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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">K8V7gQ8YSCCJYTTwWZj7HXS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400527</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150143</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 5/2015 &#8211; 88-Year-Old Female with Chronic Coronary Artery Disease, Upper Limb Thrombosis, Atrial Fibrillation and Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#231;ula</surname>
            <given-names>Magaly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: demarchi@cardiol.br, vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>527</fpage>
      <lpage>535</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>In-stent Stenosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>An 88-year-old female was admitted due to pain and swelling of the left upper limb swelling (September 28, 2011).</p>
    <p>She was first admitted to Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) at the age of 73 years (December 12, 1996), because of chest angina on great exertion for 8 months.</p>
    <p>On that occasion, she reported arterial hypertension, glucose intolerance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, family history of sudden death, and smoking cessation at the age of 51 years.</p>
    <p>Her physical examination evidenced heart rate of 60 bpm, blood pressure of 150/80 mmHg. Her heart, lung and abdomen examinations were normal. Her lower limbs showed no edema and her pulses were symmetrical.</p>
    <p>The electrocardiogram (December 9, 1996) revealed sinus rhythm, an electrically inactive area in the inferodorsal wall, and ventricular repolarization changes with inverted T waves from V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>5</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>The laboratory tests (January 13, 1997) evidenced: glycemia, 115 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.4 mg/dL; total cholesterol, 295 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol), 56 mg/dL; low-density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol), 183 mg/dL; and triglycerides, 179 mg/dL.</p>
    <fig id="f01">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG. Sinus rhythm, probable electrically inactive inferodorsal area and diffuse ventricular repolarization changes.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Her coronary angiography (December 12, 1996) showed obstructions of 90% in the right coronary and circumflex arteries, and of 70% in the anterior interventricular artery, in addition to normal left ventricular motility.</p>
    <p>On January 20, 1997, the patient was submitted to successful coronary angioplasty with stent implantation in the circumflex artery, and unsuccessful coronary angioplasty of the right coronary artery, which was occluded. On January 29, 1997, she underwent coronary angioplasty with stent implantation in the anterior interventricular coronary branch.</p>
    <p>The patient became asymptomatic. On August 8, 1997, control coronary angiography evidenced occlusion of the right coronary artery, irregularities in the interventricular and circumflex arteries, and a 70% obstruction in the first branch of the left marginal artery.</p>
    <p>The laboratory assessment (March 25, 1998) showed: triglycerides, 338 mg/dL; total cholesterol, 294 mg/dL; LDL-cholesterol, 181 mg/dL; and HDL-cholesterol, 45 mg/dL. On January 27, 2000, a new laboratory assessment evidenced: triglycerides, 166 mg/dL; total cholesterol, 289 mg/dL; LDL-cholesterol, 210 mg/dL; and HDL-cholesterol, 46 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>Simvastatin was added to the ongoing fenofibrate.</p>
    <p>The laboratory assessment (December 14, 2001) revealed: triglycerides, 239 mg/dL; total cholesterol, 268 mg/dL; LDL-cholesterol, 160 mg/dL; and HDL-cholesterol, 60 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>The new coronary angiography (December 18, 2001) showed a 90% obstruction in the right coronary artery, and complicated with injury and thrombosis of the right brachial artery. Thromboembolectomy and brachial-brachial graft with the ipsilateral basilic vein were performed.</p>
    <p>The patient remained asymptomatic until 2011, with the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus since 2008, when metformin and glybenclamide were prescribed.</p>
    <p>On August 2011, the patient sought medical care complaining of angina on moderate exertion, being then submitted to coronary angiography (August 22, 2011), which showed: in-stent restenosis of 90% associated with an 80% obstruction in the mid third of the anterior interventricular artery; an 80% obstruction in the first branch of the diagonal artery; a 90% distal obstruction of the circumflex artery with patent coronary stent; an obstruction in the ostium of the second branch of the left marginal artery; a 90% obstruction of the right coronary artery; and preserved left ventricular motility.</p>
    <p>On September 15, 2011, the patient had prolonged chest pain at rest, and her laboratory assessment showed: hemoglobin, 12.1 g/dL; red blood cell count, 37%; platelets, 348,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; creatinine, 1.11 mg/dL; potassium, 4 mEq/L; sodium, 140 mEq/L; triglycerides, 223 mg/dL; total cholesterol, 175 mg/dL; HDL-cholesterol, 47 mg/dL; LDL-cholesterol, 83 mg/dL; creatine kinase MB mass, 0.2 ng/mL; troponin, 0.064 ng/mL; activated prothrombin time (APT) according to International Normalized Ratio (INR), 1; and activated partial thromboplastin time ratio (APTT), 0.84.</p>
    <p>The electrocardiography performed on September 15, 2011, revealed sinus rhythm, diffuse ventricular repolarization changes, and no changes of the special leads V<sub>3r</sub>, V<sub>4r</sub>, V<sub>7</sub> and V<sub>8</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f02">
      <label>Figure 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG. Sinus rhythm, diffuse ventricular repolarization changes.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f03">
      <label>Figure 3</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG. Right and dorsal leads, no evidence of ST-segment changes.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The sequential laboratory assessment on September 16, 2011, showed creatine kinase MB mass of 0.18 ng/mL and troponin of 0.34 ng/mL. On that same day, the patient underwent balloon angioplasty of the first diagonal branch, with stenting of the anterior interventricular artery. Bleeding, hemoglobin drop to 8.8 g/dL and pseudoaneurysm formation at the left femoral artery puncture site occurred.</p>
    <p>On September 20 and 23, 2011, the pseudoaneurysm was injected with prothrombin, with resolution of local bleeding. The patient was discharged on September 26, 2011.</p>
    <p>Two days after hospital discharge, she patient sought the emergency unit because of pain and left upper limb swelling.</p>
    <p>The laboratory tests on September 28, 2011, showed: hemoglobin, 10.4 g/dL; red blood cell count, 32%; medium corpuscular volume (MCV), 103 fl; leukocytes, 102,310/mm<sup>3</sup>(band neutrophils 36%, segmented neutrophils 62%, lymphocytes 1%, monocytes 1%); platelets, 292,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; creatine kinase MB mass, 0.27 ng/mL; troponin I, 0.126 ng/mL; creatinine, 2.52 mg/dL (glomerular filtration, 19 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>); aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 77 U/L; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 75 U/L; gamma glutamyl transferase, 179 U/L; total bilirubin, 1.05 mg/dL; direct bilirubin, 0.55 mg/dL; sodium, 136 mEq/L; potassium, 4.6 mEq/L; APT (INR), 1.3; and APTT, 1.04.</p>
    <p>Doppler ultrasound showed venous thromboses in the left upper limb, and anticoagulant therapy was initiated.</p>
    <p>A few hours later, the patient had atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. After amiodarone infusion, she had dyspnea, consciousness lowering, respiratory failure requiring orotracheal intubation for ventilatory support, and cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. She recovered, but showed high-grade atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation, severe bradycardia and right QRS axis deviation.</p>
