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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xtc4vcJRHrjH3CtvdGmvbJm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002500573</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050127</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150127</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Variations in the Prevalence of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil: A Comparative Analysis between 2002 and 2014</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Iseu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Antonini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kato</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastos</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medina</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zazlavsky</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portal</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Lucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timmers</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markoski</surname>
            <given-names>Melissa Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottschall</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Ant&#244;nio Mascia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre &#8211; UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Iseu Gus</bold> , Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana. Postal Code 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pesquisa.iseu@gmail.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gus I, Ribeiro RA; Acquisition of data: Bastos J&#184; Zazlavsky C, Timmers R; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gus I, Kato S; Statistical analysis: Kato S; Obtaining financing: Gus I, Timmers R, Gottschall CAM; Writing of the manuscript: Gus I, Gottschall CAM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Portal VL, Markoski MM; Connection with the Secretariat of the RS Health: Medina C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>573</fpage>
      <lpage>579</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Due to the importance of coronary artery disease (CAD), continuous investigation of the risk factors (RFs) is needed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the prevalence of RFs for CAD in cities in Rio Grande do Sul State, and compare it with that reported in a similar study conducted in the same cities in 2002.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study on 1,056 healthy adults, investigating the prevalence and absolute and relative frequencies of the following RFs for CAD: obesity, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemias, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus, and family history, as well as age and sex. Data was collected in 19 cities, host of the Offices of the Regional Coordinators of Health, as in the 2002 study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Twenty-six percent of the sample consisted of older adults and 57% were women. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was 44%, history family 50%, smoking 23%, overweight/obesity 68%, dyslipidemia (high cholesterol levels) 43%, SAH 40%, and diabetes 11%. When compared to the 2002 study, the prevalence of active smoking and sedentary behavior decreased, whereas the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity increased. Obesity is the most prevalent RF in women, and SAH the most prevalent in men.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of RFs for CAD in Rio Grande do Sul State remains high. Hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia are still prevalent and require major prevention programs. Smoking and physical inactivity have decreased in the state, suggesting the efficacy of related campaigns.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Comparative Study</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Rio Grande do Sul State&#8217;s Secretary of Health</funding-source>
          <award-id>027/2013</award-id>
          <award-id>083826-2000/10-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In Brazil, coronary artery disease (CAD) is a class of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with high hospitalization rates and high costs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. CAD remains as one of the major causes of mortality in developing countries, reaching an incidence and prevalence of epidemic proportions in several parts of the world<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. In light of such situation, continuous study of the known risk factors (RFs) for CAD is needed. The main RFs are systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, dyslipidemia, obesity and genetic factors (family history). These factors may be managed (to a better or worse condition) by several interventions, including pharmacotherapy, diet, physical activity and behavior change.</p>
      <p>The population of the south of Brazil stands out among other regions of the country for their high life expectancy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. On the other hand, this leads to a rapid emergence of chronic non-communicable diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, commonly associated with unhealthy habits such as high&#8209;fat diet, and low level or no physical activity. Therefore, this population is highly likely to develop CVDs including CAD.</p>
      <p>In a study conducted in 2002, 19 cities hosting the Offices of the Regional Coordinators of Health were screened for the prevalence of RFs in Rio Grande do Sul State<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The results showed that sedentary lifestyle, history family of CAD and obesity were present in more than 50% of the state&#8217;s population. Aiming to investigate the current prevalence of RFs in Rio Grande do Sul State and to compare it with data from 2012, the same 19 cities were screened in 2014. Although different subjects were included in the 2014 study, all of them were residents of the same locations. Here, we analyze and discuss the data obtained in 2014; this data may contribute to the planning of new primary prevention programs in Rio Grande do Sul State in the future.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and variables of interest</title>
        <p>This was a cross-sectional study with analysis of absolute and relative frequencies of FRs. The reference values for the RFs (SAH, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, smoking and obesity) were established according to WHO recommendations and previous reports<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Body mass index (BMI) was used for the diagnosis of obesity; dyslipidemia was defined as total cholesterol above 200 mg/dL; a blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg was considered for SAH, and glucose levels greater than 120 mg/dL for diabetes; for smoking, only currently (active) smokers were considered; sedentary lifestyle was defined as exercising less than twice a week, and only first degree relatives were considered for analysis of family (genetic) background.</p>
        <p>In addition, the study investigated the level of patients&#8217; knowledge about their condition concerning the presence of diabetes, SAH and dyslipidemia, and management of these conditions by pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical approaches. Patients who said they did not have these RFs were asked when they were last evaluated for these conditions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample selection and study population</title>
        <p>Based on 2002 analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> and the 19 cities included in the study, sample selection was performed by cluster sampling, using the census places defined by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The population of each city was divided into three income classes, upper class, middle class and lower class (A, B and C). Whenever possible, results from previous studies involving these cities&#8217; population, generally provided by the prefectures, and data from 2000 IBGE census including data on the mean income per district were used in the study. The study population was drawn from the census places, and then stratified by social class.</p>
        <p>In each census place, there was a recruitment list consisting of individuals divided by sex and age. The recruitment was performed by starting from the first house of the census place, and skipping every ten households until the sample was complete. When no respondents were found in the first visit to the household drawn, contact by telephone was first attempted to schedule a visit, and if no answer was obtained, one to three more visits were made at different hours. If no respondent was found, ten other households were skipped.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample calculation and data collection system</title>
        <p>Since the study of RFs investigates attributes of a given person (e.g. smoking habit, elevated arterial pressure), the sample size can be calculated by establishing the desired level of confidence, the error percentage (absolute precision), and performing the variability analysis.</p>
