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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vFfRLCwtJ6DzGpW7zrWzLRd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002500566</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050124</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150124</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Electrocardiographic T-peak to T-end Interval in Subjects with Increased Epicardial Fat Tissue Thickness</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>Ozgur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kurtoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ertugrul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nar</surname>
            <given-names>Gokay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yasar</surname>
            <given-names>Erdogan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gozubuyuk</surname>
            <given-names>Gokhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dogan</surname>
            <given-names>Cem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boz</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet Ugur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hidayet</surname>
            <given-names>S&#305;ho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pekdemir</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">&#304;stanbul Bilim University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#304;stanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; &#304;stanbul Bilim University School of Medicine, &#304;stanbul, Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Istanbul Bilim University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Malatya State Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Malatya State Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Malatya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; Malatya State Hospital, Malatya, Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ahi Evran University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Education And Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">K&#305;rsehir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; Ahi Evran University Education And Research Hospital, K&#305;rsehir,Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Ahi Evran University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">&#304;n&#246;n&#252; University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Malatya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; &#304;n&#246;n&#252; University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">In&#246;n&#252; University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: &#214;zg&#252;r Kaplan</bold> , Istanbul Bilim University Department of Cardiology. Department of Cardiology, &#221;stanbul Bilim University School of Medicine, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey, Sisli &#8211; Istanbul. E-mail: <email>drozgurkaplan@yahoo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Kaplan O, Gozubuyuk G; Acquisition of data and Obtaining financing: Kaplan O, Yasar E, Gozubuyuk G, Dogan C, Boz AU, Hidayet S; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kaplan O, Kurtoglu E, Nar G, Pekdemir H; Writing of the manuscript: Kaplan O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>566</fpage>
      <lpage>572</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The association between periatrial adiposity and atrial arrhythmias has been shown in previous studies. However, there are not enough available data on the association between epicardial fat tissue (EFT) thickness and parameters of ventricular repolarization. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association of EFT thickness with indices of ventricular repolarization by using T-peak to T-end (Tp-e) interval and Tp-e/QT ratio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The present study included 50 patients whose EFT thickness &#8805; 9 mm (group 1) and 40 control subjects with EFT thickness &lt; 9 mm (group 2). Transthoracic echocardiographic examination was performed in all participants. QT parameters, Tp-e intervals and Tp-e/QT ratio were measured from the 12-lead electrocardiogram.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>QTd (41.1 &#177; 2.5 vs 38.6 &#177; 3.2, p &lt; 0.001) and corrected QTd (46.7 &#177; 4.7 vs 43.7 &#177; 4, p = 0.002) were significantly higher in group 1 when compared to group 2. The Tp-e interval (76.5 &#177; 6.3, 70.3 &#177; 6.8, p &lt; 0.001), cTp-e interval (83.1 &#177; 4.3 vs. 76&#177;4.9, p &lt; 0.001), Tp-e/QT (0.20 &#177; 0.02 vs. 0.2 &#177; 0.02, p &lt; 0.001) and Tp-e/QTc ratios (0.2 &#177; 0.01 vs. 0.18 &#177; 0.01, p &lt; 0.001) were increased in group 1 in comparison to group 2. Significant positive correlations were found between EFT thickness and Tp-e interval (r = 0.548, p &lt; 0.001), cTp-e interval (r = 0.259, p = 0.01), and Tp-e/QT (r = 0.662, p &lt; 0.001) and Tp-e/QTc ratios (r = 0.560, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The present study shows that Tp-e and cTp-e interval, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were increased in subjects with increased EFT, which may suggest an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pericardium</kwd>
        <kwd>Adipose Tissue</kwd>
        <kwd>Electracardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Reference Values</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>QT interval (QT), corrected QT interval (QTc), QT dispersion and transmural dispersion of repolarization are generally used for the evaluation of myocardial repolarization. Tp-e, which is the interval between the peak and the end of T wave on electrocardiogram (ECG), is accepted as an index of transmural dispersion of ventricular repolarization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. However, it is affected by variations in heart rate and body weight. Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios have been suggested as more accurate measures for the dispersion of ventricular repolarization compared to others parameters, and are independent from heart rate alterations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Growing evidence has recently suggested that epicardial fat tissue (EFT), a particular form of visceral fat deposited around the heart, may be a new marker of visceral adiposity and an important source of inflammatory mediators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Furthermore, because of the close anatomic proximity to the heart and the absence of fascial boundaries between EFT and the heart, EFT may locally interact with the coronary arteries and myocardium via production of proinflammatory adipokines, which can enhance local inflammation and directly induce myocardial remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have consistently shown an association between EFT and atrial arrhythmia such as atrial fibrillation (AF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. However, there are not enough available data regarding the association between EFT and ventricular arrhythmia. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the possible association between EFT and ventricular repolarization, which is an indicator of ventricular arrhythmia risk.