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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kckYHTq7MHWj34ymSQ9747S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050112</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150112</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Frequency of Cardiovascular Involvement in Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy in Brazilian Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Cavalcanti de Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berensztejn</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bas&#237;lio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Martha Maria Turano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Waddington</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Marinha do Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Naval Marc&#237;lio Dias</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Naval Marc&#237;lio Dias - Marinha do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa em Engenharia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa em Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Biof&#237;sica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Estudos em Paramiloidose Ant&#244;nio Rodrigues de Mello</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Centro de Estudos em Paramiloidose Ant&#244;nio Rodrigues de Mello, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Mailing Address: M&#225;rcia Waddington Cruz &#8226; Centro de Estudos em Paramiloidose Ant&#244;nio Rodrigues de Mello &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho &#8211; Rua Rodolpho Paulo Roco, 255 - 7&#186; andar - Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Ilha do Fund&#227;o. Postal Code 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail:   <email>marciaqueiroz31@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Queiroz MCC, Pedrosa RC, Cruz MW; Acquisition of data: Queiroz MCC, Pedrosa RC, Berensztejn AC, Duarte MMT, Cruz MW; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Queiroz MCC, Pedrosa RC, Pereira BB; Statistical analysis: Pereira BB, Nascimento EM; Writing of the manuscript: Queiroz MCC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pedrosa RC, Pereira-Junior PP, Cruz MW.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>503</fpage>
      <lpage>509</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is a rare disease diagnosed in Brazil and worldwide. The frequency of cardiovascular involvement in Brazilian FAP patients is unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Detect the frequency of cardiovascular involvement and correlate the cardiovascular findings with the modified polyneuropathy disability (PND) score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In a national reference center, 51 patients were evaluated with clinical examination, electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography (ECHO), and 24-hour Holter. Patients were classified according to the modified PND score and divided into groups: PND 0, PND I, PND II, and PND &gt; II (which included PND IIIa, IIIb, and IV). We chose the classification tree as the statistical method to analyze the association between findings in cardiac tests with the neurological classification (PND).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>ECG abnormalities were present in almost 2/3 of the FAP patients, whereas ECHO abnormalities occurred in around 1/3 of them. All patients with abnormal ECHO also had abnormal ECG, but the opposite did not apply. The classification tree identified ECG and ECHO as relevant variables (p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.08, respectively). The probability of a patient to be allocated to the PND 0 group when having a normal ECG was over 80%. When both ECG and ECHO were abnormal, this probability was null.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Brazilian patients with FAP have frequent ECG abnormalities. ECG is an appropriate test to discriminate asymptomatic carriers of the mutation from those who develop the disease, whereas ECHO contributes to this discrimination.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Amyloid Neuropathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Familial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Prealbumin</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP), also called hereditary transthyretin-related amyloidosis (ATTR), is a rare disease diagnosed in Brazil and worldwide. The prevalence of FAP is unknown in Brazil, but the disease has been determined to affect 1 out of 1000 individuals in Portugal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. This autosomal dominant disease is caused by a mutation in the transthyretin (<italic>TTR</italic>) gene located on chromosome 18.The most common mutation, Val30Met, is also the most commom mutation that affects FAP patients in Portugal. Considering that Brazil was colonized by Portugal, this may also be the predominant mutation in our country.</p>
      <p>FAP is typically manifested by a progressive sensory-motor polyneuropathy, often with severe autonomic neuropathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Cardiovascular involvement may also occur in the disease, although the frequency of this involvement in Brazilian patients is unknown.</p>
      <p>We addressed two interrelated questions in this study: 1) what is the frequency of cardiovascular involvement in Brazilian FAP patients with the Val30Met mutation? 2) is there a relationship between cardiovascular involvement and the modified polyneuropathy disability (PND) score?</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study included 51 patients attending the <italic>Centro de Estudos em Paramiloidose Ant&#244;nio Rodrigues de Mello</italic> (CEPARM), a Brazilian national reference center at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), from October 2012 to September 2013. All patients were at least 20 years old and had a mutation in the   <italic>TTR</italic> gene. They all underwent a complete clinical examination by the same physician on the first visit, with special attention to signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease (syncope or near-syncope, palpitations, thoracic pain, and heart failure according to the European Society of Cardiology [ESC] criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>), electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography (ECHO), and 24-hour Holter. We excluded patients with evidence of other heart problems, pregnancy, previous treatment with drugs that might cause any cardiovascular side effects, severe renal dysfunction, and alcoholism. The presence of systemic arterial hypertension was not an exclusion criterion, unless left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy was evident on the ECG.</p>
      <p>The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and had its protocol approved by the local ethics committee. All patients signed a written informed consent form.</p>