        <p>Sample size was calculated by PEPI (Programs for EPIdemiologists), version 4.0. By considering an infinite population size, margin of error of 3.5%, a confidence level of 95%, and expected prevalence of 50% (which requires a greater sample size, i.e. considering the worst scenario), the number of subjects required for the study was 784. Since the sample was selected by cluster sampling, the estimated sample size needed to be inflated in order to prevent an increase in the confidence interval. The sample was increased by 50% according to current approaches, which led to a sample of 1,176 individuals.</p>
        <p>For a representative sample of Rio Grande do Sul State&#8217;s population, its representativeness in the 19 cities was considered for the analysis. For example, the population of Porto Alegre represents approximately 39% of these 19 cities&#8217; population, and hence involved 458 participants (39% of 1,176). The number of individuals recruited in each city is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The final sample size was 1,059 interviewees (statistically representative).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cities where data were collected</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Cities</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Interviewees (n)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alegrete</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bag&#233;</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cachoeira do Sul</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Caxias do Sul</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cruz Alta</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Erechim</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frederico Westphalen</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gua&#237;ba</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Iju&#237;</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lajeado</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Os&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Palmeira das Miss&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Passo Fundo</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pelotas</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Porto Alegre</td>
                <td align="center">398</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Santa Cruz do Sul</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Santa Maria</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Santa Rosa</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Santo &#194;ngelo</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">1,059</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection and storage</title>
        <p>All participants signed an informed consent before entering the study. Whenever necessary, the results of the study and medical counseling will be provided to participants.</p>
        <p>Arterial pressure was measured at two moments during the visit, and the second value was recorded. A 5-mL fasting blood sample was collected for lipid and glucose measurements (performed by the ICFUC Clinical Analysis Laboratory). Additionally, body weight, height and abdominal circumference of all participants were measured by the investigators. A Microsoft Access 2007 database was created, and data were digitized and centrally stored at the ICFUC Epidemiology Service.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Qualitative variables are presented as absolute and relative frequency, and quantitative variables as mean and standard deviation. The prevalence of RFs is described with 95% interval confidence. Associations between the prevalence of RFs and the variables &#8220;sex&#8221; and &#8220;year of the study&#8221; were analyzed by chi-square test. Analyses were performed using SPSS software version 22, and the level of significance was set at 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Twenty-six percent of the study group consisted of older adults (60 years or older), and 57% were women. The prevalence of RFs in 2014 and its comparison with the prevalence in 2002 are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. Significant variations were observed in all RFs, notably sedentary lifestyle (which decreased by 1.6-fold). The relative number of current smokers and genetic factors (family predisposition) also decreased from 2002 to 2014. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (glucose levels higher than 126 mg/dL) in 2014 was not different compared with that in 2002. However, the prevalence of SAH, dyslipidemia and obesity has increased in this period. It is of note that 1.5% of diabetic patients were not under treatment despite being aware of the disease. Similarly, 8.2% of the study group (half of the individuals with dyslipidemia) had dyslipidemia (cholesterol levels greater than 240 mg/dL) and were not receiving treatment despite being aware of the condition. Additionally, 65.8% of the study group had triglyceride levels &#8805; 150 mg/dL, 26.8% had HDL levels &lt; 200 mg/dL, and 24.3% LDL &gt; 100 mg/dL. The number of RFs in the same individual was 2, 3 and 4 in 24.6%, 26.3% and 20.6% of participants, respectively. Only 4.9% of the sample (52 individuals) did not have any RF for CAD.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison in the prevalence of risk factors between 2002 and 2014</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Risk factors</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>2002</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>2014</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">33.9</td>
              <td align="center">31.0-36.8</td>
              <td align="center">23.0</td>
              <td align="center">20.5-25.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">31.6</td>
              <td align="center">28.8-34.4</td>
              <td align="center">39.9</td>
              <td align="center">37.0-42.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity/Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">54.7</td>
              <td align="center">51.7-57.7</td>
              <td align="center">67.7</td>
              <td align="center">64.9-70.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">12.0</td>
              <td align="center">5.4-8.6</td>
              <td align="center">10.6</td>
              <td align="center">8.7-12.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history</td>
              <td align="center">57.3</td>
              <td align="center">53.9-60.7</td>
              <td align="center">49.7</td>
              <td align="center">46.7-52.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
              <td align="center">71.3</td>
              <td align="center">68.6-74.0</td>
              <td align="center">44.2</td>
              <td align="center">41.2-47-2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemias<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#134;</xref>
								</td>
              <td align="center">5.6</td>
              <td align="center">4.2-7.0</td>
              <td align="center">16.4</td>
              <td align="center">14.2-18.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>CI - Confidence interval;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#134;</label>
            <p>total cholesterol &#8805; 240 mg/dL.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When the prevalence of RFs was analyzed by gender and by year (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>), a difference between genders was observed. In the initial analysis, women had higher cholesterol levels as compared with men (p = 0.04) whereas higher number of current smokers was found among men (p &lt; 0.001). In the new analysis, women were more obese than men (p &lt; 0.001), and men had higher arterial pressure (p &lt; 0.001). The increase of hypercholesterolemic population and decrease of sedentary population in the 12-year interval was not different between genders. However, in general, higher prevalence of obese women (p &lt; 0.001 compared with men) and hypertensive men (p &lt; 0.001 compared with women) was found in 2014. It is worth mentioning that 25% of the sample was composed by individuals aged 60 years or older. Therefore, the increasing prevalence of some RFs is worrying, since it involves the larger proportion of the group composed by younger subjects.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparisons of variables between genders by year and comparisons between years (2002 and 2014) by gender</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
                <bold>Risk factors</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6">
                <bold>Year of study</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">
                <bold>Comparison 2002 x2014</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>2002</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>2014</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Women</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Men</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Women</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Men</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Women</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Men</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">64 (12,3)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (12.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
              <td align="center">52 (8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (10.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypercholesterolemia (200)</td>