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Participants were recruited among patients admitted to the cardiology department of our hospital for general control. A total of 90 consecutive subjects were included in the present study. The number of the study participants was based on the power analysis. Patients were divided into two groups. The first group (Group 1) consists of subjects with EFT thickness &#8805; 9 mm and the second group (Group 2) consists of subjects with EFT thickness &lt; 9 mm. EFT thickness was chosen according to previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. All patients&#8217; baseline information including age, gender and body mass index (BMI) was recorded and cardiovascular risk factors were determined: hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus, smoking and cardiovascular medication use [angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARB), calcium-channel blockers (CCB), &#946;-blockers, antiarrhythmic agents and statins]. Patients with a documented history of coronary artery disease by coronary angiography or computed tomography angiography, moderate-to-severe valvular heart disease, prior pacemaker implantation, AF, heart failure, chronic lung disease, cerebrovascular disease, hepatic or renal failure (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase &gt; 2-fold normal levels, serum creatinine &gt; 1.5 mg/dL), bundle branch block and atrioventricular conduction abnormalities on ECG, abnormal thyroid function test, abnormal electrolyte values, use of &#946;-blockers, CCBs and antiarrhythmic agents were excluded from the study. ECGs without clearly analyzable Tp-e interval and QT segment were also excluded. All patients were in sinus rhythm and none of them were taking medications affecting QT and Tp-e intervals such as antibiotics, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistaminics and antipsychotics. The study was approved by the local ethics committees and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki, and all subjects gave written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic and Electrocardiographic Examination</title>
        <p>All echocardiographic examinations (Vivid 7 Pro, GE Vingmed, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) were performed in all patients with the 4-Mhz transducer of Vivid 7 pro (GE Vingmed, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA). Interpretation of echocardiographic examinations was performed by two cardiologists who were blinded to ECG measurements of the study population. During echocardiographic examination, 1-lead ECG was recorded continuously, and three consecutive cycles were averaged for every measured parameter. Two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler measurements were performed according to the criteria of the American Society of Echocardiography <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The following two-dimensional echocardiographic parameters were measured: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD, mm), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD, mm), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, %), left atrium (LA) and EFT. The LVEF was estimated using Simpson&#8217;s rule. The EFT was measured according to a previously described and validated method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Briefly, the epicardial fat was identified as the echo-free space between the myocardium outer wall and the pericardium visceral layer and it was measured perpendicularly on the free wall of the right ventricle at the end diastole in the transthoracic parasternal long-axis view in three cardiac cycles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The maximum value at any site was measured and the average of 3 values was calculated.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Measurement of epicardial fat thickness by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. RV: Right ventricle; LV: Left ventricle; Ao: Aorta; LA: Left atrium.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0566-50124-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The 12-lead ECG was performed at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with the subject at rest in the supine position. The resting heart rate was then measured from the ECG data. ECG measurements of QT and Tp-e intervals were performed manually by two different cardiologists, using calipers and a magnifying glass to decrease measurement errors. The cardiologists were blinded to the echocardiographic measurements of the study population. Subjects with U waves on their ECGs were excluded from the study. The average value of three examinations was calculated for each lead. The QT interval was measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave, and corrected for heart rate using the Bazett formula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. The QTd was defined as the difference between the maximum (QTmax) and minimum QT (QTmin) intervals of the 12 leads. The difference between the corrected QTmax (cQTmax) and corrected QTmin (cQTmin) was defined as corrected QTd (cQTd)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The Tp-e was measured in each precordial lead and obtained from the difference between QT interval and QT peak interval; measured from the beginning of the QRS until the peak of the T-wave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). In case of negative or biphasic T waves, QT peak was measured to the nadir of the T-wave. T waves smaller than 1.5 mm in amplitude were not measured. The reported Tp-e value was the maximum obtained by two observers in all precordial leads<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Electrocardiographic parameters measured when assessing the QT interval and Tp-e interval.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0566-50124-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>SPSS 17.0 statistical program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical study. All parametric values were shown as means with standard deviation. Continuous variables were compared between groups using the Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney U test, according to whether normally distributed or not, as tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The chi-square test was used to assess differences between categorical variables. Pearson&#8217;s correlation analysis was used to examine possible associations between EFT and ventricular repolarization parameters. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In all, 102 patients were enrolled in the present study, of which 12 were excluded for reasons such as ECGs without clearly analyzable Tp-e interval and QT segment. Baseline clinical, demographic and echocardiographic parameters of the study participants are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, HT and dyslipidemia were similar between the two groups, as were LVEDD, LVESD, EF, LA diameter, IVS and PW. EFT thickness of Group 1 and 2 were 10.6 &#177; 1.1 and 6.2 &#177; 1.0 mm, respectively (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais, par&#226;metros laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>EFT thickness &#8805; 9 mm (n = 50)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>EFT thickness &lt; 9 mm (n = 40)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">61.6 &#177; 8.6</td>
              <td align="center">62.2 &#177; 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Gender, female/male</td>
              <td align="center">21/29</td>
              <td align="center">19/21</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26(52)</td>
              <td align="center">21(52)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">35(70)</td>
              <td align="center">28(70)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smokers, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15(30)</td>
              <td align="center">12(30)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glucose, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">88.2 &#177; 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">87.6 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TC, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">214.5 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">213 &#177; 20.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglyceride, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">160.2 &#177; 18.7</td>