      <p>Patients were classified according to the modified PND score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>: 0 - no sensory disturbances; I - sensory disturbances in the feet, but no impaired walking capability; II - walking impairment, but walking without aid; IIIa - walking with one stick or crutch; IIIb - walking with two sticks or crutches; and IV - confined to a wheelchair or bedridden. According to the classification, patients were divided into four groups: PND 0, PND I, PND II, and PND &gt;II (this last one included patients with PND IIIa, IIIb, and IV).</p>
      <p>The ECGs were interpreted according to the Minnesota code<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> and the ECHOs according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A result was considered abnormal when at least one of the following criteria were described: on ECG - a non-sinus rhythm, atrioventricular (AV) or intraventricular block, low voltage and/or abnormal ventricular repolarization; on ECHO - end-diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum &gt; 12 mm, AV valve thickening, increased myocardial echogenicity, and/or systolic or diastolic dysfunction; and on 24-hour Holter - atrial tachyarrhythmia, ventricular tachycardia, AV block, supraventricular ectopic beats in moderate or high incidence, and/or ventricular ectopic beats in moderate or high incidence. Low voltage was defined as a QRS voltage amplitude &lt; 0.5 mV in all limb leads, and &lt; 1 mV in all precordial leads.</p>
      <p>Amyloidotic cardiomyopathy was diagnosed by a non&#8209;cardiac positive biopsy associated with echocardiographic evidence of amyloidosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. This last was characterized by the same criteria used by Trikas et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, namely, presence of mean LV wall thickness &gt; 12 mm and 2 or more of the following criteria: homogeneous valve thickening, atrial septal thickening, sparkling appearance of the ventricular septum, and restrictive LV function. Cardiac involvement was defined by an abnormal result on at least one of the tests (ECG, ECHO, or 24-hour Holter).</p>
      <p>We chose the classification tree as the statistical method to analyze the association between abnormalities in cardiovascular tests (ECG, ECHO, and 24-hour Holter) with the neurological classification (PND). The classification tree uses the CART method, an algorithm of recursive partitioning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The Party package of the R software was used for the analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 67 patients were evaluated. Of these, 16 were excluded for different reasons: alcoholism (1), pregnancy (1), death before completion of the tests (1), mutation not confirmed (2), previous radiotherapy (1), and use of goserelin acetate, a medication that can cause heart failure as side effect (1). Nine were excluded for not completing the cardiovascular evaluation. The final analysis included 51 patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>) with a mean age of 36.1 years at the diagnosis of the disease.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Organogram showing the patients&#8217; flow in the process of evaluation and selection for the study.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0503-50112-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The general characteristics of the patients, including comorbidities, are presented in   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. There were six hypertensive patients included, two of whom had normal ECHOs, and three had mild diastolic dysfunction (level 1) without evidence of hypertrophy on ECG or ECHO, or other target organ injury. One patient who had mild hypertension and blood pressure levels around the normal range even in the absence of medication had significant increase in the myocardial wall thickness with increased echogenicity, a characteristic of infiltrative disease.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients' characteristics and comorbidities</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="left">N</th>
              <th align="left">(%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total number of patients studied</td>
              <td align="left">51</td>
              <td align="left">(100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age - Mean &#177; SD (years)</td>
              <td align="left">40.27&#177;11.48</td>
              <td align="left">-------</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="left">25</td>
              <td align="left">49%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Val30Met mutation</td>
              <td align="left">48</td>
              <td align="left">94.1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Liver transplantation</td>
              <td align="left">10</td>
              <td align="left">19.6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of tafamidis</td>
              <td align="left">5</td>
              <td align="left">9.8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PND 0</td>
              <td align="left">21</td>
              <td align="left">41%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="left">1.96%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="left">6</td>
              <td align="left">11.8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic renal failure</td>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="left">3.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="left">4</td>
              <td align="left">7.84%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caucasian</td>
              <td align="left">43</td>
              <td align="left">84.3%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>PND: Polyneuropathy disability score.  </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> shows the distribution of the patients according to the neurological classification (PND score). Most patients (41%) had a PND score of 0.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients&#8217; distribution according to the PND score.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0503-50112-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Five patients (9.8%) were diagnosed with amyloidotic cardiomyopathy. The prevalence of heart failure in the studied population was 2% (one patient). It is important to emphasize that all patients diagnosed with amyloidotic cardiomyopathy also had neurological impairment (PND &#8805; I).</p>
