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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.2" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xRgXcDLmsW7rBNbXmY9sY7n</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050113</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150113</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Incidence and Predictors of Cardiovascular Complications and Death after Vascular Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smeili</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Andrea Avena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Addressr: Luciana Andrea Avena Smeili</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP. Rua Aldeia Paracanti, 119 ap. 23, Vila R&#233;., Postal Code 03667-020. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>lucianaavena@hu.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Lotufo PA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Avena Smeili LAA, Lotufo PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>510</fpage>
      <lpage>518</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Patients undergoing arterial vascular surgery are considered at increased risk for post-operative complications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the incidence and predictors of complications and death, as well as the performance of two models of risk stratification, in vascular surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study determined the incidence of cardiovascular complications and deaths within 30 days from surgery in adults. Univariate comparison and logistic regression assessed the risk factors associated with the outcomes, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve assessed the discriminatory capacity of the revised cardiac risk index (RCRI) and vascular study group of New England cardiac risk index (VSG-CRI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>141 patients (mean age, 66 years; 65% men) underwent the following surgeries: carotid (15); lower limbs (65); abdominal aorta (56); and others (5). Cardiovascular complications and death occurred within 30 days in 28 (19.9%) and 20 (14.2%) patients, respectively. The risk predictors were: age, obesity, stroke, poor functional capacity, altered scintigraphy, surgery of the aorta, and troponin change. The scores RCRI and VSG-CRI had area under the curve of 0.635 and 0.639 for early cardiovascular complications, and 0.562 and 0.610 for death in 30 days.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In this small and selected group of patients undergoing arterial vascular surgery, the incidence of adverse events was elevated. The risk assessment indices RCRI and VSG-CRI did not perform well for complications within 30 days.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Diseases/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative/mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Every year, 250 million major surgeries are performed worldwide, with mortality of 1% and morbidity of 5%. Patients surviving post-operative complications usually have functional limitations and reduced survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Patients undergoing vascular surgery are considered at increased risk for post-operative cardiovascular adverse events because: many risk factors that contribute to vascular disease also contribute to coronary artery disease (CAD), such as diabetes and smoking; CAD symptoms can be blurred by low functional capacity; and vascular surgeries can be associated with significant blood volume fluctuations and thrombogenicity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>How to perform a more accurate risk assessment of those patients remains uncertain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Two studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table I</xref>) have validated the most often used risk assessment models in our practice: revised cardiac risk index (RCRI), derived from a heterogeneous population of patients, of which only a small percentage underwent vascular surgery; and the vascular study group of New England cardiac risk index (VSG-CRI), specific for vascular surgery. However, none of them has approached mortality in their outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and Vascular Study Group of New England Cardiac Risk Index (VSG-CRI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable RCRI</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Points</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke or transient ischemic accident</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insulin-dependent diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine &#8805; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">High-risk surgery: abdominal, thoracic or suprainguinal vascular surgery</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variable VSG-CRI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Points</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &gt; 80 years</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age from 70 to 79 years</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age from 60 to 69 years</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine &gt; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insulin-dependent diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Long-term beta-blocker use</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of angioplasty or coronary revascularization</td>
              <td align="center">-1 (protective)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Points/risk &#8211; RCRI: 0 = low; 1-2 = moderate; &gt;2 = high; VSG-CRI: 0-4 = low; 5-6 = moderate; &gt; 6 = high risk. CAD: Coronary artery disease; HF: Heart failure; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>This study was aimed at assessing the epidemiological characteristics and clinical outcome of a cohort of patients undergoing vascular surgery, as well as identifying possible predictors of adverse events.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study prospectively assessed a sample of patients admitted to the vascular surgery ward of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de S&#227;o Paulo from August 2008 to January 2010.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were: age &#8805; 18 years; patients of both sexes; and elective hospital admission for open vascular surgery or endovascular surgery of occlusive atherosclerotic disease or degenerative aneurysmal disease.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were: need for emergency surgery; varicose vein stripping; thromboembolectomy; vascular access formation; and refusal to provide written informed consent.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee.</p>
      <p>The primary objectives were:</p>
      <p>a) to assess the incidence of cardiovascular complications, all-cause death and combined outcome (cardiovascular complications and/or death) within 30 days from surgery;</p>
      <p>b) to identify possible predictors for those adverse events;</p>
      <p>c) to analyze whether RCRI and VSG-CRI have good accuracy to estimate the occurrence of cardiovascular complications and total death.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular complications were defined as non-fatal myocardial infarction, decompensated heart failure, significant arrhythmia and stroke.</p>
      <p>The secondary objectives were:</p>
      <p>a) to assess the causes of death, classifying them into cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular;</p>
      <p>b) to assess the incidence of non-cardiovascular complications: wound infection; septic shock; hemorrhagic shock; severe renal failure; respiratory complications; venous thromboembolism; amputation; and reoperation.</p>
      <p>The patients were classified according to their surgeries as follows: carotid surgery; lower limbs surgery; abdominal aorta surgery; and other surgeries.</p>
      <p>The following variables were recorded: related to the patient (history, physical exam, laboratory tests, electrocardiography and imaging); related to the surgical procedure; and occurrence of adverse outcomes within 30 days from surgery.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>To assess risk factors, bivariate comparisons of the variables selected were performed in patients with and without the outcomes. Logistic regression was performed, and the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval for the risk of the outcome in question were calculated.</p>
        <p>The discriminatory capacity of the risk assessment models (RCRI and VSG-CRI) was evaluated by use of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The statistical software SPSS, version 17, was used.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pre-operative clinical variables</title>
        <p>This study assessed 141 patients, whose mean age was 66 years, 62 patients were 70 years or older, and 92 patients were of the male sex.   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table II</xref> shows the prevalence of previous diseases.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of the sample</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left"> Age</th>
                <th align="center">&lt; 70 years</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 70 years</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th>79 (56.0%)</th>
                <th>62 (44.0%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Sex</th>
                <th align="center">female (%)</th>
                <th align="center">male (%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th>49 (34.8%)</th>
                <th>92 (65.2%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Antecedents</th>
                <th align="center">absent</th>