    <p>On September 29, 2011, the laboratory tests were as follows: hemoglobin, 10.5 g/dL; red blood cell count, 35%; MCV, 109 fl; leukocytes, 9,820/mm<sup>3</sup> (metamyelocytes 1%, band neutrophils 40%, segmented neutrophils 41%, eosinophils 1%, lymphocytes 14%, monocytes 3%); platelets, 202,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; creatine kinase MB mass, 13.19 ng/mL; troponin I, 1.22 ng/mL; urea, 108 mg/dL; creatinine, 2.82 mg/dL (glomerular filtration, 12 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>); sodium, 135 mEq/L; potassium, 5 mEq/L; AST, 756 U/L; ALT, 312 U/L; gamma glutamyl transferase, 136 U/L; total bilirubin, 1.19 mg/dL; direct bilirubin, 0.71 mg/dL; C-reactive protein, 209 mg/L; venous lactate, 105 mg/dL; APT (INR), 3.9; and APTT, 7.97. Venous blood gas analysis showed: pH, 6.55; pCO<sub>2</sub>, 33.9 mm Hg; pO<sub>2</sub>, 27.1 mm Hg; O<sub>2  </sub>saturation, 21.4%; bicarbonate, 2.8 mEq/L; and base excess, (-) 29.8 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>The patient underwent temporary pacemaker implantation, but the refractory shock persisted. She had a new cardiac arrest and no longer responded to resuscitation maneuvers, dying on September 29, 2011.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>The patient is an 88-year-old female, who, because of chest angina, underwent percutaneous angioplasty with stenting, remaining asymptomatic for 13 years. The angina reappeared, and, after a new percutaneous intervention, she died. She underwent seven coronary angiographies, three of which with angioplasty and stenting. The fifth and seventh procedures had complications.</p>
      <p>The first point of interest is the indication of intervention therapy with stenting to an elderly patient with chest angina. Published studies support that indication. The results of intervention therapy in patients older than 80 years (n = 983) have shown a four-year survival of 71.6% for stent implantation (n = 289), better than that achieved with isolated drug treatment (n = 561, survival of 60.3%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The good results of the intervention therapy were later confirmed in 79/276 patients (52%) aged 80 &#177; 4 years, whose four-year survival was 72%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. The clinical experience confirms those observations. Thus, in our patient, the percutaneous intervention therapy performed for the first time at the age of 74 years and followed by 13 asymptomatic years was again indicated, when she became symptomatic.</p>
      <p>The patient underwent seven coronary angiographies in 15 years of follow-up, three of which (42.9%) with percutaneous coronary intervention via brachial and femoral punctures. Two of those revascularizations (66.7%) complicated with thrombosis, bleeding and pseudoaneurysm formation, requiring surgery for thromboembolectomy in the first event, and thrombin administration in the pseudoaneurysm and expectant management in the second event.</p>
      <p>The second point of interest is performing coronary angiography in octogenarians, whose mortality is higher (0.8%) than that of the general elderly population (0.11%). In that age group, the risk of vascular complications, such as arterial occlusions requiring surgical correction or thrombectomy, retroperitoneal bleeding, formation of hematoma, pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula, as well as the risk of infection, is greater (5%). Studies have confirmed that the diagnosis of femoral pseudoaneurysm occurred in more than 0.2% of the cases, in 8% of the catheterization processes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, the risk of pseudoaneurysm formation being higher in cases whose compression of the femoral artery access was performed with a device (39 in 1768 events &#8211; 2.2%) as compared to those with manual compression (1720 events/1.7%) at the puncture site<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A meta-analysis has confirmed the risk of bleeding at the femoral artery puncture site, comparing compression with devices (n = 1700) to manual compression (n = 1500), the risks being 4.6% and 4.1%, respectively. The estimated risk of an intervention at the puncture site is 1.6-fold higher with compression with devices than with manual compression. The risks of blood transfusion and of arterial ischemia in the lower limb for compression with devices were, respectively, 1.2 and 2.1 times greater than those using manual compression. Despite the nonsignificant results, complications were more frequently found when using compression with devices (3.8%) at the arterial puncture site than when using manual compression (1.7%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the case discussed, the patient being of the female sex and submitted to therapeutic percutaneous coronary intervention increased the risk for pseudoaneurysm formation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. The expectant management of the femoral pseudoaneurysm assumes a vascular diameter smaller than 2 cm, and the reason for not using ultrasound-guided percutaneous injection of thrombin might have been the possibility of spontaneous thrombosis of the vascular content<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The third point of interest is the treatment of elderly patients with coronary artery disease and its impact on survival. A study of 7472 octogenarians (mean age of 83 years) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention has reported mortality ranging from 0 to 19%, being around 5% for patients older than 85 years, the mortality predictors being as follows: cardiogenic shock (31%); acute myocardial infarction (11%); lower ejection fraction (35%); kidney failure (7.2%); first coronary intervention (2.7%); patients older 85 years (1.8%); and diabetes mellitus (1.2%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>The recommendation of optimized drug treatment as the initial option for patients with chronic coronary artery disease is supported by a meta-analysis with 63 studies (1852 symptomatic and asymptomatic patients diagnosed with chronic coronary artery disease, mean age ranging from 56 to 65 years), comparing four possibilities of procedures (percutaneous coronary intervention <italic>versus</italic> drug treatment; angioplasty with stent <italic>versus</italic> conventional balloon angioplasty; angioplasty with stent <italic>versus</italic> drug treatment; angioplasty with drug eluting stent   <italic>versus</italic> angioplasty with bare-metal stent), with no difference in mortality, acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery or need for a new procedure within 12 months<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the case discussed, 15 years after coronary disease stratification and percutaneous coronary intervention, the patient had angina on moderate exertion, suggesting that the therapeutic strategy with percutaneous and drug revascularization, to control risk factors, did not prevent disease progression.</p>
      <p>Considering that the patient had coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus, the clinical experience confirms the greater risk for restenosis and occlusion after revascularization procedures, via either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery, as compared to nondiabetic patients with multivessel coronary disease. Hlatky et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> have reported similar mortality for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (575/3889 patients) and for those (628/3923) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, 15% and 16%, respectively. In patients older than 65 years, however, treatment changed mortality. In patients with diabetes, the mortality of those undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (615 patients) was substantially lower than that of those (618 patients) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, suggesting that coronary artery bypass graft surgery yields lower mortality in patients with diabetes older than 65 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>The controversy over the therapeutic option for the elderly is evident when assessing the result of two studies performed in patients older than 75 years with coronary artery disease. The Italian Elderly Acute Coronary Syndrome Trial Investigators has compared the survival of patients treated with an early invasive approach <italic>versus</italic>the clinical conservative approach, evidencing no advantage of the initial aggressive therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Another recent study with patients diagnosed with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome has estimated the presence of events (mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, re-hospitalization due to