      <p>The abnormalities observed in the cardiac tests are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. ECG abnormalities affected 2/3 of the total cohort of Brazilian patients with FAP, whereas changes in ECHO occurred in around 1/3 of them. Although all patients with abnormal ECHO also had an abnormal ECG, the opposite did not apply.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequency of abnormalities in cardiac tests in the studied patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Number of Patients</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrioventricular conduction disturbance</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">13.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intraventricular conduction disturbance</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">19.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low QRS voltage</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inespecific ventricular repolarization alterations</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">33.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-sinus rhythm</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abnormal</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="center">66.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>24-HOUR HOLTER</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial tachycardia</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">13.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Supraventricular ectopic beats of moderate frequency</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Supraventricular ectopic beats of high frequency</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventricular ectopic beats of moderate frequency</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventricular ectopic beats of high frequency</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abnormal</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">39.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased ventricular wall thickness &gt; 12 mm</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">13.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased myocardial echogenicity</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">19.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Homogeneus valve thickening</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">23.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic dysfunction level I</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">23.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic dysfunction level II</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic dysfunction level III</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic dysfunction level IV</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abnormal</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">37.2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Association between the neurological classification (PND) and results in the cardiovascular tests</title>
        <p>The classification tree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>) identified the ECG as the main variable discriminating patients according to the neurological classification PND (p &lt; 0.001). In the subgroup with abnormal ECG, ECHO (p = 0.08) was an <underline>additional</underline> variable discriminating patients according to the PND score. In the presence of normal ECG (ECG = 0), the probability of a patient to be placed in the PND 0 group was over 80%. When both ECG and ECHO were abnormal (ECG = 1 and ECHO = 1), the probability of a patient to be placed in the PND 0 group was null. The classification tree did not identify the 24-hour Holter as relevant, even when alpha was set at 20% (cut point).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification tree analysis of the association between results in the cardiovascular tests with the neurological classification. ECG 0 = Normal ECG, ECG 1 = Abnormal ECG, ECO 0 = Normal echocardiogram, ECHO 1 = Abnormal echocardiogram. In the abscissa axis, 0 = PND 0, 1 = PND I, 2 = PND II, 3 = PND &gt; II.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0503-50112-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study evaluated Brazilian patients with FAP followed at CEPARM, including asymptomatic carriers of the disease mutation and patients with manifestations of the disease. The results present strong evidence that ECG is an appropriate test to discriminate asymptomatic carriers of the mutation from those who have developed the disease. This was demonstrated by the classification tree, which identified the relevance of ECG (in the presence of a normal ECG, the probability of a patient to receive a PND score of 0 was over 80%). ECHO (p = 0.08) was an additional variable that helped discriminate patients in the subgroup with abnormal ECG according to the modified PND score (when both ECG and ECHO were abnormal, the probability of a patient to be placed in the PND 0 group was null).</p>
      <p>The classification tree did not detect the 24-hour Holter as a relevant variable even when alpha was set at 20%. Therefore, the 24-hour Holter is not an appropriate test to discriminate the groups, probably due to the low frequency of arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>Two other studies using ECG to assess the cardiac involvement in FAP reported abnormal findings. Rapezzi et al analyzed 61 patients with ATTR (11 patients with the Val30Met mutation) and found that 90% of them had abnormal ECGs. Koike et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> performed a study in Japan to elucidate the natural history of the Val30Met mutation in patients with late-onset FAP in non-endemic areas. An AV conduction disturbance (first and second degree AV block) was detected in five out of 41 (13%) patients examined.</p>
      <p>In the present study, 66.7% of the patients had abnormal ECG. In a systematic review to evaluate the pattern and incidence of cardiovascular involvement in FAP in Portugal, Freitas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> found 87.2% of abnormal ECGs. Data from both these studies are not comparable, since the selected populations had different characteristics. Freitas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> included patients with typical neurological picture and a positive cutaneous or nerve biopsy, whereas our study also included asymptomatic carriers of the mutation.</p>
      <p>When we analyzed the ECG abnormalities, we observed that four patients (7.8%) with a non-sinus rhythm had a paced rhythm. This frequency is similar to the one observed by Rahman et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> who found a paced rhythm in 8% of the patients with cardiac amyloidosis diagnosed by biopsy.</p>
      <p>Only one patient (1.96%) had a low QRS voltage. It is important to mention that we considered the occurrence of a low voltage when the criteria was present in the limb and precordial leads. O'Donnell et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> found a low QRS voltage in 4% of the patients with hereditary amyloidosis, but different from the present study, these authors evaluated patients with proven cardiac amyloidosis.</p>