              <td align="center">151 (29,1)</td>
              <td align="center">104 (22.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">259 (43.2)</td>
              <td align="center">198 (43.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity (BMI &gt; 30)</td>
              <td align="center">119 (21,8)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (19.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
              <td align="center">205 (34.2)</td>
              <td align="center">108 (23.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">163 (29,6)</td>
              <td align="center">194 (38.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
              <td align="center">140 (23.4)</td>
              <td align="center">104 (22.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
              <td align="center">390 (71,3)</td>
              <td align="center">361 (71.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">278 (46.4)</td>
              <td align="center">190 (41.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">156 (34,1)</td>
              <td align="center">153 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
              <td align="center">201 (33.6)</td>
              <td align="center">222 (48.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>Significance level of 5%; p &lt; 0.05 indicates significant differences. BMI: Body mass index; SAH: Systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>CVDs represent a major threat to health, and the control of RFs seems to be the most logical way to prevent them. It is quite evident that the RFs in this study are responsible for the development of CVD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Our study demonstrated that the prevalence of RFs remains increased in Rio Grande do Sul State. Although a decrease in the prevalence of sedentary lifestyle and smoking has occurred, SAH, dyslipidemia and obesity are still worrying, differ between men and women, and are independent of socio-economic classes. The seven RFs analyzed will be discussed below.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Sex and age</title>
        <p>The influence of RFs for CVDs is different in men and women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Our study demonstrated that in Rio Grande do Sul State, obesity was more prevalent among women and hypertension among men. Obesity and hypertension are closely related to the development of arteriosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Taking into account sex and age, plaque rupture is more likely for older women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Also, visceral fat accumulation is more common in women than in men, due to hormonal conditions or life habits.</p>
        <p>Consumption of barbecue is embedded in the lifestyle of men in Rio Grande do Sul State, contributing to excessive salt and fat intake, and possibly relating to the increased prevalence of SAH in this population. Due to their importance, obesity and hypertension will be discussed separately.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Smoking</title>
        <p>Two recent studies indicate an increased risk for CVD in active and passive smokers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. A multiethnic study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> revealed that predictive factors of atherosclerotic diseases, such as increased levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein, are found in smokers free of CVD. In addition, the authors demonstrated that smokers have a 70% higher chance of developing coronary atherosclerosis as compared with nonsmokers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Individuals who smoke two or three packs of cigarettes a day have a two-fold to three-fold greater risk. Smoking increases platelet adhesion, causes arterial endothelial injury and contributes to elevated blood pressure (by inducing arterial thickening and promoting smooth cell proliferation), additionally to increase total cholesterol and LDL levels, and decrease HDL levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Interestingly, our study demonstrated that after 12 years, the number of active smokers has decreased in Rio Grande do Sul State. Anti-smoking campaigns and the Brazilian legislation prohibiting smoking in workplaces and enclosed public places may have contributed to the decrease of this RF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hypertension</title>
        <p>SAH is considered the main RF for the development of CVDs. Determination of cardiovascular risk depends on the stage of hypertension, presence of cardiovascular RFs and target organ damage, and associated clinical conditions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. SAH is also an important cause of systolic heart failure in developing countries including Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. SAH contributes to atherogenic plaque formation, increasing the risk of cardiovascular events by two to three times<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Non-refractory hypertension is controlled by antihypertensive drugs, which has positively affected cardiovascular morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>The present study demonstrated that the prevalence of SAH in Rio Grande do Sul State in 2014 is higher than that in 2002. Such increase may be due, in part, to the increased prevalence of obesity, overweight, and dyslipidemia, since these factors contribute to elevation in blood pressure. Therefore, new campaigns about blood pressure control and the influence of some factors such as high-sodium diet on blood pressure are required for the population in the south of Brazil. In fact, low education affects the prevalence of SAH and awareness about this condition, confirming the existence of a relationship between social inequality and health inequality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Obesity</title>
        <p>Obesity is a comorbidity that induces chronic inflammatory states, and lead to a predisposition of other RFs, including dyslipidemia, SAH and diabetes, which in turn, further increase the risk of cardiovascular problems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Obesity is considered a global epidemic that is related to the development of metabolic syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. According to Rio Grande do Sul State&#8217;s Secretary of Health, two million people have metabolic syndrome and other obesity-related disorders, which increase the risk of myocardial infarction or stroke by three times<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>The causes of obesity vary from inadequate food intake and low physical activity to psychological problems such as depression and anxiety, leading to increased risk for other diseases including diabetes and heart diseases. Our study demonstrated that the prevalence of obesity increased from 2002 to 2014, and that women are more commonly affected than men.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diabetes mellitus</title>
        <p>Diabetes mellitus has become an important RF in face of progressive body weight gain, growth of the elderly population, inadequate food intake and longer life expectancy. Mortality rates in diabetes are higher than in general population. Acute ischemia, when associated with diabetes, accounts for 80% of all causes of mortality in these patients, and approximately 75% of hospitalizations for diabetes complications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Diabetes is particularly harmful to women, especially in the presence of low HDL levels, which confer higher risk for CAD as compared with men in the same condition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, the prevalence of diabetes was 19.7%, 50.4% of them previously undiagnosed. The incidence was higher in the elderly, in obese subjects, non-whites, and those with less formal education. Ramos et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> concluded that fasting plasma glucose was an independent predictor of major cardiac events, including death, reinfarction and revascularization in elderly patients at early stage of acute coronary syndrome.</p>
        <p>Our findings show that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is relatively low (nearly 10%) in Rio Grande do Sul State, and despite not statistically significant, the prevalence was lower in 2014 compared with 2002. However, due to its close relationship with CAD and other RFs, the investigation of diabetes mellitus should be included in future studies on the management of CVD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Family history</title>
        <p>Family history of sudden death or premature heart attack, diabetes, SAH and dyslipidemia, particularly in first-degree relatives, indicate an increased risk of coronary disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. In addition to genetic predisposition, family background may be related to unhealthy lifestyle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Although still high (approximately 50%), our study demonstrated that the prevalence of this RF in 2014 was lower than in 2002. Nowadays, family history may be related to healthier life habits, including physical exercise (since sedentary lifestyle significantly decreased in the period), which lead to a better quality of life and provide an unfavorable environmental condition for the expression of disease-related genes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sedentary lifestyle</title>
