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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mdCRDKxZXRBS8SpkWt83Cvf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015002400493</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150106</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictors of Arrhythmic Events Detected by Implantable Loop Recorders in Renal Transplant Candidates</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Giselle de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Jayme Galv&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Freitas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gowdak</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Henrique Wolff</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Jota de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Transplante Renal - Divis&#227;o de Urologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Martino Martinelli Filho</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Rua Peixoto Gomide, 1628 AP 51, Cerqueira Cesar. Postal Code 01409-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. Email: <email>martino@cardiol.br</email>,   <email>martino@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Lima JJG, Siqueira SF, Costa R, Gowdak LHW, Paula FJ; Acquisition of data: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Peixoto GL, Siqueira SF, Costa R, Gowdak LHW, Paula FJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Peixoto GL, Lima JJG, Siqueira SF, Gowdak LHW, Paula FJ; Statistical analysis: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Peixoto GL, Siqueira SF; Writing of the manuscript: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Peixoto GL, Lima JJG, Siqueira SF, Costa R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Peixoto GL, Lima JJG, Siqueira SF, Costa R, Gowdak LHW, Paula FJ, Kalil Filho R, Ramires JAF.  </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>105</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>493</fpage>
      <lpage>502</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The recording of arrhythmic events (AE) in renal transplant candidates (RTCs) undergoing dialysis is limited by conventional electrocardiography. However, continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring seems to be more appropriate due to automatic detection of arrhythmia, but this method has not been used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We aimed to investigate the incidence and predictors of AE in RTCs using an implantable loop recorder (ILR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A prospective observational study conducted from June 2009 to January 2011 included 100 consecutive ambulatory RTCs who underwent ILR and were followed-up for at least 1 year. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to define predictors of AE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>During a mean follow-up of 424 &#177; 127 days, AE could be detected in 98% of patients, and 92% had more than one type of arrhythmia, with most considered potentially not serious. Sustained atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation occurred in 7% and 13% of patients, respectively, and bradyarrhythmia and non-sustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurred in 25% and 57%, respectively. There were 18 deaths, of which 7 were sudden cardiac events: 3 bradyarrhythmias, 1 ventricular fibrillation, 1 myocardial infarction, and 2 undetermined. The presence of a long QTc (odds ratio [OR] = 7.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01&#8211;26.35; p = 0.002), and the duration of the PR interval (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02&#8211;1.08; p &lt; 0.001) were independently associated with bradyarrhythmias. Left ventricular dilatation (LVD) was independently associated with non-sustained VT (OR = 2.83; 95% CI, 1.01&#8211;7.96; p = 0.041).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In medium-term follow-up of RTCs, ILR helped detect a high incidence of AE, most of which did not have clinical relevance. The PR interval and presence of long QTc were predictive of bradyarrhythmias, whereas LVD was predictive of non-sustained VT.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Contraction</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Difibrillators</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Countershock</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="0"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing chronic hemodialysis have a high mortality rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In 2010, the annual report of the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) showed a mortality rate of 210 deaths per 1000 patient-years, mainly attributable to cardiovascular disease. The single largest cause of death among dialysis patients is sudden cardiac death (SCD), accounting for 27% of all-cause mortality, and it is linked to arrhythmic mechanisms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>The particular vulnerability of dialysis patients to SCD has been investigated earlier. Factors including obstructive coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, electrolyte shift, and abnormal myocardial ultrastructure and function have been implicated in the increased risk of arrhythmia-mediated death. However, the relative contribution of individual factors to the overall hazard of SCD is still undertermined<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>In contrast, it has been previously reported that arrhythmic events (AE) are quite common in dialysis patients. To date, knowledge about the incidence of AE has been limited to detection by conventional resting electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiographic ambulatory monitoring systems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. However, documentation obtained by these traditional tools at randomly selected intervals may have resulted in huge gaps in temporal knowledge of the incidence of AE. Furthermore, the spontaneous and circadian variabilities of cardiac arrhythmias may have influenced their detection, and thus, its occurrence in dialysis patients may have been underdiagnosed. To date, studies using long-term cardiac monitoring to detect AE in dialysis patients have not been conducted.</p>