                <th align="center">present</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coronary insufficiency</td>
                <td align="center">85 (60.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (39.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF</td>
                <td align="center">64 (45.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (54.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">64 (45.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (54.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">23 (16.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (83.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">110 (78.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (22.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peripheral arterial insufficiency with claudication</td>
                <td align="center">28 (19.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (80.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peripheral arterial insufficiency with trophic changes</td>
                <td align="center">98 (69.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (30.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">107 (75.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (24.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">87 (61.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (38.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renal failure</td>
                <td align="center">73 (51.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (48.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking habit</td>
                <td align="center">30 (21.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (78.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revascularization or angioplasty</td>
                <td align="center">119 (84.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (15.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Low weight</td>
                <td align="center">134 (95%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Overweight</td>
                <td align="center">91 (64.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (35.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">126 (89.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (10.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3" align="left">FC</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 4 MET</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 4 MET</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">59 (41.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (58.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statin use</td>
                <td align="center">16 (11.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (88.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blocker use</td>
                <td align="center">44 (31.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (68.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acetylsalicylic acid use</td>
                <td align="center">14 (9.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (90.1%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>HF: Heart failure; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FC: Functional capacity.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Almost half of the individuals had renal failure, defined as creatinine clearance lower than 60 mL/min, and 19 patients (13%) had creatinine clearance lower than or equal to 40 mL/min. The NT pro-BNP was lower than 100 ng/L in 30%, and greater than 500 ng/L in 30% of the patients.</p>
        <p>A significant change in the electrocardiogram was observed in 59 (42%) patients, and in the chest radiography, suggestive of heart failure, in 57 (40%) patients.</p>
        <p>Doppler echocardiography was performed in 68% of the patients, 86% of whom had an ejection fraction greater than 50%, while 7% had it lower than 40%.</p>
        <p>Of the 73% undergoing scintigraphy, almost 40% had a defect, persistent low uptake being observed in 33, transient low uptake in 13, and extensive transient low uptake in 2.</p>
        <p>Regarding perioperative risk assessment, 132 patients (93.6%) were considered ASA II, and 9 (6.4%), ASA III.</p>
        <p>The RCRI classified 6 patients (4.3%) as at low risk, 63 (44.7%) as at moderate risk, and 72 (51%) as at high risk. According to the VSG-CRI, 34 (24.1%) patients were classified as at low risk, 44 (31.2%) as at moderate risk, and 63 (44.7%) as at high risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variables related to surgery</title>
        <p>The 141 patients underwent the following surgeries: carotid surgery, 15 (106%); lower limbs, 65 (46.1%); abdominal aorta, 56 (39.7%); and other surgeries, 5 (3.5%).</p>
        <p>Open and endovascular surgeries were performed in 58% and 42% of the patients, respectively. The anesthesia was general or combined in 91.5%. The mean times of anesthesia and orotracheal intubation were 330 min and 875 min, respectively. Blood derivatives were required by 61 patients (43.3%), while vasoactive drugs, by 57 patients (40.4%). Troponin was collected in 128 patients (90.8%), 31 of whom (22%) had it altered.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Events in the post-operative period up to 30 days</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular complications were observed in 28 patients (19.9%), 20 of whom (14.2%) died within that period. Combined complications occurred in 39 patients (27.7%).</p>
        <p>Early cardiovascular complications were as follows: myocardial infarction, 18 patients; decompensated heart failure, 12; stroke, 3; and arrhythmia, 6.</p>
        <p>Of the 20 patients dying early, 5 had a cardiovascular cause among the major causes of death (myocardial infarction and/or cardiogenic shock). A non-cardiovascular cause was identified among the major causes of death in 18 patients, being the major cause of death in 15 patients. Septic shock was diagnosed in 10 patients, hemorrhagic shock, in 10, and pulmonary complications, in 4. Thus, only 25% of the deaths had a cardiovascular cause, the non-cardiovascular being the major cause of death in 75%.</p>
        <p>Non-cardiovascular complications were observed in 55 (39%) patients as follows: pulmonary, 15; renal failure, 15; septic shock, 16; wound infection, 19; venous thromboembolism, 3; and reoperations, 27.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Predictors of events</title>
        <p>The variables with p &lt; 0.05 were as follows:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>for early cardiovascular complication:</bold> age (p = 0.028), stroke (0.045), obesity (0.025), scintigraphy with transient alteration (0.021), open surgery (p = 0.024), time of anesthesia (p = 0.08), and use of blood derivatives (p = 0.045);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>- for death:</bold> poor functional capacity (p = 0.026), troponina change (p = 0.002), and times of anesthesia (p = 0.010) and of intubation (p = 0.019). Symptomatic peripheral arterial insufficiency correlated inversely with that outcome (p = 0.026).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>- for early combined complication:</bold> age (p = 0.044), times of anesthesia (p = 0.000) and of intubation (p = 0.018), use of blood derivatives (p = 0.005) and of vasoactive drugs (p = 0.029), and aorta surgery (p = 0.01). Surgery of the lower limbs (p = 0.003) correlated inversely with that outcome.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Assessment of the accuracy of the indices RCRI and VSG&#8209;CRI in the sample</p>
        <p>The AUC of RCRI and VSG-CRI were, respectively: for early cardiovascular complications, 0.635 and 0.639 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>); for total mortality, 0.562 and 0.610; and for early combined complication, 0.618 and 0.622.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the outcome cardiovascular complications. RCRI: Revised cardiac risk Index; VSG-CRI: Vascular study group of New England cardiac risk index.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0510-50113-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characteristics of the sample</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table III</xref> compares the clinical characteristics found in the studies by Parmar et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, Bertges et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, Eagle et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> and Meltzer et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> for vascular surgery, and in the study by Lee et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> for general surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Major predictors of perioperative morbidity and mortality</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Predictor/ Reference</th>
                <th align="center">ASA PS 1941 <sup>38</sup></th>
                <th align="center">Goldman <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref></th>
                <th align="center">Detsky <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref></th>
                <th align="center">Eagle <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref></th>
                <th align="center">Lee <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></th>
                <th align="center">Bartel, Reilly, Older <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,33</sup></th>
                <th align="center">Karthikeyan <sup>39</sup></th>
                <th align="center">Bertges <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></th>
                <th align="center">Parmar <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></th>
                <th align="center">Bradbury <sup>34</sup></th>
                <th align="center">Gupta <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></th>