              <td align="center">162 &#177; 17.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-C, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">136.2 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">135 &#177; 9.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-C, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">38.5 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">38.8 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Statins, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13(26)</td>
              <td align="center">9(22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACEI/ARB, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">23(65)</td>
              <td align="center">14(50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CCB, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13(37)</td>
              <td align="center">15(53)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEDD, mm</td>
              <td align="center">46.4 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">46.8 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVESD, mm</td>
              <td align="center">29.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">29.5 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LA, mm</td>
              <td align="center">35.2 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">34.8 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IVS, mm</td>
              <td align="center">9.8 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">10.0 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PW, mm</td>
              <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 0.6 </td>
              <td align="center">8.9 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0,75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEF, %</td>
              <td align="center">56.1 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">55.7 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EFT thickness, mm</td>
              <td align="center">10.6 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">6.2 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: Body mass index; CCB: Calcium channel blocker; EFT: Epicardial fat tissue; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IVS: Interventricular septum; LA: Left atrium; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEDD: Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD: Left ventricular end-systolic diameter; PW: Posterior wall; TC: Total cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The ECG parameters of the groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. Heart rate was similar between the two groups. The QTmax (p = 0.06), cQTmax (p = 0.01), QTmin (p = 0.03), cQTmin (p = 0.003), QTd (p &lt; 0.001) and cQTd (p = 0.002) were significantly increased in Group 1 in comparison to Group 2. The Tp-e interval (p &lt; 0.001), cTp-e interval (p &lt; 0.001), Tp-e/QT (p &lt; 0.001) and Tp-e/QTc ratios (p &lt; 0.001) were also increased in Group 1 when compared to Group 2. Significant positive correlations were found between EFT thickness and Tp-e interval (r = 0.548, p &lt; 0.001), cTp-e interval (r = 0.259, p = 0.014), and Tp-e/QT (r = 0.662, p &lt; 0.001) and Tp-e/QTc ratios (r = 0.560, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). Reproducibility data for the measurements of EFT thickness, QTmax, QTmin and Tp-e interval in 20 reexamined participants are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Electrocardiographic parameters of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>EFT thickness &#8805; 9 mm</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>EFT thickness &lt; 9 mm</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>HR, (beat/min)</td>
              <td align="center">78.2 &#177; 12.7</td>
              <td align="center">78.7 &#177; 11.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QTmax, (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">357 &#177; 36</td>
              <td align="center">370 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>cQTmax, (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">404 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center">417 &#177; 26.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QTmin, (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">316 &#177; 35</td>
              <td align="center">331 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>cQTmin, (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">357 &#177; 25</td>
              <td align="center">374 &#177; 25</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QTd, (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">41.1 &#177; 2.5</td>
              <td align="center">38.6 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>cQTd, (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">46.7 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">43.7 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tp-e, (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">83.1 &#177; 4.3</td>
              <td align="center">76.0 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>cTp-e, (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">95.1 &#177; 12.0</td>
              <td align="center">86.5 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tp-e/QT</td>
              <td align="center">0.23 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.20 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tp-e/QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.20 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.18 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>HR: Heart rate; QTmax: QTmaximum; cQTmax: Corrected QT maximum; QTmin: QT minimum; cQTmin: Corrected QT minimum; QTd: QT dispersion; cQTd: CorrectedQT dispersion; Tp-e: Transmural dispersion of repolarization; cTp-e: Corrected transmural dispersion of repolarization; EFT: Epicardial fat tissue.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlations between EFT and electrocardiographic parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>EFT thickness</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>R</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Tp-e interval</td>
              <td align="center">0.548</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>cTp-e interval</td>
              <td align="center">0.259</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tp-e/QT</td>
              <td align="center">0.662</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tp-e/QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.560</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>QTc: Corrected QT; EFT: Epicardial fat tissue; Tp-e: Transmural dispersion of repolarization; cTp-e: Corrected transmural dispersion of repolarization.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Reproducibility data for the measurements of echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th/>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Intraobserver (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Interobserver (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>EFT thickness</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QTmax</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QTmin</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tp-e interval</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <p>EFT: Epicardial fat tissue. QTmax: QTmaximum; QTmin: QT minimum; Tp-e: Transmural dispersion of repolarization.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We found that the Tp-e and cTp-e intervals, the Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios, were higher in patient with increased EFT thickness compared with controls. These ECG parameters of ventricular repolarization were also significantly correlated with the EFT thickness. Our finding of increased Tp-e, cTp-e, Tp-e/QT ratio, and Tp-e/QTc ratio in patients with increased EFT is important, as this is the first study evaluating the association between EFT thickness and parameters of ventricular repolarization. Our results may contribute to the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms of increased prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with higher EFT thickness.</p>
