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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">t7jKWmyW8hQsJzNRSHHPb7S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400540</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150141</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Post-Hospital Syndrome: A New Challenge in Cardiovascular Practice</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariano</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing address: Antonio Jose Lagoeiro Jorge</bold>, Universidade Federal Fluminense. Rua Coronel Bittencourt, 66, Boa Vista. Postal Code 24900-000, Maric&#225;, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mesquita ET, Jorge AJL; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Mesquita ET, Cruz LN, Mariano BM, Jorge AJL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>540</fpage>
      <lpage>544</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The image of the hospital representing the modern medicine and its diagnostic and therapeutic advances becomes more evident in the face of an aging population and patients with multiple comorbidities requiring highly complex care. However, recent studies have shown a growing number of hospital readmissions within 30 days after discharge. The post-hospital syndrome is a new clinical entity associated with multiple vulnerabilities that contribute to hospital readmissions. During hospitalization, the patient is exposed to different stressors of physical, environmental, and psychosocial natures that trigger pathophysiological and multisystemic responses and increase the risk of complications after hospital discharge. Patients with a cardiac disease have high rates of readmission within 30 days. Therefore, it is important for cardiologists to recognize the post-hospital syndrome since it may impact their daily practice. This review aims at discussing the current scientific evidence regarding predictors and stressors involved in the post-hospital syndrome and the measures that are currently being taken to minimize their effects.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Patient Readmission / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress, Physiological</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Discharge</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidity / trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The organizational model of hospital assistance originated in Sri Lanka and in the Arab world with the emergence of wards, specialized care, and establishment of the role of the physician in patients&#8217; care. This model of health care arrived in Europe with the Crusades and became established initially in monasteries, but gradually dissociated from the spiritual influence. Over the past centuries, hospitals consolidated their roles as centers for professional training, specialized care, and development of new technologies. Part of the success of contemporary medicine is attributed to the hospitals, reflected by the increased survival of seriously ill patients and improvement in surgical techniques, culminating with a reduction in morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Hospitals also have substantial administrative challenges. Peter Drucker, the greatest thinker in the field of administration of the 20th century, recognized the hospital as the company with the greatest complexity and management challenges. In a hospital, human resources, processes, and technologies promote health care outcomes that impact the patients and the costs associated with their care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The emergence of modern cardiology occurred in the hospital environment with the development of new technologies - oscilloscopes/cardiac monitors, defibrillators, and coronary angiography. These technologies opened the way to the establishment of coronary care units, interventional cardiology, and cardiac surgery. Cardiology professionals have in a modern hospital a place to assist acute conditions, perform procedures of high complexity, and train and educate new professionals. Hospitals specialized in cardiology and functioning as tertiary and quaternary centers are nuclei of cardiovascular care where patients seek solutions for complex cases.</p>
      <p>The association of the high complexity of the patients with the aging of the population and the presence of multiple comorbidities increase the occurrence of stressors during the period of hospitalization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. These factors are predictors of the phenomenon of rehospitalization, which consists in hospital readmission within 30 days after a patient is discharged from the hospital, due or not to the underlying pathology that led to the first hospitalization. Rehospitalization would be, therefore, one of the causes of the post-hospital syndrome (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Representative model of the etiopathogenesis of the post-hospital syndrome and hospital readmission.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0540-50141-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The aim of this study is to discuss the current scientific evidence regarding predictors and stressors involved in the post-hospital syndrome and measures currently taken to minimize its effects.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>The post-hospital syndrome</title>