      <p>An AV conduction disturbance was present in 13.7% of the patients. O'Donnell et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> found a prevalence of 40% of AV conduction disturbance in patients with hereditary amyloidosis. However, as previously mentioned, the selected populations had different characteristics.</p>
      <p>Although the use of ECG is common in publications about FAP, its use as a strategy to associate the occurrence of cardiac involvement with the degree of severity of neurological symptoms expressed by PND has never been reported. Our main finding was that asymptomatic carriers of the Val30Met mutation (PND 0) may show an early sign of cardiac involvement, demonstrated by the presence of unspecific ventricular repolarization abnormalities in 33% of the cases. This may correspond to an incipient abnormality in the process of ventricular repolarization caused by amyloid infiltration.</p>
      <p>As in other cardiac diseases, ECG has been consistently demonstrated as the main marker of cardiac involvement in FAP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sub>,</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, which emphasizes the importance of its noninvasive stratification. Unfortunately, two-dimensional echocardiography is not available in many Brazilian areas, and the evaluation of the cardiac involvement must then rely on clinical, radiological, and ECG grounds, pointing out the relevance of this study findings.</p>
      <p>In addition, as shown in the patients in the present study, a normal ECG virtually excludes the possibility of significant cardiac involvement (in fact, ECHO was only an additional variable in discriminating patients according to PND score in the subgroup with abnormal ECG). However, FAP patients with clinically overt congestive heart failure have the worst prognosis. In the present study, heart failure was uncommon (only one patient). Thus, the subgroup of patients in whom it is most relevant to stratify the cardiac involvement is that with abnormal ECG and without clinical heart failure. In this particular group, the classification tree identified the relevance of the ECG as a relatively simple, noninvasive, inexpensive, and readily available test.</p>
      <p>It is important to highlight that even unspecific changes in ventricular repolarization were considered abnormal. This is usually considered a variation of the normal. Thus, when a normal ECG is said to discard significant cardiac involvement, it is not the absence of the pathognomonic low QRS voltage that is under consideration, but rather, the absence of even unspecific ventricular repolarization abnormalities. Considering areas in which ECHO is not broadly available, this information is of great interest.</p>
      <p>For practical applications, we suggest that all FAP patients should have a complete clinical examination and an ECG on the first medical workup. Patients with overt decompensated heart failure and evident LV dysfunction should be treated accordingly, and those with normal ECGs should be considered as having no significant cardiac involvement and only be followed up with annual ECGs. Those patients without clinically decompensated heart failure and with abnormal ECGs should be evaluated with ECHO. If the ECHO is normal, these patients should be considered as having a low probability of presenting a myocardial involvement and be followed up every six months. If the ECHO is abnormal, depending on the abnormalities found, the patient should be regarded as having amyloidotic cardiomyopathy, and then treated and followed up closely.  </p>
      <p>The large number of patients with PND 0 (41%) can be explained by the fact that most family members of the patients at CEPARM express willingness to undergo genetic study and, when the result is positive, continue to be followed up.</p>
      <p>In the studied group, there were 10 patients who had already undergone liver transplantation. We considered the possibility that the cardiovascular changes were caused by immunosuppressive agents. Only atrial and ventricular arrhythmias may be side effects of immunosuppressive agents, but since the 24-hour Holter was not identified as a relevant variable by the classification tree, this did not interfere with the study's results.</p>
      <p>One limitation of our study is the absence of measurement of biomarkers in the evaluation of the cardiovascular involvement in FAP patients. However, measurement of biomarkers is not broadly available in the public health services in our country. Another limitation is the small number of patients, but considering the rarity of this disease (1/1000 individuals in Portugal, that is an endemic area), the fact that CEPARM is a national reference center, and that many studies about FAP include less than 50 patients, we believe that this study contributes to the knowledge of this disease in our country.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Brazilian patients with FAP have frequent ECG abnormalities. ECG emerged as an appropriate test to discriminate asymptomatic carriers of the mutation from those who have developed the disease, whereas ECHO contributed to this discrimination.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Frequ&#234;ncia de Envolvimento Cardiovascular na Polineuropatia Amiloid&#243;tica Familiar em Pacientes Brasileiros</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Cavalcanti de Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berensztejn</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bas&#237;lio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Martha Maria Turano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Waddington</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Marinha do Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Naval Marc&#237;lio Dias</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Naval Marc&#237;lio Dias - Marinha do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa em Engenharia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa em Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Biof&#237;sica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Estudos em Paramiloidose Ant&#244;nio Rodrigues de Mello</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Centro de Estudos em Paramiloidose Ant&#244;nio Rodrigues de Mello, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02">Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcia Waddington Cruz &#8226; Centro de Estudos em Paramiloidose Ant&#244;nio Rodrigues de Mello &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho &#8211; Rua Rodolpho Paulo Roco, 255 - 7&#186; andar - Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Ilha do Fund&#227;o. CEP 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail:   <email>marciaqueiroz31@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Queiroz MCC, Pedrosa RC, Cruz MW; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Queiroz MCC, Pedrosa RC, Berensztejn AC, Duarte MMT, Cruz MW; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Queiroz MCC, Pedrosa RC, Pereira BB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pereira BB, Nascimento EM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Queiroz MCC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pedrosa RC, Pereira-Junior PP, Cruz MW.