cardiovascular cause, or bleeding) in the invasive treatment (86/182 patients; 47.3% females) as compared with that in the conservative approach (70/131 patients; 53.4% females). That study has shown those events in 24.7% of the patients undergoing early invasive therapy (45/182 patients) as compared to 40.5% (53/131 patients) of those undergoing the initial conservative treatment in a one-year follow-up. The patients undergoing invasive treatment had an improvement in survival with a reduction in death/nonfatal infarction (14.3% or 26 patients) and in new hospitalizations (9.9% or 18 patients) as compared to those undergoing conservative treatment (27.5% or 36 patients, and 16.8% or 22 patients, respectively)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that, although stents efficiently reestablish the vascular lumen by reducing 50% of the angiographic restenosis, they cause injure to the vascular wall, and, via repairing mechanisms, a healing response that, depending on the severity of the process, will lead to reobstruction of the vessel treated. The analysis of the composition of 40 coronary thrombi manually aspirated in the first 4 to 16.5 hours from chest pain onset, during primary percutaneous coronary intervention, has identified the presence of fibrin (49.1%), red blood cells (24.2%), platelets (11.6%) and leukocytes (3.7%) in the material studied<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to Montalescot et al., although current interventional treatments reduce the risk of restenosis by as much as 40% as compared to previous techniques, the introduction of conventional stent has not improved survival as compared to balloon angioplasty<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In addition, the use of drug-eluting stents has not improved survival as compared to conventional stents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>The patient underwent new percutaneous coronary intervention with coronary stenting in the anterior interventricular artery and balloon angioplasty in the first branch of the diagonal artery, and had immediate and late, local and systemic complications of the procedure (bleeding at the puncture site with pseudoaneurysm formation in the left femoral artery and venous thrombosis in the left upper limb).</p>
      <p>The acute drop in hemoglobin after the percutaneous intervention (the seventh procedure), as well as stent implantation with evidence of macrocytosis and elevation of the MCV can be associated with excessive regeneration of bone marrow or with altered DNA synthesis, probably related to post-hemorrhage anemia. The presence of leukocytosis with 36% of band neutrophils can be explained as stimulation by the inflammatory process, trauma or necrosis with release of interleukin-1, mobilization of the bone marrow reserve pool of band neutrophils and &#8220;shift to the left&#8221;. The absence of neutrophilia can be explained by the patient&#8217;s age group, suggesting the possibility of an infectious process.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the laboratory tests, the increase in serum creatinine with a reduction in glomerular filtration (19 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) and rapid progression with elevation in aminotransferases suggest renal injury with severe renal failure and acute liver failure due to ischemia/hypoxia and prolonged hypotension.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that, although the two sequential measurements of troponin (0.126 ng/mL and 1.22 ng/mL) performed at a 24-hour interval were within the normal range, a significant increase in the second value was observed, which can suggest an increased cardiovascular risk. That risk was confirmed in a study with 2285 patients diagnosed with stable coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus (female sex, 34.9%; age range, 55 to 68 years; mean age, 61 years), and followed up for five years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Cardiovascular death, non-fatal acute myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke occurred in 12.9% (178/1388 patients) of those with normal troponin as compared to 27.1% (243/897 patients) of those with elevated troponin. An elevation in troponin concentration greater than 25% in a four-year follow-up proved to be an independent marker of cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>The patient had atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response and developed hemodynamic instability, respiratory instability and cardiac arrest after amiodarone intravenous infusion. Although the clinical experience confirms the efficacy of amiodarone to reverse atrial fibrillation in 80% of the cases, it should be carefully used in elderly patients, with special attention paid to its infusion velocity. Two authors have assessed the incidence of atrial fibrillation and the survival of patients with that arrhythmia. Reinel et al. have studied 310 episodes of arrhythmia in 133 severely ill patients, 29.8% of which (83/278 episodes of tachycardia) represented atrial fibrillation. Baine et al. have studied the incidence of types of arrhythmia in patients (144512) older than 65 years, atrial fibrillation being the most frequently found cardiac rhythm (44.8%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. In another study of 4060 patients with atrial fibrillation and mean age of 69.7 years (range, 60.7 &#8211; 78.7), the mortality of those with controlled cardiac rhythm was 17.5% (356/2033 patients) as compared to 15.3% (310/2027 patients) among those with controlled heart rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>The fourth point of interest was the patient&#8217;s sudden clinical deterioration, suggesting the release of mediators, causing hypoxemia and hypotension requiring the differential diagnosis between sepsis and pulmonary thromboembolism. The rapid course with cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension, severe hypoxemia and cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity can be associated with massive pulmonary embolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A study has confirmed that 79% of the patients with pulmonary embolism had evidence of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs, and, of the hereditary or acquired risk factors, advanced age and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome increased the likelihood of acute episodes of repeated deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>The cause of death was pulmonary thromboembolism. The patient with chronic coronary artery disease and several cardiovascular risk factors, such as arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus, showed progressive coronary atherogenesis. In one decade, she had repeated episodes of vascular thrombosis, the last thromboembolic event occurring at an uncommon site (upper limb), suggesting the need for thrombophilia assessment. The patient had cardiac arrhythmia, hemodynamic instability and refractory cardiogenic shock probably due to massive pulmonary embolism, and died. <bold>(Magaly Mar&#231;ula, MD)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypotheses:</bold> pulmonary thromboembolism, deep venous thrombosis at an uncommon site, chronic coronary artery disease. Cause of death: cardiogenic shock.   <bold>(Magaly Mar&#231;ula, MD)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necropsy</title>
      <p>The heart weighed 453 g (normal for the female sex: up to 350 g). Its opening revealed hypertrophy of the left ventricular walls and mottled aspect of the ventricular septum myocardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). On microscopic examination, the mottled area corresponded to 2-to-3-week-old myocardial infarction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>). Fibrotic or scarring foci and focal areas of extracellular amorphous substance accumulation with staining characteristics of amyloid (Congo red) were identified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>). The microscopic study of the coronary arteries revealed recent partial thrombosis on the seventh cm of the right coronary artery, in addition to atherosclerosis with 80% obstruction. The anterior interventricular and circumflex branches of the left coronary artery had stents placed several years before and were submitted to special processing with resin inclusion, allowing for histological sections. These sections showed fibrous (anterior interventricular branch) or fatty (circumflex branch) atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries causing in-stent occlusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figures 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">8</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f04">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cross section of the ventricles showing mild left ventricular hypertrophy, in addition to irregularly mottled septal area and whitish area in the posteromedial papillary muscle (old healed infarction).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f05">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Photomicrographs of the ventricular myocardium showing: a) area of organizing infarction corresponding to the mottled ventricular septum area; b) fibrotic and scarring area in the inferior wall. Hematoxylin-Eosin, 20X and 5X, respectively.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f06">