      <p>Different echocardiographic studies have adopted different cut-off values for increased EFT. Iacobellis et al showed that EFT values were increased when &gt; 9.5 mm in men and 7.5 mm in women with metabolic syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In addition, the authors adopted EFT values as elevated when &gt; 9.5 mm in men and above 9.5 mm in women with insulin resistance. Natale et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> accepted cut-off values for increased EFT as those higher than 7 mm in men and higher than 7 mm in women with subclinical atherosclerosis. Eroglu et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> adopted different cut-off values for increased EFT, as &gt; 5.2 mm in men and &gt; 5.2 mm in women with coronary artery disease. Pierdomenico et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> disclosed that EFT values were 2.5-7.1 mm in the normal population in a meta-analysis. All study populations have European ethnicity. We established a cutoff value of 9 mm for increased EFT.</p>
      <p>EFT has a smaller adipocyte size but higher rates of fatty acid uptake and secretion than other visceral fat depots<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. However, epicardial fat has some vital benefits, such as serving as a buffer, absorbing fatty acids, and protecting the heart against high fatty acid levels. In addition, it is used as a local energy source at times of high demand by channeling fatty acids to the myocardium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. In fact, the body of evidence shows that epicardial fat is an extremely active organ that secretes several activated pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-&#945;, transforming growth factor-&#946; (TGF-&#946;), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Furthermore, because of its proximity to the heart and its shared blood supply with the coronary arteries, EFT may induce electrical and structural remodeling of the heart, leading to ventricular arrhythmias. In previous studies, it was shown that epicardial fat was associated to heart failure, coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome, HT and AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>A recent study demonstrated that pericardial fat volume was highly associated with paroxysmal and persistent AF regardless of traditional risk factors, including LA enlargement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Furthermore, the Framingham heart study revealed that pericardial fat, but not other fat deposits, was associated with prevalent AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. According to these previous studies we thought that there was an association between EFT and dysrhythmia and then we hypothesized that local interactions between EFT and the adjacent myocardium might cause structural remodeling and, consequently, contribute to the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias. These results suggest that the increase in regional epicardial fat might play an important role in structural remodeling. Although the mechanism underlying the association between increased EFT thickness and ventricular arrhythmias is uncertain, the present data may imply that EFT may contribute to the progression of ventricular remodeling.</p>
      <p>After several studies showed an association between prolonged Tp-e interval and ventricular arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death, this parameter has gained great popularity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. In addition, the Tp-e/QT ratio is considered to be a more sensitive index of arrhythmogenesis compared with the sole use of either the Tp-e or QT intervals, as it is not affected by variations in body weight and heart rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Furthermore, electrophysiological studies showed that a prolonged Tp-e interval was correlated with ventricular tachycardia (VT) induction and the spontaneous occurrence of VT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Moreover, a higher Tp-e/QT ratio has been associated with arrhythmic events in many clinical conditions, such as Brugada syndrome, long-QT syndromes, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>We recognize that our study has limitations that warrant consideration. First, the observational and cross-sectional design does not allow us to infer causation between EFT thickness and ECG parameters. Second, the sample size of the study was relatively small and follow-up was not long enough to detect any ventricular arrhythmias in patients with higher EFT thickness. Thirdly, the cut-off values of EFT thickness between study groups are taken arbitrarily, which may affect statistical results. Nevertheless, our cut-off value of 9 mm was higher than that seen in previous studies assessing EFT in various disease groups <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Lastly, this study may provide knowledge that can be used in large prospective studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Tp-e interval, and Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc ratios were elevated in patients with higher EFT thicknesses, which might imply an indicator of risk of ventricular arrhythmias in this group of patients.</p>
      <p>Institution name and approval number: istanbul bilim university-2014/176.*</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica do Intervalo <italic>Tpeak-Tend</italic> em Indiv&#237;duos com Espessura Aumentada do Tecido Adiposo Epic&#225;rdico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>Ozgur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kurtoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ertugrul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nar</surname>
            <given-names>Gokay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yasar</surname>
            <given-names>Erdogan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gozubuyuk</surname>
            <given-names>Gokhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dogan</surname>
            <given-names>Cem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boz</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet Ugur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hidayet</surname>
