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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MZDRFNHPtcDsCsyWzbzyMxP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400536</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150047</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Fistulas in a Patient with a Novel Long QT Syndrome Mutation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pl&#225;cido</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cortez-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veiga</surname>
            <given-names>Arminda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miltenberger-Milt&#233;ny</surname>
            <given-names>G&#225;briel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Lisbon Academic Medical Centre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Maria University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisbon</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Santa Maria University, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, CCUL, Lisbon &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Lisbon</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Lisbon University Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Medicina Molecular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisbon</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon University Medical School, University of Lisbon, Lisbon &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Rui Miguel Freire Pl&#225;cido</bold>, Hospital de Santa Maria &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz Postal Code 1600-190 - Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>placidorui@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Acquisition of data:Pl&#225;cido RMF. Writing of the manuscript:Pl&#225;cido RMF. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pl&#225;cido RMF, Cortez-Dias N, Veiga A, Jorge C, Miltenberger-Milt&#233;ny G, Pinto F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>536</fpage>
      <lpage>539</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Long QT Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Channelopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsades de Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vessel Anomalies</kwd>
        <kwd>Arteriovenous Fistula</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a genetic cardiac channelophathy with variable penetrance characterized by corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation and predisposition to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT), which normally presents with syncope or sudden death. It can be caused by mutations in different ion channels, resulting in prolongation of the myocardial repolarization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The clinical course of LQTS throughout a patient&#8217;s lifetime is significantly influenced by the genotype and acquired factors that additionally compromise myocardial repolarization, including drug use, serum electrolyte abnormalities, autoimmune diseases, severe bradycardia, acute heart failure decompensation and myocardial ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>This report presents the first description of PVT precipitated by myocardial ischemia secondary to multiple coronary fistulas in a patient with a novel LQTS-causing mutation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 47-year-old woman presented at the emergency department due to recurrent syncope within the last 2 days. Episodes occurred during moderate to extenuating exertion and were preceded by short-duration chest pain. She was a heavy smoker but no other cardiovascular risk factors were identified. During adolescence, she had been treated with phenytoin for two years for what was thought to be a seizure disorder. Since then, no further episodes of loss of consciousness had occurred and she was not receiving any medication. There was no family history of sudden death. Physical exam, chest X-ray and cranial computed tomography were unremarkable. Initial 12-lead ECG during sinus rhythm showed a marked QTc interval prolongation (640 ms) with T-wave inversion in the precordial, lateral and inferior leads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, panel A). In addition, frequent episodes of nonsustained PVT were documented (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> &#8211; panel B). Echocardiography revealed anterior apical hypokinesia with preserved global ejection fraction. Complete blood count, serum electrolytes, renal function parameters, glycemia and thyroid hormones were normal. Troponin I was mildly elevated (0.59 ng/mL; reference range, &lt; 0.07 ng/mL). A diagnosis of LQTS was assumed and the patient was treated with magnesium sulphate and beta-blocker, becoming asymptomatic and event-free. Coronary angiography showed no significant coronary stenosis, but fistulas from the diagonal arteries to the left ventricle cavity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>) were found. To assess the functional significance of these coronary abnormalities, the patient underwent 99mTc tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging that showed at rest and under stress lower apical activity and a small area of lower radiotracer uptake in the apical segment of the anterior wall, reversible at rest. Direct sequencing of the <italic>KCNH2, KCNQ1</italic> and <italic>SCN5A</italic> genes revealed a novel heterozygous frameshift mutation in the sixth exon of the <italic>KCNH2</italic> gene producing a premature STOP codon: c.1232_1234delinsTTTGAA (p.Asp411Valfs*2). No pathogenic alterations were found in the other two genes. The patient was discharged with propranolol 100 mg/day, with close outpatient follow-up and plan for genetic counseling.