                <th align="center">Meltzer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GSH</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AoS</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arrhythmias</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypoxemia</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypercapnia</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypokalemia</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidosis</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renal failure</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Liver disease</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bedridden patient</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ITPS</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ITTS</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aorta surg.</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMS</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Scintigraphy</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VS</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">++</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BB</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revasc <sup>k</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SPAI<sup>l</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI<sup>n</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">+</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>GSH: Patient's general state of health; CAD: Coronary artery disease; HF: Heart failure; AoS: Aortic stenosis; ITPS: Intraperitoneal surgery; ITTS: Intrathoracic surgery; EMS: Emergency surgery; VS: Vascular surgery; FC: Functional capacity; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BB: Beta-blocker; Revasc.: Myocardial revascularization; SPAI: Symptomatic peripheral arterial insufficiency; BMI: Body mass index; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide. + Risk factor; &#8211; Protective factor.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The following variables were similar in the studies by Parmar et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, Bertges et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and Eagle et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>: age, sex and comorbidities (stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes and renal failure)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Comparing with the mean of the four studies on vascular surgery, our study showed a higher prevalence of symptomatic peripheral arterial insufficiency, heart failure and arterial hypertension; lower prevalence of previous myocardial revascularization; and high use of acetylsalicylic acid, statin and beta-blocker.</p>
        <p>More than half of our sample was classified as having poor functional capacity (58%), similarly to the population of the study by Eagle et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, but higher than that reported by Meltzer et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Most of our patients were considered at high or moderate risk according to the RCRI and VSG-CRI scores.</p>
        <p>We had more endovascular surgeries, a factor that could reduce our risk of events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. However, choosing endovascular intervention over open surgery could have been based on a high estimated surgical risk.</p>
        <p>Another factor that increased the complexity of our sample was the smaller number of carotid surgeries, considered of intermediate risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, and predominance of more complex procedures involving the aorta and lower limbs.</p>
        <p>Our prevalence of ischemia in myocardial scintigraphy was lower than that reported by Eagle et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Due to the nature of our patients, elevated prevalence of chronic diseases and clinical evidence of severe ischemia of the lower limbs, in addition to poor functional capacity, we cannot generalize our findings to the general population submitted to vascular surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular events and/or death in up to 30 days</title>
        <p>A high rate of early events was observed, higher than that reported in the literature.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular events in up to 30 days</title>
        <p>Within 30 days from surgery, the 20% cardiovascular complication rate was much greater than the 2.5% reported by Lee et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>for general surgery and the 6.3% reported by Bertges et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> for vascular surgery. That rate was equivalent to the one reported for abdominal aorta open surgery (19.3- 22.6%) by Bertges et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>The 12% incidence of infarction exceeded the 4.5% reported by Eagle et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, whose sample had a high prevalence of ischemia on scintigraphy, but that study has not used troponin as a diagnostic criterion of infarction. That might have underestimated the number of events found.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Total death within 30 days from surgery</title>
        <p>In the post-operative period of non-cardiac surgery, the prevalence of total death is low in non-selected populations and in general surgery, ranging from 0.02% to 2.3%. That number, however, is higher when the patient&#8217;s or surgery&#8217;s complexity increases, reaching 4% for colectomy, 2.9% for revascularization of lower limbs, and as much as 70% for the general surgery of an ASA V patient<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Regarding total mortality, our 14% exceeded the expected. Previous studies have estimated mortality of 1.5% for carotid surgery, 4.1%-7% for surgery of the lower limbs, and 3.9%-9% for aorta surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>In a large study (6839 patients) with population characteristics similar to ours, mortality within 30 days after amputation of the lower limbs ranged from 9% to 12%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>The total mortality found in this study can reflect the severely-ill sample and its high cardiac complication rate. Mortality after post-operative events is high: Gupta et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have reported that 61% of the patients developing infarction and cardiac arrest died within 30 days.</p>
        <p>Similarly, that general mortality can also reflect the high incidence of non-cardiovascular complications (27.7%) in up to 30 days. Meltzer et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> have reported a high mortality rate for patients with complications: 19% for infectious complications, 33% for cardiac complications, and 42% for pulmonary complications.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The outcome &#8216;cardiac death&#8217;</title>
        <p>The cardiac death rate was 3.5%, greater that estimated for general surgery in non-selected patients (0.54%-1.8%). Goldman et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> have reported that the cardiac death rate can be very elevated, depending on the patient&#8217;s clinical characteristics, reaching 56% for those classified as class IV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcome &#8216;cardiac death&#8217; and/or cardiac complication</title>
        <p>In our study, 33 patients (23.4%) had that outcome. Studies assessing cardiac death and/or cardiac complication in patients with risk factors for ischemic cardiac disease or with known heart disease and general surgery have reported values ranging from 7.9% to 18%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Non-cardiovascular morbidity in up to 30 days</title>
        <p>The non-cardiac complication rate found in this study, almost 30%, was higher than the 22% reported by Gawande et al. for colectomy, a surgery known for its high incidence of complications, and the 19% reported by Meltzer et al. for the revascularization surgery of the lower limbs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>In 2005, Khuri et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> carried out a multicenter prospective study with almost 106,000 patients and reported that post-operative adverse events were more important than pre- and intra-operative variables to determine survival after general surgery. The presence of a complication within the first 30 post-operative days, regardless of the patient&#8217;s pre-operative risk, reduced survival by 69%. The presence of pulmonary complication in that study reduced long-term survival by 87%, and the presence of wound complication reduced survival by 42%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>That important finding shows the long-term repercussion of post-operative morbidity. In the presence of cardiovascular complications, one may assume that they will interfere with long-term survival. However, for non-cardiovascular complications, such as wound infection and pulmonary complications, the presence of an exacerbated persistent inflammatory state is suggested to reduce survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Thus, strategies are required to estimate the risk for non-cardiovascular complications, as well as to monitor and prevent them, because their importance should not be underestimated, despite the smaller number of studies and predictive indices so far available regarding that outcome.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Predictors of events within 30 days</title>