            <given-names>S&#305;ho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pekdemir</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">&#304;stanbul Bilim University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#304;stanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; &#304;stanbul Bilim University School of Medicine, &#304;stanbul, Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Istanbul Bilim University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Malatya State Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Malatya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; Malatya State Hospital, Malatya, Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ahi Evran University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Education And Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">K&#305;rsehir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; Ahi Evran University Education And Research Hospital, K&#305;rsehir,Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Ahi Evran University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">&#304;n&#246;n&#252; University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Malatya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; &#304;n&#246;n&#252; University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">In&#246;n&#252; University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: &#214;zg&#252;r Kaplan</bold> , Istanbul Bilim University Department of Cardiology. Department of Cardiology, &#221;stanbul Bilim University School of Medicine, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey, Sisli &#8211; Istanbul. E-mail: <email>drozgurkaplan@yahoo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Kaplan O, Gozubuyuk G; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Kaplan O, Yasar E, Gozubuyuk G, Dogan C, Boz AU, Hidayet S; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kaplan O, Kurtoglu E, Nar G, Pekdemir H; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kaplan O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a adiposidade periatrial e arritmias atriais foi demonstrada em estudos anteriores. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; dados dispon&#237;veis suficientes sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a espessura do tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico (TAE) e par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o da espessura do TAE com &#237;ndices de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular usando o intervalo Tpeak-Tend (Tp-e) e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo incluiu 50 pacientes com espessura do TAE &#8805; 9 mm (grupo 1) e 40 indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle cuja espessura do TAE era &lt; 9 mm (grupo 2). O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico foi realizado em todos os participantes. Os par&#226;metros QT, os intervalos Tp-e e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT foram medidos a partir do eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>QTd (41,1 &#177; 2,5 vs. 38,6 &#177; 3,2, p &lt; 0,001) e QTd corrigido (46,7 &#177; 4,7 vs 43,7 &#177; 4, p = 0,002) foram significativamente maiores no grupo 1 quando comparados com o grupo 2. O intervalo Tp-e (76,5 &#177; 6,3, 70,3 &#177; 6,8, p &lt; 0,001), intervalo cTp-e (83,1 &#177; 4,3 vs. 76 &#177; 4,9, p &lt; 0,001), as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT (0,20 &#177; 0,02 vs. 0,02 &#177; 0,2, p &lt; 0,001) e Tp-e/QTc (0,2 &#177; 0,01 vs. 0,18 &#177; 0,01, p &lt; 0,001) estavam aumentados no grupo 1 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo 2. Correla&#231;&#245;es positivas significativas foram encontrados entre a espessura do TAE e o intervalo Tp-e (r = 0,548, p &lt; 0,001), intervalo cTp-e (r = 0,259, p = 0,01), e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT (r = 0,662, p &lt; 0,001) e Tp-e/QTc (r = 0,560, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo mostra que os intervalos Tp-e e cTp-e, e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc estavam elevados nos indiv&#237;duos com TAE aumentado, o que pode sugerir um maior risco de arritmia ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Peric&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecido Adiposo</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas / etiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Valores de Refer&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O intervalo QT (QT), o intervalo QT corrigido (QTc), a dispers&#227;o do QT e a dispers&#227;o transmural de repolariza&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o geralmente utilizados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. O Tp-e, que &#233; o intervalo de tempo entre o pico e o final da onda T no eletrocardiograma (ECG), &#233; aceito como um &#237;ndice de dispers&#227;o transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. No entanto, ele &#233; afetado por varia&#231;&#245;es na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e peso corporal. As rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc t&#234;m sido sugeridas como medidas mais precisas para a dispers&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros par&#226;metros, e s&#227;o independentes de altera&#231;&#245;es na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias cada vez maiores t&#234;m sugerido recentemente que o tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico (TAE), uma forma particular de gordura visceral depositada ao redor do cora&#231;&#227;o, pode ser um novo marcador de adiposidade visceral e uma fonte importante de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, devido &#224; proximidade anat&#244;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o e a aus&#234;ncia de limites fasciais entre o TAE e o cora&#231;&#227;o, o TAE pode interagir localmente com as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e o mioc&#225;rdio atrav&#233;s da produ&#231;&#227;o de adipocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, que por sua vez podem aumentar a inflama&#231;&#227;o local e induzir diretamente a remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram consistentemente uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o TAE e arritmias atriais, tal como a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; dados dispon&#237;veis suficientes sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o TAE e arritmia ventricular. Por isso, objetivou-se aqui avaliar a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre o TAE e a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, que &#233; um indicador de risco de arritmia ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Os participantes foram recrutados entre pacientes internados no departamento de cardiologia do nosso hospital, para controle geral. Um total de 90 indiv&#237;duos consecutivos foi inclu&#237;do no presente estudo. O n&#250;mero dos participantes do estudo baseou-se na an&#225;lise de pot&#234;ncia. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo (Grupo 1) era composto por indiv&#237;duos com uma espessura do TAE igual ou maior que 9 mm, e o segundo grupo (Grupo 2), por indiv&#237;duos com uma espessura do TAE menor que 9 mm. A espessura do TAE foi escolhida de acordo com estudos anteriores <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Todas as informa&#231;&#245;es basais dos pacientes, incluindo idade, sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foram registradas, e fatores de risco cardiovasculares foram determinados: hipertens&#227;o (HT), diabetes mellitus, tabagismo e uso de medica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular [inibidores da enzima conversora da Angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA), bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio (BCC), &#946;-bloqueadores, agentes antiarr&#237;tmicos e estatinas]. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com hist&#243;rico documentado de doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria atrav&#233;s de angiografia coronariana ou angiografia por tomografia computadorizada, doen&#231;a valvular card&#237;aca moderada a severa, implante pr&#233;vio de marca-passo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, insufici&#234;ncia renal ou hep&#225;tica (n&#237;veis de alanina aminotransferase e aspartato aminotransferase &gt; 2 vezes o normal, creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 1,5 mg/dL), bloqueio completo de ramo e condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular anormal no ECG, teste anormal de fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, valores anormais de eletr&#243;litos, uso de &#946;-bloqueadores, BCCs e agentes antiarr&#237;tmicos. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos ECGs com intervalo Tp-e e segmento QT sem condi&#231;&#245;es claras de an&#225;lise. Todos os pacientes estavam em ritmo sinusal e nenhum deles estava recebendo medicamentos que afetassem os intervalos QT e Tp-e, como antibi&#243;ticos, antidepressivos tric&#237;clicos, anti-histam&#237;nicos e antipsic&#243;ticos. O estudo foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica locais e aderiu &#224; Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, e todos os indiv&#237;duos deram seu consentimento informado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>Todos os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (Vivid 7 Pro, GE Vingmed, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, EUA) foram realizados em todos os pacientes com o transdutor de 4 Mhz da Vivid 7 Pro (GE Vingmed, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, EUA). A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foi realizada por dois cardiologistas cegos para as medidas de ECG da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Durante o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, um ECG de uma deriva&#231;&#227;o foi registrado de forma cont&#237;nua, e tr&#234;s ciclos consecutivos foram calculados para cada par&#226;metro medido. Medidas de Doppler pulsadas e bidimensionais foram realizadas de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Os seguintes par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos bidimensionais foram mensurados: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE, mm), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSFVE, mm), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE, %), &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e TAE. A FEVE foi estimada usando a regra de Simpson. O TAE foi medido de acordo com m&#233;todo previamente descrito e validado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Resumidamente, a gordura epic&#225;rdica foi identificada como sendo o espa&#231;o livre de eco entre a parede externa do mioc&#225;rdio e a camada do peric&#225;rdio visceral, e foi medida perpendicularmente &#224; parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito no final da di&#225;stole, em vista paraesternal transtor&#225;cica do eixo longo em tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). O valor m&#225;ximo em qualquer ponto foi medido e a m&#233;dia de 3 valores foi calculada.</p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medida da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica atrav&#233;s de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional. VD: Ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Ao: Aorta; AE: &#193;trio esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0566-50124-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>O ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado a uma velocidade do papel de 50 mm/s, com o indiv&#237;duo em repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso foi ent&#227;o medida a partir dos dados do ECG. As medidas do ECG dos intervalos QT e Tp-e foram realizadas manualmente por dois cardiologistas diferentes, utilizando paqu&#237;metros e uma lupa para diminuir os erros de mensura&#231;&#227;o. Os cardiologistas estavam cegos para as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Indiv&#237;duos com ondas U em seus ECGs foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. O valor m&#233;dio dos tr&#234;s exames foi calculado para cada deriva&#231;&#227;o. O intervalo QT foi medido do in&#237;cio do complexo QRS at&#233; ao final da onda T, e corrigido para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca usando a formula de Bazett<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. O QTd foi definido como a diferen&#231;a entre os intervalos de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximo (QTmax) e m&#237;nimo (QTmin). A diferen&#231;a entre o QTmax corrigido (cQTmax) e QTmin corrigido (cQTmin) foi definida como QTd corrigida (cQTd)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. O Tp-e foi medido em cada deriva&#231;&#227;o precordial e obtido a partir da diferen&#231;a entre o intervalo QT e o intervalo QT pico, medido do in&#237;cio do complexo QRS at&#233; ao pico da onda T (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). No caso de ondas T negativas ou bif&#225;sicas, o QT pico foi medido at&#233; o nadir da onda T. Ondas T menores do que 1,5 mm de amplitude n&#227;o foram medidas. O valor relatado de Tp-e foi o m&#225;ximo obtido por dois observadores em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos medidos durante avalia&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT e intervalo Tp-e.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0566-50124-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) foi utilizado para o estudo estat&#237;stico. Todos os valores param&#233;tricos foram computados como m&#233;dias com desvio-padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas entre os grupos utilizando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou teste de Mann-Whitney U, de acordo com a ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, tal como avaliado pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado para avaliar diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi usada para examinar poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre TAE e par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No total, 102 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo, dos quais 12 foram exclu&#237;dos por raz&#245;es como ECG com intervalo Tp-e e segmento QT sem condi&#231;&#245;es claras de an&#225;lise. Os par&#226;metros basais cl&#237;nicos, demogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos participantes do estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>. A idade, sexo, IMC, tabagismo, HT e dislipidemia foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos, assim como DDFVE, DSFVE, FE, di&#226;metro do AE, SIV e PP. As espessuras do TAE do Grupo 1 e 2 foram de 10,6 &#177; 1,1 e 6,2 &#177; 1,0 mm, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais, par&#226;metros laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Espessura TAE &#8805; 9 mm (n = 50)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Espessura TAE &lt; 9 mm (n = 40)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">61,6 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">62,2 &#177; 6,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo, feminino/masculino</td>
                <td align="center">21/29</td>
                <td align="center">19/21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC,kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26(52)</td>
                <td align="center">21(52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35(70)</td>
                <td align="center">28(70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumantes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15(30)</td>
                <td align="center">12(30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">88,2 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">87,6 &#177; 6,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">214,5 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">213 &#177; 20,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">160,2 &#177; 18,7</td>
