldo@floralia.com.br</email>, <email>ronaldogismondi@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gismondi RA, Bedirian R, Pozzobon CR, Ladeira MC, Oigman W, Neves MF; Acquisition of data: Gismondi RA, Bedirian R, Pozzobon CR, Ladeira MC; Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gismondi RA, Oigman W, Neves MF; Obtaining financing: Oigman W, Neves MF; Writing of the manuscript: Gismondi RA, Bedirian R, Oigman W, Neves MF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>597</fpage>
      <lpage>605</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Studies suggest that statins have pleiotropic effects, such as reduction in blood pressure, and improvement in endothelial function and vascular stiffness.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze if prior statin use influences the effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors on blood pressure, endothelial function, and vascular stiffness.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients with diabetes and hypertension with office systolic blood pressure &#8805; 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 80 mmHg had their antihypertensive medications replaced by amlodipine during 6 weeks. They were then randomized to either benazepril or losartan for 12 additional weeks while continuing on amlodipine. Blood pressure (assessed with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring), endothelial function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation), and vascular stiffness (pulse wave velocity) were evaluated before and after the combined treatment. In this study, a post hoc analysis was performed to compare patients who were or were not on statins (SU and NSU groups, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The SU group presented a greater reduction in the 24-hour systolic blood pressure (from 134 to 122 mmHg, p = 0.007), and in the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (from 6.5 to 10.9%, p = 0.003) when compared with the NSU group (from 137 to 128 mmHg, p = 0.362, and from 7.5 to 8.3%, p = 0.820). There was no statistically significant difference in pulse wave velocity (SU group: from 9.95 to 9.90 m/s, p = 0.650; NSU group: from 10.65 to 11.05 m/s, p = 0.586).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Combined use of statins, amlodipine, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors improves the antihypertensive response and endothelial function in patients with hypertension and diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Statins are the main LDL-cholesterol lowering drugs. Studies show that these drugs have pleiotropic effects, such as improvement in endothelial vasodilation response, increase in nitric oxide bioavailability, and reduction in endothelin levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. These effects are believed to be related to their benefit in populations with high cardiovascular risk, in which their use is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>One of the pleiotropic effects of the statins is the reduction in blood pressure (BP). A recent meta-analysis that included more than 20 thousand patients showed a reduction of 2.6 mmHg in systolic BP with statins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In addition, this effect was greater in patients undergoing pharmacological treatment for hypertension, suggesting a potential synergistic mechanism between the antihypertensive drugs and the statins.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to analyze whether the use of statin would influence the effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors on BP, endothelial function, and vascular stiffness in a population of patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients Selection</title>
        <p>Patients selected for this project had hypertension and T2DM and were followed up as outpatients in the internal medicine service at <italic>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)</italic>. The inclusion criteria were a previous diagnosis of hypertension and T2DM, age between 40 and 70 years, and systolic BP &#8805; 130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP &#8805; 80 mmHg. The exclusion criteria included resistant hypertension, insulin use, stages 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease, previous history of myocardial infarction and/or stroke, stages C and D heart failure, atrial fibrillation, symptomatic peripheral arterial disease, retinopathy with reduced visual acuity, nephrotic syndrome, and symptomatic diabetic neuropathy. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</italic> (UERJ) under the number 01539612.6.0000.5259. All participants read and signed a free and informed consent form. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under the number NCT01603940.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Design</title>
        <p>The study was an open randomized clinical trial, with two active treatment groups and without use of placebo. At visit 1, patients underwent a clinical evaluation and had their antihypertensive medications replaced by amlodipine 5 mg/day. Visit 2 was conducted 6 weeks later and included clinical and laboratory evaluation, ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), and assessment of endothelial function and vascular stiffness. During this visit, the patients were randomized to benazepril 10 mg/day or losartan 50 mg/day while continuing on amlodipine. Two reevaluations (visits 3 and 4) were performed at intervals of 4 weeks for adjustment of BP, which was aimed at values &lt; 130 x 80 mmHg. The antihypertensive medications in the study could have their doses doubled (benazepril 20 mg and losartan 100 mg), and the addition of hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg/day was allowed on visits 3 and 4. The dose of amlodipine was maintained at 5 mg/day. At the end of 12 weeks of treatment with RAAS inhibitors, the final visit (visit 5) was conducted, and the assessments performed on visit 2 were repeated. The dose of the T2DM medication was maintained constant. Adherence to treatment was assessed by a comparison between actual and expected tablet intake. We evaluated the use of antihypertensive drugs, statins, acetylsalicylic acid, and oral hypoglycemic agents. Patients were considered as having good adherence when the actual intake was equal to or greater than 80% of the expected intake.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statin Use</title>
        <p>On visit 1, patients were classified as users or non-users of statin (SU and SNU groups, respectively). Throughout the 18 weeks of the study, the statin was maintained in those who were already taking it, and was not allowed to be started in those who were not taking it. The statin used in the study was simvastatin at a dose of 20 mg/day. All patients in the SU group were taking a statin for more than 12 weeks as prescribed by the physician assistant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Conditions to Undergo Complementary Evaluation</title>
        <p>All tests were conducted in the morning after a 12-hour fast. Patients were instructed to not smoke, consume caffeine, or practice physical activity within 24 hours of the tests. The rooms were air-conditioned and had the temperature set to around 23 &#177; 2&#186;C and the air relative humidity between 50 and 70%. The patients were instructed to take the antihypertensive medication 1 to 2 hours prior to the evaluation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood Pressure Measurement</title>
        <p>For office BP measurements, the patients sat down and rested for 10 minutes. We used a semiautomatic, calibrated equipment, model HEM-705CP (Omron Healthcare, Inc., IL, USA), with the cuff adjusted to the arm circumference. Three measurements were obtained in each arm, and their respective mean values were calculated. The highest mean value was used for analysis of the data.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM)</title>
        <p>ABPM was assessed with SpaceLabs 90207 (SpaceLabs Inc., WA, USA). The evaluation was scheduled to start between 8 and 9 a.m. and last for at least 24 hours. The BP was measured every 20 minutes between 6 a.m. and 11 p.m., and every 30 minutes between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. The test was considered satisfactory when at least 70% of the readings were valid, with a minimum of 16 readings during the daytime and 8 readings during sleep and no more than two hours without measurements. We considered the sleep time as that reported by the patient in the activities diary. Nocturnal BP reduction was calculated as [(awake mean BP - sleep mean BP) /awake mean BP] x 100.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory Tests</title>
        <p>Venous blood samples were collected after a 12-hour fast for biochemical tests. When triglyceride levels were &lt; 400 mg/dl, we calculated the LDL-cholesterol fraction with the Friedewald formula. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated with the MDRD formula: eGFR = 186*Creatinine<sup>-1.154*</sup>Age<sup>-0.203</sup>(*0.742 if female). C-reactive protein was determined by nephelometry (Siemens AG Inc., Munich, Germany). To measure microalbuminuria, we used the albuminuria/creatinuria ratio determined in a sample of first-morning urine.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular Tests</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Brachial Artery Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD)</title>