        <p>The hospital as an important, dynamic, adaptive, and complex center is a recent and progressively consolidating paradigm. A group at Yale University led by cardiologist Harlan M. Krumholz has coined the term <italic>hospitalomics</italic>. This transdisciplinary group has innovatively developed important perspectives about different factors that impact patient care, producing robust scientific knowledge about the effectiveness of the hospitals in the United States (US) and the variability in health care outcomes and costs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. In 2013, Krumholz described a new clinical entity called post-hospital syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. This new syndrome is a result of different stressors imposed on the patients during hospital stay and rendering them vulnerable. As a consequence, multiple complications with profound impact after discharge emerge and lead to readmissions and additional cost burden to the health system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>The mechanisms involved in the syndrome induce organic abnormalities such as hypercatabolism, immunosuppression, hypercoagulability, and increased sympathetic activity. These mechanisms may be associated with different types of stressors during hospital stay or be a result of the underlying disease. These stressors, which include constant alarm noises, low temperatures, and excess brightness, modify the circadian rhythm and sleep quality of the patient. Multiple blood drawings for complementary tests causing pain and discomfort are imposed as well on the patient, who also endures physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual distress. These factors result in a higher rate of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and further aggravate eventual cognitive and motor deficits, contributing to the emergence of multiple vulnerabilities during hospital stay<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Elderly and very elderly (above 80 years) patients, in particular, are the most vulnerable to the post-hospital syndrome. Therefore, upon arrival of these patients to the hospital, we must dedicate attention to their risk of developing delirium, malnutrition (due to prolonged fasting), hypovolemia (due to dehydration), deterioration of sarcopenia (from immobility), and social isolation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehospitalization and cardiovascular disease</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the third most common cause of hospitalization covered by the Brazilian Unified Health System. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), and stroke are the most prevalent clinical conditions among cardiocirculatory disorders in Brazil and in the US.</p>
        <p>Data obtained from 2.6 million hospital admissions of Medicare beneficiaries have recently shown a high rate of rehospitalization within 30 days in the US<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. This has a direct impact on health care costs in the country, and has resulted in changes in the calculation of a hospital&#8217;s readmissions payment adjustment factor under the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program.</p>
        <p>Hospital readmissions, particularly during the first 30 days after discharge, may be associated with a natural progression of the patient's baseline cardiac disease, deterioration of previous comorbidities, emergence of a new clinical or surgical condition, or even polypharmacy increasing the risk of adverse events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Rehospitalization is associated with allostatic stressors promoting psychoemotional changes during a patient's hospitalization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>During the hospital stay, most patients with AMI receive dual antiplatelet therapy and undergo vascular procedures, remaining for approximately 48 to 72 hours in a coronary care unit. In the absence of complications, they are discharged within 4 to 6 days<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In the US, these patients have a high rate of readmission within 30 days (one in each five AMI patients returns to the hospital), promoting additional burden to the health system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Cardiologists have already recognized that vascular complications, gastrointestinal tract bleeding, and hypotension due to vasodilators may cause readmission of patients with AMI and recurrence of coronary ischemic phenomena<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Among patients with HF, the approximate rate of readmission within 30 days of discharge is 24%. Readmissions worsen a patient&#8217;s prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Patients with HF are usually older, have multiple comorbidities, use several medications, and are seen by different doctors. With that, the participation of a multidisciplinary team, education of the patient and the family, and detailed care plan during hospital-home transition becomes critical<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Half of all readmissions of patients with HF are considered to be due to associated cardiovascular causes. Also, no significant differences in rehospitalization rates are seen among the different HF phenotypes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Some physiological characteristics may be used to evaluate if an HF patient is at risk for readmission: jugular venous pressure, levels of cardiac biomarkers (B-natriuretic peptide [BNP]), markers of neurohumoral activation, and clinical signs of congestion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Possible deteriorations in renal function and comorbidities not associated with heart disease, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, should