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Admission electrocardiogram showing prolongation of the QTc interval (panel A) and multiples episodes of nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (panel B).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0536-50047-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Right caudal coronariography view showing small fistulas involving the diagonal arteries (arrows).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0536-50047-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Several factors have been shown to enhance variability and prolong myocardial repolarization, predisposing to ventricular arrhythmias. In the LQTS it is possible to describe a continuous spectrum of risk for cardiac events, based on a combination of causes that prolong action potential duration and QT interval, reducing the repolarization reserve<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Responses to QT-prolonging factors differ among individuals. This variability in response to acquired factors is paralleled by variability in the extent to which a given mutation in the congenital LQTS prolongs QT interval and causes arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>In the present case, we reported an unusual association between two rare cardiac conditions: the phenotypic manifestation of congenital LQTS was precipitated by myocardial ischemia secondary to coronary fistulas, based on clinical and pathophysiological criteria.</p>
      <p>It is known that both myocardial ischemia and LQTS contribute to ventricular tachyarrhythmias that can cause sudden cardiac death. Although the arrhythmogenicity of myocardial ischemia and LQTS have been well documented, the effects of myocardial ischemia in the setting of LQTS are unclear. Several studies have suggested that both QT interval and QT dispersion, an index of the spatial inhomogeneity of the ventricular recovery times, are prolonged by ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Furthermore, LQTS is frequently associated with increased QT dispersion. An increased QT dispersion theoretically provides a substrate for functional reentry and has been associated with an increased incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>In our patient, the multiple coronary artery fistulas caused myocardial ischemia as documented by the myocardial scintigraphy. The presence of coronary fistulas is uncommon, with a reported incidence of 0.1% to 0.2% in patients undergoing coronary angiography. They can occur from any of the three major coronary arteries, but the majority arises from the right coronary or the left anterior descending arteries. Over 90% of the fistulas drain into the venous circulation. Complications include congestive heart failure due to a left-to-right cardiac shunt, myocardial ischemia, rupture of aneurysmal fistulas and endocarditis. Arrhythmias related to coronary artery fistulas are extremely rare and include ventricular tachycardia, sinus-node dysfunction and atrial fibrillation. The mechanisms are not completely understood and are probably ischemia-related<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The management of coronary fistulas is still controversial and recommendations are based on small retrospective series. The main indications for surgical or percutaneous closure with coils are clinical symptoms, especially of heart failure and myocardial ischemia. In our case, correction of fistulas was discouraged due to their high number and small diameter. Furthermore, beta-blocker therapy was effective in controlling ischemic symptoms and arrhythmic manifestations.</p>
      <p>This case has another particularity, as it describes a type 2-LQTS due to a new mutation (p.Asp411Valfs*2) in the <italic>KCNH2</italic> (<italic>HERG</italic>) gene. Although this alteration is novel, pathogenicity is highly probable: the mutation leads to a frameshift and a premature termination codon two amino acids after the affected aspartic acid. We analyzed this novel alteration for pathogenicity with Mutation Taster (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mutationtaster.org">www.mutationtaster.org</ext-link>), an in-silico program that predicts the disease potential of genetic alterations. This analysis classified the p.Asp411Valfs*2 mutation as disease causing. The position p.Asp411, which is localized in the first transmembrane domain (S1) of HERG, has a special role in the protein, as it is one of the six negative charges in the voltage-sensing domain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Also, p.Asp411 is creating a functional coupling with p.Lys538, at the inner end of the S4 transmembrane domain. Previous studies by Liu et al.<sup>11</sup> on the function of this codon showed that in-vitro mutagenesis (p.Asp411Cys) resulting in protonation of this aspartate contributes to the signaling pathway, whereby external [H+] influences conformational changes in the channel&#180;s cytoplasmic domains. The Asp to Val change, as seen in our patient, also leads to protonation of this aspartic acid, further supporting the pathogenicity of the novel p.Asp411Valfs*2 alteration.</p>