          <p>The test was conducted according to the latest guidelines on the method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The examiner was blinded to the patients&#8217; treatment. We used the ultrasound equipment Vivid 3 (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) with a 10 MHz high-resolution linear transducer. The patient was placed in the supine position, with the right arm abducted. After locating the brachial artery, the transducer was placed on the anteromedial surface of the right arm, perpendicular to the axis of the arm, 2 to 5 cm above the antecubital fossa, on the topography of the brachial artery. The measurements were obtained at the end of the diastole (R wave on the electrocardiogram). Ischemia was induced by inflation of the cuff 50 mmHg above the systolic BP during 5 minutes. The largest diameter of the artery was recorded 30, 60, and 90 seconds after deflation of the cuff. FMD was calculated as the variation of the largest diameter of the artery in relation to its baseline measurement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV)</title>
          <p>Pulse waves were obtained with the equipment Complior SP (Alam Medical, Paris, France). The transducers were positioned on the right carotid, right radial (crPWV), and right femoral (cfPWV) arteries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The distances between the pulses were obtained directly with a tape measure. The carotid-femoral distance was multiplied by 0.8, and this value was used by the equipment for the calculation. Two PWV measurements were carried out, and when the difference between them was greater than 0.5 m/s, a third measurement was obtained. The average of these measurements was used for the analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of Central Aortic Pressures</title>
          <p>Pulse waves at the right radial artery were obtained with a tonometer (SPC-301 - Millar Instruments, Texas, USA) calibrated according to the pressure in the brachial artery. Analysis of this arterial wave by applanation tonometry was performed to derive central aortic pressures and other hemodynamic parameters using the system SphygmoCor (Atcor Medical, Sydney, Australia)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. This software calculated the central systolic BP, central pulse pressure (PP), augmentation pressure (AP), and augmentation index (AIx). Two measurements were obtained, and when the difference between them was greater than 10%, a third measurement was performed. The average of these measurements was used for the analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The data are presented as median (interquartile range) for numeric variables and distribution of frequencies and proportions for categorical variables. The Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare numerical and categorical variables, respectively. The Wilcoxon test was used for paired comparison of variables. Based on a maximum type I error of 0.05 and a standard deviation of 3.5%, a sample size of 14 patients in each group would have 80% power to find a difference &#8805; 4% in FMD. The calculation of the sample size used the expected FMD difference between the benazepril and losartan groups according to the design of the original study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The statistical analysis was performed using a significance level of 5% and the software Statistica 12 (Statsoft Inc, Tulsa, OK, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>According to the inclusion criteria, 47 patients were selected, and 30 were randomized to one of the treatment groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). On visit 1, there were 13 patients in the SU group and 17 patients in the NSU group. All patients showed good treatment adherence. Baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of these patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. After treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), there was no statistically significant difference in laboratory parameters between the groups (data not shown).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Flowchart of the participants throughout the study.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0597-50123-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>SU (n = 13)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>NSU (n = 17)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (55-60)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (52-62)</td>
              <td align="center">0.401</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male Gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (53.8)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (23.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.098</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (15.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (11.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.972</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">29.4 (26.9-33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">31.2 (28.1-32.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">107 (96-119)</td>
              <td align="center">117 (102-160)</td>
              <td align="center">0.438</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6.25 (5.80-6.70)</td>
              <td align="center">6.85 (6.30-7.60)</td>
              <td align="center">0.278</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 (0.60-0.80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 (0.50-0.90)</td>
              <td align="center">0.899</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>eGFR (ml/min)</td>
              <td align="center">82.8 (77.8-105.7)</td>
              <td align="center">90.4 (72.6-130.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.900</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Potassium (mEq/l)</td>
              <td align="center">4.5 (4.3-4.7)</td>
              <td align="center">4.4 (4.0-4.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.659</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Uric Acid (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">6.0 (4.5-6.1)</td>
              <td align="center">3.6 (3.2-5.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.530</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">120 (95-174)</td>
              <td align="center">132 (102-162)</td>
              <td align="center">0.964</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">186 (167-218)</td>
              <td align="center">195 (171-217)</td>
              <td align="center">0.785</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">106 (87-125)</td>
              <td align="center">117 (103-131)</td>
              <td align="center">0.645</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (49-56)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (44-59)</td>
              <td align="center">0.524</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>C-Reactive Protein (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.18 (0.07-0.50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.48 (0.18-0.63)</td>
              <td align="center">0.089</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACR (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (10-24)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (9-24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.747</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Benazepril, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (53.8)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (41.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.513</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Metformin, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (92.3)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (88.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.747</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sulphonylurea, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (30.7)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (35.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.817</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Values are expressed as median (interquartile range), except where specified otherwise; SU: Statin users group; NSU: Non-statin users group; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; ACR: Albumin-creatinine ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood Pressure</title>
        <p>In the analysis of the office BP in the SU group, there was a non-significant decrease in diastolic (8.0 mmHg or 9% reduction) and systolic BP (11.6 mmHg or 8% reduction), although no statistical significance was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). In the ABPM analysis, the SU group exhibited a greater reduction in mean 24-hour systolic BP (11.5 mmHg or 9% reduction) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). A similar effect was observed in the mean 24-hour diastolic BP (4.0 mmHg or 5% reduction) and PP (7.0 mmHg or 13% reduction) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of office systolic and diastolic blood pressure values between the SU and NSU groups before and after association of antihypertensive treatment; SU: Statin users group; NSU: Non-statin users group; *p = 0.100, patients in the SU group before and after treatment; &#134;p = 0.016, patients in the SU group before and after treatment.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0597-50123-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of mean 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the SU and NSU groups before and after association of antihypertensive treatment; SU: Statin users group; NSU: Non-statin users group; *p = 0.007, patients in the SU group before and after treatment.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0597-50123-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of statin use on ABPM.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>SU</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>NSU</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Before</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>After</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Before</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>After</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p1</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p2</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p3</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP 24-h ABPM</td>
