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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">J4trfFyNYvB89XpMvPJH7Lw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002500560</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050132</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150132</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic Syndrome and Sleepiness in Truck Drivers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio de Padua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos ABS</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leyton</surname>
            <given-names>Vilma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takada</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Yashio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avakian</surname>
            <given-names>Solange Desir&#233;e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre J</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novo</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele C</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Arledson Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mu&#241;oz</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohlfs</surname>
            <given-names>Waldo J C</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; HC - FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Legal, &#201;tica M&#233;dica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Legal, &#201;tica M&#233;dica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho &#8211; FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Departamento da Pol&#237;cia Rodovi&#225;ria Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento da Pol&#237;cia Rodovi&#225;ria Federal, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio de Padua Mansur</bold> , Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC FMUSP Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar &#8211; Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>pmansur@cardiol.br</email>, <email>apmansur@yahoo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Mansur AP, Leyton V, Avakian SD; Acquisition of data: Rocha MABS, Santos AJ, Novo GC, Nascimento AL; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mansur AP, Rocha MABS, Leyton V, Takada JY, Avakian SD, Mu&#241;oz DR, Rohlfs WJC; Statistical analysis: Mansur AP, Takada JY; Writing of the manuscript: Mansur AP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mansur AP, Rocha MABS, Leyton V, Takada JY, Avakian SD, Santos AJ, Novo GC, Nascimento AL, Mu&#241;oz DR, Rohlfs WJC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>560</fpage>
      <lpage>565</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Truck driver sleepiness is a primary cause of vehicle accidents. Several causes are associated with sleepiness in truck drivers. Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with sleep disorders and with primary risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We analyzed the relationship between these conditions and prevalence of sleepiness in truck drivers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We analyzed the major risk factors for CVD, anthropometric data and sleep disorders in 2228 male truck drivers from 148 road stops made by the Federal Highway Police from 2006 to 2011. Alcohol consumption, illicit drugs and overtime working hours were also analyzed. Sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean age was 43.1 &#177; 10.8 years. From 2006 to 2011, an increase in neck (p = 0.011) and abdominal circumference (p &lt; 0.001), total cholesterol (p &lt; 0.001), triglyceride plasma levels (p = 0.014), and sleepiness was observed (p &lt; 0.001). In addition, a reduction in hypertension (39.6% to 25.9%, p &lt; 0.001), alcohol consumption (32% to 23%, p = 0.033) and overtime hours (52.2% to 42.8%, p &lt; 0.001) was found. Linear regression analysis showed that sleepiness correlated closely with body mass index (&#946; = 0.19, Raj2 = 0.659, p = 0.031), abdominal circumference (&#946; = 0.24, Raj2 = 0.826, p = 0.021), hypertension (&#946; = -0.62, Raj2 = 0.901, p = 0.002), and triglycerides (&#946; = 0.34, Raj2 = 0.936, p = 0.022). Linear multiple regression indicated that hypertension (p = 0.008) and abdominal circumference (p = 0.025) are independent variables for sleepiness.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Increased prevalence of sleepiness was associated with major components of the MetS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Stages</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Traffic accidents are an important external cause of death associated with significant social costs. In 2010, Brazil had 320,000 road accidents, of which 35.1% occurred in the Southeastern region and 20.4%, in S&#227;o Paulo State<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Cargo vehicles accounted for over 30% of those accidents, although only 9% of the national vehicle fleet is composed of cargo vehicles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several variables have been shown to associate with car accidents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Connor et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> have shown that drinking alcohol before driving was responsible for approximately 30% of car crash injuries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> A recent meta-analysis has shown nearly 3 times more vehicle crash risk associated with marijuana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Stutts et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> in a population-based case-control study have reported that drivers in sleep-related crashes were more likely to work multiple jobs, night shifts, or other unusual work schedules. Overtime work, a night shift, unusual work schedule, and &#8805; 60 hours per week were associated with sleep-related crashes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Smolensky et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> reviewed the potential contribution of several prevalent medical conditions on sleep disorders and on traffic crash risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are prevalent among truck drivers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> and relate to poor dietary habits and reduced physical activity.</p>