        <label>Figure 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Polarized light photomicrographs of the ventricular myocardium. Greenish areas correspond to amyloid substance deposits. Congo red under polarized light, 10X.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f07">
        <label>Figure 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Photomicrographs of segments of the left coronary artery anterior interventricular branch, where signs of the old stent rods are seen (rectangular regions, usually empty due to artifactual detachment of the stent during the section, but sometimes partially filled with a dark residual material from the stent). There is fibrous neointimal thickening inside the old stent (neoatherosclerosis with fibrous plaque, marked with asterisks). In addition, residues of the older calcified plaque, external to the stent (yellow arrow in panel a) can be seen. Verhoeff stain for elastic fibers, 2.5X and 5X, respectively.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f08">
        <label>Figure 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Photomicrographs of segments of the left coronary artery circumflex branch, where signs of the old stent rods are seen (rectangular regions, usually empty due to artifactual detachment of the stent during the section). Note, inside the stent (panel a), neoatherosclerosis with mixed plaque, fibrous (asterisks) and fatty, rich in xanthomatous histiocytes (detail in panel b). Hematoxylin-Eosin, 5X and 10X, respectively.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The lungs weighed together 860g, and their microscopic study showed areas of alveolar edema (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 9</xref>). In addition, thromboemboli were identified in small intraparenchymal arteries with Gram-positive cocci. There was terminal bronchopneumonia, not related to the septic thromboembolism.</p>
      <fig id="f09">
        <label>Figure 9</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Photomicrographs of intra-alveolar edema in the lungs. Hematoxylin-Eosin, 5X.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses:</bold> moderate systemic and coronary atherosclerosis with in-stent atheroma plaques; cardiovascular amyloidosis; pulmonary alveolar edema; terminal bronchopneumonia; and foci of septic pulmonary thromboembolism.</p>
      <p><bold>Cause of death:</bold> organizing myocardial infarction in the ventricular septum   <bold>(Vera Demarchi Aiello, Prof. MD)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>Coronary arteries submitted to stent implantation can develop late in-stent restenosis, due to neoatherosclerosis, which happened in the case reported. The resin inclusion technique allowed for sectioning and assessing the stented coronary segments. There were atherosclerotic plaques of varied composition (fibrous and fatty). That obstruction accounted for the recent septal infarction. Despite the occlusive lesions in the right coronary artery, which was not the dominant vessel in this case, no infarction was identified in that coronary artery territory.</p>
      <p>A very recent study by Taniwaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> has shown that in-stent neoatherosclerosis was more frequently found in patients with clinical and angiographic evidence of atherosclerosis progression in nontreated native coronary segments. Cardiovascular amyloidosis was an occasional finding, and, although not extensive, it might have contributed to the final myocardial dysfunction.</p>
      <p>The lungs showed focal alveolar edema and terminal bronchopneumonia. The source of the septic thromboemboli was not identified. The gross examination of the heart evidenced no signs of infectious endocarditis that could explain that embolic event. According to clinical data, there were clinical signs of venous thrombosis of the left upper limb, which, if infected, could have been the embolic source. Usually the exposed areas are not inspected on the postmortem examination, explaining why that thrombosis was not studied. <bold>(Vera Demarchi Aiello, Prof. MD)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 5/2015 &#8211; Mulher de 88 Anos Com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Cr&#244;nica, Trombose de Membro Superior, Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e Parada Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#231;ula</surname>
            <given-names>Magaly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Palavras-chave</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose Venosa Profunda de Membros Superiores</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca, Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose Intra-stent</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Mulher de 88 anos de idade foi internada por dor e aumento de volume do membro superior esquerdo em 28 de setembro de 2011.</p>
      <p>O primeiro atendimento no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) foi aos 73 anos de idade (12 de dezembro de 1996) em raz&#227;o de angina de peito desencadeada por grandes esfor&#231;os havia 8 meses.</p>
      <p>Na ocasi&#227;o, informou ser portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia, e ainda hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita. Deixou o tabagismo aos 51 anos de idade.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico evidenciou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 60 batimentos por minuto, press&#227;o arterial de 150/80 mmHg. A semiologia pulmonar e a card&#237;aca foram normais. O exame do abdome n&#227;o apresentou anormalidades. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das extremidades inferiores n&#227;o havia edema e os pulsos eram sim&#233;tricos.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (9 de dezembro de 1996) revelou ritmo sinusal, &#225;rea eletricamente inativa na parede &#237;nfero-dorsal e altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular com ondas T invertidas de V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>5</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f10">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG. Ritmo sinusal, prov&#225;vel &#225;rea eletricamente inativa &#237;nfero-dorsal e altera&#231;&#245;es difusas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (13 de janeiro de 1997) evidenciaram: glicemia, 115 mg/dL; creatinina, 1,4 mg/dL; colesterol total, 295 mg/dL; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol), 56 mg/dL; lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol), 183 mg/dL; triglic&#233;rides, 179 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>A cineangiocoronariografia (12 de dezembro de 1996) demonstrou les&#227;o obstrutiva de 90% em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias direita e circunflexa, les&#227;o obstrutiva estimada em 70% na art&#233;ria interventricular anterior e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com motilidade normal.</p>
      <p>Em 20 de janeiro de 1997, a paciente foi submetida, com sucesso, a angioplastia coron&#225;ria com implante de <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio em art&#233;ria circunflexa e angioplastia, sem sucesso, da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, que estava oclu&#237;da. Em 29 de janeiro de 1997 foi submetida a angioplastia coron&#225;ria com implante de   <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio no ramo interventricular anterior.</p>