                <td align="center">134 (120-146)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (114-135)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (122-149)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (122-140)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
                <td align="center">0.362</td>
                <td align="center">0.333</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DBP 24-h ABPM</td>
                <td align="center">79 (73-86)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (67-84)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (76-89)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (63-90)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
                <td align="center">0.209</td>
                <td align="center">0.976</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PP 24-h ABPM</td>
                <td align="center">56 (49-61)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (41-55)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (45-62)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (44-61)</td>
                <td align="center">0.032</td>
                <td align="center">0.813</td>
                <td align="center">0.177</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Awake SBP</td>
                <td align="center">139 (121-149)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (115-136)</td>
                <td align="center">139 (125-156)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (123-147)</td>
                <td align="center">0.015</td>
                <td align="center">0.167</td>
                <td align="center">0.333</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Awake DBP</td>
                <td align="center">81 (74-89)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (72-83)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (78-92)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (66-90)</td>
                <td align="center">0.058</td>
                <td align="center">0.099</td>
                <td align="center">0.930</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nocturnal SBP</td>
                <td align="center">125 (112-139)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (109-119)</td>
                <td align="center">134 (116-137)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (109-132)</td>
                <td align="center">0.035</td>
                <td align="center">0.396</td>
                <td align="center">0.278</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nocturnal DBP</td>
                <td align="center">72 (67-76)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (58-73)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (66-83)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (62-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0.035</td>
                <td align="center">0.615</td>
                <td align="center">0.769</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nocturnal Descent (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.0 (2.2-11.7)</td>
                <td align="center">7.4 (2.9-11.5)</td>
                <td align="center">10.2 (4.3-13.3)</td>
                <td align="center">6.4 (4.6-8.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.374</td>
                <td align="center">0.432</td>
                <td align="center">0.578</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>Values are expressed as median (interquartile range), except where specified otherwise; unit: mmHg; p1: Patients in the SU group before and after treatment; p2: Patients in the NSU group before and after treatment; p3: Comparison between the SU and NSU groups at the end of the treatment; SU: Statin users group; NSU: Non-statin users group; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; PP: Pulse pressure; ABPM: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>There was a similar percentage of patients using ACEI (54 vs 41%) and ARB (46 vs 59%) in the SU and SNU groups, and a similar proportion of patients who required dosage adjustment of these medications (61% vs 47%, p = 0.430) and/or association of hydrochlorothiazide for BP control (15% vs 17%, p = 0.865).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endothelial Function and Vascular Stiffness</title>
        <p>The SU group presented a greater FMD response and a higher reduction in systolic aortic BP when compared with the NSU group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). There was no statistically significant difference in AIx, cfPWV, and crPWV responses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the values of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation between the SU and NSU groups before and after association of antihypertensive treatment; SU: Statin users group; FMD: Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation; NSU: Non-statin users group; *p = 0.003, patients in the SU group before and after treatment.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0597-50123-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of statin use vascular tests</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>SU</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>NSU</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Before</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>After</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Before</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>After</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p 1</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p 2</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p 3</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Brachial FMD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6.50 (5.10-7.10)</td>
                <td align="center">10.90 (7.30-12.20)</td>
                <td align="center">7.50 (6.00-10.20)</td>
                <td align="center">8.30 (7.50-9.95)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
                <td align="center">0.820</td>
                <td align="center">0.211</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>cfPWV (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">9.95 (9.35-10.55)</td>
                <td align="center">9.90 (8.50-11.05)</td>
                <td align="center">10.65 (9.60-12.35)</td>
                <td align="center">11.05 (10.20-11.70)</td>
                <td align="center">0.650</td>
                <td align="center">0.586</td>
                <td align="center">0.111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>crPWV (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">9.85 (9.05-10.40)</td>
                <td align="center">10.00 (9.05-10.55)</td>
                <td align="center">9.70 (9.35-10.90)</td>
                <td align="center">9.65 (9.35-10.20)</td>
                <td align="center">0.972</td>
                <td align="center">0.570</td>
                <td align="center">0.490</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aortic systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">139 (128-143)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (117-128)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (121-140)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (119-139)</td>
                <td align="center">0.046</td>
                <td align="center">0.623</td>
                <td align="center">0.477</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aortic PP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (84-92)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (68-84)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (79-87)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (74-88)</td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
                <td align="center">0.508</td>
                <td align="center">0.706</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIx (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (28-43)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (25-40)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (23-33)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (27-37)</td>
                <td align="center">0.263</td>
                <td align="center">0.308</td>
                <td align="center">0.916</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (13-24)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (10-21)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (9-18)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (10-20)</td>
                <td align="center">0.278</td>
                <td align="center">0.320</td>
                <td align="center">0.966</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>Values are expressed as median (interquartile range), except where specified otherwise; p1: Patients in the SU group before and after treatment; p2: Patients in the NSU group before and after treatment; p3: Comparison between the SU and NSU groups at the end of the treatment; SU: Statin users group; NSU: Non-statin users group; Brachial FMD: Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation; cfPWV: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; crPWV: Carotid-radial pulse wave velocity; BP: Blood pressure; PP: Pulse pressure; AIx: Augmentation index; AP: Augmentation pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The most recent guidelines recommend that patients with T2DM should use RAAS inhibitors (ACEI or ARB) and statins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The present study showed that simvastatin improves endothelial function and increases the antihypertensive effect of ACEI or ARB in association with amlodipine in patients with hypertension and diabetes.</p>