      <p>The implantable loop recorder (ILR), with automatic detection of arrhythmias, allows for continuous detection, quantification, and documentation of AE during a long-term ECG monitoring period that extends to 36 months. Current clinical use and research with ILR have focused mostly on patients with syncope or ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The PRETRANSPLANT (Predictors of Arrhythmic Events Detected by ILRs in Hemodialysis Renal Transplant Candidates) study is a prospective observational study conducted to evaluate the incidence and predictors of AE occurrence by using long-term ILR monitoring in renal transplant candidates (RTCs) on hemodialysis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Cohort Selection and Study setting</title>
        <p>This study was conducted in a prospective ambulatory cohort of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)referred to the Heart Institute (InCor) of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, for pretransplantation cardiovascular evaluation between March and December of 2009. A total of 383 consecutive outpatients awaiting a renal transplant were screened during routine clinical assessment. All of the patients who met the inclusion criteria of being on chronic hemodialysis therapy, having a high cardiologic risk profile for renal transplant surgery (defined by age &gt; 50 years, diabetes, or clinically evident cardiovascular disease) and with &lt; 2 years of baseline cardiovascular assessment were eligible for study participation (n = 176)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. From this cohort of included patients, 76 patients were further excluded because of refusal to participate (n = 63), planned cardiovascular intervention (n = 6), and previous renal transplantation (n = 3). Three patients died while waiting for ILR implantation and 1 patient was excluded because of inadequate R-wave amplitude measured in a preimplantation ILR test. Finally, 100 patients (mean age, 59 &#177; 8,8 years; men, 65%; white, 73%) underwent long-term ECG monitoring by ILR and were included in this analysis.</p>
        <p>A comprehensive clinical and cardiovascular investigation was carried out for pretransplantation cardiovascular evaluation, including 12-lead resting ECG, signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG), myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, and transthoracic echocardiogram conducted on interdialytic days.</p>
        <p>Surface ECG parameters included the heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, and QT interval. Values of corrected QT interval (QTc) were obtained by measuring the distance of QT interval on 12-lead ECG and then correcting using Bazett&#8217;s formula. QT dispersion was calculated by the difference from the longest to the shortest QT interval. A PR interval &#8805; 200 ms, a QRS duration &#8805;120 ms, and a QTc interval &gt; 450 ms (men) or &gt; 470 ms (women) were considered abnormal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Four patients were excluded from QTc analyses due to left bundle branch block, atrial fibrillation (AF), or atrial flutter.</p>
        <p>All patients provided written informed consent, and the local institutional ethics committee approved the study protocol (registration number: 1099/08). All phases of the study were free from interference by the ILR manufacturer, including study design, data collection, analysis, and description of the results. This company participated only in donating the devices used during the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>ILR implantation and programming</title>
        <p>This study used the <italic>Reveal</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> XT 9529 Implantable Cardiac Monitor (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), a 9 cm<sup>3</sup>, 15 g, subcutaneously implantable device for long-term ECG monitoring that is designed to continuously monitor cardiac rhythm for up to 3 years. The device is usually implanted, under local anesthesia, in the left parasternal region in the area indicated by a specific tool (Vector check).</p>
        <p>The ECG data storage can be manually initiated or automatically triggered when AE fulfill the preprogrammed cut-off criteria: asystole (pause lasting &gt;3 s); bradyarrhythmias (4 ventricular events &lt;40 beats/min), ventricular tachycardia (5 ventricular events &gt;120 beats/min), and accelerated ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (9 ventricular events &gt;200 beats/min from the past 12 events). AF and atrial tachycardia (AT) were automatically detected by the device using an internal algorithm programmed to detect AT/AF with default parameters. The dedicated AF detection algorithm uses irregularity and incoherence of RR intervals to identify and classify patterns in ventricular conduction. RR intervals were analyzed within each 2-min period, and the difference in duration between consecutive RR intervals (&#8710;R-R) was calculated. Subsequently, the variability of these &#8710;R-R intervals is calculated, much as a Lorenz plot is constructed. When the RR intervals within the 2-min period show a certain pattern of irregularity, the heart rhythm in this period is classified as AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>The device memory can automatically hold 28 AE with 30 s of preactivation and 27 s of postactivation ECG storage as well as 3 patient-activated events with 6.5 min of preactivation and 1 min of postactivation ECG storage. The sensitivity of AE detection was adjusted individually according to the number of false events observed at each visit. Patients were followed for at least 1 year after ILR implantation; the first evaluation occurred 2 weeks after hospital discharge and at 8-week intervals thereafter.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>The outcomes were AE detected by ILR during the follow-up period. Each stored AE episode was analyzed and classified by a researcher as bradyarrhythmias and supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>The bradyarrhythmias (heart rate &lt; 40 beats/min) were classified as sinus pause, bradycardia, or atrioventricular (AV) block. Supraventricular arrhythmias were classified as premature atrial beats, non-sustained AT (an abrupt increase in heart rate [&gt; 120 beats/min] lasting &lt; 30 s), or sustained AT/AF (detected by the device according to irregularities in the RR intervals as noted on a Lorenz plot)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Ventricular arrhythmias were categorized as premature ventricular beats, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), sustained VT (lasting &gt; 30 s), or ventricular fibrillation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The sample size was estimated as 92 patients based on the reported ventricular arrhythmia prevalence of 40% in a previous study published by Bozbas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, with a 10% variation in precision of the absolute estimate and a 95% reliability interval to analyze the proposed objectives and correlations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. One patient was excluded due to localized infection 1 month after implantation. Statistical analysis of AE recorded by this ILR was conducted until device removal.</p>