      <p>A paciente evoluiu assintom&#225;tica e na cineangiocoronariografia de controle, realizada em 8 de agosto de 1997, foi evidenciada oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, presen&#231;a de irregularidades nas art&#233;rias interventricular e circunflexa, e les&#227;o de 70% no primeiro ramo da art&#233;ria marginal esquerda.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial (25 de mar&#231;o de 1998) revelou: triglic&#233;rides, 338 mg/dL; colesterol total, 294 mg/dL; LDL-colesterol, 181 mg/dL; HDL-colesterol, 45 mg/dL. A nova avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial (27 de janeiro de 2000) evidenciou: triglic&#233;rides, 166 mg/dL; colesterol total, 289 mg/dL; LDL-colesterol, 210 mg/dL; HDL-colesterol, 46 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Foi prescrita sinvastatina em associa&#231;&#227;o a fenofibrato em uso.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial de 14 de dezembro de 2001 revelou: triglic&#233;rides, 239 mg/dL; colesterol total, 268 mg/dL; LDL-colesterol, 160 mg/dL; e HDL-colesterol, 60 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Nova cineangiocoronariografia realizada em 18 de dezembro de 2001 evidenciou les&#227;o de 90% em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita com intercorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o arterial e trombose da art&#233;ria braquial direita. Realizaram-se tromboembolectomia e enxerto braquio-braquial com veia bas&#237;lica homolateral.</p>
      <p>A paciente persistiu assintom&#225;tica at&#233; 2011, com diagn&#243;stico de diabetes mellitus desde 2008, quando foram prescritas metformina e glibenclamida.</p>
      <p>Em agosto de 2011 a paciente procurou atendimento m&#233;dico com queixa de angina aos esfor&#231;os moderados, sendo submetida a cineangiocoronariografia (22 de agosto de 2011), que evidenciou: reestenose de 90% intra<italic>-stent  </italic>associada a les&#227;o obstrutiva de 80% no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior; les&#227;o obstrutiva de 80% no primeiro ramo da art&#233;ria diagonal; art&#233;ria circunflexa com le&#227;o obstrutiva distal de 90% com <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio p&#233;rvio; les&#227;o obstrutiva no &#243;stio do segundo ramo da art&#233;ria marginal esquerda; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita com les&#227;o obstrutiva de 90% e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com motilidade conservada.</p>
      <p>Em 15 de setembro de 2011 a paciente apresentou dor precordial prolongada no repouso e a avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial evidenciou: hemoglobina, 12,1 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 37%; plaquetas, 348.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; creatinina, 1,11 mg/dL; pot&#225;ssio, 4 mEq/l; s&#243;dio, 140 mEq/l; triglic&#233;rides, 223 mg/dL; colesterol total, 175 mg/dL; HDL-colesterol, 47 mg/dL; LDL-colesterol, 83 mg/dL; creatinoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o massa, 0,2 ng/ml; troponina, 0,064 ng/ml; tempo de atividade da protrombina (TAP) segundo a <italic>International Normalized Ratio</italic> (INR), 1; e rela&#231;&#227;o do tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA), 0,84.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma realizado em 15 de setembro de 2011 revelou ritmo sinusal, altera&#231;&#245;es difusas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sem altera&#231;&#245;es nas deriva&#231;&#245;es especiais V<sub>3r</sub>, V<sub>4r</sub>, V<sub>7</sub> e V<sub>8</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f11">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG. Ritmo sinusal, altera&#231;&#245;es difusas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f12">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG. Deriva&#231;&#245;es direitas e dorsais, sem evid&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es de ST.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial sequencial, realizada em 16 de setembro de 2011, evidenciou creatinoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o massa de 0,18 ng/ml e troponina de 0,34 ng/ml.</p>
      <p>Em 16 e setembro de 2011, a paciente foi submetida a angioplastia com bal&#227;o no primeiro ramo da art&#233;ria diagonal, sendo inserido <italic>stent</italic> em art&#233;ria interventricular anterior. O procedimento transcorreu com sangramento, queda de hemoglobina para 8,8 g/dL e forma&#231;&#227;o de pseudoaneurisma no local da pun&#231;&#227;o em art&#233;ria femoral esquerda.</p>
      <p>Nos dias 20 e 23 de setembro de 2011, a paciente foi medicada com inje&#231;&#227;o de protrombina no pseudoaneurisma, com resolu&#231;&#227;o do sangramento local, tendo recebido alta hospitalar em 26 de setembro de 2011.</p>
      <p>Dois dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, a paciente procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia por dor e aumento de volume de membro superior esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais em 28 de setembro de 2011 revelaram: hemoglobina, 10,4 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 32%; volume corpuscular m&#233;dio (VCM), 103 fl; leuc&#243;citos, 102.310/mm<sup>3</sup> (bast&#245;es 36%, segmentados 62%, linf&#243;citos 1%, mon&#243;citos 1%); plaquetas, 292.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; creatinoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o massa, 0,27 ng/ml; troponina I, 0,126 ng/ml; creatinina, 2,52 mg/dL (filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular 19 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>); aspartato aminotransferase (AST), 77 U/l; alanina aminotransferase (ALT), 75 U/l; gama glutamil transferase, 179 U/l; bilirrubina total, 1,05 mg/dL; bilirrubina direta, 0,55 mg/dL; s&#243;dio, 136 mEq/l; pot&#225;ssio, 4,6 mEq/l; TAP (INR), 1,3; e TTPA, 1,04.</p>
      <p>Foi realizada ultrassonografia com Doppler, que confirmou a presen&#231;a de trombose venosa do membro superior esquerdo, sendo iniciada a terapia com anticoagulante.</p>
      <p>Depois de algumas horas a paciente apresentou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com alta resposta ventricular e, ap&#243;s infus&#227;o da amiodarona, evoluiu com dispneia, rebaixamento de consci&#234;ncia, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria com necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte ventilat&#243;rio e parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso. Houve recupera&#231;&#227;o da parada card&#237;aca, tendo evolu&#237;do, por&#233;m, com alto grau de bloqueio atrioventricular, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bradicardia intensa e desvio do eixo do complexo QRS para a direita.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais realizados em 29 de setembro de 2011 evidenciaram: hemoglobina, 10,5 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 35%; VCM, 109 fl; leuc&#243;citos, 9.820/mm<sup>3</sup>(metamiel&#243;citos 1%, bast&#245;es 40%, segmentados 41%, eosin&#243;filos 1%, linf&#243;citos 14%, mon&#243;citos 3%); plaquetas, 202.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; creatinoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o massa, 13,19 ng/ml; troponina I, 1,22 ng/ml; ureia, 108 mg/dL; creatinina, 2,82 mg/dL (filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular 12 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>f); s&#243;dio, 135 mEq/l; pot&#225;ssio, 5 mEq/l; AST, 756 U/l; ALT, 312 U/l; gama glutamil transferase, 136 U/l; bilirrubina total, 1,19 mg/dL; bilirrubina direta, 0,71 mg/dL; prote&#237;na C reativa, 209 mg/l; lactato venoso, 105 mg/dL; TAP (INR), 3,9; e TTPA, 7,97. A gasometria venosa mostrou: pH, 6,55; pCO<sub>2</sub>, 33,9 mmHg; pO<sub>2</sub>, 27,1 mmHg; satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>, 21,4%; bicarbonato, 2,8 mEq/l; e excesso de bases, (-) 29,8 mEq/l.</p>