        <p>Physical activity is strongly recommended and encouraged for secondary prevention of CVD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>, since sedentary behavior may be a greater risk factor for coronary heart disease than the combination of high cholesterol level, hypertension and smoking; the higher the level of physical activity, the lower the risk of the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Physical inactivity increases the risk of obesity, hypertension, and type II diabetes, causes a decrease in HDL levels, and has a direct effect on atheroma plaque growth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. An interesting finding of this study was the significant decrease in the prevalence of sedentary lifestyle in the study population, which may be caused by several factors including greater access to information and scientific advances on the positive effects of exercise on human health.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dyslipidemias</title>
        <p>Elevated cholesterol is one of the major RFs for CVDs, and statins, used to lower cholesterol levels, are closely associated with reduction of atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. In our study, both hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL) and dyslipidemia (total cholesterol &gt; 240 mg/dL) were highly prevalent in the study group, and increased from 2002 to 2014. Unfortunately, part of the group with high cholesterol levels was not being treated despite being aware of the condition. Therefore, informative campaigns and adoption of secondary prevention measures are necessary in Rio Grande do Sul State. Among the strategies, physical activity may contribute to decrease systemic levels of cholesterol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Fernandes et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> reported that the prevalence of dyslipidemia has increased in several parts of Brazil, however, the level of physical activity required for a beneficial effect on plasma lipoprotein levels is still uncertain.</p>
        <p>In developing countries, six RFs: SAH, smoking, high glucose levels, sedentary lifestyle, overweight/obesity and dyslipidemias contribute substantially to death from CVDs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The INTERHEART study indicated that RFs account for more than 90% of all causes of CVDs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, and contribute to death from metabolic disorders and cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Except for diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, all other RFs are significantly more prevalent in socio-economically vulnerable populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Previous studies conducted in Rio Grande do Sul State, on populations from the cities of Porto Alegre<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, Passo Fundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> and Pelotas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, have drawn attention to the high prevalence and association between RFs in the elderly population, suggesting the need for immediate diagnosis and management of the risks.</p>
        <p>The study has some limitations, including the fact that the sample size was reduced from 1,176 (initially calculated) to 1,059, and some of the interviewers and data collectors needed to be replaced, causing a delay in the acquisition of data. However, since the objective and methodology of the current study were the same as those of the study conducted in 2002<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, one can assume that comparisons in the RFs prevalence between both studies yield their evolution in a 12-year period. This is the first study that allows a comparative analysis of the prevalence of RFs in a state in the south of Brazil. The study showed a change, either an increase or a decrease, in the prevalence of all RFs in the study populations. Although the Rio Grande do Sul State&#8217;s population has adopted healthier habits, such as physical activity and smoking reduction, they still need to receive information, on an ongoing basis, about other RFs such as SAH, dyslipidemia, diabetes and obesity. These factors have complex etiology and pathophysiology, requiring various preventive measures. However, the study also showed that many individuals with RFs for CVDs, despite being aware of their condition, do not seek treatment or abandon it, and many of these preventive actions become partially effective. It is evident that such complex diseases with still unknown mechanisms require nonpharmaceutical and pharmaceutical, preventive and curative therapies. RF control is expensive, requires patients&#8217; perseverance, medical follow-up, and awareness programs for the population.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>The prevalence of RFs for CADs remains high in Rio Grande do Sul State after 12 years.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Differences in the RFs prevalence between both studies (2002 and 2014) indicate the trend of these factors and the necessity of preventive programs, and more effective and efficient strategies.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Family history, sedentary lifestyle and smoking decreased, whereas dyslipidemia, hypertension and obesity increased in the study population.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The prevalence of obesity was higher in women, while the prevalence of hypertension was higher in men.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Future studies to further and better evaluate the importance of socioeconomic status, school attainment, and diet quality as RFs for CVDs are needed.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Secretaria do Estado do RS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The authors thank the members of data collection (blood samples and interview) staff; the secretary Ludmila Markoski for the support in data compilation and review; Rubem Kloss for the copy-editing of the manuscript. The study was financially supported by Rio Grande do Sul State&#8217;s Secretary of Health (agreement number 027/2013 - Protocol 083826-2000/10-3).</p>
    </ack>
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          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
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        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
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        <label>2</label>
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          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
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        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
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        <label>3</label>
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          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
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        <label>4</label>
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        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre &#8211; UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
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          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
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        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Iseu Gus</bold> , Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana. CEP 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pesquisa.iseu@gmail.com</email>
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        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gus I, Ribeiro RA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bastos J, Zazlavsky C, Timmers R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gus I, Kato S; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kato S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Gus I, Timmers R, Gottschall CAM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gus I, Gottschall CAM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Portal VL, Markoski MM; Liga&#231;&#227;o com a Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do RS: Medina C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Diante da import&#226;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), &#233; necess&#225;rio pesquisar continuamente seus fatores de risco (FR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Conhecer a preval&#234;ncia dos FR da DAC em cidades do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), e compar&#225;-la com a encontrada em pesquisa semelhante realizada nas mesmas cidades em 2002.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal de uma amostra de 1056 indiv&#237;duos adultos, em que se pesquisou a preval&#234;ncia e frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas dos seguintes FR para a DAC: obesidade, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), dislipidemias, tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabetes mellitus, e antecedentes familiares de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, al&#233;m de idade e g&#234;nero. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 19 cidades sede das Coordenadorias Regionais de Sa&#250;de do RS, como feito em 2002.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da de 26% de idosos e 57% de mulheres. As preval&#234;ncias dos FR foram de 44% de sedentarismo, 50% de antecedentes familiares, 23% de tabagismo, 68% de sobrepeso/obesidade, 43% de dislipidemia (colesterol elevado), 40% de HAS, e 11% de diabetes. Quando comparado ao estudo de 2002, verificou-se que a popula&#231;&#227;o de fumantes ativos e sedent&#225;rios diminuiu, e a de hipertensos, dislipid&#234;micos e obesos aumentou. A obesidade &#233; o FR mais prevalente em mulheres, e a HAS o mais prevalente em homens.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia dos FR da DAC no RS continua alta. Fatores como hipertens&#227;o, obesidade, dislipidemia continuam elevados e demandam maiores programas de preven&#231;&#227;o. O h&#225;bito de fumar e a inatividade f&#237;sica t&#234;m diminu&#237;do no estado, sugerindo a efic&#225;cia das campanhas relacionadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da arterial Coronariana / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Comparativo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, por meio da Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de</funding-source>