      <p>Obesity was associated with some critical security events. Obese truck drivers of heavy commercial vehicles had a 55% higher risk of crash as compared with those with normal weight<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Obese truck drivers had higher prevalence of fatigue and risk of involvement in vehicle accidents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Obese drivers involved in vehicle accidents also have higher mortality rate as compared with non-obese drivers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Obesity and MetS are closely related conditions. MetS is characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension and metabolic blood alterations, in particular increased blood glucose levels and worsening lipid profiles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Obesity and MetS are strongly associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, which is an important cause of excessive daytime sleepiness in truck drivers and an important factor associated with accidents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>This study analyzed the associations of cardiovascular risk factors, alcohol, and illicit drugs with sleepiness and vehicle accidents.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional survey on the major cardiovascular risk factors and sleep disorders in 2228 male truck drivers from 148 road stops made by the Federal Highway Police from 2006 to 2011 during the &#8220;Commands of Health&#8221; program directed to the health of truck drivers carried out once a year on a specific day.</p>
      <p>The program is conducted throughout the national territory. Truck drivers were invited to participate and accepting demographic and laboratory data were collected. The response rate was almost 100%. Rare drivers (&lt; 0.5%) refused to participate in the program. All drivers in the study were individual cases, and the likelihood of including the same driver twice in the study was zero.</p>
      <p>The interview was conducted and anthropometric data collected by students of nursing or other professions related to human health under the supervision of graduate nurses by using a standard questionnaire. Point&#8209;of&#8209;care testing was used to analyze the serum levels of glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The demographic data analyzed included personal (age, sex, marital status, ethnicity, educational level, socioeconomic class, neck and abdominal circumferences, and body fat) and occupational information (type of employment, length of daily working hours, driving hours, and sleepiness), as well as self-reported drug use. Amphetamines, marijuana, cocaine and benzodiazepines were the drugs questioned to drivers.</p>
      <p>The following cardiovascular risk factors were assessed: smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle and obesity. The percentage of body fat was calculated using the formula: % of body fat = 495/(1.0324-0.19077(log(waist-neck))+0.15456(log(height)))-450 (log10)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Neck, abdominal, and waist circumferences above normal limits were defined as values &#8805; 40 cm, &#8805; 102 cm, and &#8805; 109 cm, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The obesity risk factor was defined according to body mass index (BMI) (kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>), using the following scale: normal (BMI &#8805; 18.5 to &lt; 25), overweight (BMI &#8805; 25 to &lt; 30) and obese (BMI &#8805; 30)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Smokers were classified as current versus non-current smokers. Hypertension was diagnosed when systolic blood pressure &gt; 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure &gt; 90 mmHg, or if antihypertensive medication was being used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed in individuals with total cholesterol &#8805; 240 mg/dL, triglycerides &#8805; 200 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol &#8805; 130 mg/dL or in individuals using lipid-lowering medications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Diabetes was diagnosed in individuals with fasting glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL or casual plasma glucose &#8805; 200 mg/dL as well as in individuals receiving hypoglycemic medications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Sedentary lifestyle was diagnosed qualitatively by self-reported absence or presence of any additional leisure physical activity unrelated to regular working hours.</p>
      <p>Sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale with a cutoff score &gt; 10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>The Ethics Committee of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School approved this study (research protocol n&#176;539/13).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Comparison of percentages and linear regression analysis were used for the statistical analysis of each variable (BMI, diabetes, hypertension, overtime, illicit drugs, alcohol, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, sleepiness, waist circumference, body fat, and triglycerides). All variables were dichotomized and analyzed as a percentage of the presence of the altered variable for each year. Using sleepiness as the dependent variable, linear multivariate regression analyses were performed using diabetes, illicit drug and alcohol use, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and abdominal circumference as independent variables. The same analysis was made for vehicle accidents as the dependent variable and diabetes, illicit drug and alcohol use, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, sleepiness, and abdominal circumference as independent variables. The significance level adopted for the statistical tests was 5% (p &lt; 0.05). The statistical analyses were performed using the SAS program for Windows (Statistical Analysis System version 9.2, SAS Institute Inc., 1989-1996, Cary, NC, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The clinical and laboratory data of 2228 truck drivers from road stops conducted by the Federal Highway Police from 2006 to 2011 are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The mean age was 43.1 &#177; 10.8 years. From 2006 to 2011, an increase in neck (7.5% to 13.9%, p = 0.011) and abdominal circumferences (19.8% to 52.8%, p &lt; 0.001), total cholesterol (4.4% to 13.7%, p &lt; 0.001), triglyceride plasma levels (25.8% to 39.1%, p = 0.014), and sleepiness (4.9% to 14.7%, p &lt; 0.001) was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). In addition, a reduction in hypertension (39.6% to 25.9%, p &lt; 0.001), alcohol consumption (32% to 23%, p = 0.033) and overtime hours worked (52.2% to 42.8%, p &lt; 0.001) was also observed. The data obtained regarding body fat (56.1% to 62.4%, p = 0.395), smoking (20.3% to 17.7%, p = 0.192), hyperglycemia (14.9% to 11%, p = 0.267), and illicit drug use (5.5% to 8.1%, p = 0.127) were similar to the data analyzed from previous years. The linear regression analysis showed that sleepiness was closely correlated with BMI (&#946; = 0.19, Raj2 = 0.659, p = 0.031), abdominal circumference (&#946; = 0.24, Raj2 = 0.826, p = 0.021), hypertension (&#946; = -0.62, Raj2 = 0.901, p = 0.002), triglycerides (&#946; = 0.34, Raj2 = 0.936, p = 0.022). Vehicle accidents showed correlation with only BMI (&#946; = 0.21, Raj2 = 0.807, p = 0.024). Linear multiple regression indicated that hypertension (p = 0.008) and abdominal circumference (p = 0.025) are independent variables for sleepiness, and no independent variable was found for vehicle accidents.