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica familiar (PAF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara diagnosticada no Brasil e no mundo. A frequ&#234;ncia de envolvimento cardiovascular em pacientes brasileiros com PAF &#233; desconhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Detectar a frequ&#234;ncia de envolvimento cardiovascular e correlacionar os achados cardiovasculares com o escore PND (<italic>Polyneuropathy Disability Score</italic>) modificado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Em um centro de refer&#234;ncia nacional, 51 pacientes foram avaliados com exame cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma (ECO) e Holter de 24 horas. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com o escore PND modificado e divididos em grupos: PND 0, PND I, PND II e PND &gt; II (que incluiu o PND IIIa, IIIb e IV). N&#243;s escolhemos a &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o como o m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre achados nos exames cardiovasculares e a classifica&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica (PND).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Anormalidades no ECG estiveram presentes em quase 2/3 dos pacientes com PAF, enquanto que anormalidades no ECO ocorreram em cerca de 1/3 deles. Todos os pacientes com ECO anormal tamb&#233;m apresentaram ECG anormal, mas o oposto n&#227;o ocorreu. A &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o identificou o ECG e o ECO como vari&#225;veis relevantes (p &lt; 0,001 e p = 0,08, respectivamente). A probabilidade de um paciente estar no grupo PND 0 quando apresentava um ECG normal foi superior a 80%. Quando ambos o ECG e o ECO eram anormais, essa probabilidade era nula.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Pacientes brasileiros com PAF apresentam anormalidades frequentes ao ECG. O ECG &#233; um bom exame para discriminar portadores assintom&#225;ticos da muta&#231;&#227;o daqueles que desenvolveram a doen&#231;a, enquanto que o ECO contribui para esta discrimina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Neuropatias Amil&#243;ides Familiares</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-Albumina</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica familiar (PAF), tamb&#233;m conhecida por amiloidose heredit&#225;ria ligada &#224; transtirretina (<italic>hereditary transthyretin-related amyloidosis</italic>, ATTR), &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara diagnosticada no Brasil e no mundo. A preval&#234;ncia da PAF &#233; desconhecida no Brasil, mas foi descrita como afetando 1 em 1000 indiv&#237;duos em Portugal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Esta doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante &#233; causada por uma muta&#231;&#227;o no gene da transtirretina (<italic>TTR</italic>) localizado no cromossoma 18. A muta&#231;&#227;o mais comum, Val30Met, &#233; a mais frequentemente encontrada em pacientes com PAF em Portugal. Considerando que o Brasil foi colonizado por Portugal, essa tamb&#233;m &#233; a muta&#231;&#227;o predominante em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
        <p>A PAF geralmente se manifesta por uma polineuropatia sens&#243;rio-motora progressiva, muitas vezes com neuropatia auton&#244;mica grave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Pode ocorrer tamb&#233;m acometimento cardiovascular, embora a frequ&#234;ncia desse envolvimento em pacientes brasileiros seja desconhecida.  </p>
        <p>Neste estudo, n&#243;s abordamos duas quest&#245;es inter-relacionadas: 1) qual a frequ&#234;ncia de envolvimento cardiovascular em pacientes brasileiros com PAF com a muta&#231;&#227;o Val30Met? 2) h&#225; alguma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o envolvimento cardiovascular e o escore PND (<italic>Polyneuropathy Disability Score</italic>) modificado?  </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo incluiu, de outubro de 2012 a setembro de 2013, 51 pacientes que frequentam o Centro de Estudos em Paramiloidose Ant&#244;nio Rodrigues de Mello (CEPARM), um centro de refer&#234;ncia nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Todos os pacientes tinham pelo menos 20 anos de idade e apresentavam uma muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>TTR</italic>. Todos eles foram submetidos a um exame cl&#237;nico completo pelo mesmo examinador na primeira visita, com aten&#231;&#227;o especial aos sinais e sintomas de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (s&#237;ncope ou quase s&#237;ncope, palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor tor&#225;cica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da <italic>European Society of Cardiology  </italic>[ESC])<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma (ECO) e Holter de 24 horas. N&#243;s exclu&#237;mos pacientes com evid&#234;ncia de outros problemas card&#237;acos, gravidez, tratamento pr&#233;vio com medicamentos que possam causar quaisquer efeitos colaterais cardiovasculares, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal grave e alcoolismo. A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica n&#227;o foi um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o, a menos que houvesse hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) evidente ao ECG.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi realizado de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e teve seu protocolo aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local. Todos os pacientes assinaram um consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com o escore PND modificado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>: 0 - sem dist&#250;rbios sensoriais; I - dist&#250;rbios sensoriais nos p&#233;s, mas sem preju&#237;zo na capacidade de deambula&#231;&#227;o; II - preju&#237;zo na deambula&#231;&#227;o, mas caminha sem ajuda; IIIa - caminha com uma bengala ou muleta; IIIb - caminha com duas bengalas ou muletas; e IV - confinamento a uma cadeira de rodas ou ao leito. De acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram divididos em quatro grupos: PND 0, PND I, PND II e PND &gt; II (esse &#250;ltimo incluiu pacientes com PND IIIa, IIIb e IV).</p>