      <p>A paciente foi submetida a implante de marca-passo provis&#243;rio, por&#233;m continuou em choque refrat&#225;rio, evoluindo com nova parada card&#237;aca e n&#227;o mais respondendo &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o. Faleceu em 29 de setembro de 2011.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de uma paciente de 88 anos de idade, que, em raz&#227;o de angina de peito, foi submetida a angioplastia percut&#226;nea com implante de <italic>stent</italic>, mantendo-se assintom&#225;tica por 13 anos. Voltou a apresentar angina e, depois de nova interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, faleceu. Foi submetida a sete cineangiocoronariografias, tr&#234;s das quais para angioplastia com implante de <italic>stent</italic>, tendo apresentado complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento na quinta e na s&#233;tima interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Um primeiro ponto de interesse &#233; a indica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento intervencionista com implante de <italic>stent  </italic>em paciente com angina de peito e idade avan&#231;ada. Estudos publicados referendam a indica&#231;&#227;o. Os resultados do tratamento intervencionista em pacientes com idade superior a 80 anos (n = 983) revelaram sobrevida em quatro anos de 71,6% para o implante de <italic>stent</italic>(n = 289), superior ao tratamento medicamentoso isolado com sobrevida de 60,3% (n = 561)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Os bons resultados do tratamento intervencionista foram confirmados posteriormente em 79/276 (52%) pacientes com 80 &#177; 4 anos que tiveram sobrevida de 72% quando acompanhados por quatro anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica acumulada confirma essas observa&#231;&#245;es. Portanto, nesse caso, o tratamento intervencionista percut&#226;neo realizado pela primeira vez aos 74 anos, seguido de 13 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica, foi novamente indicado quando a paciente voltou a apresentar sintomas.</p>
        <p>A paciente foi submetida a sete cineangiocoronariografias em 15 anos de seguimento, das quais, tr&#234;s (42,9%) com interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria por pun&#231;&#227;o braquial e femoral. Em duas (66,7%) dessas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, a paciente apresentou complica&#231;&#227;o (trombose, sangramento e forma&#231;&#227;o de pseudoaneurisma), com abordagem cir&#250;rgica por tromboembolectomia no primeiro evento e administra&#231;&#227;o de trombina no pseudoaneurisma e conduta expectante no segundo evento.</p>
        <p>Um segundo ponto de interesse &#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cineangiocoronariografia em octogen&#225;rios, cuja mortalidade &#233; maior (0,8%) se comparada &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o idosa em geral (0,11%). Naquela popula&#231;&#227;o, o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares, como oclus&#245;es arteriais com necessidade de reparo cir&#250;rgico ou trombectomia, sangramento retroperitoneal, forma&#231;&#227;o de hematoma, de pseudoaneurisma e de f&#237;stula arteriovenosa, e o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o, &#233; maior (5%). Os estudos confirmam que o diagn&#243;stico de pseudoaneurisma femoral ocorreu em mais de 0,2% dos casos, em 8% dos processos de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, sendo maior o risco de forma&#231;&#227;o de pseudoaneurisma onde a compress&#227;o do acesso arterial femoral foi realizada com dispositivo (39 eventos em 1768 eventos - 2,2%) comparado com a compress&#227;o manual (1720 eventos/ 1,7%) no local da pun&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Metan&#225;lise ratifica o risco de sangramento no local da pun&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria femoral, comparando a compress&#227;o com dispositivos (n = 1700) com a manual (n = 1500), sendo os riscos de 4,6% e 4,1%, respectivamente; o risco estimado de uma interven&#231;&#227;o no local da pun&#231;&#227;o &#233; de 1,6 vez maior com a compress&#227;o com dispositivo do que com a compress&#227;o manual. Os riscos de transfus&#227;o de sangu&#237;nea e de isquemia arterial em membro inferior com a compress&#227;o com dispositivo foram respectivamente 1,2 e 2,1 vezes maiores quando comparados com os da compress&#227;o manual. Apesar dos resultados n&#227;o significativos, as complica&#231;&#245;es foram mais frequentes quando utilizados dispositivos para compress&#227;o (3,8%) comparados com a compress&#227;o manual (1,7%) do acesso arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>No caso em discuss&#227;o, a paciente por ser do sexo feminino e submetida a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria terap&#234;utica tinha maior risco para a forma&#231;&#227;o de pseudoaneurisma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica expectante na abordagem do pseudoaneurisma femoral pressup&#245;e um di&#226;metro vascular menor do que 2 cm, e a n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o de inje&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de trombina, guiada por ultrassom, provavelmente foi preferida acreditando-se na possibilidade da trombose espont&#226;nea do conte&#250;do vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Um terceiro ponto de interesse &#233; o tratamento e o impacto na sobrevida dos pacientes idosos com doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. No estudo de 7472 pacientes octogen&#225;rios (m&#233;dia de idade 83 anos) submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria, a mortalidade variou de 0 a 19%, sendo pr&#243;xima a 5% nos pacientes com idade acima de 85 anos, sendo os preditores de mortalidade: choque cardiog&#234;nico (31%), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (11%), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor (35%), insufici&#234;ncia renal (7,2%), realiza&#231;&#227;o da primeira interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana (2,7%), idade acima de 85 anos (1,8%) e presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus (1,2%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o de tratamento com medicamento otimizado como op&#231;&#227;o inicial para pacientes com doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria tem suporte em metan&#225;lise de 63 estudos (1852 pacientes; m&#233;dia de idade variando de 56 a 65 anos, sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria) que comparou quatro possibilidades de indica&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos (interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea   <italic>versus</italic> tratamento com medicamento; angioplastia com   <italic>stentversus</italic> angioplastia convencional com bal&#227;o; angioplastia com   <italic>stentversus</italic> tratamento com medicamento; angioplastia com   <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico <italic>versus  </italic>angioplastia com   <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico) sem diferen&#231;a na mortalidade, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou necessidade de novo procedimento em seguimento de 12 meses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>No caso em discuss&#227;o, 15 anos ap&#243;s a estratifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana e da op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, a paciente evoluiu com angina aos esfor&#231;os moderados sugerindo que a estrat&#233;gia de terapia com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e medicamentosa, para controle dos fatores de risco, n&#227;o impediu a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Considerando o fato de a paciente apresentar doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e diabetes mellitus, a experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica confirma o maior risco de re-estenose e oclus&#227;o ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, seja por interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou por revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. O resultado do estudo de Hlatky et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> evidenciou que a mortalidade em pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (575/3889 pacientes) comparada com a mortalidade naqueles (628/3923) submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria foi similar, 15% e 16%, respectivamente; nos pacientes com idade superior a 65 anos, por&#233;m, o tratamento modificou a mortalidade. Nos diab&#233;ticos, a mortalidade daqueles submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (615 pacientes) foi substancialmente menor do que a daqueles (618 pacientes) submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria, sugerindo que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica condiciona menor mortalidade nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos com idade superior a 65 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>A controv&#233;rsia na op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica do idoso fica evidente ao se avaliar o resultado de dois estudos realizados em pacientes com doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e com idade superior a 75 anos. O Estudo Italiano em Idosos com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda comparou a sobrevida em pacientes tratados