      <p>The antihypertensive mechanisms of the statins are probably due to an increase in nitric oxide bioavailability with an increase in endothelium-dependent vasodilation response, and a reduction in endothelin-1 concentration and free radicals formation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In addition, a synergism is also speculated between statins and RAAS inhibitors through reduced expression of type 1 angiotensin receptors and blockade of intracellular pathways associated with angiotensin II action, both caused by statins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Many of these benefiting mechanisms of the statins are independent of the reduction in LDL-cholesterol. In the present study, the reduction in BP and improvement in endothelial function occurred despite statistically similar LDL-cholesterol values in the SU and NSU groups.</p>
      <p>In a recent meta-analysis, Briasoulis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> observed a mean systolic BP reduction of 2.6 mmHg in patients on statins, even in those without a diagnosis of hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In hypertensive patients, the systolic BP may reduce up to 5.8 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In diabetics, the study estimated a reduction of 6.5 mmHg in the systolic BP and 4.0 mmHg in the diastolic BP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Another meta-analysis by Strazzullo et al. also examined the antihypertensive effect of statins and observed an average reduction of 4.0 mmHg in the systolic and 1.2 mmHg in the diastolic BP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Strazzullo et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> observed in a subgroup of diabetic patients a reduction of 3.7 mmHg in the systolic and 0.8 mmHg in the diastolic BP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. None of these studies investigated the association of statins with ACEI or ARB.</p>
      <p>Sp&#243;sito et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> studied the interaction between ACEI and statins and observed that the group receiving a combination of both showed greater BP reduction when compared with the group receiving ACEI alone (21 vs. 14 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. However, Mancia et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> observed no reduction in BP with the association of pravastatin and fosinopril. Koh et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> evaluated the combination of losartan and ramipril with simvastatin and did not observe greater BP reduction with this association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. In the present study, the association of benazepril or losartan in patients already receiving simvastatin and amlodipine promoted greater reduction in systolic and diastolic BP, both in casual measurements in the office and in 24-hour measurements.</p>
      <p>Zhang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> recently published a meta-analysis on the effects of statins in brachial artery FMD in patients with T2DM. The final result showed an improvement of 0.94% (95% CI 0.38-1.50%, p &lt; 0.001) in absolute FMD values. Koh et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> conducted a study in which patients were randomized to three groups: ramipril, simvastatin, or a combination of both. Their cohort, comprised of 76% of hypertensive patients, included individuals with a mean age of 60 years, T2DM, and LDL-cholesterol &gt; 100 mg/dL. The authors observed that the combined use of statins and ACEI promoted a greater increase in FMD than each medication alone. In contrast, no improvement in FMD was observed by Van Venrooij et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> with atorvastatin, and Beishizen et al. with cerivastatin and simvastatin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Tan et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, in a population with T2DM and dyslipidemia, observed an improvement in FMD with atorvastatin when compared with placebo. In the present study, which assessed a population of diabetic patients with hypertension, only those already using simvastatin had a statistically significant improvement in brachial artery FMD when benazepril or losartan were associated.</p>
      <p>Kanaki et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> evaluated the use of simvastatin in patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia and observed improvements in PWV, aortic BP, and AIx. However, no improvement in aortic pressure was observed with atorvastatin by William et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> in hypertensive patients and Fasset et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in patients with chronic renal failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Raisone et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> were one of the few to observe worsening in PWV with atorvastatin. In contrast, Pirro et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> and Maki-Petaja et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> observed improvement in PWV with statins. So far, there are no studies on the effects of statins on aortic pressure and PWV in diabetic patients with hypertension. The present study showed a reduction in central aortic pressure, in parallel with reductions in office BP and ABPM in simvastatin users, although no statistically significant changes were observed in AIx and PWV.</p>
      <p>The study has some limitations. Since this is a <italic>post hoc</italic> analysis, the groups were not randomized according to statin use. In addition, approximately half of the study sample had no prior use of statin. Although it was not possible to evaluate the reasons, the group without prior use of simvastatin could have pre-selected patients with poor adherence to antihypertensive drugs before recruitment for the study. These patients could have BP levels above the recommended target, higher prevalence of vascular lesions, and as a result, inadequate response to antihypertensive drugs or lower improvement in endothelial function with the treatment when compared with the group of statin users. There was also a trend towards more male patients in the group of simvastatin users. We believe that this fact had little relevance, because despite having a higher cardiovascular risk, this group had the greatest benefit in BP reduction. The open use of the medication is also a limiting factor. However, the results were reinforced by the BP reduction in the ABPM and in central aortic measurements, since these methods are known to be minimally influenced by the placebo effect.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Prior use of statin increases the antihypertensive effect and improves the endothelial function in hypertensive patients with T2DM treated with amlodipine associated with an RAAS inhibitor. Randomized studies with larger samples and 2x2 design are needed to evaluate the interaction between statins and RAAS inhibitors.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Faperj and CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Ronaldo Altenburg Gismondi, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bloqueio do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina Associado a Estatina Melhora a Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Diab&#233;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gismondi</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Altenburg</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bedirian</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzobon</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Romaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Fritsch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ronaldo Altenburg Gismondi</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303 &#8211; 7&#186; andar &#8211; secretaria de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica. CEP 24220-300, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>ronaldo@floralia.com.br</email>, <email>ronaldogismondi@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gismondi RA, Bedirian R, Pozzobon CR, Ladeira MC, Oigman W, Neves MF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gismondi RA, Bedirian R, Pozzobon CR, Ladeira MC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gismondi RA, Oigman W, Neves MF;Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Oigman W, Neves MF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gismondi RA, Bedirian R, Oigman W, Neves MF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Estudos sugerem que as estatinas possuem efeitos pleotr&#243;picos, como melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, da rigidez vascular e redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar se o uso pr&#233;vio de estatina influenciou o efeito sobre a press&#227;o arterial, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a rigidez vascular de drogas inibidoras do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos com press&#227;o arterial de consult&#243;rio sist&#243;lica &#8805; 130 mmHg e/ou diast&#243;lica &#8805; 80 mmHg tiveram suas medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas substitu&#237;das por anlodipino durante 6 semanas. Em seguida, foram randomizados para associa&#231;&#227;o de benazepril ou losartana por mais 12 semanas. Press&#227;o arterial (atrav&#233;s da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial), fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial) e rigidez vascular (velocidade da onda de pulso) foram avaliados antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento combinado. Neste trabalho, uma an&#225;lise post-hoc foi realizada para comparar pacientes que vinham (grupo CE) ou n&#227;o (grupo SE) em uso de estatina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O grupo CE apresentou maior redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica nas 24 horas (134 para 122 mmHg, p = 0,007) e na dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial (6,5 para 10,9%, p = 0,003) quando comparado com o grupo SE (137 para 128 mmHg, p = 0,362, e 7,5 para 8,3%, p = 0,820). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na velocidade de onda de pulso (grupo CE 9,95 para 9,90 m/s, p = 0,650 e grupo SE 10,65 para 11,05 m/s, p = 0,586).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O uso combinado de estatinas, anlodipino e inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona melhora a resposta anti-hipertensiva e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efeitos de drogas</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As estatinas s&#227;o as principais drogas redutoras do LDL colesterol. Pesquisas mostram que estes f&#225;rmacos possuem outros efeitos relevantes, chamados de pleiotr&#243;picos, como, por exemplo, melhora na resposta vasodilatadora do endot&#233;lio, aumento da biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico e redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de endotelina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Acredita-se que estes efeitos estejam relacionados com seu benef&#237;cio em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco cardiovascular, na qual seu uso est&#225; associado com redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de eventos cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Um dos efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos das estatinas seria a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA). Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente, com mais de 20 mil pacientes, observou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 2,6 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica com o uso de estatinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, esse efeito foi maior em pacientes sob tratamento medicamentoso para hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), sugerindo um potencial mecanismo de sinergia entre as drogas anti-hipertensivas e as estatinas.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se o uso de estatina influenciou o efeito sobre a press&#227;o arterial, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a rigidez vascular de drogas inibidoras do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com HAS e diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos Pacientes</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados para o projeto pacientes com HAS e DM2 em acompanhamento ambulatorial no servi&#231;o de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HAS e DM2, idade entre 40 e 70 anos e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 130 mmHg e/ou diast&#243;lica &#8805; 80 mmHg. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: hipertens&#227;o resistente, uso de insulina, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica est&#225;gios 4 e 5, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e/ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225;gios C e D, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica sintom&#225;tica, retinopatia com redu&#231;&#227;o da acuidade visual, s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica e neuropatia sintom&#225;tica pelo DM2. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto (UERJ) sob o n&#250;mero 01539612.6.0000.5259 e todos os participantes leram e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O estudo foi registrado no <italic>Clinical Trials</italic> sob o n&#250;mero NCT01603940.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do Estudo</title>
          <p>O estudo foi um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, aberto, com dois grupos de tratamento ativo sem uso de placebo. Na visita 1, os pacientes foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e suas medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas foram substitu&#237;das por anlodipino 5 mg/dia. Ap&#243;s 6 semanas, foi realizada a visita 2, com avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA e realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a rigidez vascular. Nessa visita os pacientes foram randomizados para benazepril 10 mg/dia ou losartana 50 mg/dia; o anlodipino foi mantido. Duas reavalia&#231;&#245;es (visitas 3 e 4) foram feitas com 4 semanas de intervalo para ajuste da PA, tendo como meta valores &lt; 130 x 80 mmHg. As medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas do estudo poderiam ter a dose dobrada (20 mg benazepril e 100 mg losartana), bem como foi permitido associar hidroclorotiazida 25 mg/dia nas visitas 3 e 4. A dose de anlodipino foi mantida em 5 mg/dia. Ao final de 12 semanas de tratamento com os inibidores do SRAA, foi realizada a visita final (visita 5) e repetidas as avalia&#231;&#245;es da visita 2. A dose da medica&#231;&#227;o para o DM2 foi mantida constante. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento foi avaliada pela compara&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo real e o esperado dos comprimidos. Foi avaliado o uso dos anti-hipertensivos, das estatinas, do &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e dos hipoglicemiantes orais. Os pacientes foram considerados com boa ades&#227;o quando o consumo real foi igual ou maior a 80% do esperado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Uso de Estatina</title>
          <p>Na visita 1 os pacientes foram classificados como usu&#225;rios ou n&#227;o de estatina, respectivamente, grupo com estatina (CE) e sem estatina (SE). Durante todo o per&#237;odo de estudo, no total de 18 semanas, a estatina foi mantida em quem j&#225; usava e n&#227;o permitido in&#237;cio para aqueles que estavam sem a medica&#231;&#227;o. A estatina utilizada foi a sinvastatina na dose de 20 mg/dia. Todos os pacientes do grupo CE faziam uso da medica&#231;&#227;o por indica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente h&#225; mais de 12 semanas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Condi&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames complementares</title>
          <p>Todos os exames foram feitos no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;, com o paciente em jejum (12 horas), sendo orientados a n&#227;o fumar, nem ingerir cafe&#237;na, e tampouco praticar atividade f&#237;sica nas 24 horas que precedessem os exames. As salas eram climatizadas, com temperatura em torno de 23 &#177; 2 graus Celsius e umidade relativa do ar entre 50 e 70%. Os pacientes foram orientados a fazer uso das medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas 1 a 2 horas antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida da Press&#227;o Arterial</title>
          <p>Para a medida da PA em consult&#243;rio, os pacientes ficaram previamente em repouso, sentados, por 10 minutos. Foi utilizado um aparelho semiautom&#225;tico, modelo HEM-705CP (Omron Healthcare Inc, IL, Estados Unidos), calibrado e com manguito ajustado para a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Foram obtidas tr&#234;s medidas em cada um dos membros superiores e calculadas suas respectivas m&#233;dias. A m&#233;dia de maior valor foi utilizada para an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA)</title>
          <p>A MAPA foi realizada com o aparelho SpaceLabs 90207 (SpaceLabs Inc, WA, Estados Unidos), programado para iniciar o exame entre 8 e 9 horas da manh&#227; e com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 24 horas. A PA foi medida a cada 20 minutos das 6 &#224;s 23 horas e a cada 30 minutos das 23 &#224;s 6 horas. O exame foi considerado satisfat&#243;rio quando houve, no m&#237;nimo, 70% das leituras v&#225;lidas e um m&#237;nimo de 16 leituras na vig&#237;lia e 8 no sono e nenhum per&#237;odo superior a duas horas sem medidas. O per&#237;odo do sono foi aquele relatado pelo paciente no di&#225;rio de atividades. O descenso noturno da PA foi calculado como [(m&#233;dia da PA na vig&#237;lia - m&#233;dia da PA no sono)/m&#233;dia da PA na vig&#237;lia] x 100.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Uma amostra de sangue venoso foi coletada ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas para exames bioqu&#237;micos. Quando o valor dos triglicer&#237;deos foi &lt; 400 mg/dL, a fra&#231;&#227;o LDL-colesterol foi calculada a partir da f&#243;rmula de Friedewald. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFGe) foi estimada pela f&#243;rmula MDRD: TFGe = 186*Creatinina<sup>-1,154</sup>*Idade<sup>-0,203</sup>(*0,742 se sexo feminino). Para dosagem da prote&#237;na C reativa o m&#233;todo utilizado foi o de nefelometria (Siemens AG Inc, Munique, Alemanha). Para determina&#231;&#227;o da microalbumin&#250;ria foi utilizada a rela&#231;&#227;o albumin&#250;ria/creatin&#250;ria obtida em amostra urin&#225;ria coletada na primeira urina da manh&#227;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames Vasculares</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial (DMF)</title>