        <p>O ECG foi interpretado de acordo com o c&#243;digo de Minnesota<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> e o ECO de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Um resultado era considerado anormal quando havia descri&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: no ECG - um ritmo n&#227;o sinusal, bloqueio atrioventricular (AV) ou intraventricular, baixa voltagem e/ou repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular anormal; no ECO - espessura final diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular &gt; 12 mm, espessamento valvar, aumento da ecogenicidade mioc&#225;rdica, e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica; e no Holter de 24 horas - taquiarritmia atrial, taquicardia ventricular, bloqueio AV, batimentos ect&#243;picos supraventriculares com incid&#234;ncia moderada ou alta, e/ou batimentos ect&#243;picos ventriculares com incid&#234;ncia moderada ou elevada. A baixa voltagem foi definida pela presen&#231;a de um QRS com amplitude de voltagem &lt; 0,5 mV em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas e &lt; 1 mV em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais.</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia amiloid&#243;tica foi diagnosticada pela presen&#231;a de uma bi&#243;psia n&#227;o card&#237;aca positiva associada com evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica de amiloidose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Essa &#250;ltima foi caracterizada pelos mesmos crit&#233;rios utilizados por Trikas e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, ou seja, presen&#231;a de espessura m&#233;dia de parede de VE &gt; 12 mm, e dois ou mais dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: espessamento valvar homog&#234;neo, espessamento do septo atrial, aspecto granular do septo interventricular e VE com fun&#231;&#227;o restritiva. O envolvimento card&#237;aco foi definido pela presen&#231;a de um resultado anormal em pelo menos um dos testes (ECG, ECO, ou Holter de 24 horas).</p>
        <p>N&#243;s escolhemos a &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o como m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico para an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidades nos testes cardiovasculares (ECG, ECO e Holter de 24 horas) e a classifica&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica (PND). A &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o usa o m&#233;todo CART, um algoritmo de particionamento recursivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. O pacote <italic>Party</italic> do programa R foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>N&#243;s avaliamos um total de 67 pacientes. Destes, 16 foram exclu&#237;dos por raz&#245;es diferentes: alcoolismo (1), gravidez (1), morte antes da conclus&#227;o dos testes (1), muta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o confirmada (2), radioterapia pr&#233;via (1) e uso de acetato de goserelina, um medicamento que pode causar insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca como efeito colateral (1). Nove foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o completarem a avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. A an&#225;lise final incluiu 51 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>) com uma idade m&#233;dia de 36,1 anos ao diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Organograma mostrando o fluxo de pacientes no processo de avalia&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o para o estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0503-50112-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes, incluindo comorbidades, est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>. Seis pacientes hipertensos foram inclu&#237;dos, dois dos quais tinham ECOs normais e tr&#234;s apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve (grau 1) sem evid&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ao ECG ou ECO ou outra les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo. Um paciente com hipertens&#227;o leve e n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial em torno da faixa normal, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de medica&#231;&#227;o, apresentou aumento significativo da espessura da parede mioc&#225;rdica com ecogenicidade aumentada, uma caracter&#237;stica da doen&#231;a infiltrativa.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas e comorbidades dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">(%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero total de pacientes estudados</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">(100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade - m&#233;dia &#177; DP (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">40,27&#177;11.48</td>
                <td align="center">-------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">49%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muta&#231;&#227;o Val30Met</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">94,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Transplante de f&#237;gado</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">19,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de tafamidis</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">9,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PND 0</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">41%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,96%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">11,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">7,84%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Caucasianos</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">84,3%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>PND: Polyneuropathy disability score.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica (escore PND). A maioria dos pacientes (41%) apresentou escore PND 0.</p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes segundo o PND.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0503-50112-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Cinco pacientes (9,8%) foram diagnosticados com cardiomiopatia amiloid&#243;tica. A preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 2% (um paciente). &#201; importante ressaltar que todos os pacientes diagnosticados com cardiomiopatia amiloid&#243;tica tamb&#233;m apresentavam comprometimento neurol&#243;gico (PND &#8805; I).</p>