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and laboratory data of truck drivers from road stops conducted by the Federal Highway Police from 2006 to 2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Year</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2011</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2010</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2009</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2008</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2007</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2006</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of police road stops</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median number of drivers</td>
              <td align="center">425</td>
              <td align="center">294.5</td>
              <td align="center">300</td>
              <td align="center">323.1</td>
              <td align="center">236.9</td>
              <td align="center">648.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (&gt; 25 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)(%)</td>
              <td align="center">64.5</td>
              <td align="center">63.8</td>
              <td align="center">64.9</td>
              <td align="center">65.5</td>
              <td align="center">55.2</td>
              <td align="center">58.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neck circumference (&#8805; 40 cm)(%)</td>
              <td align="center">13.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">13.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abdominal circumference (&#8805; 102 cm) (%)</td>
              <td align="center">52.8</td>
              <td align="center">50.3</td>
              <td align="center">49.8</td>
              <td align="center">43.8</td>
              <td align="center">19.8</td>
              <td align="center">52.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">11.9</td>
              <td align="center">10.1</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">14.9</td>
              <td align="center">14.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">25.9</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">27.7</td>
              <td align="center">36.3</td>
              <td align="center">39.6</td>
              <td align="center">36.3*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overtime hours (&gt; 8h) (%)</td>
              <td align="center">42.8</td>
              <td align="center">43.4</td>
              <td align="center">20.9</td>
              <td align="center">28.7</td>
              <td align="center">52.2</td>
              <td align="center">49.9*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Illicit drug use (% yes)</td>
              <td align="center">8.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol (% yes)</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">30.9</td>
              <td align="center">24.2</td>
              <td align="center">30.3</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">36.6*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (% yes)</td>
              <td align="center">17.7</td>
              <td align="center">19.6</td>
              <td align="center">18.4</td>
              <td align="center">20.5</td>
              <td align="center">20.3</td>
              <td align="center">19.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypercholesterolemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13.7</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
              <td align="center">8.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">13.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.4*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sleepiness (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14.7</td>
              <td align="center">14.8</td>
              <td align="center">13.6</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.9*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (&gt; 109 cm) (%)</td>
              <td align="center">52.8</td>
              <td align="center">50.3</td>
              <td align="center">49.8</td>
              <td align="center">43.8</td>
              <td align="center">19.8</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body fat (%)</td>
              <td align="center">62.4</td>
              <td align="center">60.6</td>
              <td align="center">63.8</td>
              <td align="center">56.1</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertriglyceridemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">39.1</td>
              <td align="center">39.6</td>
              <td align="center">33.4</td>
              <td align="center">25.8*</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cargo vehicles accidents (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15.1</td>
              <td align="center">16.1</td>
              <td align="center">16.6</td>
              <td align="center">17.4</td>
              <td align="center">12.9</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>NA: Not applicable.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Linear regression results of the variables from 2006/2007 to 2011.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0560-50132-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our study showed that increased sleepiness was associated with the major components of the MetS. Increased abdominal circumference and hypertension were independently associated with sleepiness. It is well known that our population is becoming increasingly obese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, and based on data from our study we observed the same trend in truck drivers. Weight gain is often associated with some degree of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and, thus, MetS.</p>