be taken into account during hospitalization. The risk of readmission also increases as a result of psychosocial and socioeconomic factors promoting poor treatment adherence, and scarce monitoring after discharge<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Starting this year, payments for readmissions within the first 30 days for some clinical conditions considered preventable, including HF, will be reevaluated by the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Hospitals are likely to have a profound financial impact from this decision, which has motivated important research on the phenomenon of rehospitalization and development of strategies for its prevention. Among these strategies are interventions during and after hospital discharge, such as a discharge plan, telemonitoring, home visits, and home care programs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Hospital to Home, an initiative of the American College of Cardiology, presents different strategies to reduce readmission rates, and offers an opportunity to exchange experiences emphasizing the importance of patient-centered care and education, and education of family members and caregivers involved in the patient's recovery. In parallel, the post-hospital syndrome begins to be identified as a new window of opportunities to reduce rehospitalization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measures to reduce the impact of the post-hospital syndrome and rehospitalization</title>
        <p>Among patients admitted for treatment of HF, pneumonia, or COPD who are readmitted within 30 days, the cause of readmission is not necessarily the same as that for the initial admission<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Only 37%, 29%, and 36% of the patients with these disorders, respectively, are readmitted for the same cause that led to the initial admission. In addition to HF, pneumonia, and COPD, other causes of readmission include gastrointestinal infection, mental illness, metabolic disorders, and trauma. An important feature of this syndrome is that patients more likely to present an event leading to readmission within 30 days cannot be identified by the severity of the illness that led to their initial hospitalization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Health professionals focus their approach on the acute illness that led to the hospital admission. This approach fails to take into account stressors that may have triggered the primary cause for the admission, such as metabolic, physiological, and psychoemotional problems. Therefore, it is important to identify the stressors that during hospitalization contribute to the multiple vulnerabilities and possible triggers that may lead to rehospitalization. These stressors include sleep changes modifying the circadian rhythm, physical inactivity, pain, anxiety/depression, social isolation, noise, multiple blood drawings, loss of autonomy, dietary changes, and modifications in ambient brightness and temperature. The theories of how these stressors modify physiological responses are beginning to be elucidated. Recent studies using polysomnography have observed changes in sleep pattern during hospitalization and correlated these changes with possible neurohumoral, prothrombotic, and inflammatory abnormalities that increase the risk of cardiovascular events after hospitalization. Prolonged fasting and malnutrition during hospitalization are known to change the metabolic and immune systems and induce loss of muscle strength and increased risk of fall.</p>
        <p>Another important aspect that reduces the risk of the syndrome is the correct medication reconciliation at hospital discharge. Patients often interrupt medications upon leaving the hospital because they believe that the only medications they should take at home are those used before the hospital admission. It is fundamental that a pharmacist along with the physician develop a list of the medications in a clear and accurate manner to ensure that both the patients and their relatives understand the correct use of these medications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. It is also necessary to clearly inform the patients and their families and caregivers how to recognize the signs of adverse events associated with the drugs and which tests and physiological parameters should be carried out to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment and to minimize its adverse effects (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prophylactic interventions in post-hospital syndrome.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0540-50141-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Cardiologists, hospitalists, emergency physicians, and intensivists, along with the multidisciplinary team and hospital managers, should recognize this new syndrome and seek to mitigate known factors that lead to preventable readmissions. Together, they all contribute to the sustainability of the health sector and reduce the suffering of the patients and their families. This topic deserves currently not only a transdisciplinary perspective, but also operational research at our institutions in partnership with academic centers so we can understand the magnitude and the mechanisms involved in the problem, and identify scientific solutions based on evidence to mitigate the different elements involved in this syndrome.</p>