        <p>Regarding the variables related to patients, the following predictors are compatible with literature data: age; stroke; poor functional capacity; and transient low uptake on scintigraphy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>The variable obesity requires larger prospective studies to confirm its relationship with that outcome. Differently from our findings, Bradburry et al. have identified lower 2-year survival in low-weight patients with peripheral arterial disease and indication for surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>The variable &#8216;symptomatic peripheral arterial insufficiency&#8217; showed a negative correlation with death within 30 days, differently from that expected<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>and independently of the type of surgery (open or endovascular).</p>
        <p>We observed a tendency towards fewer combined events in patients undergoing surgery of the lower limbs and more combined events in patients undergoing abdominal aorta surgery. Several previous studies have shown the relationship between surgery of the aorta and the risk for post-operative adverse events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. The lower rate of events found in the group of lower limb surgery might reflect the inclusion of surgeries of heterogeneous complexities (amputation, revascularization, popliteal aneurysm).</p>
        <p>The following surgery-related factors that correlated with cardiac complications and death reflected the magnitude of surgical stress and tissue injury, independently of underlying diseases and surgery type, although interdependently: time of anesthesia, need for blood derivatives and vasoactive drugs, and time of intubation.</p>
        <p>Several indices considered surgery magnitude in the risk assessment of post-operative death, such as Possum (1998), the Surgical Risk Scale (SRS - 2002) and the ISIS score (Identification of Risk in Surgical Patients - 2010)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>The time of anesthesia might have been a predictor and marker of events, reflecting surgery complexity and possible intra-operative events that prolong that time.</p>
        <p>Studies have shown the importance of intra-operative hemodynamic stability. The Apgar score used three parameters: heart rate, arterial blood pressure and amount of blood loss<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The variables &#8216;vasoactive drugs&#8217; and &#8216;blood derivatives&#8217; might have been markers of those hemodynamic changes.</p>
        <p>As already shown, troponin correlated with death within 30 days. Devereaux et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> have shown a mortality rate increase within 30 days from 1.9%, for negative troponin in the post-operative period, to 9.3%, for troponin greater than or equal to 0.30 ng/mL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Accuracy of the risk scores RCRI and VSG-CRI</title>
        <p>The accuracy of RCRI to discriminate between patients at high or low risk for perioperative cardiac events is considered moderate (AUC of 0.74) for general surgery. However, its performance has been considered low in the subgroup of patients undergoing vascular surgery in the original study (AUC of 0.54 for open surgery of abdominal aorta)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>In a systematic review performed by Ford et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, the performance of RCRI for general surgery was similar to that of the original study (AUC of 0.75); however, for vascular surgery, that index did not show good discriminatory capacity (AUC of 0.64).</p>
        <p>Similarly, our study showed a good discriminatory capacity of RCRI to predict cardiovascular events in up to 30 days (AUC of 0.635).</p>
        <p>One limitation of the study by Lee et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, and also of our study, was to assess the predictive performance of an index only by use of AUC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>VSG-CRI is considered to perform better than RCRI as a predictor of cardiovascular events after vascular surgery (AUC of 0.71). However, it did not show good performance in our study (AUC of 0.639)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>The use of any predictive index requires it to maintain its discriminative capacity in different populations, geographical sites and time. Further studies are necessary to conclude on the value of VSG-CRI among us.</p>
        <p>Neither RCRI nor VSG-CRI were good predictors of early death and early combined complications (cardiovascular and/or death) in our study.</p>
        <p>More studies are required to test new indices including variables such as age, body mass index, peripheral arterial insufficiency magnitude, functional capacity and myocardial scintigraphy.</p>
        <p>In addition to a more accurate pre-operative index for clinical risk assessment, another score could be used right after surgery, as has been suggested by Gawande et al. in their proposal to build an Apgar score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>The Apgar score considers higher heart rate and lower arterial blood pressure, in addition to the amount of intra-operative blood loss, showing good correlation with cardiac and non-cardiac complications and death within 30 days<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Based on this study&#8217;s findings, we suggest the development of an immediate post-operative score including the following data: times of anesthesia and of intubation, and need for blood derivatives and vasoactive drugs.</p>
        <p>Because the factors related to patients are not the only responsible for adverse events, a two-time perioperative risk assessment, pre-operative and at the end of surgery, might enhance the accuracy to identify patients in need for greater attention, monitoring and post-operative tests.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Our sample had a high rate of cardiovascular events and total death in up to 30 days.</p>
      <p>We observed a greater number of non-cardiovascular deaths than that of cardiovascular deaths, and many non-cardiovascular complications.</p>
      <p>Age, stroke, obesity, ischemic alterations on myocardial scintigraphy, aorta surgeries, low functional capacity and troponin changes were identified as risk factors for events in up to 30 days. The risk assessment indices RCRI and VSG-CRI proved not to be good predictors of events.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Luciana Andrea Avena Smeili, from Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <name>
              <surname>Beattie</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wijeysundera</surname>
              <given-names>DN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systematic review: prediction of perioperative cardiac complications and mortality by the Revised Cardiac Risk Index</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Incid&#234;ncia e Preditores de Complica&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares e &#211;bito ap&#243;s Cirurgia Vascular Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smeili</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Andrea Avena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luciana Andrea Avena Smeili</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP. Rua Aldeia Paracanti, 119 apt. 23, Vila R&#233;. CEP 03667-020. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>lucianaavena@hu.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lotufo PA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Avena Smeili LAA, Lotufo PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia vascular arterial s&#227;o considerados de risco aumentado para complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar incid&#234;ncia e preditores de complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bito, assim como o desempenho de dois modelos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, em cirurgia vascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes adultos, determinou-se a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e &#243;bitos em 30 dias. Compara&#231;&#245;es univariadas e regress&#227;o log&#237;stica avaliaram os fatores de risco associados com os desfechos, e a curva ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic>) examinou a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria do &#237;ndice de risco card&#237;aco revisado (RCRI) e do &#237;ndice de risco card&#237;aco do grupo de cirurgia vascular da New England (VSG-CRI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>141 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 66 anos, 65% homens) realizaram cirurgias de: car&#243;tida (15), membros inferiores (65), aorta abdominal (56) e outras (5). Complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e &#243;bito em at&#233; 30 dias ocorreram em 28 (19,9%) e em 20 (14,2%) pacientes, respectivamente. Os preditores de risco foram: idade, obesidade, acidente vascular cerebral, capacidade funcional ruim, cintilografia alterada, cirurgia de aorta e altera&#231;&#227;o de troponina. Os escores RCRI e VSG-CRI apresentaram AUC (<italic>area under the curve</italic>) de 0,635 e 0,639 para complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares precoces e 0,562 e 0,610 para &#243;bito em 30 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nesse grupo pequeno e selecionado submetido &#224; cirurgia vascular arterial, a incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos foi elevada. Para complica&#231;&#245;es em at&#233; 30 dias, os &#237;ndices de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco RCRI e VSG-CRI n&#227;o apresentaram boa   <italic>performance</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Vasculares/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es P&#243;s Operat&#243;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados P&#243;s Operat&#243;rios/mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>S&#227;o realizadas, no mundo, 250 milh&#245;es