        <p>The incidence of AE was described in absolute and relative numbers, and continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Normality was assessed by means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Comparison of baseline characteristics of patients with and without AE was done with <italic>t</italic> tests for continuous variables and the chi-square test and Fisher&#8217;s exact test for categorical variables.</p>
        <p>Multivariate logistic regression models using stepwise selection were applied to determine the independent association of baseline characteristics and AE incidence. A 2-sided p value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are presented for all odds ratios (ORs). All statistical analyses were conducted using a commercially available statistical software package (SPSS version 15.0 for Windows).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>One hundred patients were followed-up during a period of 424 &#177; 127 days after implantation of ILR, and no data were lost. All devices were inserted during a period of 8 months. Only 1 patient withdrew from the study due to a localized infection after 1 month of implantation, requiring removal of the ILR and antibiotic treatment. The mean duration of hemodialysis treatment was 53.8 &#177; 30 months. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (97%), and 84% of patients were on beta-blockers. ECG findings demonstrated sinus rhythm in 99% of the patients, and 1 patient was in AF. The mean heart rate was 73 &#177; 15 beats/min, and 8% of patients had an intraventricular block. A prolonged QTc interval and an abnormal SAECG were documented in 33% and 3% of the patients, respectively. Echocardiographic characteristics showed mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 59 &#177; 10%, and 21% of patients had LVEF &#8804;50%. Abnormal myocardial scintigraphy was noted in 38% of the patients. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics of patients are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinicai, electrocardiographic, and functional characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr align="left">
              <th>
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n = 100</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age in years, mean &#177; SD (median)</td>
              <td align="center">59 &#177; 8.8 (59.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender (%)</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Ethnicity (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>White</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Afro-Brazilian/Asian</td>
              <td align="center">21 / 6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Systemic arterial hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking/obesity (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 / 17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angina/previous myocardial infarction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 / 34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Heart failure (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cerebrovascular disease/peripheral vascular insufficiency (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13/55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Duration of hemodialysis in months, mean &#177; SD (median)</td>
              <td align="center">53.8 &#177; 30 (48.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Medical therapy (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blockers</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-blockers/calcium channel antagonists</td>
              <td align="center">84 / 31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Acetylsalicylic acid/statins</td>
              <td align="center">84 / 62</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Amiodarone</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Conventional electrocardiogram (n = 100)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Heart rate (beats/min)</td>
              <td align="center">73 &#177; 15.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sinus rhythm/atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">99% / 1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PR interval (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">173.2 &#177; 24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QRS (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">91.4 &#177; 17.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>First-degree atrioventricular block</td>
              <td align="center">11%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Right bundle branch block/left bundle branch block</td>
              <td align="center">4% / 4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean QTc interval (ms)/prolonged QTc (%)</td>
              <td align="center">436.4 &#177; 27.6 / 33%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QT dispersion (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">50.7 &#177; 24.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Signal-averaged ECG positive (%), n = 100</td>
              <td align="center">3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Echocardiogram (n = 99)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left atrium (mm), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">40.6 &#177; 6.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Interventricular septum/posterior wall (mm), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">11.7 &#177; 2 / 11 &#177; 1.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricular diastolic diameter/left ventricular systolic diameter (mm), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">50.5 &#177; 6.1 / 34 &#177; 6.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction (%), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">59.5 &#177; 10.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction &#8804; 50% (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiac mass index (g/m<sup>2</sup>), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">125.2 &#177; 29.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diastolic dysfunction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Segmental alterations (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (n = 89)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Normal/altered/ischemic (%)</td>