        <p>Some hospitals have developed care units specially designed to minimize the stressors identified by Krumholz. In the case of hospitalization of elderly patients, the initiatives have been based on a study published in 1995 by Landfeld. Since then, the units of acute care for the elderly managed by geriatricians and with a multidisciplinary approach have been able to reduce the costs and time of hospitalization, while maintaining the functional status of elderly patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Cardiologists today have an important role in leading actions to continuously improve assistance care and identify strategies to promote patient safety and reduce the impact of the hospitalization, including the recognition of the post-hospital syndrome. The study of the effects of hospital stressors and hospital-home transition measures also contributes to reduce potential sources of waste that currently impact the public and private health care systems throughout the world.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome P&#243;s-Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o: Um Novo Desafio na Pr&#225;tica Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariano</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Jose Lagoeiro Jorge</bold>, Universidade Federal Fluminense. Rua Coronel Bittencourt, 66, Boa Vista. CEP 24900-000, Maric&#225;, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <bold>lagoeiro@cardiol.br,</bold>  <bold>lagoeiro@globo.com</bold></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mesquita ET, Jorge AJL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mesquita ET, Cruz LN, Mariano BM, Jorge AJL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A imagem do hospital como representante da medicina moderna e de seus avan&#231;os diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos torna-se mais evidente diante dos cuidados de alta complexidade exigidos pela popula&#231;&#227;o em envelhecimento e por pacientes com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades. No entanto, estudos recentes demonstram um n&#250;mero crescente de readmiss&#245;es hospitalares dentro de 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta. A s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma nova entidade cl&#237;nica associada a m&#250;ltiplas vulnerabilidades que contribuem para as readmiss&#245;es hospitalares. Durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, o paciente &#233; exposto a estressores de diferentes etiologias de ordem f&#237;sica, ambiental e psicossocial que ocasionam respostas fisiopatol&#243;gicas multissist&#234;micas e aumentam o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Como pacientes cardiopatas apresentam taxas elevadas de readmiss&#227;o em 30 dias, &#233; importante para o cardiologista reconhecer a s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pelo poss&#237;vel impacto que possa trazer &#224; sua pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. Esta revis&#227;o tem como objetivo mostrar as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas atuais sobre os preditores e estressores envolvidos na s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, e as medidas que v&#234;m sendo realizadas a fim de minimizar seus efeitos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Readmiss&#227;o Hospitalar / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Fisiol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Alta do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidade / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O modelo organizacional de atendimento hospitalar teve origem no Sri Lanka e no mundo &#225;rabe com o surgimento de enfermarias, cuidados especializados e estabelecimento do papel do m&#233;dico no cuidado paciente. Esse modelo de assist&#234;ncia ao doente chegou &#224; Europa a partir das Cruzadas e se estabeleceu inicialmente nos monast&#233;rios, mas se dissociou progressivamente da influ&#234;ncia espiritual. Ao longo dos &#250;ltimos s&#233;culos, os hospitais se consolidaram como centros de forma&#231;&#227;o profissional, de cuidados especializados e de desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias. Parte do sucesso da medicina contempor&#226;nea &#233; atribu&#237;do aos hospitais, refletido pelo aumento da sobrevida de pacientes graves e aprimoramento de t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, culminando com uma redu&#231;&#227;o na morbimortalidade dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>O hospital possui tamb&#233;m grandes desafios de gest&#227;o administrativa. Peter Drucker, o maior pensador na &#225;rea de administra&#231;&#227;o do s&#233;culo XX, reconheceu o hospital como a empresa de maior complexidade e dificuldade de gest&#227;o. Nele, os recursos humanos, os processos e as tecnologias promovem resultados assistenciais que impactam os desfechos do paciente e os custos associados ao seu atendimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A cardiologia moderna teve seu in&#237;cio no ambiente hospitalar atrav&#233;s do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias &#8211; oscilosc&#243;pios/monitores card&#237;acos, desfibriladores e cineangiocoronariografia &#8211; que permitiram o surgimento das unidades coronarianas, cardiologia intervencionista e cirurgia card&#237;aca. Profissionais na &#225;rea de cardiologia t&#234;m no hospital moderno um local para atendimento de condi&#231;&#245;es agudas, realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de alta complexidade e treinamento e forma&#231;&#227;o de novos profissionais. Os hospitais especializados em cardiologia que atuam como centros terci&#225;rios e quatern&#225;rios representam n&#250;cleos de aten&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular nos quais os pacientes buscam solu&#231;&#245;es para casos complexos.