de cirurgias maiores a cada ano, com 1% de mortalidade e 5% de morbidade. Pacientes que sobrevivem &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias comumente evoluem com limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais e redu&#231;&#227;o na sobrevida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos &#224; cirurgia vascular s&#227;o considerados de risco aumentado para eventos adversos cardiovasculares no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio devido a: muitos dos fatores de risco que contribuem para a doen&#231;a vascular tamb&#233;m contribuem para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), como diabetes e tabagismo; os sintomas de DAC podem ser obscurecidos por baixa capacidade funcional; e cirurgias vasculares podem ser associadas com flutua&#231;&#227;o significativa na volemia e na trombogenicidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>H&#225;, ainda, d&#250;vidas em como fazer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco mais precisa desses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dois estudos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>) validaram os modelos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco mais usados em nossa pr&#225;tica: o &#237;ndice de risco card&#237;aco revisado (RCRI), derivado de uma popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea de pacientes, na qual apenas uma pequena porcentagem foi submetida &#224; cirurgia vascular; e o &#237;ndice de risco card&#237;aco do grupo de estudo vascular da New England (VSG-CRI), espec&#237;fico para cirurgia vascular. Ambos n&#227;o abordaram, em seus desfechos, mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#205;ndice de Risco Card&#237;aco Revisado (RCRI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e &#205;ndice de Risco Card&#237;aco do Grupo de Cirurgia Vascular da "New England" (VSG-CRI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel do RCRI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pontos</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC ou acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes insulino-dependente</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina maior ou igual a 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia de alto risco: abdominal, tor&#225;cica ou vascular suprainguinal.</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel do VSG-CRI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Pontos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade acima de 80 anos</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade entre 70 e 79 anos</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade entre 60 e 69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina superior a 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes insulino-dependente</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de betabloqueador a longo prazo</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria de angioplastia ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">-1 (protetor)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>Pontos/risco &#8211; RCRI: 0 = baixo; 1-2 = moderado; &gt;2 = alto; VSG-CRI: 0-4 = baixo; 5-6 = moderado; &gt;6 = alto risco. DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVC: Acidente vascular cerebral; DPOC: Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Este estudo foi desenhado para avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de uma coorte de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia vascular, identificando poss&#237;veis preditores de eventos adversos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Analisamos prospectivamente uma amostra de pacientes internados no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2008 a janeiro de 2010, na enfermaria de cirurgia vascular do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos deveriam ter acima de 18 anos, eram de ambo os sexos, sendo a interna&#231;&#227;o eletiva para cirurgia vascular arterial de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica oclusiva ou doen&#231;a aneurism&#225;tica degenerativa, aberta ou endovascular.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com necessidade de procedimento cir&#250;rgico de emerg&#234;ncia, cirurgia de varizes, tromboembolectomia, forma&#231;&#227;o de acesso vascular e os que n&#227;o concordaram em fornecer o consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
        <p>O estudo passou pela aprova&#231;&#227;o da Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica.</p>
        <p>Os objetivos prim&#225;rios foram:</p>
        <p>a) avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, &#243;bito por qualquer causa e desfecho combinado (complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e/ou &#243;bito) em at&#233; 30 dias da cirurgia;</p>
        <p>b) identificar poss&#237;veis preditores para esses eventos adversos;</p>
        <p>c) analisar se o RCRI e o VSG-CRI t&#234;m boa acur&#225;cia para estimar a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e morte total.</p>
        <p>Definimos complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares como: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, arritmia significativa e acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
        <p>Os objetivos secund&#225;rios foram:</p>
        <p>a) verificar as causas de &#243;bito, estratificando em cardiovascular e n&#227;o cardiovascular;</p>
        <p>b) avaliar a incid&#234;ncia das complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cardiovasculares: infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria, choque s&#233;ptico, choque hemorr&#225;gico, insufici&#234;ncia renal grave, complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, tromboembolismo venoso, amputa&#231;&#227;o e reopera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram classificados em: cirurgia de car&#243;tida, cirurgia de membros inferiores, cirurgia de aorta abdominal e outras cirurgias.</p>
        <p>Registramos as vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao paciente (anamnese, exames f&#237;sico, laboratoriais, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e de imagem), ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico realizado e &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos adversos em at&#233; 30 dias.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Para examinar os fatores de risco, fizemos compara&#231;&#245;es bivariadas das vari&#225;veis selecionadas nos pacientes que apresentaram e nos que n&#227;o apresentaram desfechos. Realizamos regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, e calculamos o <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a (95%) para o risco do desfecho em quest&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A capacidade discriminat&#243;ria dos modelos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco RCRI e VSG-CRI foi examinada por meio da curva ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic>). Utilizou-se SPSS, vers&#227;o 17.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias</title>
          <p>Foram analisados 141 pacientes, cuja idade m&#233;dia foi de 66 anos. Notamos que 62 pacientes tinham 70 anos ou mais, 92 pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A preval&#234;ncia encontrada de doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias est&#225; registrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da amostra</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left"> Idade</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:hidden">&lt; 70 anos</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:hidden">&#8805; 70 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td align="center">79 (56,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (44,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <td rowspan="2">G&#234;nero</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:hidden">Feminino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:hidden">Masculino (%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td align="center">49 (34,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (65,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <td>Antecedentes</td>
                  <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">Presente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (60,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (39,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (45,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (54,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (45,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (54,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (16,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (83,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (78,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (22,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica com claudica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (19,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (80,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica com les&#227;o tr&#243;fica</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (69,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (30,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (75,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (24,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (61,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (38,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (51,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (48,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (21,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (78,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou angioplastia</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (84,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (15,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixo peso</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (95%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (64,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (35,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (89,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (10,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <td rowspan="3">Cap. Func.