              <td align="center">62 / 27 / 11</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>SD: Standard deviation; ECG: Electrocardiogram.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Incidence and factors associated to AE</title>
        <p>During the ILR monitoring period, 98% of patients presented AE, with 92% of them presenting AE of more than one type. A total of 5075 AE were detected by ILR, resulting in a rate of 51.79 AE per patient. Supraventricular (94%) and ventricular arrhythmias (79%) were the most frequently diagnosed AE. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows a descriptive panel of AE detected by ILR, and some examples of morphology are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descriptive panel of arrhythmic events (AE) detected by implantable loop recorder in the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>AE  </bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Incidence (n = 100)</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>AE (number)</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>AE Rate/pts</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Follow-up: 424.7 &#177; 127.1 days</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Bradyarrhythmias</td>
                <td align="center">25%</td>
                <td align="center">155</td>
                <td align="center">6.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asystole</td>
                <td align="center">4%</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">3.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bradycardia</td>
                <td align="center">24%</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">5.87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Advanced atrioventricular block</td>
                <td align="center">1<bold>%</bold></td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Supraventricular arrhythmias</td>
                <td align="center">94%</td>
                <td align="center">3.702</td>
                <td align="center">39.38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Premature atrial beats</td>
                <td align="center">40%</td>
                <td align="center">276</td>
                <td align="center">6.90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sinusal tachycardia</td>
                <td align="center">69%</td>
                <td align="center">1.972</td>
                <td align="center">28.58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-sustained atrial tachycardia</td>
                <td align="center">74%</td>
                <td align="center">1.362</td>
                <td align="center">18.41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sustained atrial tachycardia</td>
                <td align="center">7%</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">7.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">13%</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">3.23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventricular Arrhythmias</td>
                <td align="center">79%</td>
                <td align="center">1.218</td>
                <td align="center">15.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Premature ventricular beats</td>
                <td align="center">70%</td>
                <td align="center">947</td>
                <td align="center">13.53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia</td>
                <td align="center">56%</td>
                <td align="center">270</td>
                <td align="center">4.82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sustained ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">1<bold>%</bold></td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Examples of arrhythmic events recorded by implantable loop recorder during study follow-up. The tracing recorded in (A) shows isolated ventricular premature beats (<sup>*</sup>); the record in (B) shows polymorphic ventricular premature beats (<sup>**</sup>); episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia are plotted in (C) and (D) (<sup>***</sup>), and an episode of atrial fibrillation is recorded in (E).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0493-50106-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>All clinical baseline, electrocardiographic, and functional characteristics were evaluated considering the occurrence of different types of AE, and predictors were identified exclusively for bradyarrhythmias and non-sustained VT. None of these variables was associated with the occurrence of AF or other supraventricular arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>According to the AE detected by ILR, we observed that patients with bradyarrhythmias were significantly older (62.7 &#177; 6.9 years vs. 57.7 &#177; 9.1 years, p = 0.014), had lower mean HR (69.6 &#177; 8.7 beats/min vs. 75.5 &#177; 8.9 beats/min, p = 0.005), and had higher prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD; 87% vs. 56%, p = 0.026) than those without bradyarrhythmias. Moreover, the PR interval was longer (190.2 &#177; 32.1 ms vs. 167.5 &#177; 17.6 ms, p &lt; 0.001); there was a higher prevalence of first-degree AV block (36% vs. 3%, p &lt; 0.001) and prolonged QTc interval (52% vs. 28%, p = 0.028) in patients with bradyarrhythmias. In contrast, there was no significant difference between patients with or without non-sustained VT, except that patients with non-sustained VT were less obese (9% vs. 27%, p = 0.01) and had higher prevalence of LV dilatation (31% vs. 14%, p = 0.04).</p>
        <p>In a multivariate logistic regression model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>), bradyarrhythmias were independently associated with PR interval duration (OR, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.02-1.08], p = 0.0008) and long QTc interval (OR, 7.28 [95% CI, 2.01-26.35], p = 0.002). When a cut-off of 200 ms for PR interval was used (first-degree AV block), the probability of bradyarrhythmias was 77% and 47% for patients with or without long QTc interval, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate analysis demonstrating predictive factors for occurrence of arrhythmic events detected by the implantable loop recorder</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Bradyarrhythmias</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold> p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Prolonged QTc</td>