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o da alta complexidade dos pacientes com o envelhecimento populacional e a presen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades aumenta a ocorr&#234;ncia de estressores durante o per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Estes fatores s&#227;o preditores do fen&#244;meno de reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, que consiste na readmiss&#227;o hospitalar de um paciente dentro de 30 dias ap&#243;s a sua alta hospitalar, devido ou n&#227;o &#224; patologia de base que promoveu a primeira interna&#231;&#227;o. A reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o seria, portanto, uma das causas da s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo representativo da etiopatogenia da s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e da readmiss&#227;o hospitalar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0540-50141-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; mostrar as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas atuais a respeito de preditores e estressores envolvidos na s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e as medidas que v&#234;m sendo realizadas a fim de minimizar seus efeitos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>A s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O paradigma recente de que os hospitais s&#227;o centros importantes, din&#226;micos, adaptativos e complexos tem sido progressivamente firmado. Um grupo da universidade de Yale liderado pelo cardiologista Harlan M. Krumholz criou o termo   <italic>hospitalomics</italic>. Este grupo transdisciplinar tem desenvolvido de maneira inovadora uma perspectiva importante sobre os diferentes fatores que impactam os cuidados do paciente, produzindo conhecimento cient&#237;fico robusto sobre a efetividade dos hospitais e a variabilidade dos resultados assistenciais e dos custos nos centros hospitalares norte-americanos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Em 2013, Dharmarajan e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, descreveram uma nova entidade cl&#237;nica denominada s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Essa nova s&#237;ndrome &#233; definida como um resultado da a&#231;&#227;o de diferentes estressores que se se imp&#245;e ao paciente durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, tornando-o vulner&#225;vel. Como consequ&#234;ncia, m&#250;ltiplas intercorr&#234;ncias com impacto profundo ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar aparecem, promovendo readmiss&#245;es e impondo custo adicional ao sistema de sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os mecanismos envolvidos na s&#237;ndrome provocam anormalidades org&#226;nicas tais como hipercatabolismo, imunodepress&#227;o, hipercoagulabilidade e aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica. Estes mecanismos podem estar associados a tipos diferentes de fatores estressantes que ocorrem durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, ou podem ser consequ&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a de base. Estes estressores, que incluem os sons constantes de alarmes, baixas temperaturas e excesso de luminosidade, modificam o ritmo circadiano e a qualidade do sono do paciente. Al&#233;m das m&#250;ltiplas coletas de sangue para exames complementares que provocam dor e desconforto, o paciente sofre ainda de fatores de ordem f&#237;sica, emocional, ps&#237;quica e espiritual. Tais fatores resultam em uma taxa maior de eventos cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares, al&#233;m de agravarem d&#233;ficits cognitivos e motores e contribu&#237;rem para m&#250;ltiplas vulnerabilidades que se instalam durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes idosos e os muito idosos (acima de 80 anos), em particular, s&#227;o os mais vulner&#225;veis &#224; s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, devemos dedicar aten&#231;&#227;o desde a chegada desses pacientes ao hospital aos riscos de desenvolvimento de del&#237;rio, desnutri&#231;&#227;o (devido a jejuns prolongados), hipovolemia (por desidrata&#231;&#227;o), agravamento de sarcopenia (por imobilidade) e isolamento social<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e doen&#231;a cardiovascular</title>
          <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a terceira causa de interna&#231;&#227;o no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico s&#227;o as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de maior preval&#234;ncia entre as doen&#231;as do aparelho cardiocirculat&#243;rio no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos (EUA). A partir de dados obtidos de 2,6 milh&#245;es de interna&#231;&#245;es pelo   <italic>Medicare</italic>, foi observada recentemente uma taxa elevada de reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em 30 dias entre pacientes EUA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Isto impacta diretamente os custos de sa&#250;de no pa&#237;s e levou a uma modifica&#231;&#227;o no c&#225;lculo do fator de ajuste de pagamento aos hospitais no &#226;mbito do programa de redu&#231;&#227;o de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar (<italic>Hospital Readmission Reduction Program</italic>).</p>
          <p>As readmiss&#245;es hospitalares, particularmente durante os primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s alta, podem estar associadas &#224; progress&#227;o natural da cardiopatia de base do paciente, agravamento de comorbidades pr&#233;vias, surgimento de uma nova condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou cir&#250;rgica, ou &#224; polifarm&#225;cia, que aumenta o risco de eventos adversos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a estressores que promovem altera&#231;&#245;es psicoemocionais nos pacientes durante a sua interna&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