com abordagem invasiva precoce   <italic>versus</italic> a abordagem cl&#237;nica conservadora, n&#227;o tendo evidenciou vantagem na op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica inicial agressiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Outro recente estudo em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST estimou a presen&#231;a dos eventos &#8722; mortalidade, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, reinterna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por causa cardiovascular ou sangramento no tratamento invasivo (86/182 pacientes; 47,3% do sexo feminino) comparado com tratamento conservador (70/131 pacientes; 53,4% do sexo feminino) &#8722; e mostrou que, naqueles submetidos a terap&#234;utica invasiva precoce, os eventos ocorreram em 24,7% (45/182 pacientes) em compara&#231;&#227;o com 40,5% (53/131 pacientes) daqueles submetidos ao tratamento conservador inicial no seguimento de um ano. Naqueles submetidos a tratamento invasivo, houve melhora na sobrevida com redu&#231;&#227;o do &#243;bito/infarto n&#227;o fatal (14,3% ou 26 pacientes) e novas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es (9,9% ou 18 pacientes) em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles submetidos a tratamento conservador, respectivamente 27,5% (36 pacientes) e 16,8% (22 pacientes)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ressalte-se que, apesar de os <italic>stents  </italic>restabelecerem de maneira eficaz a luz vascular com redu&#231;&#227;o em cerca de 50% da re-estenose angiogr&#225;fica, eles causam um dano &#224; parede vascular e, atrav&#233;s de mecanismos reparadores, uma resposta cicatricial que, dependendo da intensidade do processo, levar&#225; a reobstru&#231;&#227;o do vaso tratado. A an&#225;lise da composi&#231;&#227;o de 40 trombos intracoronarianos, aspirados manualmente nas primeiras 4 a 16,5 horas do in&#237;cio da dor no peito, durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria, identificou a presen&#231;a de fibrina (49,1%), eritr&#243;citos (24,2%), plaquetas (11,6%) e leuc&#243;citos (3,7%) no material estudado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Para Montalescot et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, embora os tratamentos intervencionistas contempor&#226;neos reduzam o risco de re-estenose em at&#233; 40%, comparativamente &#224;s t&#233;cnicas anteriores, a introdu&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent  </italic>convencional n&#227;o melhorou a sobrevida quando comparado com a angioplastia com bal&#227;o, assim como o uso de <italic>stent</italic> recoberto n&#227;o melhorou a sobrevida comparado ao <italic>stent</italic> convencional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>A paciente foi submetida a nova interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea com implante de   <italic>stent</italic> coronariano em art&#233;ria interventricular anterior e angioplastia com cateter-bal&#227;o no primeiro ramo da art&#233;ria diagonal, evoluindo com complica&#231;&#245;es locais e sist&#234;micas, imediatas e tardias do procedimento (sangramento no local da pun&#231;&#227;o com forma&#231;&#227;o de pseudoaneurisma em art&#233;ria femoral esquerda e trombose venosa em membro superior esquerdo, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>A queda aguda da hemoglobina ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea &#8211; o s&#233;timo procedimento realizado na paciente desde a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o &#8211; e o implante de   <italic>stent</italic> com evid&#234;ncia de macrocitose e eleva&#231;&#227;o do VCM podem estar associados &#224; hiperregenera&#231;&#227;o da medula ou &#224; s&#237;ntese alterada do DNA, provavelmente relacionada com anemia p&#243;s-hemorragia. Na leucometria, a presen&#231;a de leucocitose com 36% de bast&#245;es pode ser explicada por est&#237;mulo de processo inflamat&#243;rio, trauma ou necrose com libera&#231;&#227;o de interleucina-1, mobiliza&#231;&#227;o da reserva medular de bastonetes e &#8220;desvio &#224; esquerda&#8221;. A aus&#234;ncia de neutrofilia pode ser explicada pela faixa et&#225;ria da paciente e pode sugerir a possibilidade de processo infeccioso.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise dos exames laboratoriais realizados, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatinina s&#233;rica com diminui&#231;&#227;o da filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (19 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>) e a r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o com eleva&#231;&#227;o das aminotransferases sugerem les&#227;o renal com insufici&#234;ncia renal grave e fal&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica aguda decorrentes do processo de isquemia/hip&#243;xia, hipotens&#227;o prolongada e choque, entre outras causas.</p>
        <p>Enfatizo que, apesar de as duas medi&#231;&#245;es sequenciais de troponina (0,126 ng/ml e 1,22 ng/ml) realizadas em intervalo de 24 horas estarem dentro dos limites da normalidade, houve um aumento significativo do valor na segunda medi&#231;&#227;o, o que pode sugerir um risco cardiovascular aumentado. Tal risco foi referendado em estudo com 2285 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a est&#225;vel da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e diabetes mellitus (sexo feminino, 34,9%) e idade variando de 55 a 68 anos (m&#233;dia 61 anos), acompanhados por cinco anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Naquele estudo, a presen&#231;a dos eventos morte por causa card&#237;aca ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal ou acidente vascular n&#227;o fatal foi 12,9% (178/1388 pacientes) naqueles com troponina normal comparado com 27,1% (243/897 pacientes) naqueles com troponina elevada. Um aumento maior de 25% na concentra&#231;&#227;o da troponina, em quatro anos de seguimento, mostrou-se um marcador de risco cardiovascular independente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Considerando que a paciente apresentou ritmo card&#237;aco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com alta resposta ventricular e evoluiu com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, respirat&#243;ria e parada card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o uso de amiodarona endovenosa, a experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica ratifica a efic&#225;cia da amiodarona na revers&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 80% dos casos. Entretanto, seu uso deve ser cuidadoso em pacientes idosos e a velocidade da sua infus&#227;o deve ser criteriosa. Baine et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> estudaram a incid&#234;ncia do tipo de arritmia em grande n&#250;mero de pacientes (144512) com idade superior a 65 anos e a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi o ritmo card&#237;aco mais frequente (44,8%). Em outro estudo com 4060 pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e m&#233;dia de idade de 69,7 anos (variando de 60,7 a 78,7), entre aqueles com ritmo card&#237;aco controlado, a mortalidade foi de 17,5% (356/2033 pacientes) comparada com 15,3% (310/2027 pacientes) entre aqueles cuja op&#231;&#227;o foi o controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Um quarto ponto de interesse &#233; a s&#250;bita piora cl&#237;nica da paciente, sugerindo a libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores, causando hipoxemia e hipotens&#227;o com necessidade do diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre sepse e tromboembolismo pulmonar. A r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o da paciente com arritmia card&#237;aca, hipotens&#227;o, hipoxemia extrema e parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso pode estar associada a embolia pulmonar maci&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Estudo ratifica que aproximadamente 79% dos pacientes com embolia pulmonar t&#234;m evid&#234;ncias de trombose venosa profunda em membros inferiores e, dentre os fatores de risco heredit&#225;rios ou adquiridos, a idade avan&#231;ada e a s&#237;ndrome do anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pide aumentam a probabilidade de epis&#243;dios agudos de trombose venosa profunda de repeti&#231;&#227;o e embolia pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>A causa do &#243;bito foi tromboembolismo pulmonar. A paciente com doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e v&#225;rios fatores de risco cardiovascular, como hipertens&#227;o