          <award-id>027/2013</award-id>
          <award-id>083826-2000/10-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>No Brasil, a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) constitui uma classe de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) com altos &#237;ndices de interna&#231;&#245;es, e custos muito elevados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A doen&#231;a permanece como uma das maiores causas de mortalidade nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, alcan&#231;ando incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia epid&#234;micas em v&#225;rios locais do mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Diante de tamanha import&#226;ncia, &#233; necess&#225;rio que se estude continuamente os conhecidos fatores de risco (FR) associados &#224; DAC. Os principais FR descritos s&#227;o a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), a diabetes mellitus, o sedentarismo, o tabagismo, a dislipidemia, a obesidade e os fatores gen&#233;ticos (antecedentes familiares). Todos esses fatores podem ser controlados para melhora ou piora por meio de diversas interven&#231;&#245;es, tais como terapias farmacol&#243;gicas, dietas, atividade f&#237;sica e mudan&#231;a de comportamento.</p>
        <p>Entre as regi&#245;es brasileiras, a popula&#231;&#227;o do sul do pa&#237;s destaca-se pela elevada expectativa de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em contrapartida, isso acarreta um expressivo aparecimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, por vezes sustentadas por h&#225;bitos como dieta rica em gordura e estilo de vida com baixa ou nenhuma atividade f&#237;sica. Devido a isso, essa popula&#231;&#227;o apresenta significativa predisposi&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento de DCV como a DAC.</p>
        <p>Em 2002, foi realizado um estudo em que 19 cidades sedes das Coordenadorias Regionais de Sa&#250;de foram rastreadas com o intuito de se conhecer a preval&#234;ncia dos FR do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Os dados demonstraram que o sedentarismo, a predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; DAC por antecedentes familiares e a obesidade se manifestaram em mais de 50% da popula&#231;&#227;o ga&#250;cha. Assim, em 2014, com o objetivo de se conhecer a atual preval&#234;ncia dos FR no RS e a comparar com os dados obtidos em 2002, as mesmas 19 cidades foram rastreadas. Embora ap&#243;s 12 anos outras pessoas fossem pesquisadas, todas eram moradoras das mesmas regi&#245;es. Aqui, os dados encontrados foram analisados e discutidos e poder&#227;o auxiliar no planejamento de novos programas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria no RS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento e vari&#225;veis de interesse</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal, com an&#225;lise das frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas dos FR. Os valores de refer&#234;ncia dos FR hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes, sedentarismo, tabagismo, dislipidemia e obesidade seguiram as normatiza&#231;&#245;es existentes na Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de e outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Para obesidade, foi considerado o &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea (IMC) com valor igual ou superior a 25; para a dislipidemia, os valores de colesterol superiores a 200 mg/dL; para HAS, valores press&#243;ricos superiores a 140/90 mmHg; para tabagismo, fumantes ativos no momento da coleta; para diabetes, glicose superior a 120 mg/dL; para o sedentarismo, indiv&#237;duos que praticavam atividade f&#237;sica em menos de duas vezes por semana. Parentes de primeiro grau foram considerados na avalia&#231;&#227;o de antecedentes familiares (gen&#233;ticos) para DAC.</p>
          <p>Tamb&#233;m foi investigado o grau de conhecimento dos pacientes sobre a presen&#231;a de diabetes, HAS e dislipidemia, bem como o controle farmacol&#243;gico e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico daqueles cientes de portarem essas condi&#231;&#245;es. Aos pacientes que negaram ter esses FR, foi perguntado sobre sua &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de amostragem e popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
          <p>Com base na an&#225;lise de 2002<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> e considerando-se as 19 CRS, o processo de amostragem foi feito por conglomerados, utilizando os setores censit&#225;rios definidos pelo IBGE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Em cada munic&#237;pio, a popula&#231;&#227;o foi dividida em tr&#234;s classes, de acordo com a renda: alta, m&#233;dia e baixa (A, B e C). Sempre que poss&#237;vel, utilizaram-se resultados de trabalhos realizados nos munic&#237;pios inclu&#237;dos na pesquisa, geralmente cedidos pelas prefeituras, em que a popula&#231;&#227;o estivesse &#8220;mapeada&#8221; por classes sociais. Tamb&#233;m foram utilizados dados do IBGE do censo de 2000, em que h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es da renda m&#233;dia de acordo com cada bairro. A popula&#231;&#227;o dos setores censit&#225;rios foi ent&#227;o sorteada de acordo com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o por classe.</p>
          <p>Em cada setor censit&#225;rio, havia uma lista dos indiv&#237;duos a serem recrutados, dividida por sexo e idade. O recrutamento foi iniciado pela casa do ponto inicial do setor, pulando-se de 10 em 10 domic&#237;lios at&#233; que a amostra pr&#233;-determinada fosse completada. Quando n&#227;o havia ningu&#233;m no domic&#237;lio sorteado, tentou-se primeiramente contato telef&#244;nico para agendar uma visita e, em casos em que n&#227;o se obteve resposta, foram realizadas at&#233; tr&#234;s novas tentativas de visitas em hor&#225;rios diferentes. Se nesse processo n&#227;o se obteve sucesso, um novo pulo de 10 domic&#237;lios era realizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#225;lculo amostral e sistematiza&#231;&#227;o da coleta de dados</title>
          <p>Considerando-se que o estudo de FR &#233; uma pesquisa de atributo (p.ex. o h&#225;bito de fumar, ou press&#227;o arterial elevada), o tamanho da amostra pode ser calculado estipulando-se o n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a desejado, a porcentagem de erro admitida (precis&#227;o absoluta), e analisando-se a variabilidade.</p>
          <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi feito utilizando-se o software PEPI (Programs for EPIdemiologists), Vers&#227;o 4.0. Considerando-se o tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o como infinito, a margem de erro aceit&#225;vel de 3,5%, um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%, e uma preval&#234;ncia esperada de 50% (a qual demanda maior tamanho amostral, ou seja, considerando o pior cen&#225;rio), o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio de sujeitos foi de 784. Visto que a amostragem foi feita por conglomerados, precisou-se inflar o tamanho de amostra estimado para que os intervalos de confian&#231;a n&#227;o fossem inflados. Usamos o valor que tem sido correntemente mais utilizado na literatura, de aumentar em 50% o tamanho amostral, totalizando 1176 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
          <p>Para que a amostra fosse de fato representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o do RS, levou-se em conta sua representatividade em cada um dos 19 munic&#237;pios-sede e no somat&#243;rio desses munic&#237;pios. Por exemplo, a popula&#231;&#227;o do munic&#237;pio de Porto Alegre representa, aproximadamente, 39% da popula&#231;&#227;o dos munic&#237;pios-sede das CRS, portanto envolveu 458 sujeitos (39% de 1176). O n&#250;mero de sujeitos recrutados em cada cidade est&#225; representado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. O tamanho amostral final foi de 1059 entrevistados (estatisticamente representativo).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Munic&#237;pios onde foi realizada a coleta de dados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Cidades</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Entrevistados (n)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alegrete</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bag&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cachoeira do Sul</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Caxias do Sul</td>