          <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, a maioria dos pacientes com IAM &#233; submetida a esquemas de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e procedimentos vasculares, permanecendo um per&#237;odo aproximado de 48 a 72 horas em uma unidade coronariana. Na aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, esses pacientes recebem alta dentro de 4 a 6 dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Nos EUA, esses pacientes t&#234;m alta taxa de readmiss&#227;o em 30 dias (um em cada cinco pacientes infartados retorna ao hospital), promovendo um custo adicional ao sistema de sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Os cardiologistas j&#225; reconhecem que complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares, hemorragias do trato gastrointestinal e hipotens&#227;o decorrente de medicamentos vasodilatadores podem ocasionar readmiss&#227;o de pacientes com infarto e recorr&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos isqu&#234;micos coronarianos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
          <p>Entre pacientes com IC, a taxa aproximada de readmiss&#227;o 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta &#233; de 24%. Uma readmiss&#227;o agrava o progn&#243;stico do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Os pacientes com IC s&#227;o geralmente idosos, portadores de m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades e usu&#225;rios de diversos medicamentos, e s&#227;o atendidos por diferentes m&#233;dicos, o que torna cr&#237;tico o papel da equipe multidisciplinar, a educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente e da fam&#237;lia, e a necessidade de um detalhado planejamento de cuidados por ocasi&#227;o da transi&#231;&#227;o hospital-casa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Considera-se que metade das readmiss&#245;es de pacientes com IC sejam decorrentes de causas cardiovasculares associadas e que n&#227;o haja diferen&#231;a substancial entre as taxas de reinterna&#231;&#227;o entre os diferentes fen&#243;tipos de IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
          <p>Alguns aspectos fisiol&#243;gicos podem ser avaliados quando se considera o risco de readmiss&#227;o de um paciente com IC: press&#227;o venosa jugular, n&#237;veis de biomarcadores card&#237;acos (pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;ticos), indicadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral e presen&#231;a cl&#237;nica de congest&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Deve-se considerar durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o uma poss&#237;vel piora tanto da fun&#231;&#227;o renal quanto de comorbidades n&#227;o associadas &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, como o diabetes mellitus, a obesidade e a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. O risco de readmiss&#227;o aumenta tamb&#233;m com fatores psicossociais e socioecon&#244;micos que promovem m&#225; ades&#227;o ao tratamento e com escasso monitoramento ap&#243;s a alta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>A partir deste ano, as readmiss&#245;es hospitalares nos primeiros 30 dias para algumas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas consideradas evit&#225;veis, entre elas a IC, ter&#227;o seus pagamentos reavaliados pelo programa de redu&#231;&#227;o de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Essa medida pode promover um profundo impacto na sa&#250;de financeira dos hospitais, o que tem motivado importantes pesquisas sobre o fen&#244;meno de reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias para evit&#225;-lo. Entre essas estrat&#233;gias est&#227;o interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas durante e ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, como o plano de alta, telemonitoramento, visitas domiciliares e programas de atendimento domiciliar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p><italic>Hospital to Home</italic> &#233; uma iniciativa do<italic> American College of Cardiology  </italic>que apresenta diferentes estrat&#233;gias para reduzir as taxas de readmiss&#227;o e permitir troca de experi&#234;ncias, enfatizando a import&#226;ncia do cuidado centrado no paciente e na sua educa&#231;&#227;o, e da educa&#231;&#227;o dos familiares e cuidadores envolvidos na sua recupera&#231;&#227;o. Ao lado disso, a s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o come&#231;a a ser identificada como uma nova janela de oportunidades para a redu&#231;&#227;o da reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas para redu&#231;&#227;o do impacto da s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Entre os pacientes admitidos para tratamento de IC, pneumonia ou DPOC e que s&#227;o reinternados em at&#233; 30 dias, a causa da reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; necessariamente a mesma daquela que levou &#224; admiss&#227;o inicial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Dos pacientes com estes dist&#250;rbios, somente 37%, 29% e 36%, respectivamente, s&#227;o readmitidos pela mesma causa que provocou a interna&#231;&#227;o inicial. Al&#233;m da IC, pneumonia e DPOC, outras causas de readmiss&#227;o incluem infec&#231;&#227;o gastrointestinal, doen&#231;a mental, dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e