arterial, hipercolesterolemia e diabetes mellitus evoluiu com aterog&#234;nese coronariana progressiva. No transcorrer de uma d&#233;cada, apresentou trombose vascular de repeti&#231;&#227;o, sendo o &#250;ltimo evento tromboemb&#243;lico em s&#237;tio incomum (membro superior), sugerindo a necessidade da investiga&#231;&#227;o de trombofilia. A paciente evoluiu com arritmia card&#237;aca, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio por prov&#225;vel embolia pulmonar maci&#231;a, indo a &#243;bito. <bold>(Dra. Magaly Mar&#231;ula)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas:</bold> tromboembolismo pulmonar, trombose venosa profunda em s&#237;tio incomum, doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica. Causa do &#243;bito: choque cardiog&#234;nico. <bold>(Dra. Magaly Mar&#231;ula)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 453 g (normal at&#233; 350 g para o sexo feminino). Aos cortes, havia hipertrofia das paredes ventriculares esquerdas e aspecto mosqueado do mioc&#225;rdio do septo ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 4</xref>). Histologicamente, essa &#225;rea mosqueada correspondia a infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com 2 a 3 semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 5</xref>). Existiam tamb&#233;m focos mioc&#225;rdicos de cicatriz fibrosa e outros de dep&#243;sitos de subst&#226;ncia amorfa extracelular com caracter&#237;sticas tintoriais (vermelho Congo) de subst&#226;ncia amil&#243;ide (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 6</xref>). O estudo histol&#243;gico das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias revelou trombose recente parcial no 7&#186; cm da coron&#225;ria direita al&#233;m de aterosclerose com obstru&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 80% na mesma art&#233;ria. Os ramos interventricular anterior e circunflexo da coron&#225;ria esquerda continham   <italic>stents</italic> colocados h&#225; v&#225;rios anos e foram submetidos a processamento especial com inclus&#227;o em resina, o que permitiu cortes histol&#243;gicos. Nesses, observamos aterosclerose coron&#225;ria sob forma de placas fibrosas (ramo interventricular anterior) ou gordurosas (ramo circunflexo), ocluindo a luz vascular internamente ao <italic>stent</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figuras 7</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">8</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sec&#231;&#227;o transversal dos ventr&#237;culos mostrando hipertrofia ventricular esquerda de grau discreto, al&#233;m de &#225;rea septal de aspecto mosqueado irregular e &#225;rea esbranqui&#231;ada em m&#250;sculo papilar p&#243;stero-medial (infarto antigo cicatrizado).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f14">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotomicrografias do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular exibindo em a) &#225;rea de infarto em organiza&#231;&#227;o correspondendo ao aspecto mosqueado no septo ventricular e em b) &#225;rea de cicatriz fibrosa na parede inferior. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina, aumentos das objetivas respectivamente 20X e 5X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f15">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotomicrografia do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular atrav&#233;s de luz polarizada. Notam-se &#225;reas esverdeadas que correspondem a dep&#243;sito de subst&#226;ncia amiloide. Colora&#231;&#227;o pelo Vermelho Congo (sob luz polarizada) e aumento da objetiva = 10X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f16">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotomicrografias de segmentos do ramo interventricular anterior da coron&#225;ria esquerda, onde se observam os locais das hastes do stent antigo (regi&#245;es de formato retangular, em geral vazias pelo desprendimento artefatual do stent durante o corte, mas, &#224;s vezes, parcialmente preenchidas por material escuro remanescente do stent). Existe espessamento fibroso da neo-&#237;ntima interiormente ao stent antigo (neo-aterosclerose com placa fibrosa, marcada com asteriscos). Nota-se ainda remanescente da placa mais antiga, calcificada e situada externamente ao stent (seta amarela no painel a). Colora&#231;&#227;o pela t&#233;cnica de Verhoeff para fibras el&#225;sticas, aumentos das objetivas respectivamente 2,5x (a) e 5x (b).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f17">
          <label>Figura 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotomicrografias de segmentos do ramo circunflexo da coron&#225;ria esquerda, onde se observam os locais das hastes do stent antigo (regi&#245;es de formato retangular, vazias pelo desprendimento artefatual do stent durante o corte). Nota-se que interiormente ao stent (painel a) existe neo-aterosclerose com placa mista, fibrosa (asteriscos) e gordurosa, rica em histi&#243;citos xantomatosos (em detalhe no painel b). Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina, aumentos das objetivas 5x (a) e 10x (b).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Os pulm&#245;es pesaram em conjunto 860 g e exibiam histologicamente &#225;reas de edema alveolar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 9</xref>). Tamb&#233;m focalmente encontramos trombo-&#234;mbolos em pequenas art&#233;rias intra-parenquimatosas com presen&#231;a de bact&#233;rias (cocos Gram-positivos). Havia ainda broncopneumonia terminal, n&#227;o relacionada ao tromboembolismo s&#233;ptico.</p>
        <fig id="f18">
          <label>Figura 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotomicrografia do pulm&#227;o com edema intra-alveolar. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilia-eosina, aumento da objetiva = 5x.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0527-50143-gf09-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos:</bold> aterosclerose sist&#234;mica e coronariana de grau moderado com placas de ateroma intra-<italic>stent</italic>; amiloidose cardiovascular; edema alveolar pulmonar; broncopneumonia terminal; e focos de tromboembolismo pulmonar s&#233;ptico.</p>
        <p><bold>Causa de &#243;bito:</bold> infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em organiza&#231;&#227;o no septo ventricular   <bold>(Profa. Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Coron&#225;rias submetidas ao implante de <italic>stents</italic> podem desenvolver obstru&#231;&#227;o &#8220;intra-<italic>stent</italic>&#8221; tardiamente, por um processo de neoaterosclerose, o que aconteceu neste caso. Gra&#231;as &#224; t&#233;cnica de inclus&#227;o em resina foi poss&#237;vel cortar e avaliar os segmentos coronarianos com <italic>stents</italic>. Havia placas ateroscler&#243;ticas de composi&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel, ou seja, fibrosas e gordurosas. Essa obstru&#231;&#227;o foi respons&#225;vel pelo infarto septal recente. Apesar de haver les&#245;es oclusivas em coron&#225;ria direita, n&#227;o havia infarto em territ&#243;rio correspondente a essa art&#233;ria, que n&#227;o era dominante no presente caso.</p>
        <p>Em estudo bastante recente, Taniwaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>demonstraram que a presen&#231;a de neoaterosclerose intra-<italic>stent</italic> foi mais frequente em pacientes com evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e angiogr&#225;fica de progress&#227;o da aterosclerose nativa nos segmentos n&#227;o tratados. Foi achado ocasional a presen&#231;a de amiloidose cardiovascular, que, apesar de n&#227;o ser muito extensa, pode ter contribu&#237;do para a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica final.</p>
        <p>Nos pulm&#245;es havia edema alveolar focal e broncopneumonia terminal. A fonte dos trombo-&#234;mbolos s&#233;pticos n&#227;o foi esclarecida. Como &#224; inspe&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica do cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o evidenciamos sinais de endocardite infecciosa que pudessem explicar esse evento emb&#243;lico, tentamos explicar a ocorr&#234;ncia a partir de outras fontes. De acordo com dados cl&#237;nicos, existiam sinais cl&#237;nicos de trombose venosa em membro superior esquerdo, que, se infectada, poderia ser a fonte emb&#243;lica. Usualmente n&#227;o se faz explora&#231;&#227;o &#224; necropsia de &#225;reas expostas, raz&#227;o pela qual essa trombose n&#227;o foi estudada. <bold>(Profa. Dra.Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
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