</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:hidden">&#8805; 4 MET</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:hidden">&lt; 4 MET</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">59 (41,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (58,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td align="center">n&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (11,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (88,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (31,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (68,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (9,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (90,1%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <p>IC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVC: Acidente vascular cerebral; DPOC: Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; Cap. Func.: Capacidade funcional.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Quase metade dos indiv&#237;duos tinha insufici&#234;ncia renal, definida como <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina inferior a 60 mL/min, e 19 pacientes (13%) tinham <italic>clearance</italic>menor ou igual a 40 mL/min. O NT pr&#243;-BNP foi menor que 100 ng/L em 30%, e maior que 500 ng/L em 30% dos pacientes.</p>
          <p>Observou-se alguma altera&#231;&#227;o considerada significativa no eletrocardiograma de 59 (42%) pacientes, assim como radiografia de t&#243;rax sugestiva de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 57 (40%).</p>
          <p>Dos 68% que fizeram ecodoplercardiograma, 86% tinham fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o acima de 50%, e 7% abaixo de 40%.</p>
          <p>Dos 73% que realizaram cintilografia, quase 40% tinham alguma altera&#231;&#227;o, sendo hipocapta&#231;&#227;o persistente em 33 deles, hipocapta&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria em 13, e hipocapta&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria extensa em 2.</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco perioperat&#243;rio, 132 pacientes (93,6%) foram considerados ASA II e 9 (6,4%), ASA III.</p>
          <p>O RCRI definiu 6 pacientes (4,3%) como de baixo risco, 63 (44,7%) como de moderado risco e 72 (51%) como de alto risco. Segundo o VSG-CRI, 34 (24,1%) pacientes foram classificados como de baixo risco, 44 (31,2%) como de moderado risco e 63 (44,7%) como de alto risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; cirurgia realizada</title>
          <p>Dos 141 pacientes, 15 (10,6%) foram submetidos a cirurgia de car&#243;tida, 65 (46,1%), de membros inferiores, 56 (39,7%), de aorta abdominal e 5 (3,5%) foram submetidos a outras cirurgias.</p>
          <p>A cirurgia foi aberta em 58% e endovascular em 42%. A anestesia foi geral ou combinada em 91,5%. O tempo m&#233;dio de anestesia foi de 330 min. O tempo m&#233;dio de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal foi de 875 min. Hemoderivados foram necess&#225;rios a 61 pacientes (43,3%) e droga vasoativa, a 57 pacientes (40,4%). Em 128 (90,8%), coletou-se troponina, que se mostrou alterada em 31 pacientes (22%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eventos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em at&#233; 30 dias</title>
          <p>Observaram-se complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em 28 pacientes (19,9%), sendo que 20 (14,2%) evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito nesse per&#237;odo. Complica&#231;&#245;es combinadas ocorreram em 39 pacientes (27,7%).</p>
          <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares precoces encontradas foram: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, 18 pacientes; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, 12; acidente vascular cerebral, 3; e arritmia, 6.</p>
          <p>Dos 20 pacientes que evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito precocemente, 5 tiveram causa cardiovascular entre as principais causas de &#243;bito (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e/ou choque cardiog&#234;nico). Dezoito pacientes apresentaram causa n&#227;o cardiovascular entre as principais causas de &#243;bito e, em 15 pacientes, a causa n&#227;o cardiovascular foi a principal. Diagnosticou-se choque s&#233;ptico em 10 pacientes, choque hemorr&#225;gico em 10 e complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares em 4. Assim, apenas 25% dos &#243;bitos tiveram uma causa cardiovascular e, para 75%, a n&#227;o cardiovascular foi a principal causa de &#243;bito.</p>
          <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cardiovasculares ocorreram em 55 (39%) pacientes como se segue: pulmonares, 15; insufici&#234;ncia renal, 15; choque s&#233;ptico, 16; infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria, 19; tromboembolismo venoso, 3; e reopera&#231;&#245;es, 27.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preditores de eventos</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis encontradas com p &lt; 0,05 foram:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>para complica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular precoce:</bold>idade (p = 0,028), acidente vascular cerebral (0,045), obesidade (0,025), cintilografia com altera&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria (0,021), cirurgia aberta (p=0,024), tempo de anestesia (p = 0,08) e uso de hemoderivado (p = 0,045);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>para morte: c</bold>apacidade funcional ruim (p = 0,026), altera&#231;&#227;o de troponina (p = 0,002), tempo de anestesia (p = 0,010) e tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,019). Presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica sintom&#225;tica foi fator correlacionado inversamente com esse desfecho (p = 0,026).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>para complica&#231;&#227;o combinada precoce:</bold> idade (p = 0,044), tempo de anestesia (p = 0,000), tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,018), uso de hemoderivado (p = 0,005), uso de droga vasoativa (p = 0,029) e cirurgia de aorta (p = 0,01). Cirurgia de membros inferiores (p = 0,003) correlacionou-se inversamente com esse desfecho.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia dos &#237;ndices RCRI e VSG-CRI nessa amostra</title>
          <p>As AUCs do RCRI e do VSG-CRI foram, respectivamente: para complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares precoces, 0,635 e 0,639 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>); para mortalidade total, 0,562 e 0,610; e para complica&#231;&#227;o combinada precoce, 0,618 e 0,622.</p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva ROC para o desfecho complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. RCRI: &#205;ndice de risco card&#237;aco revisado; VSG-CRI: &#205;ndice de risco card&#237;aco do grupo de cirurgia vascular da &#8220;New England&#8221;.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0510-50113-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da amostra</title>
          <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>, comparamos as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas encontradas nos estudos de Parmar e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, Bertges e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, Eagle e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> e Meltzer e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> em cirurgia vascular, e com o estudo de Lee e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> em cirurgia geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais preditores de morbimortalidade perioperat&#243;ria</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Preditor/ Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">ASA PS 1941 <sup>38</sup></th>
                  <th align="center">Goldman <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref></th>
                  <th align="center">Detsky <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref></th>
                  <th align="center">Eagle <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref></th>
                  <th align="center">Lee <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></th>
                  <th align="center">Bartel, Reilly, Older <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,33</sup></th>
                  <th align="center">Karthikeyan <sup>39</sup></th>
                  <th align="center">Bertges <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></th>
                  <th align="center">Parmar <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></th>
                  <th align="center">Bradbury <sup>34</sup></th>
                  <th align="center">Gupta <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></th>