trauma. Uma caracter&#237;stica importante desta s&#237;ndrome &#233; que a gravidade da doen&#231;a que motivou a interna&#231;&#227;o inicial n&#227;o determina substancialmente quais pacientes ter&#227;o logo ap&#243;s a alta um evento adverso que ir&#225; provocar uma readmiss&#227;o antes de 30 dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <p>A abordagem dos profissionais de sa&#250;de tem sido focada na doen&#231;a aguda que levou &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Essa abordagem deixa de considerar estressores que podem ter contribu&#237;do com o desencadeamento da causa prim&#225;ria da interna&#231;&#227;o, como problemas metab&#243;licos, fisiol&#243;gicos e psicoemocionais. Portanto, &#233; importante identificar quais os elementos estressores que durante a interna&#231;&#227;o contribuem para o aparecimento das m&#250;ltiplas vulnerabilidades e poss&#237;veis gatilhos que podem levar &#224; reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Estressores que elevam o risco de reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o incluem altera&#231;&#227;o do sono modificando o ritmo circadiano, inatividade f&#237;sica, dor, ansiedade/depress&#227;o, isolamento social, ru&#237;dos, m&#250;ltiplas pun&#231;&#245;es venosas, perda da autonomia, assim como mudan&#231;as na alimenta&#231;&#227;o, luminosidade e temperatura ambiente. As teorias de como esses estressores modificam respostas fisiol&#243;gicas come&#231;am a ser elucidadas. Estudos recentes com polissonografia observaram mudan&#231;as no padr&#227;o do sono durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o e correlacionaram essas mudan&#231;as com poss&#237;veis anormalidades neuro-humorais, protromb&#243;ticas e inflamat&#243;rias que aumentam o risco de eventos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. O jejum prolongado e a desnutri&#231;&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o reconhecidos por ocasionarem mudan&#231;as no metabolismo e no sistema imunol&#243;gico e promoverem perda de for&#231;a muscular e risco de quedas.</p>
          <p>Um outro aspecto importante que diminui a ocorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome &#233; a correta reconcilia&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa na alta hospitalar. &#201; comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria que pacientes suspendam os medicamentos que deveriam tomar ao sair do hospital por acreditarem que em casa deveriam tomar apenas os medicamentos que faziam uso antes da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. &#201; fundamental que o farmac&#234;utico cl&#237;nico e o m&#233;dico preparem em conjunto a lista de medicamentos de forma clara e precisa, garantindo assim o entendimento dos pacientes e seus familiares sobre o modo correto de uso dessas medica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Tamb&#233;m &#233; preciso informar de forma clara o paciente, seus familiares e cuidadores sobre como reconhecer os sinais associados a um efeito adverso dos medicamentos, e quais exames e par&#226;metros fisiol&#243;gicos dever&#227;o ser realizados para garantir a efic&#225;cia do tratamento e minimizar seus efeitos adversos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Interven&#231;&#245;es profil&#225;ticas na s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0540-50141-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Os cardiologistas, hospitalistas, emergencistas, intensivistas, al&#233;m da equipe multidisciplinar e dos gestores hospitalares, devem reconhecer esta nova s&#237;ndrome e buscar mitigar fatores j&#225; identificados que contribuem para readmiss&#245;es evit&#225;veis. Desta forma, todos contribuem para a sustentabilidade do setor de sa&#250;de e para reduzir o sofrimento dos pacientes e familiares. Este tema merece atualmente n&#227;o apenas um olhar transdisciplinar, mas tamb&#233;m pesquisas operacionais em nossas institui&#231;&#245;es em parceria com centros acad&#234;micos para que possamos conhecer a magnitude do problema, os mecanismos envolvidos nele e identificar solu&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas baseadas em evid&#234;ncias para atenuar os diferentes elementos envolvidos na s&#237;ndrome.</p>
          <p>Alguns hospitais t&#234;m elaborado unidades de atendimento especialmente desenhadas para minimizar os estresses identificados por Krumholz. No caso de interna&#231;&#227;o de pacientes geri&#225;tricos, as iniciativas t&#234;m se baseado em um estudo publicado em 1995 por Landfeld. Desde ent&#227;o as unidades de cuidado agudo para idosos gerenciados por geriatras e com uma abordagem multidisciplinar t&#234;m conseguido reduzir os custos e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, mantendo o <italic>status</italic>funcional dos pacientes idosos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O cardiologista contempor&#226;neo tem um papel importante na lideran&#231;a de a&#231;&#245;es para melhorar continuamente o cuidado assistencial e identificar estrat&#233;gias para promover a seguran&#231;a do paciente e reduzir os impactos da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, entre elas o reconhecimento da s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. O estudo dos efeitos dos estressores hospitalares e das medidas de transi&#231;&#227;o hospital-casa tamb&#233;m contribui com a redu&#231;&#227;o de potenciais fontes de desperd&#237;cio que hoje impactam os sistemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blicos e privados em todo o mundo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