        <p>As anormalidades observadas nos testes card&#237;acos est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>. A ocorr&#234;ncia de anormalidades ao ECG esteve presente em quase 2/3 de todos os pacientes brasileiros com PAF, enquanto que altera&#231;&#245;es no ECO ocorreram em cerca de 1/3 deles. Embora todos os pacientes com ECO anormal tamb&#233;m apresentavam ECG anormal, o oposto n&#227;o ocorreu.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia de anormalidades nos testes cardiovasculares nos pacientes estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">N&#250;mero de Pacientes</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>ELETROCARDIOGRAFIA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">13,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QRS de baixa voltagem</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ritmo n&#227;o sinusal</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anormal</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HOLTER DE 24 HORAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taquicardia atrial</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">13,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Batimentos ect&#243;picos supraventriculares de frequ&#234;ncia moderada</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Batimentos ect&#243;picos supraventriculares de frequ&#234;ncia elevada</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Batimentos ect&#243;picos ventriculares de frequ&#234;ncia moderada</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Batimentos ect&#243;picos ventriculares de frequ&#234;ncia elevada</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anormal</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">39,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>ECOCARDIOGRAFIA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumento da espessura da parede ventricular &gt; 12 mm</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">13,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumento da ecogenicidade mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessamento valvar homog&#234;neo</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">23,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#237;vel I</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">23,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#237;vel II</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#237;vel III</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#237;vel IV</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anormal</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">37,2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica (PND) e resultados nos testes cardiovasculares</title>
          <p>A &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>) identificou o ECG como a principal vari&#225;vel discriminat&#243;ria de pacientes de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica PND (p &lt; 0,001). No subgrupo com ECG anormal, o ECO (p = 0,08) foi uma vari&#225;vel <underline>adicional</underline> na discrimina&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de acordo com o escore PND. Na presen&#231;a de um ECG normal (ECG = 0), a probabilidade de um paciente pertencer ao grupo PND 0 foi maior de 80%. Quando ambos o ECG e o ECO eram anormais (ECG = 1 e ECO = 1), a probabilidade de um paciente pertencer ao grupo PND 0 era nula. A &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o identificou o Holter de 24 horas como relevante, mesmo quando o alfa foi fixado em 20% (ponto de corte).</p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise da &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o na associa&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados nos testes cardiovasculares com a classifica&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica. ECG 0 = ECG normal, ECG 1 = ECG anormal, ECO 0 = Ecocardiograma normal, ECO 1 = Ecocardiograma anormal. No eixo das abcissas, 0 = PND 0, 1 = PND I, 2 = PND II, 3 = PND &gt; II.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0503-50112-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo avaliou pacientes brasileiros com PAF acompanhados no CEPARM, incluindo carreadores assintom&#225;ticos da muta&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; doen&#231;a e pacientes com manifesta&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a. Os resultados apresentam fortes evid&#234;ncias de que o ECG &#233; um exame adequado para discriminar carreadores assintom&#225;ticos da muta&#231;&#227;o daqueles que desenvolveram a doen&#231;a. Isso foi demonstrado pela &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o que identificou a relev&#226;ncia do ECG (na presen&#231;a de um ECG normal, a probabilidade de um paciente receber escore PND 0 foi maior de 80%). O ECO (p = 0,08) foi uma vari&#225;vel adicional que ajudou a discriminar pacientes no subgrupo com ECG anormal de acordo com o escore PND modificado (quando ambos o ECG e o ECO eram anormais, a probabilidade de um paciente estar no grupo PND 0 era nula).</p>
        <p>A &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o detectou o Holter de 24 horas como uma vari&#225;vel relevante, mesmo quando o alfa foi fixado em 20%. Portanto, o Holter de 24 horas n&#227;o &#233; um bom teste para discriminar os grupos, provavelmente devido &#224; baixa frequ&#234;ncia de arritmias.  </p>
        <p>Dois outros estudos que utilizaram o ECG para avaliar o envolvimento card&#237;aco na PAF relataram resultados anormais. Rapezzi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> analisaram 61 pacientes com ATTR (11 pacientes com a muta&#231;&#227;o Val30Met) e encontraram 90% de ECGs anormais. Koike e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> realizaram um estudo no Jap&#227;o para elucidar a hist&#243;ria natural da muta&#231;&#227;o Val30Met em pacientes com PAF de in&#237;cio tardio em &#225;reas n&#227;o end&#234;micas. Um dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o AV (bloqueio AV de primeiro e segundo grau) foi detectado em cinco de 41 (13%) pacientes examinados.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, 66,7% dos pacientes apresentavam um ECG anormal. Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica para avaliar o padr&#227;o e a incid&#234;ncia do envolvimento cardiovascular na PAF em Portugal, de Freitas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> encontrou 87,2% de ECGs anormais. Os dados de ambos os estudos n&#227;o s&#227;o compar&#225;veis, uma vez que as popula&#231;&#245;es selecionadas tinham caracter&#237;sticas diferentes. Freitas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> incluiu pacientes com quadro neurol&#243;gico t&#237;pico e bi&#243;psia cut&#226;nea ou de nervo positiva, enquanto que o nosso estudo tamb&#233;m incluiu portadores assintom&#225;ticos da muta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Quando analisamos as anormalidades no ECG, n&#243;s observamos que quatro pacientes (7,8%) com ritmo n&#227;o sinusal apresentavam um ritmo de marcapasso. Essa frequ&#234;ncia &#233; semelhante &#224; observada por Rahman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>que encontraram um ritmo de marcapasso em 8% dos pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca diagnosticada por bi&#243;psia.</p>
        <p>Apenas um paciente (1,96%) apresentou QRS de baixa voltagem. &#201; importante mencionar que consideramos a ocorr&#234;ncia de baixa voltagem quando os crit&#233;rios estavam presentes nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais e perif&#233;ricas. O'Donnell e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> encontraram QRS de baixa voltagem em 4% dos pacientes com amiloidose heredit&#225;ria, por&#233;m, diferente do presente estudo, esses autores avaliaram pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca comprovada.</p>