      <p>LQT2 is the second most common genotype of LQTS, and occurs in 35&#8211;45% of genotyped patients with LQTS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. It has been shown that the clinical course of LQTS throughout an affected patient&#8217;s lifetime is influenced by genotype and genetic testing for the common subtypes of the LQTS can identify a mutation in 50 to 75% of probands in whom the diagnosis appears to be certain on clinical grounds. Risk stratification based on genetics is encouraged in some cases, probably having therapeutic implications. For example, previous observations by Moss et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> found that LQTS type 1 and LQT2 patients benefited significantly from beta-blocker therapy. Also, in a family with an affected proband and a known genetic defect, the genotyping of family members can help rule out the diagnosis.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, to our knowledge this is the first description of the association between LQTS and multiple coronary fistulas, two rare cardiac conditions as far as we know without causal association in their primary origin. Recurrent episodes of ischemia secondary to the multiple coronary fistulas may have played an important role as precipitating factors on the genesis of PVT in this patient with a novel LQTS-causing mutation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall JH, Schwartz PJ, Crampton RS, Benhorin J, et al. Effectiveness and limitations of beta-blocker therapy in congenital long QT syndrome. Circulation. 2000;101:616-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moss</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zareba</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crampton</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benhorin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effectiveness and limitations of beta-blocker therapy in congenital long QT syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <fpage>616</fpage>
          <lpage>623</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>F&#237;stulas Coron&#225;rias em um Paciente com uma Nova Muta&#231;&#227;o na S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pl&#225;cido</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cortez-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veiga</surname>
            <given-names>Arminda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miltenberger-Milt&#233;ny</surname>
            <given-names>G&#225;briel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Lisbon Academic Medical Centre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Maria University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Santa Maria University, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, CCUL, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Lisbon</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Lisbon University Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Medicina Molecular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon University Medical School, University of Lisbon, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rui Miguel Freire Pl&#225;cido</bold>, Hospital de Santa Maria &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz CEP1600-190 - Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pl&#225;cido RMF. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pl&#225;cido RMF. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Pl&#225;cido RMF, Cortez-Dias N, Veiga A, Jorge C, Miltenberger-Milt&#233;ny G, Pinto F</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo</kwd>
        <kwd>Canalopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsades de Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Anomalias dos Vasos Coronarianos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fistula Arteriovenosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome do QT longo cong&#234;nito (SQTL) &#233; uma canalopatia card&#237;aca gen&#233;tica com penetr&#226;ncia vari&#225;vel caracterizada pelo prolongamento do intervalo QT corrigido (QTc) e predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica (TVP), que normalmente se apresenta com s&#237;ncope ou morte s&#250;bita. Ela pode ser causada por muta&#231;&#245;es em diferentes canais de &#237;ons, resultando no prolongamento da repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. O curso cl&#237;nico da SQTL durante a vida de um paciente &#233; significativamente influenciado pelo gen&#243;tipo e os fatores que adicionalmente comprometem a repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, incluindo o uso de drogas, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrol&#237;ticas s&#233;ricas, doen&#231;as autoimunes, bradicardia grave, descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este relato apresenta a primeira descri&#231;&#227;o da TVP precipitada por isquemia mioc&#225;rdica secund&#225;ria a m&#250;ltiplas f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rias em uma paciente com uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o causadora de SQTL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Uma mulher de 47 anos apresentou-se ao servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia devido &#224; s&#237;ncope recorrente nos dois dias anteriores. Os epis&#243;dios ocorreram durante esfor&#231;os moderados a fortes e foram precedidos por dor no peito de curta dura&#231;&#227;o. Ela era uma fumante cr&#244;nica, mas n&#227;o foram identificados outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Durante a adolesc&#234;ncia, ela havia sido tratada com fenito&#237;na por dois anos presumivelmente devido a uma desordem convulsiva. Desde ent&#227;o n&#227;o houve novos epis&#243;dios de perda de consci&#234;ncia e ela n&#227;o estava recebendo nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o havia hist&#243;rico familiar de morte s&#250;bita. O