                  <th align="center">Meltzer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF geral</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eao</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmias</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipoxemia</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipercapnia</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocalemia</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidose</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insuf. renal</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hepatopatia</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Paciente acamado</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cir. intrap.</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cir. intrat.</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cir. aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cir. emerg.</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cintilografia</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cir. vasc.</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cap. func.</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">++</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloq.</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Revasc.</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAPsint</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <p>EF: Estado f&#237;sico; DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Eao: Estenose a&#243;rtica; Cir. Intrap.: Cirurgia intraperitoneal; Cir. Intrat.: Cirurgia intrator&#225;cica; Cir. Emerg.: Cirurgia emerg&#234;ncia; Cir. Vasc.: Cirurgia vascular; AVC: Acidente vascular cerebral; Cap. Func.: Capacidade funcional; DPOC: Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; Betabloq.: Betabloqueador; Revasc.: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; IAPsint: Insufici&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica sintom&#225;tica; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; BNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral. + fator de risco; - fator protetor.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Notamos semelhan&#231;as com os estudos de Parmar e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, Bertges e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e Eagle e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis idade, g&#234;nero e comorbidades (acidente vascular cerebral, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, diabetes e insufici&#234;ncia renal)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p>Ao compararmos com a m&#233;dia dos quatro estudos em cirurgia vascular, tivemos: maior preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica sintom&#225;tica, de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de hipertens&#227;o arterial; menor preval&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via; e taxa elevada de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, estatina e betabloqueador.</p>
          <p>Mais da metade da nossa amostra foi classificada como capacidade funcional ruim (58%), similar &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de Eagle e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, mas superando a taxa do estudo de Meltzer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <p>A maioria dos nossos pacientes foi considerada de risco alto ou moderado pelos escores RCRI e VSG-CRI.</p>
          <p>Tivemos mais cirurgias endovasculares, fator que potencialmente reduziria o nosso risco de eventos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Por&#233;m, a escolha da interven&#231;&#227;o endovascular em detrimento da cirurgia aberta pode ter sido baseada num risco operat&#243;rio estimado elevado.</p>
          <p>Outro fator que aumentou a complexidade da nossa amostra foi o menor n&#250;mero de cirurgias de car&#243;tida, considerada de risco intermedi&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, e predom&#237;nio dos procedimentos mais complexos envolvendo aorta e membros inferiores.</p>
          <p>Nossa preval&#234;ncia de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com isquemia foi menor do que a relatada por Eagle e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref></p>
          <p>Devido &#224; natureza dos nossos pacientes, com elevada preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de isquemia grave de membros inferiores, al&#233;m de capacidade funcional ruim, n&#227;o podemos generalizar nossos achados para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia vascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eventos cardiovasculares e/ou morte em at&#233; 30 dias</title>
          <p>Tivemos uma taxa elevada de eventos precoces, superior &#224; esperada pela literatura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eventos cardiovasculares em at&#233; 30 dias</title>
          <p>Em at&#233; 30 dias, a nossa taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de 20% foi muito maior que a de 2,5% relatada por Lee e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>para cirurgia geral e de 6,3% por Bertges e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> para cirurgia vascular. Essa taxa foi equivalente &#224; encontrada em cirurgia de aorta abdominal aberta (19,3%-22,6%) no estudo de Bertges e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de 12% de infarto superou a taxa de 4,5% de Eagle e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, cuja amostra tinha alta preval&#234;ncia de isquemia no exame cintilogr&#225;fico, mas esse estudo n&#227;o contava com a troponina como crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico de infarto, o que pode ter subestimado o n&#250;mero de eventos encontrados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morte total em at&#233; 30 dias</title>
          <p>No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca, a preval&#234;ncia de morte total &#233; baixa em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o selecionadas e em cirurgia geral, variando de 0,02% a 2,3%. Mas esse n&#250;mero &#233; maior quando a complexidade do paciente ou da cirurgia aumenta, chegando-se a 4% para colectomia, 2,9% para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de membros inferiores e at&#233; 70% para cirurgia geral em paciente considerado ASA V <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade total, nossos 14% superaram o esperado. Estudos pr&#233;vios estimam mortalidade de 1,5% para cirurgia de car&#243;tida, 4,1%-7% para cirurgia de membros inferiores e 3,9%-9% para cirurgia de aorta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
          <p>Num grande estudo (6.839 pacientes) com popula&#231;&#227;o com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes &#224;s da nossa, a mortalidade em 30 dias ap&#243;s amputa&#231;&#227;o de membros inferiores variou entre 9% e 12%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          <p>Nosso achado em termos de mortalidade total pode refletir a gravidade da amostra e tamb&#233;m a alta taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas apresentada. A mortalidade ap&#243;s eventos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios &#233; elevada: Gupta e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> relataram que 61% dos pacientes que desenvolveram parada card&#237;aca ou infarto morreram em 30 dias.Da mesma forma, essa taxa de mortalidade geral tamb&#233;m pode ter sido reflexo da elevada incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cardiovasculares (27,7%) em at&#233; 30 dias. Em Meltzer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, a taxa de mortalidade para pacientes com complica&#231;&#245;es foi alta: 19% para as infecciosas, 33% para as card&#237;acas e 42% para as pulmonares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfecho morte card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Tivemos 3,5% de morte card&#237;aca, superior &#224; taxa estimada para cirurgia geral em pacientes n&#227;o selecionados (0,54%&#8209;1,8%). Goldman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>observaram que essa taxa pode ser muito elevada a depender das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do paciente, chegando a 56% para aquele classificado como classe IV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfecho morte card&#237;aca e/ou complica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Encontramos 33 pacientes (23,4%) com esse desfecho. Estudos que avaliaram morte card&#237;aca e/ou complica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com fatores de risco para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica ou pacientes com cardiopatia conhecida e cirurgia geral encontraram valores entre 7,9% e 18%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morbidade n&#227;o cardiovascular em 30 dias</title>
          <p>A taxa de quase 30% de complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o card&#237;acas foi superior aos 22% encontrados no estudo com colectomia de Gawande e col., cirurgia conhecida por ter elevada incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, e aos 19% relatados em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de membros inferiores por Meltzer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
          <p>Khuri e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, em 2005, realizaram um estudo multic&#234;ntrico e prospectivo com quase 106.000 pacientes e demonstraram que eventos adversos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram mais importantes do que as vari&#225;veis pr&#233;- e intraoperat&#243;rias na determina&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida ap&#243;s cirurgia geral. A ocorr&#234;ncia de uma complica&#231;&#227;o dentro dos primeiros 30 dias do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, independentemente do risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio do paciente, reduziu a sobrevida em 69%. Nesse estudo, a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o pulmonar reduziu a sobrevida a longo prazo em 87%, tendo a complica&#231;&#227;o na ferida operat&#243;ria reduzido a sobrevida em 42%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