                  <td align="center">123</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cruz Alta</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Erechim</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frederico Westphalen</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gua&#237;ba</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Iju&#237;</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Lajeado</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Os&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Palmeira das Miss&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Passo Fundo</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pelotas</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Porto Alegre</td>
                  <td align="center">398</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Santa Cruz do Sul</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Santa Maria</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Santa Rosa</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Santo &#194;ngelo</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">1059</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta e armazenamento dos dados</title>
          <p>Todas as pessoas assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes de serem inclu&#237;das no estudo. Os resultados dever&#227;o ser notificados aos participantes e lhes ser&#225; fornecida orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica sempre que necess&#225;ria.</p>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida em dois momentos durante a visita, registrando-se a &#250;ltima, e amostra de 5 mL de sangue (em jejum) foi coletada para dosagens de perfil lip&#237;dico e glicose (realizadas pelo Laborat&#243;rio de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas do ICFUC). Ainda, peso corporal, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal de todos os participantes foram medidos pelos entrevistadores. Uma base de dados no programa Microsoft Access 2007 foi criada, e os dados digitalizados e armazenados centralmente no Servi&#231;o de Epidemiologia do ICFUC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas s&#227;o apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa, e as quantitativas em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. As preval&#234;ncias dos FR s&#227;o apresentadas com intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a preval&#234;ncia dos FR e as vari&#225;veis &#8220;sexo&#8221; e &#8220;anoda pesquisa&#8221; foram avaliadas pelo do teste qui-quadrado. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software SPSS vers&#227;o 22, e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada era constitu&#237;da de 25,6% de idosos (idade igual ou superior a 60 anos) e 56,6% eram do sexo feminino. A preval&#234;ncia dos FR no ano de 2014 e sua compara&#231;&#227;o com a do ano de 2002 est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>. Pode-se observar que todos os fatores tiveram varia&#231;&#245;es significativas, com destaque para o sedentarismo (redu&#231;&#227;o de 1,6 vezes). O n&#250;mero relativo de fumantes ativos e fatores gen&#233;ticos para predisposi&#231;&#227;o familiar tamb&#233;m apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s os 12 anos. Diabetes mellitus, definida por n&#237;vel de glicose superior a 126 mg/dL, n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a em sua preval&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estudo de 2002. Entretanto, os fatores HAS, dislipidemia e obesidade mostraram-se aumentados nesse intervalo. &#201; importante destacar que entre a popula&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos, 1,5% sabia ter a doen&#231;a, mas n&#227;o fazia nenhum tratamento. O mesmo ocorreu para dislipidemia, em que 8,2% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (metade da popula&#231;&#227;o dislipid&#234;mica) sabia ter colesterol superior a 240 mg/dL e n&#227;o fazia nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Al&#233;m disso, 65,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo apresentaram n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dL, 26,8% apresentaram HDL &lt; 200 mg/dL, e 24,3% n&#237;veis de LDL &gt;100 mg/dL. O n&#250;mero de FR em um mesmo indiv&#237;duo foi de 2, 3 e 4 em 24,6%, 26,3% e 20,6% dos participantes, respectivamente. Apenas 4,9% da amostra (52 indiv&#237;duos) n&#227;o apresentou nenhum FR para DAC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das preval&#234;ncias dos fatores de risco entre 2002 e 2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores de Risco</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>2002</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>2014</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left"/>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">33,9</td>
                <td align="center">31,0-36,8</td>
                <td align="center">23,0</td>
                <td align="center">20,5-25,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">31,6</td>
                <td align="center">28,8-34,4</td>
                <td align="center">39,9</td>
                <td align="center">37,0-42,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade/Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">54,7</td>
                <td align="center">51,7-57,7</td>
                <td align="center">67,7</td>
                <td align="center">64,9-70,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,4-8,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,7-12,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antecedentes familiares</td>
                <td align="center">57,3</td>
                <td align="center">53,9-60,7</td>
                <td align="center">49,7</td>
                <td align="center">46,7-52,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">71,3</td>
                <td align="center">68,6-74,0</td>
                <td align="center">44,2</td>
                <td align="center">41,2-47-2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemias<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
									</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,2-7,0</td>
                <td align="center">16,4</td>
                <td align="center">14,2-18,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>colesterol total = ou &gt; 240 mg/dL;</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quando a preval&#234;ncia dos FR foi analisada por g&#234;nero e por ano (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>), verificou-se que houve diferen&#231;a. Na an&#225;lise inicial, mulheres apresentaram colesterol mais elevado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens (p = 0,04), enquanto esses se apresentaram como mais tabagistas (p &lt; 0,001). Na nova an&#225;lise, as mulheres mostraram-se como mais obesas (p &lt; 0,001), enquanto homens apresentaram press&#227;o arterial mais elevada (p &lt; 0,001). Ao considerar o intervalo de 12 anos, observa-se que o aumento da popula&#231;&#227;o hipercolesterol&#234;mica e a diminui&#231;&#227;o das popula&#231;&#245;es tabagista e sedent&#225;ria n&#227;o diferiram entre os g&#234;neros. Entretanto, de forma geral, mulheres apresentaram-se mais obesas (p &lt; 0,001) enquanto homens mostraram-se mais hipertensos (p &lt; 0,001) em 2014. &#201; importante salientar que 25% da amostra constitu&#237;am-se de indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos. Desta forma, o comportamento de eleva&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de alguns FR &#233; preocupante, pois envolve a parcela maior da amostra, composta por pessoas mais jovens.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis entre os g&#234;neros por ano e entre os anos (2002 e 2014) por g&#234;nero</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Fatores de Risco</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Ano do estudo</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o 2002 <italic>vs</italic> 2014</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>2002</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>2014</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mulheres</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Homens</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mulheres</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Homens</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mulheres</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Homens</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">64 (12,3)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">52 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipercolesterolemia (200)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (29,1)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (22,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">259 (43,2)</td>
                <td align="center">198 (43,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade (IMC &gt; 30)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (19,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">205 (34,2)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">163 (29,6)</td>