exame f&#237;sico, radiografia de t&#243;rax e tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio foram normais. Um ECG inicial de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es durante o ritmo sinusal mostrou um prolongamento acentuado do intervalo QTc (640 ms), com invers&#227;o de onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais, lateral e inferior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>, painel A). Al&#233;m disso, epis&#243;dios frequentes de TVP n&#227;o sustentada foram documentados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref> - Painel B). O ecocardiograma revelou hipocinesia &#226;ntero-apical com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o global preservada. Os resultados do hemograma completo, eletr&#243;litos s&#233;ricos, par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, glicemia e horm&#244;nios da tireoide estavam normais. A troponina I estava ligeiramente elevada (0,59 ng/mL; intervalo de refer&#234;ncia, &lt; 0,07 ng/mL). O diagn&#243;stico de SQTL foi presumido e a paciente foi tratada com sulfato de magn&#233;sio e betabloqueador, tornando-se assintom&#225;tica e livre de eventos. A cineangiocoronariografia n&#227;o mostrou estenose coron&#225;ria significativa, mas foram encontradas f&#237;stulas nas art&#233;rias diagonais para a cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). Para avaliar o significado funcional dessas anomalias coron&#225;rias, a paciente foi submetida &#224; cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com tetrofosmin-99mTc, que mostrou, em repouso e sob estresse, menor atividade apical e uma pequena &#225;rea de baixa capta&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco no segmento apical da parede anterior, revers&#237;vel em repouso. O sequenciamento direto dos genes <italic>KCNH2, KCNQ1</italic> e <italic>SCN5A</italic> e revelou uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o frameshift heterozig&#243;tica no sexto exon do gene <italic>KCNH2</italic>, produzindo um stop c&#243;don prematuro: c.1232_1234delinsTTTGAA (p.Asp411Valfs*2). Nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o patog&#234;nica foi encontrada nos outros dois genes. A paciente recebeu alta com 100 mg/dia de propranolol, com acompanhamento ambulatorial meticuloso e plano para aconselhamento gen&#233;tico.</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eletrocardiograma de admiss&#227;o mostrando prolongamento do intervalo QT (painel A) e m&#250;ltiplos epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica n&#227;o sustentada (painel B).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0536-50047-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coronariografia caudal direita mostrando pequenas f&#237;stulas que envolvem as art&#233;rias diagonais (setas).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0536-50047-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>V&#225;rios fatores que aumentam a variabilidade e prolongam a repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, predispondo a arritmias ventriculares t&#234;m sido demonstrados. Na SQTL &#233; poss&#237;vel descrever um espectro cont&#237;nuo de risco de eventos card&#237;acos, baseados em uma combina&#231;&#227;o de causas que prolongam a dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o e intervalo QT, reduzindo a reserva de repolariza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. As respostas a fatores de prolongamento do QT diferem entre os indiv&#237;duos. Essa variabilidade em resposta a fatores adquiridos &#233; acompanhada pela variabilidade &#224; medida que uma determinada muta&#231;&#227;o na SQTL cong&#234;nita prolonga o intervalo QT e causa arritmias.</p>
        <p>No presente caso, relatamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o incomum entre duas condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas raras: a manifesta&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica da SQTL cong&#234;nita foi precipitada pela isquemia mioc&#225;rdica secund&#225;ria a f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rias, com base em crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e fisiopatol&#243;gicos.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que tanto a isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio quanto a SQTL contribuem para taquiarritmias ventriculares que podem causar morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. Embora a arritmogenicidade da isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio e da SQTL tenham sido bem documentadas, os efeitos da isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio na presen&#231;a da SQTL n&#227;o s&#227;o claros. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m sugerido que tanto o intervalo QT quanto a dispers&#227;o do QT, um &#237;ndice da inhomogeneidade espacial dos tempos de recupera&#231;&#227;o ventriculares, s&#227;o prolongados pela isquemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a SQTL &#233; frequentemente associada com o aumento da dispers&#227;o do QT. Um aumento da dispers&#227;o do QT teoricamente fornece um substrato para a reentrada funcional e tem sido associado a um aumento na incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares malignas e morte s&#250;bita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em nossa paciente, as m&#250;ltiplas f&#237;stulas da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria causaram isquemia mioc&#225;rdica como documentado pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. A presen&#231;a de f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rias &#233; rara, com uma incid&#234;ncia de 0,1% a 0,2% em pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana. Elas podem ocorrer a partir de qualquer uma das tr&#234;s principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, mas a maioria surge das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias direita ou descendente anterior esquerda. Mais de 90% das f&#237;stulas drenam para dentro da circula&#231;&#227;o venosa. As complica&#231;&#245;es incluem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, devido a um shunt card&#237;aco da esquerda para a direita, isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio, ruptura de f&#237;stulas aneurism&#225;ticas e endocardite. As arritmias associadas com f&#237;stulas da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria s&#227;o extremamente raras e incluem taquicardia ventricular, disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Os mecanismos n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente compreendidos e, provavelmente, est&#227;o relacionados &#224; isquemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. O manejo de f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rias ainda &#233; controverso e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o baseadas em pequenas s&#233;ries retrospectivas. As principais indica&#231;&#245;es para o fechamento cir&#250;rgico ou percut&#226;neo com molas s&#227;o os sintomas cl&#237;nicos, principalmente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. No nosso caso, a corre&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas foi desencorajada devido ao seu elevado n&#250;mero e pequeno di&#226;metro. Al&#233;m disso, a terapia com betabloqueador foi eficaz no controle dos sintomas isqu&#234;micos e manifesta&#231;&#245;es arr&#237;tmicas.</p>
        <p>Este caso tem outra particularidade, uma vez que descreve uma SQTL tipo 2 devido a uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o (p.Asp411Valfs*2) no gene <italic>KCNH2</italic>(<italic>HERG</italic>). Embora essa muta&#231;&#227;o seja nova, a patogenicidade &#233; altamente prov&#225;vel: a muta&#231;&#227;o leva a um frameshift e um stop c&#243;don prematuro dois amino&#225;cidos ap&#243;s o &#225;cido asp&#225;rtico afetado. Analisamos essa nova muta&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua patogenicidade com o Mutation Taster (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mutationtaster.org">www.mutationtaster.org</ext-link>), um programa in-silico que prediz o potencial de altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas da doen&#231;a. Essa an&#225;lise classificou a muta&#231;&#227;o p.Asp411Valfs*2 como causadora de doen&#231;as. A posi&#231;&#227;o p.Asp411, que est&#225; localizada no primeiro dom&#237;nio transmembrana (S1) do HERG, tem um papel especial na prote&#237;na, uma vez que &#233; uma das seis cargas negativas no dom&#237;nio sensitivo de voltagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a p.Asp411 cria um acoplamento funcional com a p.Lys538, na extremidade interior do dom&#237;nio transmembrana S4. Estudos pr&#233;vios de Liu et al.<sup>11</sup> sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o desse c&#243;don mostrou que a mutag&#234;nese <italic>in vitro</italic> (p.Asp411Cys) resultando na protona&#231;&#227;o desse aspartato contribui para a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o pela qual o [H+] externo influencia altera&#231;&#245;es conformacionais nos dom&#237;nios citoplasm&#225;ticos dos canais. A mudan&#231;a de Asp para Val, como pode ser visto em nossa paciente, tamb&#233;m est&#225; leva &#224; protona&#231;&#227;o desse &#225;cido asp&#225;rtico, apoiando ainda mais a patogenicidade da nova altera&#231;&#227;o p.Asp411Valfs*2.</p>
        <p>SQT2 &#233; o segundo gen&#243;tipo mais comum da SQTL, e ocorre em 35-45% dos pacientes genotipados com SQTL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Tem sido demonstrado que o curso cl&#237;nico da SQTL no decorrer da vida de um paciente afetado &#233; influenciado pelo gen&#243;tipo, e testes gen&#233;ticos para os subtipos comuns da SQTL podem identificar uma muta&#231;&#227;o em 50 a 75% de probandos nos quais o diagn&#243;stico parece ser correto com base nos aspectos cl&#237;nicos. A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco com base na gen&#233;tica &#233; incentivada em alguns casos, provavelmente com implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. Por exemplo, observa&#231;&#245;es anteriores de Moss e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>constataram que pacientes com SQTL tipo 1 e SQT2 se beneficiaram significativamente da terapia com betabloqueador. Al&#233;m disso, em uma fam&#237;lia com um probando afetado e um defeito gen&#233;tico conhecido, a genotipagem dos membros da fam&#237;lia pode ajudar a excluir o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, que seja de nosso conhecimento, essa &#233; a primeira descri&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a SQTL e as m&#250;ltiplas f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rias, duas condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas raras, tanto quanto sabemos sem rela&#231;&#227;o causal em sua origem prim&#225;ria. Epis&#243;dios recorrentes de isquemia secund&#225;ria &#224;s m&#250;ltiplas f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rias podem ter desempenhado um papel importante como fatores precipitantes na g&#234;nese da TVP nessa paciente com uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o causadora de SQTL.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