            <p>O exame foi realizado segundo as &#250;ltimas diretrizes sobre o m&#233;todo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. O examinador estava &#8220;cego&#8221; em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento do paciente. Foi utilizado um aparelho de ultrassom Vivid 3 (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, Estados Unidos) com transdutor linear de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o de 10 MHz. O paciente foi colocado em dec&#250;bito dorsal, com o membro superior direito abduzido. Depois de localizada a art&#233;ria braquial, o transdutor foi colocado na face anteromedial do membro superior direito, perpendicularmente ao eixo do bra&#231;o, 2 a 5 cm acima da prega antecubital, na topografia da art&#233;ria braquial. As medidas foram realizadas no fim da di&#225;stole (onda R no eletrocardiograma). A isquemia foi induzida pela insufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito 50 mmHg acima da PA sist&#243;lica durante 5 minutos. O maior di&#226;metro do vaso foi registrado 30, 60 e 90 segundos ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o. A DMF foi calculada como a varia&#231;&#227;o no maior di&#226;metro do vaso em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu valor basal.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Velocidade da Onda de Pulso (VOP)</title>
            <p>Ondas de pulso foram obtidas com o aparelho Complior SP (Alam Medical, Paris, Fran&#231;a). Os transdutores foram posicionados sobre a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida direita, radial direita (crVOP) e femoral direita (cfVOP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. As medidas das dist&#226;ncias entre os pulsos foram obtidas diretamente com o aux&#237;lio de uma fita m&#233;trica. A dist&#226;ncia car&#243;tida-femoral foi multiplicada por 0,8 e esse valor foi utilizado para o c&#225;lculo pelo aparelho. Duas medidas da VOP foram realizadas e quando a diferen&#231;a entre elas foi maior que 0,5 m/s, uma terceira medida foi feita. A m&#233;dias dessas medidas foi utilizada para an&#225;lise.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o das Press&#245;es A&#243;rticas Centrais</title>
            <p>Ondas de pulso da art&#233;ria radial direita foram obtidas por meio de um ton&#244;metro (SPC-301 - Millar Instruments, Texas, Estados Unidos), calibrado de acordo com a press&#227;o na art&#233;ria braquial. A an&#225;lise dessa onda arterial por tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o foi realizada para derivar press&#245;es a&#243;rticas centrais e outros par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos utilizando o sistema SphygmoCor (Atcor Medical, Sidnei, Austr&#225;lia)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Esse software calculou a PA sist&#243;lica central, a press&#227;o de pulso (PP) central, a press&#227;o de incremento (<italic>augmentation pressure</italic>, AP) e o &#237;ndice de incremento (<italic>augmentation index</italic>, AIx). Duas medidas foram realizadas e quando a diferen&#231;a entre elas foi maior que 10%, uma terceira medida foi feita. A m&#233;dias dessas medidas foi utilizada para an&#225;lise.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados est&#227;o apresentados como mediana (intervalo interquart&#237;lico) para vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas e distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncias e propor&#231;&#245;es para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste de Mann-Whitney e o teste exato de Fisher forem utilizados para comparar vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas e categ&#243;ricas, respectivamente. O teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o pareada das vari&#225;veis. Com base em um erro tipo I m&#225;ximo de 0,05 e um desvio-padr&#227;o de 3,5%, 14 pacientes em cada grupo teriam 80% de poder para encontrar uma diferen&#231;a &#8805; 4% na DMF. O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra utilizou a diferen&#231;a esperada na DMF entre os grupos benazepril e losartana, em fun&#231;&#227;o do desenho do estudo original<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi efetuada utilizando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia igual a 5% e o software Statistica 12 (Statsoft Inc, Tulsa, OK, Estados Unidos).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, 47 pacientes foram selecionados e 30 randomizados para um dos grupos de tratamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>). Na visita 1 havia 13 pacientes no grupo CE e 17 pacientes no grupo SE. Todos os pacientes tiveram boa ades&#227;o ao tratamento. As caracter&#237;sticas basais demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais desses pacientes encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. Ap&#243;s o tratamento com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (iECA) ou com bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina (BRA), os par&#226;metros laboratoriais n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (dados n&#227;o mostrados).</p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma dos participantes ao longo do estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0597-50123-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>CE (n = 13)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SE (n = 17)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (55-60)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (52-62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,401</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo Masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (53,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (15,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,972</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">29,4 (26,9-33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">31,2 (28,1-32,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (96-119)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (102-160)</td>
                <td align="center">0,438</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HgbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6,25 (5,80-6,70)</td>
                <td align="center">6,85 (6,30-7,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,278</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 (0,60-0,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 (0,50-0,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,899</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TGFe (ml/min)</td>
                <td align="center">82,8 (77,8-105,7)</td>
                <td align="center">90,4 (72,6-130,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 (4,3-4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 (4,0-4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,659</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#218;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 (4,5-6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 (3,2-5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,530</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (95-174)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (102-162)</td>
                <td align="center">0,964</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol Total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">186 (167-218)</td>
                <td align="center">195 (171-217)</td>
                <td align="center">0,785</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (87-125)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (103-131)</td>
                <td align="center">0,645</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (49-56)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (44-59)</td>
                <td align="center">0,524</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,07-0,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48 (0,18-0,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,089</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>UACR (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (10-24)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (9-24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,747</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Benazepril, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (53,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (41,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,513</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Metformina, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (92,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (88,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,747</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sulfonilur&#233;ia, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,817</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>Valores expressos em mediana (intervalo interquart&#237;lico), salvo quando especificado diferente; CE: Grupo usu&#225;rio de estatina; SE: Grupo n&#227;o usu&#225;rio de estatina; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; HgbA1c: Hemoglobina glicada; TGFe: Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; UACR: Rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina urin&#225;ria.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>O grupo CE apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PA diast&#243;lica de consult&#243;rio (8,0 mmHg ou 9% de redu&#231;&#227;o) e uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PA sist&#243;lica (11,6 mmHg ou 8% de redu&#231;&#227;o), embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref>). Na an&#225;lise da MAPA, o grupo CE apresentou maior redu&#231;&#227;o na PA sist&#243;lica na m&#233;dia das 24 horas (11,5 mmHg ou 9% de redu&#231;&#227;o) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>). Efeito similar foi observado com a PA diast&#243;lica (4,0 mmHg ou 5% de redu&#231;&#227;o) e a PP (7,0 mmHg ou 13% de redu&#231;&#227;o) na m&#233;dia das 24 horas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de consult&#243;rio entre os grupos CE e SE antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento anti-hipertensivo associado; CE: Grupo usu&#225;rio de estatina; SE: Grupo n&#227;o usu&#225;rio de estatina; *p = 0,100, pacientes do grupo CE antes e ap&#243;s tratamento; &#134;p = 0,016, pacientes do grupo CE antes e ap&#243;s tratamento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0597-50123-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia nas 24 horas, sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, entre os grupos CE e SE antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento anti-hipertensivo associado; CE: Grupo usu&#225;rio de estatina; SE: Grupo n&#227;o usu&#225;rio de estatina; *p = 0,007, pacientes do grupo CE antes e ap&#243;s tratamento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0597-50123-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito do uso de estatina na MAPA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>CE</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>SE</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Antes</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ap&#243;s</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Antes</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ap&#243;s</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p1</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p2</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p3</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS MAPA 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (120-146)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (114-135)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (122-149)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (122-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,362</td>