      <p>Recently, Hirata et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> found an increased prevalence of hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia in bus drivers. These findings were related to lifestyle, such as poor dietary habits and low physical activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Sleepiness in these subjects may be related to some factors, such as overtime work, poor sleep quality, illicit drug and alcohol intake and obesity. Overtime work accounted for approximately 22% of road accidents and associated with higher mortality rate as compared with other causes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Nevertheless, in our study, overtime work remained constant during the study period.</p>
      <p>Alcohol intake and illicit drugs are known to be two important factors associated with sleepiness. We observed a reduction in the percentage of alcohol consumption in our truck drivers and the percentage of illicit drug use remained unchanged during the period analyzed suggesting minor, if any, influence of these variables on the expressive increase of sleepiness in our study. Poor sleep quality and obesity are closely related.</p>
      <p>It is well known that drowsiness results from OSA, an important factor in this obese population and in subjects with MetS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>Moreno et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> used the Berlin Questionnaire to show that smoking and drug use are independent variables associated with increased risk for OSA in our truck driver population. A low risk for OSA was associated with some degree of exercise.</p>
      <p>Another study on Brazilian truck drivers indicated that less than 8 hours of daily sleep, age &gt; 40 years, glucose levels &gt; 200 mg/dL, cholesterol levels &gt; 240 mg/dL, snoring, and hypertension are independent factors associated with obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Some of these factors are components of the MetS. Xie et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> also showed that a BMI &#8805; 30, hypertension, and diabetes are independently associated with OSA in commercial motor vehicle drivers. In our study, central obesity and hypertension are associated with sleepiness. These changes are likely related to the poor dietary habits, due to the high-calorie meals consumed by truck drivers at highway restaurants, and the lack of physical activity, consequent to overtime work. Nevertheless, the number of car accidents did not change during the study period. This finding may be the result of some improvements to the infrastructure and logistics of the transport system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. However, improvements to truck drivers&#8217; health may have an important impact on cargo vehicle accidents.</p>
      <p>A recent health survey of U.S. long-haul truck drivers showed that 83.4% were overweight/obese, 57.9% experienced sleep disturbances, and approximately 40% reported cardiovascular disease concerns<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. An additional study of long-haul truck drivers indicated increased cardiovascular disease mortality in those drivers younger than 55 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. This is a key age group in our truck driver population. The incidence of cardiovascular disease in men has significantly increased from that age onward. Therefore, this is a key group for implementing preventive interventions.</p>
      <p>The main limitation of this ecological study was that we performed the statistical analysis based on a percent of the yearly grouped variable instead of the individual subject data. Because we used the percent data indicative of the presence or absence of a particular variable, we could not quantify the intensity of each variable. Other study limitations were: accuracy of point-of-care testing used to analyze the serum levels of glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol. A common problem in studies with this design is the reverse causality that can mask the effects of some investigated associations. Residual confounding and selection bias are variables that may have influenced our results.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Increased sleepiness was associated with the major components of the MetS. The implementation of preventive measures, such as improvement in eating habits and physical activity, regular working times, and better working conditions, may reduce cardiovascular disease in this population. Lifestyle changes and cardiovascular risk factor control may reduce sleepiness and consequently decrease cargo vehicle accidents.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>To the Department of Legal Medicine, Medical Ethics, Social and Labour Medicine of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School for funding English language editing of the manuscript, and to the Federal Highway Police Department for data acquisition.</p>
    </ack>
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      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Departamento da Pol&#237;cia Rodovi&#225;ria Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento da Pol&#237;cia Rodovi&#225;ria Federal, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio de Padua Mansur</bold> , Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC FMUSP Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar &#8211; CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>pmansur@cardiol.br</email>, <email>apmansur@yahoo.com</email>