          <p>Esse importante achado mostra a repercuss&#227;o a longo prazo da morbidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Quando as complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o cardiovasculares, &#233; intuitivo imaginar que essas afetar&#227;o a sobrevida a longo prazo. No entanto, para as complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cardiovasculares, como infec&#231;&#245;es de ferida e complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, aventa-se a hip&#243;tese da ocorr&#234;ncia de um estado inflamat&#243;rio exacerbado persistente como fator redutor da sobrevida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
          <p>Assim, &#233; preciso o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias para estimar o risco, monitorar e prevenir tamb&#233;m as complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cardiovasculares, n&#227;o subestimando sua import&#226;ncia, a despeito do menor n&#250;mero de estudos e &#237;ndices preditores dispon&#237;veis at&#233; o momento para esse desfecho.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preditores de eventos em 30 dias</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao paciente, os seguintes preditores aqui encontrados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com dados pr&#233;vios da literatura: idade; acidente vascular cerebral; capacidade funcional ruim; e cintilografia com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
          <p>A vari&#225;vel obesidade necessitar&#225; de estudos prospectivos e maiores para confirmar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com esse desfecho. De modo diverso do que encontramos, Bradburry e cols. identificaram uma menor sobrevida em dois anos em pacientes de baixo peso, com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
          <p>A vari&#225;vel insufici&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica sintom&#225;tica teve correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com &#243;bito em 30 dias, diferentemente do esperado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e independentemente do tipo de cirurgia (aberta ou endovascular).</p>
          <p>Observamos tend&#234;ncia &#224; menor ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos combinados em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de membros inferiores e maior ocorr&#234;ncia daqueles eventos em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de aorta abdominal. V&#225;rios estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de aorta com risco de eventos adversos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a menor taxa de eventos encontrada no grupo de cirurgia de membros inferiores tenha sido reflexo da inclus&#227;o de cirurgias de complexidades heterog&#234;neas (amputa&#231;&#227;o, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, aneurisma de popl&#237;tea).</p>
          <p>Os fatores relacionados ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico que se correlacionaram com complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e com &#243;bito refletiram a magnitude do estresse cir&#250;rgico e da inj&#250;ria tecidual, de forma independente das doen&#231;as de base e do tipo de cirurgia realizado, mas interdependentes entre si: tempo de anestesia, necessidade de uso de hemoderivados e droga vasoativa, e tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>V&#225;rios &#237;ndices consideram a magnitude da cirurgia na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de morte p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, entre eles o Possum (1998), o SRS (<italic>The Surgical Risk Scale</italic>) (2002) e o escore ISIS &#8211; <italic>Identification of Risk in Surgical Patients</italic> (2010)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
          <p>O tempo de anestesia pode ter sido um preditor e marcador de eventos, refletindo a complexidade do procedimento em si e poss&#237;veis intercorr&#234;ncias intraoperat&#243;rias que prolongaram aquele tempo.</p>
          <p>Estudos mostram a import&#226;ncia da estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica no intraoperat&#243;rio. O escore Apgar utilizou tr&#234;s par&#226;metros: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial e perda de sangue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> &#201; poss&#237;vel que as vari&#225;veis droga vasoativa e hemoderivados tenham sido marcadores dessas altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas.</p>
          <p>Como j&#225; demonstrado antes, troponina correlacionou&#8209;se com &#243;bito em 30 dias. Devereaux e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> mostraram uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias de 1,9% (com troponina negativa no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio) para 9,3% (com troponina maior ou igual a 0,30 ng/mL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acur&#225;cia dos escores de risco RCRI e VSG-CRI</title>
          <p>A acur&#225;cia do RCRI em discriminar pacientes de alto e baixo risco para eventos perioperat&#243;rios card&#237;acos &#233; considerada moderada (AUC de 0,74) para cirurgia geral. No entanto, sua   <italic>performance</italic> foi considerada baixa no subgrupo de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia vascular no estudo original (AUC de 0,54 para cirurgia aberta de aorta abdominal)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
          <p>Em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica realizada por Ford e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, a   <italic>performance</italic> do RCRI para cirurgia geral foi similar &#224; do estudo original (AUC de 0,75), por&#233;m tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi um &#237;ndice com boa capacidade discriminat&#243;ria entre pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia vascular (AUC de 0,64).</p>
          <p>De forma similar, nosso estudo mostrou uma baixa capacidade discriminat&#243;ria do RCRI para prever eventos cardiovasculares em at&#233; 30 dias (AUC de 0,635).</p>
          <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o de Lee e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, e tamb&#233;m do nosso estudo, foi a de avaliar a   <italic>performance</italic> preditiva de um &#237;ndice apenas por meio da AUC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
          <p>O VSG-CRI &#233; considerado superior ao RCRI como preditor de eventos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s cirurgia vascular (AUC de 0,71). No entanto, n&#227;o mostrou boa <italic>performance</italic> em nosso estudo (AUC de 0,639)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p>O uso de qualquer &#237;ndice preditivo requer que esse se mantenha discriminativo em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, localiza&#231;&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas e tempo. Precisaremos aguardar os pr&#243;ximos estudos para concluir sobre o valor do VSG-CRI em nosso meio.</p>
          <p>O RCRI e o VSG-CRI tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram bons preditores de &#243;bito precoce e complica&#231;&#245;es combinadas (cardiovascular e/ou &#243;bito) precoces em nosso estudo.</p>
          <p>Ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos mais robustos para testar novos &#237;ndices que incluam vari&#225;veis como: idade, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, magnitude da insufici&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica, capacidade funcional e cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m de um &#237;ndice pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio mais acurado para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cl&#237;nico do paciente, poder&#237;amos utilizar tamb&#233;m um segundo escore logo ap&#243;s a cirurgia, como foi sugerido por Gawande e col. em sua proposta de constru&#231;&#227;o de um escore Apgar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
          <p>O escore Apgar considera a maior frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a menor press&#227;o arterial, al&#233;m da quantidade de perda de sangue no intraoperat&#243;rio, mostrando boa correla&#231;&#227;o com complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e n&#227;o card&#237;acas e &#243;bito em 30 dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
          <p>A partir dos dados encontrados nesse estudo, poder&#237;amos sugerir, para estudos futuros, um escore p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, que inclu&#237;sse tamb&#233;m os seguintes dados: tempo de anestesia, tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o, e necessidade de hemoderivados e de droga vasoativa.</p>
          <p>Portanto, como os fatores relacionados ao paciente n&#227;o s&#227;o os &#250;nicos respons&#225;veis pelos eventos adversos, &#233; poss&#237;vel que uma avalia&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria de risco em dois tempos, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e ao final da cirurgia, possa trazer melhor acur&#225;cia na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que necessitam de maior aten&#231;&#227;o, monitora&#231;&#227;o e exames no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nessa amostra de pacientes selecionados, encontramos taxa elevada de eventos cardiovasculares e &#243;bito total em at&#233; 30 dias.</p>
        <p>Observamos mais mortes n&#227;o cardiovasculares do que cardiovasculares e muitas complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Idade, acidente vascular cerebral, obesidade, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas, cirurgias de aorta, baixa capacidade funcional e altera&#231;&#245;es de troponina foram identificados como fatores de risco para eventos em at&#233; 30 dias. Os &#237;ndices de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco RCRI e VSG-CRI n&#227;o foram bons preditores de eventos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Luciana Andrea Avena Smeili pelo Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