                  <td align="center">0,333</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD MAPA 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (73-86)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (67-84)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (76-89)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (63-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,209</td>
                  <td align="center">0,976</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PP MAPA 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (49-61)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (41-55)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (45-62)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (44-61)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                  <td align="center">0,813</td>
                  <td align="center">0,177</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS Vig&#237;lia</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (121-149)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (115-136)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (125-156)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (123-147)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">0,167</td>
                  <td align="center">0,333</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD Vig&#237;lia</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (74-89)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (72-83)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (78-92)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (66-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,058</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                  <td align="center">0,930</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS Noite</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (112-139)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (109-119)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (116-137)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (109-132)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                  <td align="center">0,396</td>
                  <td align="center">0,278</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD Noite</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (67-76)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (58-73)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (66-83)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (62-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                  <td align="center">0,615</td>
                  <td align="center">0,769</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Descenso Noturno (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0 (2,2-11,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 (2,9-11,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2 (4,3-13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 (4,6-8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,374</td>
                  <td align="center">0,432</td>
                  <td align="center">0,578</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <p>Valores expressos em mediana (intervalo interquart&#237;lico), salvo quando especificado diferente; unidade: mmHg; p1: Pacientes do grupo CE antes e ap&#243;s tratamento; p2: Pacientes do grupo SE antes e ap&#243;s tratamento; p3: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos CE e SE ao final do tratamento; CE: Grupo usu&#225;rio de estatina; SE: Grupo n&#227;o usu&#225;rio de estatina; PAS: Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PP: Press&#227;o de pulso; MAPA: Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O percentual de pacientes em uso de iECA (54 vs 41%) ou BRA (46 vs 59%) foi semelhante nos grupos CE e SE, assim como a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que necessitou de ajuste na dose destas medica&#231;&#245;es (61% vs 47%, p = 0,430) e/ou associa&#231;&#227;o de hidroclorotiazida (15% vs 17%, p = 0,865) para o controle da PA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e rigidez vascular</title>
          <p>O grupo CE apresentou maior resposta na DMF e maior redu&#231;&#227;o na PA sist&#243;lica a&#243;rtica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na resposta do AIx, da cfVOP e da crVOP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores de dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial entre os grupos CE e SE antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento anti-hipertensivo associado; CE: Grupo usu&#225;rio de estatina; DMF: Dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial; SE: Grupo n&#227;o usu&#225;rio de estatina; *p = 0,003, pacientes do grupo CE antes e ap&#243;s tratamento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0597-50123-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito do uso de estatina nos exames vasculares</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>CE</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>SE</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Antes</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ap&#243;s</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Antes</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ap&#243;s</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p 1</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p 2</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p 3</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>DMF braquial (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,50 (5,10-7,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,90 (7,30-12,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,50 (6,00-10,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,30 (7,50-9,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,820</td>
                  <td align="center">0,211</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cfVOP (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,95 (9,35-10,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,90 (8,50-11,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,65 (9,60-12,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,05 (10,20-11,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,650</td>
                  <td align="center">0,586</td>
                  <td align="center">0,111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>crVOP (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,85 (9,05-10,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,00 (9,05-10,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,70 (9,35-10,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,65 (9,35-10,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,972</td>
                  <td align="center">0,570</td>
                  <td align="center">0,490</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA sist&#243;lica a&#243;rtica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (128-143)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (117-128)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (121-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (119-139)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                  <td align="center">0,477</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PP a&#243;rtica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (84-92)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (68-84)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (79-87)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (74-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">0,508</td>
                  <td align="center">0,706</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIx (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (28-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (25-40)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (23-33)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (27-37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,263</td>
                  <td align="center">0,308</td>
                  <td align="center">0,916</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (13-24)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (10-21)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (9-18)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (10-20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,278</td>
                  <td align="center">0,320</td>