					</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mansur AP, Leyton V, Avakian SD; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rocha MABS, Santos AJ, Novo GC, Nascimento AL; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mansur AP, Rocha MABS, Leyton V, Takada JY, Avakian SD, Mu&#241;oz DR, Rohlfs WJC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mansur AP, Takada JY; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mansur AP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mansur AP, Rocha MABS, Leyton V, Takada JY, Avakian SD, Santos AJ, Novo GC, Nascimento AL, Mu&#241;oz DR, Rohlfs WJC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A sonol&#234;ncia de motoristas de caminh&#227;o, que pode resultar de diferentes causas, &#233; a principal causa de acidentes com ve&#237;culos. Obesidade e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SMet) est&#227;o associadas a dist&#250;rbios do sono e fatores de risco prim&#225;rios para doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV). Este estudo verificou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas condi&#231;&#245;es e a preval&#234;ncia de sonol&#234;ncia em motoristas de caminh&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo analisou os principais fatores de risco para DCV, dados antropom&#233;tricos e dist&#250;rbios do sono em 2.228 motoristas de caminh&#227;o do sexo masculino a partir de informa&#231;&#227;o coletada de 148 paradas efetuadas em rodovias pela Pol&#237;cia Rodovi&#225;ria Federal entre 2006 e 2011. Consumo de &#225;lcool e de drogas il&#237;citas e excesso de horas trabalhadas tamb&#233;m foram analisados. Sonol&#234;ncia foi avaliada com a Escala de Sonol&#234;ncia de Epworth.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 43,1 &#177; 10,8 anos. De 2006 a 2011, observou-se aumento de: circunfer&#234;ncias cervical (p = 0,011) e abdominal (p &lt; 0,001); colesterol total (p &lt; 0,001); n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglicer&#237;deos (p = 0,014); sonol&#234;ncia (p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, houve redu&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o (de 39,6% para 25,9%, p &lt; 0,001), consumo de &#225;lcool (de 32% para 23%, p = 0,033) e excesso de horas trabalhadas (de 52,2% para 42,8%, p &lt; 0,001). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o &#237;ntima de sonol&#234;ncia com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (&#946; = 0,19, Raj2 = 0,659, p = 0,031), circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (&#946; = 0,24, Raj2 = 0,826, p = 0,021), hipertens&#227;o (&#946; = -0,62, Raj2 = 0,901, p = 0,002) e triglicer&#237;deos (&#946; = 0,34, Raj2 = 0,936, p = 0,022). Regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla indicou que hipertens&#227;o (p = 0,008) e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (p = 0,025) s&#227;o vari&#225;veis independentes para sonol&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Elevada preval&#234;ncia de sonol&#234;ncia foi associada com os principais componentes da SMet.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fases do Sono</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os acidentes de tr&#226;nsito s&#227;o uma importante causa externa de morte, estando associados a significativos custos sociais. Em 2010, ocorreram no Brasil 320 mil acidentes rodovi&#225;rios, 35,1% dos quais na regi&#227;o sudeste, sendo 20,4% no estado de S&#227;o Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Os ve&#237;culos de carga foram respons&#225;veis por mais de 30% desses acidentes, embora tais ve&#237;culos representem apenas 9% da frota nacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>In&#250;meras vari&#225;veis mostraram-se associadas a acidentes de carro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Connor e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> relataram que o consumo de &#225;lcool antes de dirigir foi respons&#225;vel por cerca de 30% das les&#245;es em colis&#245;es de ve&#237;culos. Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente mostrou que o consumo de maconha quase triplicou o risco de colis&#227;o de ve&#237;culo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Em um estudo caso-controle de base populacional, Stutts e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> relataram que motoristas envolvidos em colis&#245;es relacionadas a priva&#231;&#227;o de sono tinham maior probabilidade de trabalhar em m&#250;ltiplos empregos, no turno da noite ou em jornadas n&#227;o usuais. O excesso de horas trabalhadas, o turno da noite, uma jornada de trabalho n&#227;o usual ou &#8805; 60 horas por semana foram associadas a colis&#245;es relacionadas &#224; priva&#231;&#227;o de sono<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Smolensky e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> revisaram a contribui&#231;&#227;o potencial de v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas para os dist&#250;rbios do sono e para o risco de colis&#227;o no tr&#226;nsito. Obesidade e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SMet) s&#227;o prevalentes entre motoristas de caminh&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> e relacionam&#8209;se a maus h&#225;bitos alimentares e a reduzida atividade f&#237;sica. Obesidade foi associada a alguns eventos cr&#237;ticos de seguran&#231;a. Motoristas obesos de ve&#237;culo comercial pesado apresentam risco de colis&#227;o 55% maior se comparado aos de peso normal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Motoristas obesos de caminh&#227;o apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de fadiga e risco de envolvimento em acidentes de ve&#237;culos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Motoristas obesos envolvidos em acidentes de ve&#237;culos tamb&#233;m apresentam maior taxa de mortalidade quando comparados a motoristas n&#227;o obesos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Obesidade e SMet s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es intimamente relacionadas. A SMet caracteriza-se por obesidade abdominal, hipertens&#227;o e altera&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas metab&#243;licas, em particular eleva&#231;&#227;o da glicemia e piora do perfil lip&#237;dico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Obesidade e SMet acham-se fortemente associadas com apneia do sono obstrutiva (ASO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, que &#233; uma importante causa de excessiva sonol&#234;ncia diurna em motoristas de caminh&#227;o e ainda um importante fator associado a acidentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este estudo analisou as associa&#231;&#245;es de fatores de risco cardiovascular, &#225;lcool e drogas il&#237;citas com sonol&#234;ncia e acidentes de tr&#226;nsito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal sobre os principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular e dist&#250;rbios do sono realizado com 2.228 motoristas de caminh&#227;o do sexo masculino a partir de informa&#231;&#227;o obtida em 148 paradas efetuadas em rodovias pela Pol&#237;cia Rodovi&#225;ria Federal entre 2006 e 2011, durante o programa &#8220;Comandos de Sa&#250;de&#8221; direcionado &#224; sa&#250;de de motoristas de caminh&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Tal programa &#233; realizado uma vez ao ano, em um dia espec&#237;fico, em todo o territ&#243;rio nacional. Os motoristas de caminh&#227;o foram convidados a participar, tendo-se coletado os dados demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais daqueles que aceitaram. A taxa de resposta foi de quase 100%, tendo poucos (&lt; 0,5%) se recusado a participar do programa. Todos os motoristas do estudo foram casos individuais, sendo a probabilidade de inclus&#227;o do mesmo indiv&#237;duo duas vezes no estudo igual a zero.</p>