                <td align="center">162 &#177; 17,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">136,2 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 9,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">38,5 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">38,8 &#177; 2,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13(26)</td>
                <td align="center">9(22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23(65)</td>
                <td align="center">14(50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13(37)</td>
                <td align="center">15(53)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDFVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">46,4 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">46,8 &#177; 2,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSFVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">29,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">29,5 &#177; 1,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">35,2 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">34,8 &#177; 2,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SIV, mm</td>
                <td align="center">9,8 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 &#177; 0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PP, mm</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">56,1 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">55,7 &#177; 1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAE espessura, mm</td>
                <td align="center">10,6 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,2 &#177; 1,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>IECA: Inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: Bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; BCC: Bloqueador de canalde c&#225;lcio; TAE: Tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico; HDL-C: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; SIV: Septo interventricular; AE: &#193;trio esquerdo; LDL-C: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixadensidade; DDFVE: Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culoesquerdo; PP: Parede posterior; CT: Colesterol total.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros de ECG dos grupos est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi semelhante entre os dois grupos. O QTmax (p = 0,06), cQTmax (p = 0,01), QT min (p = 0,03), cQTmin (p = 0,003), QTd (p &lt; 0,001) e cQTd (p = 0,002) estavam significativamente elevados no grupo 1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Grupo 2. O intervalo Tp-e (p &lt; 0,001), o intervalo cTp-e (p &lt; 0,001), as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT (p &lt; 0,001) e Tp-e/QTc (p &lt; 0,001) tamb&#233;m estavam elevados no Grupo 1 quando comparados ao Grupo 2. Correla&#231;&#245;es positivas significativas foram encontradas entre a espessura do TAE e o intervalo Tp-e (r = 0,548, p &lt; 0,001), o intervalo cTp-e (r = 0,259, p = 0,014), e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT (r = 0,662, p &lt; 0,001) e Tp-e/QTc (r = 0,560, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>). Dados de reprodutibilidade para as medidas da espessura do TAE, QTmax, QTmin e intervalo Tp-e de 20 participantes reexaminados s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Espessura TAE &#8805; 9 mm</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Espessura TAE &lt; 9 mm</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FC, (bat/min)</td>
                <td align="center">78,2 &#177; 12,7</td>
                <td align="center">78,7 &#177; 11,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTmax, (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">357 &#177; 36</td>
                <td align="center">370 &#177; 26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>cQTmax, (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">404 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">417 &#177; 26,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTmin, (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">316 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">331 &#177; 27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>cQTmin, (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">357 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">374 &#177; 25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTd, (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">41,1 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">38,6 &#177; 3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>cQTd, (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">46,7 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">43,7 &#177; 4,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-e, (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">83,1 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">76,0 &#177; 4,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>cTp-e, (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">95,1 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">86,5 &#177; 8,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-e/QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,23 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 &#177; 0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-e/QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 &#177; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>FC: Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; QTmax: QTm&#225;ximo; cQTmax: QTm&#225;ximo corrigido; QTmin: QTm&#237;nimo; cQTmin: QTm&#237;nimo corrigido; QTd: Dispers&#227;o do QT; cQTd: Dispers&#227;odo QT corrigido; Tp-e: Dispers&#227;o transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o; cTp-e: Dispers&#227;o transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o corrigida; TAE: Tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre TAE e par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Espessura TAE</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>R</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo Tp-e </td>
                <td align="center">0,548</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo cTp-e </td>
                <td align="center">0,259</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-e/QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,662</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-e/QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,560</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn08">
              <p>QTc: QT corrigido; TAE: Tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico; Tp-e: Dispers&#227;o transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o; cTp-e: Dispers&#227;o transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o corrigido.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados de reprodutibilidade para as medidas do ecocardiograma e par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th/>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Intraobservador (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Interobservador (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura TAE</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTmax</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTmin</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo Tp-e</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <p>TAE: Tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico; QTmax: QTm&#225;ximo; QTmin: QTm&#237;nimo; Tp-e: Dispers&#227;o transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Observamos que os intervalos Tp-e e cTp-e, e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc, foram maiores nos pacientes com aumento da espessura do TAE em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles. Esses par&#226;metros de ECG de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular tamb&#233;m estavam correlacionados de forma significativa com a espessura do TAE. O nosso achado de valores elevados do Tp-e, cTp-e, rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT, e rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/ QTc em pacientes com aumento do TAE &#233; importante, uma vez que esse &#233; o primeiro estudo que avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a espessura do TAE e os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os nossos resultados podem contribuir para o conhecimento de mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos de aumento da preval&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares em pacientes com maior espessura do TAE.</p>