        <p>Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o AV estiveram presentes em 13,7% dos pacientes. O'Donnell e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o AV de 40% em pacientes com amiloidose heredit&#225;ria. No entanto, como mencionado anteriormente, a popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada era diferente.</p>
        <p>Embora a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ECG seja comum nas publica&#231;&#245;es sobre PAF, sua aplica&#231;&#227;o como estrat&#233;gia para relacionar a ocorr&#234;ncia de envolvimento card&#237;aco com o grau de severidade dos sintomas neurol&#243;gicos expresso pelo PND nunca havia sido relatada. Nosso principal achado foi que os portadores assintom&#225;ticos da muta&#231;&#227;o Val30Met (PND 0) podem mostrar um sinal precoce de envolvimento card&#237;aco, demonstrado por anormalidades inespec&#237;ficas de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em 33% dos casos. Isso pode corresponder a uma anormalidade incipiente no processo de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular causada por infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide.</p>
        <p>Como em outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, o ECG tem sido consistentemente demonstrado como o principal marcador de envolvimento card&#237;aco na PAF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, o que enfatiza a import&#226;ncia de sua estratifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva. Infelizmente, a ecocardiografia bidimensional n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em muitas &#225;reas brasileiras, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o do envolvimento card&#237;aco deve ent&#227;o se basear em achados cl&#237;nicos, radiol&#243;gicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, apontando a relev&#226;ncia dos achados deste estudo.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, conforme mostrado nos pacientes do presente estudo, um ECG normal praticamente exclui a possibilidade de envolvimento card&#237;aco significativo (de fato, o ECO foi apenas uma vari&#225;vel adicional a discriminar os pacientes de acordo com o escore PND no subgrupo com ECG anormal). No entanto, pacientes com PAF com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva clinicamente evidente t&#234;m o pior progn&#243;stico. No presente estudo, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi incomum (apenas um paciente). Assim, o subgrupo de pacientes nos quais &#233; mais relevante estratificar o acometimento card&#237;aco &#233; aquele com ECG anormal e sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cl&#237;nica. Nesse grupo em particular, a &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o identificou a relev&#226;ncia do ECG como um teste relativamente simples, n&#227;o invasivo, de baixo custo e prontamente dispon&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante destacar que mesmo altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram consideradas anormais. Esse fato &#233; geralmente considerado uma varia&#231;&#227;o do normal. Assim, quando se diz que um ECG normal pode descartar um acometimento card&#237;aco significativo, n&#227;o &#233; a aus&#234;ncia do patognom&#244;nico QRS de baixa voltagem que est&#225; sob considera&#231;&#227;o, mas a aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o inespec&#237;fica de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Considerando que h&#225; &#225;reas nas quais o ECO n&#227;o &#233; amplamente dispon&#237;vel, essa informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; de grande interesse.</p>
        <p>Para aplica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas, sugerimos que todos os pacientes com PAF devam ser avaliados com um exame cl&#237;nico completo e um ECG no primeiro exame m&#233;dico. Pacientes com evid&#234;ncias de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE devem ser tratados de acordo, e aqueles com ECGs normais devem ser considerados como n&#227;o tendo envolvimento card&#237;aco significativo e ent&#227;o serem seguidos com ECG anual. Os pacientes sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca clinicamente descompensada e com ECG anormal devem ser avaliados com ECO. Se o ECO for normal, esses pacientes devem ser considerados como tendo uma baixa probabilidade de apresentar acometimento mioc&#225;rdico e devem ser seguidos a cada seis meses. Se o ECO for anormal, dependendo das anormalidades encontradas, o paciente deve ser considerado como tendo cardiomiopatia amiloid&#243;tica e ent&#227;o tratado e acompanhado de perto.</p>
        <p>O grande n&#250;mero de pacientes com PND 0 (41%) pode ser explicado pela maioria dos familiares de pacientes do CEPARM expressarem vontade de serem submetidos a estudo gen&#233;tico e, quando o resultado &#233; positivo, continuarem sob acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>No grupo estudado, h&#225; 10 pacientes que j&#225; haviam sido submetidos a transplante hep&#225;tico. N&#243;s consideramos a possibilidade de que as altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares possam ter sido causadas por agentes imunossupressores. Apenas arritmias atriais e ventriculares podem ser efeitos colaterais dos agentes imunossupressores, mas como o Holter de 24 horas n&#227;o foi identificado como uma vari&#225;vel relevante pela &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o, isso n&#227;o interferiu com os resultados do estudo.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo foi a n&#227;o mensura&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores na avalia&#231;&#227;o do envolvimento cardiovascular em pacientes com PAF. No entanto, a mensura&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores n&#227;o &#233; amplamente dispon&#237;vel nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em nosso pa&#237;s. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes, mas considerando a raridade desta doen&#231;a (1/1000 indiv&#237;duos em Portugal, que &#233; &#225;rea end&#234;mica), o fato de que o CEPARM &#233; um centro de refer&#234;ncia nacional, e que muitos estudos sobre PAF incluem menos de 50 pacientes, acreditamos que com este estudo estamos contribuindo para o conhecimento da doen&#231;a em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Pacientes brasileiros com PAF t&#234;m anormalidades frequentes ao ECG. O ECG emergiu como um bom teste para discriminar portadores assintom&#225;ticos da muta&#231;&#227;o daqueles que desenvolveram a doen&#231;a, enquanto que o ECO contribuiu para essa discrimina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de M&#225;rcia Cavalcanti de Campos Queiroz pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