        <p>A entrevista foi conduzida e os dados antropom&#233;tricos coletados por estudantes de enfermagem ou de outras profiss&#245;es relacionadas &#224; sa&#250;de humana sob a supervis&#227;o de enfermeiras graduadas, usando-se um question&#225;rio padr&#227;o. Utilizaram-se testes r&#225;pidos (em ingl&#234;s, <italic>point-of-care testing</italic>) para medir os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose, triglicer&#237;deos e colesterol total. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos analisados foram: pessoais (idade, sexo, estado civil, etnia, n&#237;vel educacional e socioecon&#244;mico, circunfer&#234;ncias cervical e abdominal e gordura corporal); ocupacionais (tipo de emprego, n&#250;mero de horas trabalhadas por dia, n&#250;mero de horas dirigidas por dia e sonol&#234;ncia); e autorrelato sobre consumo de drogas. Os motoristas foram sondados quanto ao uso de anfetamina, maconha, coca&#237;na e benzodiazep&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>Os seguintes fatores de risco cardiovascular foram avaliados: tabagismo, dislipidemia, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio e obesidade. A porcentagem de gordura corporal foi calculada usando-se a f&#243;rmula: % de gordura corporal = 495/(1,0324-0,19077(log(cintura-pesco&#231;o))+ 0,15456(log(altura)))-450 (log10)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Circunfer&#234;ncias do pesco&#231;o, abdome e cintura acima do limite normal foram definidas como &#8805; 40 cm, &#8805; 102 cm e &#8805; 109 cm, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Obesidade foi definida de acordo com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) (kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>) como se segue: peso normal (IMC &#8805; 18,5 e &lt; 25), sobrepeso (IMC &#8805; 25 e &lt; 30) e obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Tabagismo foi classificado em atual <italic>versus</italic> passado. Diagnosticou-se hipertens&#227;o quando a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 140 mmHg, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &gt; 90 mmHg, ou quando do uso de anti-hipertensivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Diagnosticou-se dislipidemia em indiv&#237;duos com colesterol total &#8805; 240 mg/dL, triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 200 mg/dL, colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) &#8805; 130 mg/dL, ou quando do uso de hipolipemiantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Diagnosticou-se diabetes em indiv&#237;duos com glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL ou glicemia casual &#8805; 200 mg/dL, assim como em indiv&#237;duos em uso de hipoglicemiantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. O estilo de vida foi avaliado de maneira qualitativa e considerado sedent&#225;rio atrav&#233;s do autorrelato de aus&#234;ncia de qualquer atividade f&#237;sica adicional n&#227;o relacionada &#224; jornada de trabalho regular.</p>
        <p>A Escala de Sonol&#234;ncia de Epworth foi usada para avaliar sonol&#234;ncia, com um ponto de corte &gt; 10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo aprovou este estudo (protocolo n&#176;539/13).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o de porcentagens e regress&#227;o linear foram usadas para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de cada vari&#225;vel (IMC, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, excesso de horas trabalhadas, drogas il&#237;citas, &#225;lcool, tabagismo, hipercolesterolemia, sonol&#234;ncia, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, gordura corporal e triglicer&#237;deos). Todas as vari&#225;veis foram dicotomizadas e analisadas como uma porcentagem da presen&#231;a da vari&#225;vel alterada por cada ano. Tendo sonol&#234;ncia como a vari&#225;vel dependente, realizaram-se an&#225;lises multivariadas de regress&#227;o linear com as seguintes vari&#225;veis independentes: diabetes; consumo de drogas il&#237;citas e &#225;lcool; hipercolesterolemia; hipertrigliceridemia; e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. A mesma an&#225;lise foi feita para acidente de tr&#226;nsito como vari&#225;vel dependente e as seguintes vari&#225;veis independentes: diabetes; consumo de drogas il&#237;citas e &#225;lcool; hipercolesterolemia; hipertrigliceridemia; sonol&#234;ncia e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o programa SAS (Statistical Analysis System, SAS Institute Inc., 1989-1996, Cary, NC, EUSA) para Windows, vers&#227;o 9.2.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais de 2.228 motoristas de caminh&#227;o obtidos a partir de paradas realizadas pela Pol&#237;cia Rodovi&#225;ria Federal durante o programa &#8220;Comandos de Sa&#250;de&#8221; de 2006 a 2011. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 43,1 &#177; 10,8 anos. No per&#237;odo estudado, as seguintes vari&#225;veis aumentaram: circunfer&#234;ncias cervical (de 7,5% para 13,9%, p = 0,011) e abdominal (de 19,8% para 52,8%, p &lt; 0,001); colesterol total (de 4,4% para 13,7%, p &lt; 0,001); triglicer&#237;deos (de 25,8% para 39,1%, p = 0,014); e sonol&#234;ncia (de 4,9% para 14,7%, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o nas seguintes vari&#225;veis: hipertens&#227;o (de 39,6% para 25,9%, p &lt; 0,001); consumo de &#225;lcool (de 32% para 23%, p = 0,033); e excesso de horas trabalhadas (de 52,2% para 42,8%, p &lt; 0,001). As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram semelhantes &#224;s dos anos anteriores: gordura corporal (de 56,1% para 62,4%, p = 0,395); tabagismo (de 20,3% para 17,7%, p = 0,192); hiperglicemia (de 14,9% para 11%, p = 0,267); e consumo de drogas il&#237;citas (de 5,5% para 8,1%, p = 0,127). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o &#237;ntima de sonol&#234;ncia com as seguintes vari&#225;veis: IMC (&#946; = 0,19, Raj2 = 0,659, p = 0,031); circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (&#946; = 0,24, Raj2 = 0,826, p = 0,021); hipertens&#227;o (&#946; = -0,62, Raj2 = 0,901, p = 0,002); e triglicer&#237;deos (&#946; = 0,34, Raj2 = 0,936, p = 0,022). A vari&#225;vel acidente de tr&#226;nsito mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o apenas com IMC (&#946; = 0,21, Raj2 = 0,807, p = 0,024). A regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para sonol&#234;ncia identificou hipertens&#227;o (p = 0,008) e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (p = 0,025) como vari&#225;veis independentes; para acidente de tr&#226;nsito, no entanto, preditores independentes n&#227;o foram identificados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais de motoristas de caminh&#227;o obtidos a partir de paradas nas rodovias realizadas pela Pol&#237;cia Rodovi&#225;ria Federal de 2006 a 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Ano</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2011</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2010</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2009</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2008</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2007</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2006</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de paradas em rodovias</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero m&#233;dio de motoristas</td>
                <td align="center">425</td>
                <td align="center">294,5</td>
                <td align="center">300</td>
                <td align="center">323,1</td>
                <td align="center">236,9</td>
                <td align="center">648,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (&gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64,5</td>
                <td align="center">63,8</td>
                <td align="center">64,9</td>
                <td align="center">65,5</td>
                <td align="center">55,2</td>
                <td align="center">58,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia cervical (&#8805; 40 cm) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (&#8805; 102 cm) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52,8</td>
                <td align="center">50,3</td>
                <td align="center">49,8</td>
                <td align="center">43,8</td>
                <td align="center">19,8</td>
                <td align="center">52,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">11,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">14,9</td>
                <td align="center">14,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25,9</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">27,7</td>
                <td align="center">36,3</td>
                <td align="center">39,6</td>
                <td align="center">36,3*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Horas trabalhadas em excesso (&gt; 8h) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42,8</td>
                <td align="center">43,4</td>
                <td align="center">20,9</td>
                <td align="center">28,7</td>
                <td align="center">52,2</td>
                <td align="center">49,9*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de drogas il&#237;citas (% sim)</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;lcool (% sim)</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">30,9</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td align="center">30,3</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">36,6*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (% sim)</td>
                <td align="center">17,7</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,4</td>
                <td align="center">20,5</td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
                <td align="center">19,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipercolesterolemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,4*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sonol&#234;ncia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14,7</td>
                <td align="center">14,8</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,9*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (&gt; 109 cm) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52,8</td>
                <td align="center">50,3</td>
                <td align="center">49,8</td>
                <td align="center">43,8</td>
                <td align="center">19,8</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gordura corporal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62,4</td>
                <td align="center">60,6</td>
                <td align="center">63,8</td>
                <td align="center">56,1</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertrigliceridemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39,1</td>
                <td align="center">39,6</td>
                <td align="center">33,4</td>
                <td align="center">25,8*</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidentes com ve&#237;culos de carga (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15,1</td>
                <td align="center">16,1</td>
                <td align="center">16,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,4</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>NA: N&#227;o aplic&#225;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados da regress&#227;o linear das vari&#225;veis de 2006/2007 a 2011.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-06-0560-50132-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostrou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento de sonol&#234;ncia e os principais componentes da SMet. Aumento da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e hipertens&#227;o associaram-se de modo independente a sonol&#234;ncia. Sabe-se que nossa popula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; se tornando cada vez mais obesa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, e, segundo nosso estudo, a mesma tend&#234;ncia &#233; observada entre os motoristas de caminh&#227;o. O ganho de peso acha-se em geral associado com algum grau de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia, e, portanto, com SMet.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, Hirata e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> relataram um aumento da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, obesidade, hiperlipidemia e hiperglicemia em motoristas de &#244;nibus. Tais achados foram relacionados ao estilo de vida, como maus h&#225;bitos alimentares e reduzida atividade f&#237;sica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. A sonol&#234;ncia nesses indiv&#237;duos pode estar relacionada a fatores, como excesso de horas de trabalho, m&#225; qualidade de sono, consumo de drogas il&#237;citas e &#225;lcool, e obesidade. Excesso de horas de trabalho foi respons&#225;vel por 22% dos acidentes rodovi&#225;rios, estando associado a maior taxa de mortalidade quando comparado a outras causas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. No nosso estudo, entretanto, o excesso de horas de trabalho permaneceu constante.</p>