                <td align="center">194 (38,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">140 (23,4)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (22,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">390 (71,3)</td>
                <td align="center">361 (71,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">278 (46,4)</td>
                <td align="center">190 (41,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">156 (34,1)</td>
                <td align="center">153 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">201 (33,6)</td>
                <td align="center">222 (48,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%; p &lt; 0,05 indica associa&#231;&#227;o significativa. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As DCV representam uma grande amea&#231;a &#224; sa&#250;de, e o combate aos FR &#233; o caminho mais l&#243;gico para a preven&#231;&#227;o. &#201; bastante evidente que os FR aqui estudados s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo estabelecimento da DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Nosso estudo mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia dos FR continua aumentada no estado do RS. Embora haja ocorrido diminui&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o de sedent&#225;rios e de tabagistas, a HAS, as dislipidemias e a obesidade s&#227;o ainda bastante preocupantes, diferem-se entre homens e mulheres, e independem da classe econ&#244;mica. Os sete FR analisados ser&#227;o discutidos a seguir.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>G&#234;nero e Idade</title>
          <p>A influ&#234;ncia dos FR cardiovasculares varia entre homens e mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Nosso estudo mostrou que no RS, a obesidade foi mais prevalente em mulheres enquanto homens mostraram-se mais hipertensos. Obesidade e hipertens&#227;o s&#227;o dois fatores bastante envolvidos com o desenvolvimento da arteriosclerose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Considerando-se sexo e idade, mulheres idosas s&#227;o mais propensas a apresentarem ruptura da placa ateroscler&#243;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Da mesma forma, mulheres tem maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o a ac&#250;mulo de massa visceral, seja por condi&#231;&#227;o hormonal ou h&#225;bito de vida.</p>
          <p>A ingest&#227;o do churrasco tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionada ao h&#225;bito de vida do homem ga&#250;cho, o que implica em excessivo consumo de sal e gordura. Assim, sugere-se que esse fator esteja relacionado &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS nos homens do sul do pa&#237;s. Por sua import&#226;ncia, obesidade e hipertens&#227;o, ser&#227;o discutidas separadamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tabagismo</title>
          <p>Dois estudos recentes apontam para o alto risco do fumante ativo e/ou passivo para o desenvolvimento de DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Um estudo multi-&#233;tnico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> revelou que fatores preditivos para doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas, como n&#237;veis aumentados de prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel, s&#227;o encontrados em fumantes n&#227;o portadores de DVC. Ainda, os autores mostraram que fumantes possuem uma chance 70% maior de desenvolver aterosclerose coronariana em compara&#231;&#227;o a n&#227;o fumantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Indiv&#237;duos que fumam dois ou tr&#234;s ma&#231;os por dia t&#234;m risco de duas a tr&#234;s vezes maiores. O ato de fumar aumenta a adesividade das plaquetas, lesiona o endot&#233;lio arterial e contribui para a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea (gera espessamento arterial e promove prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas lisas, al&#233;m de aumentar o n&#237;vel de colesterol total, da fra&#231;&#227;o LDL e diminuir os n&#237;veis de HDL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Interessantemente, nosso estudo mostrou que ap&#243;s 12 anos, o n&#250;mero de fumantes ativos diminuiu no RS. Talvez a diminui&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia deste FR seja hoje positivamente influenciada por campanhas antifumo e pelo fato de que muitos estabelecimentos, com base na legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira, n&#227;o mais permitirem o acesso a tabagistas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hipertens&#227;o</title>
          <p>A HAS &#233; considerada o principal FR para o desenvolvimento de DCVs. A determina&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular depende da classifica&#231;&#227;o do est&#225;gio da hipertens&#227;o assim como da presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular, les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo e condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. A HAS tamb&#233;m &#233; uma importante causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento como o Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sub>;</sub> &#233; um dos fatores que mais contribui na forma&#231;&#227;o de placas aterog&#234;nicas, aumentando o risco de eventos cardiovasculares em duas a tr&#234;s vezes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. A HAS n&#227;o refrat&#225;ria &#233; controlada pelo uso de anti-hipertensivos, o que tem demonstrado grande benef&#237;cio sobre a morbi-mortalidade cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
          <p>Este estudo mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia de HAS em 2014 est&#225; aumentada no estado de RS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados de 2002. Em parte, esse acr&#233;scimo pode ser atribu&#237;do ao aumento da preval&#234;ncia da obesidade, sobrepeso, e dislipidemias, pois esses fatores podem contribuir para eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Desta forma, mais campanhas sobre o controle da press&#227;o arterial e a influ&#234;ncia de fatores como a dieta rica em sal se fazem necess&#225;rias para a popula&#231;&#227;o do sul do pa&#237;s. De fato, a influ&#234;ncia da baixa escolaridade, tanto na preval&#234;ncia como no desconhecimento da HAS, confirmam a exist&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre desigualdade social e desigualdade em sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Obesidade</title>
          <p>A obesidade &#233; uma das comorbidades que induz a estados inflamat&#243;rios cr&#244;nicos, leva &#224; predisposi&#231;&#227;o de outros FR, como a dislipidemia, HAS e diabetes, que por sua vez aumentam ainda mais o risco de problemas cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. A obesidade j&#225; &#233; considerada uma epidemia global e est&#225; relacionada ao desenvolvimento de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. De acordo com a Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de do RS, dois milh&#245;es de pessoas sofrem de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e outras doen&#231;as decorrentes da obesidade, o que triplica os riscos de morte por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou derrame cerebral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
          <p>As causas da obesidade variam desde a alimenta&#231;&#227;o inadequada e falta de atividade f&#237;sica at&#233; problemas psicol&#243;gicos como depress&#227;o e ansiedade, levando a um maior risco de doen&#231;as como diabetes e cardiopatias. Nosso estudo mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia da obesidade est&#225; aumentada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise de 2002 e ocorre principalmente em mulheres.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diabetes mellitus</title>
          <p>O aumento de peso corporal, o crescimento populacional de idosos, a m&#225; alimenta&#231;&#227;o e a maior expectativa de vida, fazem com que a diabetes seja um FR de destaque. A mortalidade do diab&#233;tico &#233; maior do que a da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. A doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica aguda, quando relacionada &#224; diabetes, &#233; respons&#225;vel por 80% das causas de mortalidade nesses pacientes, e cerca de 75% das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o atribu&#237;das a complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sub>.</sub> A diabetes &#233; particularmente prejudicial &#224;s mulheres, especialmente na presen&#231;a de baixos n&#237;veis de HDL, o que constitui um risco maior de DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; mesma condi&#231;&#227;o nos homens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
          <p>No estudo Elsa-Brasil (2008-2010)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, foi visto que a preval&#234;ncia da diabetes foi de 19,7%, e 50,4% desses n&#227;o tinham diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio. A incid&#234;ncia foi maior em idosos, obesos, n&#227;o brancos e com menor grau de educa&#231;&#227;o formal. Ramos e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> conclu&#237;ram que a glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum foi preditora independente de eventos card&#237;acos maiores, entre eles &#243;bito, reinfarto e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o na fase precoce da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em pacientes idosos.</p>