        <p>Diferentes estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos t&#234;m adotado diferentes valores de corte para o TAE aumentado. Iacobellis e cols. mostraram que os valores do TAE estavam aumentados acima de 9,5 mm em homens e acima de 7,5 mm de mulheres com s&#237;ndroma metab&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, os autores adotaram como elevados valores do TAE acima de 9,5 mm nos homens, e superior a 9, 5 mil&#237;metros em pacientes mulheres com resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. Natale e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> aceitaram valores de corte para TAE aumentado superiores a 7 mm em homens e acima de 7 mm em mulheres com aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Eroglu e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> adotaram diferentes valores de corte para o TAE aumentado, como &gt; 5,2 mm nos homens e &gt; 5,2 mm de mulheres com doen&#231;as arteriais coronarianas. Pierdomenico e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> mostram valores de TAE de 2,5 a 7,1 mm na popula&#231;&#227;o normal em uma meta-an&#225;lise. Todas as popula&#231;&#245;es dos estudos t&#234;m etnia europeia. Estabelecemos um valor de corte de 9 mm para o TAE aumentado.</p>
        <p>O TAE tem um tamanho menor dos adip&#243;citos, mas apresenta taxas mais elevadas de absor&#231;&#227;o e secre&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos do que outros dep&#243;sitos de gordura visceral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. No entanto, a gordura epic&#225;rdica tem alguns benef&#237;cios importantes, tais como servir como tamp&#227;o, absorvendo &#225;cidos graxos e protegendo o cora&#231;&#227;o contra n&#237;veis altos de &#225;cidos graxos. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; usada como uma fonte de energia local, em momentos de elevada demanda pela canaliza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos para o mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. De fato, as evid&#234;ncias mostram que a gordura epic&#225;rdica &#233; um &#243;rg&#227;o extremamente ativo, que secreta v&#225;rias citoquinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias ativadas, tais como fator de necrose tumoral-&#945;, fator de crescimento transformador-&#946; (TGF-&#946;), e interleucina-6 (IL-6)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, por causa da sua proximidade com o cora&#231;&#227;o e o fornecimento de sangue partilhado com as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, o TAE pode induzir remodela&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e estrutural do cora&#231;&#227;o, levando a arritmias ventriculares. Em estudos anteriores, foi demonstrado que a gordura epic&#225;rdica est&#225; relacionada com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, HT e FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>Um estudo recente demonstrou que o volume de gordura peric&#225;rdica estava significativamente associado com FA parox&#237;stica e persistente, independente dos fatores de risco tradicionais, incluindo aumento do AE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, o Framingham Heart Study revelou que a gordura peric&#225;rdica, mas n&#227;o outros dep&#243;sitos de gordura, estava associada com FA prevalente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Com base nesses estudos anteriores, consideramos que havia uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o TAE e a disritmia, e ent&#227;o criamos a hip&#243;tese de que intera&#231;&#245;es locais entre o TAE e o mioc&#225;rdio adjacente poderiam causar remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural e, consequentemente, contribuir para a g&#234;nese de arritmias ventriculares. Esses resultados sugerem que o aumento da gordura epic&#225;rdica regional pode desempenhar um importante papel na remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural. Embora o mecanismo subjacente &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da espessura do TAE e arritmias ventriculares seja incerto, os dados atuais podem sugerir que o TAE pode contribuir para a progress&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        <p>Depois que v&#225;rios estudos mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o prolongamento do intervalo Tp-e e arritmog&#234;nese ventricular e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, esse par&#226;metro ganhou grande popularidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT &#233; considerada um &#237;ndice mais sens&#237;vel de arritmog&#234;nese em compara&#231;&#227;o com o uso exclusivo dos intervalos Tp-e ou QT, uma vez que ela n&#227;o &#233; afetada por varia&#231;&#245;es no peso corporal e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, os estudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos mostraram que um intervalo Tp-e prolongado estava correlacionado com a indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular (TV) e a ocorr&#234;ncia espont&#226;nea de TV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, uma rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT mais elevada tem sido associada com eventos arr&#237;tmicos em muitas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, tais como a s&#237;ndrome de Brugada, s&#237;ndromes do intervalo QT longo, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, e submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Reconhecemos que o nosso estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es que merecem ser consideradas. Em primeiro lugar, o desenho transversal e observacional n&#227;o nos permite inferir a causalidade entre a espessura do TAE e os par&#226;metros do ECG. Em segundo lugar, o tamanho da amostra do estudo foi relativamente pequeno e n&#227;o houve tempo de acompanhamento suficiente para detectar eventuais arritmias ventriculares em pacientes com maior espessura do TAE. Em terceiro lugar, o valor de corte da espessura do TAE entre os grupos de estudo foi tomado arbitrariamente, o que pode afetar os resultados estat&#237;sticos. No entanto, o nosso valor de corte de 9 mm foi maior do que o valor visto em estudos anteriores que avaliaram o TAE em v&#225;rios grupos de doen&#231;as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Por fim, esse estudo pode fornecer conhecimento que pode ser utilizado em grandes estudos prospectivos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou que o intervalo Tp-e, e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT, e Tp-e/QTc estavam elevados em pacientes com espessuras maiores do TAE, o que pode sugerir um indicador de risco de arritmias ventriculares nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
        <p>Nome e n&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o da Institui&#231;&#227;o: istanbul bilim university-2014/176.*</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