        <p>O consumo de &#225;lcool e drogas il&#237;citas &#233; conhecido como importante fator associado a sonol&#234;ncia. Observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o na porcentagem de consumo de &#225;lcool nos nossos motoristas de caminh&#227;o, tendo a porcentagem do consumo de drogas il&#237;citas permanecido constante durante o per&#237;odo analisado, sugerindo uma influ&#234;ncia menor, se &#233; que existe alguma, dessas vari&#225;veis no expressivo aumento de sonol&#234;ncia no nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>M&#225; qualidade de sono e obesidade acham-se intimamente relacionadas. Sabe&#8209;se que sonol&#234;ncia resulta de ASO, um importante fator nessa popula&#231;&#227;o obesa e em indiv&#237;duos com SMet<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Moreno e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> valeram-se do Question&#225;rio de Berlim para mostrar que tabagismo e consumo de drogas s&#227;o vari&#225;veis independentes associadas com o aumento do risco para ASO na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de motoristas de caminh&#227;o. Baixo risco para ASO est&#225; associado com algum grau de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Outro estudo com motoristas de caminh&#227;o brasileiros indicou que menos de 8 horas di&#225;rias de sono, idade &gt; 40 anos, glicemia &gt; 200 mg/dL, n&#237;veis de colesterol &gt; 240 mg/dL, ronco e hipertens&#227;o s&#227;o fatores independentes associados com obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Alguns desses fatores s&#227;o componentes da SMet. Xie e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> tamb&#233;m mostraram que IMC &#8805; 30, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes acham-se independentemente associados com ASO em motoristas de ve&#237;culos comerciais motorizados. No nosso estudo, obesidade central e hipertens&#227;o est&#227;o associados com sonol&#234;ncia. &#201; prov&#225;vel que tais altera&#231;&#245;es estejam relacionadas aos maus h&#225;bitos alimentares, devidos &#224;s refei&#231;&#245;es altamente cal&#243;ricas consumidas pelos motoristas de caminh&#227;o nos restaurantes rodovi&#225;rios, e &#224; falta de atividade f&#237;sica consequente ao excesso de horas trabalhadas. Entretanto, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de acidentes de tr&#226;nsito durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Esse achado pode resultar de algumas melhorias na infraestrutura e log&#237;stica do sistema de transporte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Entretanto, as melhorias para a sa&#250;de de motoristas de caminh&#227;o podem ter um importante impacto nos acidentes de ve&#237;culos de carga.</p>
        <p>Uma recente pesquisa sobre a sa&#250;de desses motoristas interestaduais nos EUA mostrou que 83,4% deles apresentavam sobrepeso/obesidade, 57,9% tinham dist&#250;rbios do sono e cerca de 40% relatavam preocupa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Um outro estudo sobre motoristas de caminh&#227;o interestaduais nos EUA indicou aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular naqueles com idade inferior a 55 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Essa &#233; uma faixa et&#225;ria importante na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de motoristas de caminh&#227;o. A incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular em homens aumentou significativamente a partir daquela idade. Logo, trata-se de um grupo importante para a implementa&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas.</p>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi que a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica baseou&#8209;se em uma porcentagem da vari&#225;vel agrupada por ano em lugar de basear-se em dados individuais. Como usamos uma porcentagem de dados indicativos de presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de certa vari&#225;vel, n&#227;o podemos quantificar a intensidade de cada vari&#225;vel. Outras limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo: acur&#225;cia dos testes r&#225;pidos usados para medir os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose, triglicer&#237;deos e colesterol total. Um problema comum nos estudos com este <italic>design</italic> &#233; a causalidade reversa que pode mascarar os efeitos de algumas associa&#231;&#245;es investigadas. Confundimento residual e vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o podem ter influenciado os resultados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Aumento de sonol&#234;ncia foi associado aos principais componentes da SMet. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas, como melhora dos h&#225;bitos alimentares e atividade f&#237;sica, horas de trabalho regulares e melhores condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho, pode reduzir as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular podem reduzir a sonol&#234;ncia e, portanto, diminuir os acidentes com ve&#237;culos de carga.</p>
        <p>Ao Departamento de Medicina Legal, &#201;tica M&#233;dica, Medicina Social e do Trabalho da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo pelo financiamento da edi&#231;&#227;o em ingl&#234;s deste manuscrito, e ao Departamento de Pol&#237;cia Federal Rodovi&#225;ria pela aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos dados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Ao Departamento de Medicina Legal, &#201;tica M&#233;dica, Medicina Social e do Trabalho da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo pelo financiamento da edi&#231;&#227;o em ingl&#234;s deste manuscrito, e ao Departamento de Pol&#237;cia Federal Rodovi&#225;ria pela aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos dados.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