          <p>Nossos dados demonstram que a preval&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus &#233; relativamente baixa no RS (ao redor de 10%) e menor em 2014 em compara&#231;&#227;o rela&#231;&#227;o a 2002, embora sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Entretanto, por sua importante rela&#231;&#227;o com a DAC e outros FR, a diabetes n&#227;o pode ser desconsiderada nos estudos de controle e manejo das DCV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antecedentes familiares</title>
          <p>Hist&#243;ria familiar, em especial em parentes de 1&#186; grau, de morte s&#250;bita e infarto prematuro, diabetes, HAS e dislipidemia indicam um risco aumentado de doen&#231;a coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Al&#233;m da predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, os antecedentes familiares est&#227;o relacionados a h&#225;bitos inadequados no estilo de vida familiar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Embora elevada (em torno de 50%), nosso estudo mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia do FR diminuiu na popula&#231;&#227;o quando comparada aos achados de 2002. &#201; poss&#237;vel que esse fator, nos dias atuais, esteja relacionado a h&#225;bitos de vida mais saud&#225;veis, como atividade f&#237;sica (uma vez que o sedentarismo diminuiu fortemente), os quais implicam melhor qualidade de vida, e n&#227;o proporcionam a press&#227;o ambiental necess&#225;ria &#224; express&#227;o dos genes envolvidos com as doen&#231;as.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sedentarismo</title>
          <p>A pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica &#233; fortemente indicada e encorajada como preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#224; DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Isso ocorre porque o sedentarismo pode constituir um fator de risco maior para a cardiopatia coronariana do que a combina&#231;&#227;o de colesterol alto, hipertens&#227;o e fumo, sendo que, quanto maior for o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, menor &#233; o risco de desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Al&#233;m de a inatividade f&#237;sica aumentar os riscos de obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes tipo II e provocar a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol, ela possui efeito direto no crescimento da placa de ateroma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sub>.</sub> Um achado bastante expressivo em nosso estudo foi a importante redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia do sedentarismo na popula&#231;&#227;o ga&#250;cha, o que se deve a diversos fatores, como o acesso &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o e o avan&#231;o da ci&#234;ncia mostrando os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para o organismo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dislipidemias</title>
          <p>O colesterol elevado &#233; um dos maiores FR para DCV e as estatinas, utilizadas para baixar os n&#237;veis da mol&#233;cula, est&#227;o fortemente associadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroescler&#243;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sub>.</sub> Nosso estudo mostrou que tanto a hipercolesterolemia (colesterol total superior a 200 mg/dL) como a dislipidemia caracter&#237;stica (colesterol total superior a 240 mg/dL) mostraram&#8209;se altamente prevalentes e aumentadas 12 anos ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise inicial. E, infelizmente, parte da popula&#231;&#227;o portadora de altos n&#237;veis de colesterol n&#227;o toma medidas para seu controle, apesar de saber dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Desta forma, campanhas informativas e disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria s&#227;o necess&#225;rias no RS. Entre as atividades, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode contribuir para diminuir os n&#237;veis sist&#234;micos de colesterol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Fernandes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> apontaram que em diversas partes do Brasil a preval&#234;ncia da dislipidemia vem aumentando, mas ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido o grau de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico necess&#225;rio para um efeito ben&#233;fico sobre os n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas.</p>
          <p>Nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, seis FR, HAS, tabagismo, glicemia elevada, sedentarismo, sobrepeso/obesidade e dislipidemias contribuem em grande propor&#231;&#227;o como causa de morte por DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. O INTERHEART apontou que os FR correspondem a mais de 90% das causas de DCVs. Esses mesmos FR contribuem tamb&#233;m para mortes por causas metab&#243;licas e c&#226;ncer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. &#192; exce&#231;&#227;o da diabetes e hipercolesterolemia, todos os outros FR s&#227;o significativamente mais prevalentes na popula&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica vulner&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Em trabalhos j&#225; publicados no RS envolvendo popula&#231;&#245;es de Porto Alegre<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, Passo Fundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> e Pelotas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, destaca-se a alta preval&#234;ncia e a associa&#231;&#227;o de FR na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, exigindo ado&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es imediatas no seu correto diagn&#243;stico e manejo.</p>
          <p>O estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como o tamanho amostral reduzido em rela&#231;&#227;o ao inicialmente calculado (1176 para 1059), e a necessidade de substitui&#231;&#227;o de entrevistadores e coletores ocasionando atraso na obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Contudo, o fato de o objetivo e a metodologia assemelharem-se a do estudo realizado em 2002<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, pode-se afirmar que as compara&#231;&#245;es das preval&#234;ncias dos FR estudados entre os estudos refletem sua evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 12 anos. O estudo &#233; in&#233;dito no Brasil e permite a an&#225;lise comparativa de preval&#234;ncias de FR em um estado do sul do pa&#237;s, mostrando que todos os fatores sofreram flutua&#231;&#245;es (para mais ou para menos) nas popula&#231;&#245;es das cidades avaliadas. Nota-se que a popula&#231;&#227;o ga&#250;cha est&#225; adquirindo melhores h&#225;bitos no que diz respeito &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo; entretanto, FR como HAS, dislipidemia, diabetes e obesidade necessitam de cont&#237;nuo esclarecimento. Esses fatores possuem etiologia e fisiopatologia complexas, necessitando medidas preventivas m&#250;ltiplas. Contudo, o estudo constatou que muitos indiv&#237;duos, embora cientes de serem portadores dos FR, n&#227;o procuram recursos ou abandonam o tratamento, tornando essas medidas parcialmente efetivas. &#201; evidente que doen&#231;as t&#227;o complexas, com mecanismos envolvidos ainda desconhecidos, necessitam de medidas terap&#234;uticas n&#227;o medicamentosas e medicamentosas, tanto preventivas quanto curativas. O controle de FR tem alto custo, necessita persist&#234;ncia por parte do paciente e controle m&#233;dico de rotina, com intensos programas de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>As preval&#234;ncias dos FR da DAC continuam altas no RS ap&#243;s 12 anos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As varia&#231;&#245;es (diferen&#231;as) de preval&#234;ncias encontradas entre os dois estudos podem mostrar as tend&#234;ncias e as necessidades de programas preventivos e estrat&#233;gias mais eficazes e eficientes.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Antecedentes familiares, sedentarismo e tabagismo diminu&#237;ram, ao passo que dislipidemias, hipertens&#227;o e obesidade aumentaram na popula&#231;&#227;o do RS.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Mulheres apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia do fator obesidade enquanto homens apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A import&#226;ncia da situa&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica, do grau de instru&#231;&#227;o e da qualidade da alimenta&#231;&#227;o como FR para DCV dever&#227;o ser mais e melhor avaliados em trabalhos futuros mais abrangentes.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Secretaria do Estado do RS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem &#224; equipe que realizou as coletas (sangue e entrevistas), &#224; secret&#225;ria Ludmila Markoski pelo apoio na compila&#231;&#227;o e revis&#227;o dos dados brutos, e a Rubem Kloss pela formata&#231;&#227;o do texto. O estudo foi patrocinado pelo Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, por meio da Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de (Conv&#234;nio n&#186; 027/2013 - Processo 083826-2000/10-3).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