                  <td align="center">0,966</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <p>Valores expressos em mediana (intervalo interquart&#237;lico), salvo quando especificado diferente; p1: Pacientes do grupo CE antes e ap&#243;s tratamento; p2: Pacientes do grupo SE antes e ap&#243;s tratamento; p3: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos CE e SE ao final do tratamento; CE: Grupo usu&#225;rio de estatina; SE: Grupo n&#227;o usu&#225;rio de estatina; DMF: Dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial; cfVOP: Velocidade da onda de pulso car&#243;tida-femoral; crVOP: Velocidade da onda de pulso car&#243;tida-radial; PA: Press&#227;o arterial; PP: Press&#227;o de pulso; AIx: Augmentation index (&#237;ndice de incremento); AP: Augmentation pressure (press&#227;o de incremento).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As Diretrizes mais recentes recomendam que pacientes com DM2 fa&#231;am uso de drogas inibidoras do SRAA (iECA ou BRA) e de estatinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. O presente estudo mostrou que, em pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos, a associa&#231;&#227;o de iECA ou BRA com anlodipino aumenta o efeito anti-hipertensivo e melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial naqueles em uso pr&#233;vio de estatina.</p>
        <p>Os prov&#225;veis mecanismos anti-hipertensivos das estatinas seriam aumento na biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, com maior resposta vasodilatadora endot&#233;lio-dependente, e redu&#231;&#227;o na concentra&#231;&#227;o de endotelina-1 e na forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, especula-se um sinergismo entre as estatinas e as drogas inibidoras do SRAA atrav&#233;s da diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o dos receptores tipo 1 de angiotensina e do bloqueio de vias intracelulares de a&#231;&#227;o da angiotensina-II, ambos causados pela estatina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Muitos destes mecanismos de benef&#237;cio da estatina s&#227;o independentes da redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol. No presente estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e a melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ocorreram a despeito de valores estatisticamente similares do LDL-colesterol entre os grupos CE e SE.</p>
        <p>Em uma meta-an&#225;lise recente, Briasoulis e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> observaram redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 2,6 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica em pacientes em uso de estatinas, mesmo naqueles sem diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Em pacientes hipertensos, esse efeito poderia chegar a 5,8 mmHg de redu&#231;&#227;o na PA sist&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. J&#225; em diab&#233;ticos, o estudo estima uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 6,5 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica e de 4,0 mmHg na diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Um outra meta-an&#225;lise, por Strazzullo e cols, tamb&#233;m analisou o efeito anti-hipertensivo das estatinas e observou uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 4,0 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica e 1,2 mmHg na diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Strazzullo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> observaram no subgrupo de diab&#233;ticos uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 3,7 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica e de 0,8 mmHg na diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Em nenhuma dessas pesquisas foi investigada a associa&#231;&#227;o de estatinas com iECA ou BRA.</p>
        <p>Sp&#243;sito e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> estudaram a intera&#231;&#227;o entre iECA e estatinas e observaram que o grupo com combina&#231;&#227;o apresentou maior redu&#231;&#227;o na PA em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo apenas com iECA (21 vs 14 mmHg, p &lt; 0,05)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Contudo, Mancia e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> n&#227;o observaram redu&#231;&#227;o na PA com a associa&#231;&#227;o de pravastatina e fosinopril. Koh e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> estudaram losartana e ramipril combinados com sinvastatina e n&#227;o observaram maior redu&#231;&#227;o da PA com a associa&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. No presente estudo, a associa&#231;&#227;o de benazepril ou losartana em pacientes j&#225; sob uso de sinvastatina e anlodipino promoveu maior redu&#231;&#227;o na PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, tanto na medida casual de consult&#243;rio como durante as 24 horas.</p>
        <p>Zhang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> publicaram recentemente uma meta-an&#225;lise sobre os efeitos das estatinas na DMF da art&#233;ria braquial em pacientes com DM2. O resultado final mostrou uma melhora na DMF, em valores absolutos, de 0,94% (IC 95%, 0,38-1,50%, p &lt; 0,001). Koh e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> realizaram um estudo no qual os pacientes foram randomizados para tr&#234;s grupos: ramipril, sinvastatina ou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as duas. Sua amostra tinha idade m&#233;dia de 60 anos, todos os pacientes com DM2 e LDL-colesterol &gt; 100 mg/dl sendo 76% hipertensos. Os autores observaram que o uso combinado da estatina e do iECA promoveu maior aumento na DMF que o uso isolado de cada uma das subst&#226;ncias. J&#225; Van Venrooij e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> estudando atorvastatinaa e Beishizen e cols. a cerivastatina e sinvastatina n&#227;o observaram melhora na DMF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Tan e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com DM2 e dislipidemia, observaram que a atorvastatina melhorou a DMF em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo. No presente estudo, com uma popula&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos onde todos eram hipertensos, apenas os pacientes que j&#225; estavam em uso de sinvastatina apresentaram melhora estatisticamente significativa na DMF da art&#233;ria braquial quando associaram benazepril ou losartana.</p>
        <p>Kanaki e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> avaliaram o uso de sinvastatina em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia e observaram melhora na VOP, na PA a&#243;rtica e no AIx. Contudo,William e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> em pacientes hipertensos e Fasset e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,em pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos, n&#227;o observaram melhora na press&#227;o a&#243;rtica com o uso de atorvastatina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Raison e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> foram um dos poucos a observar uma piora da VOP com o uso de atorvastatina. J&#225; Pirro e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e Maki-Petaja e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> observaram melhora da VOP com o uso de estatinas. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos do efeito das estatinas na press&#227;o a&#243;rtica e na VOP de pacientes diab&#233;ticos com HAS. O presente estudo demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o a&#243;rtica central, em paralelo &#224;s redu&#231;&#245;es observadas na PA de consult&#243;rio e na MAPA, no grupo usu&#225;rio de sinvastatina, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa no AIx e na VOP.</p>
        <p>O estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Os grupos n&#227;o foram randomizados quanto ao uso de estatina, visto que se trata de uma an&#225;lise <italic>post-hoc</italic>. Al&#233;m disso, cerca de metade da amostra do estudo n&#227;o era usu&#225;ria pr&#233;via de estatina. Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido poss&#237;vel avaliar os motivos, o grupo sem uso pr&#233;vio de sinvastatina poderia estar pr&#233;-selecionando pacientes com m&#225; ades&#227;o a anti-hipertensivos antes do recrutamento para o estudo. Estes pacientes poderiam ter a press&#227;o arterial acima da meta recomendada, preval&#234;ncia maior de les&#227;o vascular e, em consequ&#234;ncia, apresentar resposta inadequada aos anti-hipertensivos ou melhora menos expressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com o tratamento quando comparados ao grupo que usava estatina. Houve, ainda, uma tend&#234;ncia a ter mais pacientes do sexo masculino no grupo usu&#225;rio de sinvastatina. Acreditamos que esse fato tenha tido pouca relev&#226;ncia, pois esse &#233; um grupo de maior risco cardiovascular e mesmo assim foi o que teve maior benef&#237;cio na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA. O uso aberto da medica&#231;&#227;o &#233; tamb&#233;m um fator limitante. Por&#233;m, a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA foi comprovada na MAPA e nas medidas a&#243;rticas centrais, refor&#231;ando os resultados encontrados, pois esses m&#233;todos s&#227;o conhecidos por terem m&#237;nima influ&#234;ncia do efeito placebo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O uso pr&#233;vio de estatina em pacientes hipertensos com DM2 tratados com anlodipino associado com inibidor do SRAA aumenta o efeito anti-hipertensivo e melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Torna-se necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos com amostras maiores e randomizados, em desenho 2 x 2, para avalia&#231;&#227;o das intera&#231;&#245;es entre as estatinas e os inibidores do SRAA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Faperj e CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Ronaldo Altenburg Gismondi pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