                <td align="center">7.28</td>
                <td align="center">2.01-26.35</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Duration of PR interval</td>
                <td align="center">1.05</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 to 1.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.0008</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Left ventricular dilatation</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2.83</td>
                <td align="center">1.01-7.96</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.041</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Probability of bradyarrhythmia occurrence detected by implantable loop recorder in relation to PR interval duration stratified according to the type of QTc manifestation (with or without long QTc).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0493-50106-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Furthermore, the presence of LV dilatation (OR, 2.83, [95% CI = 1.01-7.96], p = 0.04) was the only independent factor associated with non-sustained VT. Patients with LV dilatation were 2.8 times more likely to have non-sustained VT than those without it.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical findings</title>
        <p>Despite almost all patients (98%) presenting some type of AE, most had no significant clinical implication. All patients with AE reported at least 1 episode of palpitations, and no patient had syncope. Potentially serious bradyarrhythmias and ventricular tachyarrhythmias occurred in 4 and 1 patient, respectively. Three patients died suddenly due to bradyarrhythmia, and a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy developed advanced AV block (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>), requiring pacemaker use and removal of the ILR. A 47-year-old man without structural heart disease died because of a malignant ventricular arrhythmia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recording of an advanced atrioventricular block episode by the implantable loop recorder. The marks (<sup>*</sup>) show three blocked P waves, indicating a pause of 3.1 s.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0493-50106-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatal ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation episode recorded by the implantable loop recorder.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0493-50106-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>During the study follow-up period, 18 patients died, of whom 7 had SCD, 1 had heart failure (HF), and 10 died of non-cardiac causes. Among the cases of SCD, there were 3 bradyarrhythmias, 1 ventricular fibrillation, 1 acute myocardial infarction, and, in the remaining 2 cases, the ILR could not be analyzed and the causes of death have not been identified. Other nonfatal major cardiovascular events included acute pulmonary edema (9 patients), acute myocardial infarction (2 patients), acute peripheral vascular disease (2 patients), and ischemic stroke (1 patient). In addition, 14 patients underwent renal transplantation.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the PRETRANSPLANT study, continuous cardiac monitoring provided by ILR in RTCs on hemodialysis revealed a high incidence of arrhythmias. This new technology has recently been incorporated in this clinical setting, providing a prolonged period of cardiac monitoring that allows determination of relevant clinical and electrocardiographic correlations and solves the problem of spontaneous and circadian variabilities in AE. In addition, we identified several clinical factors independently associated with the most prevalent types of AE in the dialysis population. Importantly, supraventricular arrhythmias had no significant clinical implications; in contrast, bradyarrhythmias and ventricular arrhythmias were associated with serious and fatal clinical events.</p>
      <p>Our findings showed the occurrence of at least some type of AE in 98% of patients. It is difficult to compare this study to others because none of the previous studies used an ILR for diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias. Normally, the ILR has been used to evaluate patients with recurrent syncope and a less severe cardiac risk profile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Moreover, previous studies using 24-h Holter monitoring for the detection of AE in the dialysis population reported a highly variable occurrence rate. Bozbas et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> showed that 85.2% of 94 hemodialysis patients experienced an AE. Similar results were observed by Sforziniet al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, who detected an AE in 76% of 127 hemodialysis patients. In contrast, D&#8217;Elia et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> reported AE in 26.2% of 122 patients, and 1 patient had an advanced AV block, and we observed the same rate in our study. This variability in the incidence of AE is most likely dependent on the specific characteristics of the population and on the different diagnostic criteria used for each study.</p>
      <p>Many factors contributing to the increased incidence of AE in dialysis patients have been identified. Several studies have shown the influence of structural cardiac disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, electrolyte abnormalities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, postdialysis hypokalemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, low potassium and calcium concentrations in the dialysate solution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, silent ischemia related to dialysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, the use of digoxin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, hyperparathyroidism, and uncontrolled hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>; however, there are no studies that used continuous electrocardiographic monitoring methods. The present study showed that alterations in the conventional ECG and echocardiogram were independently associated with the AE detected by the ILR.</p>
      <p>Previous studies reported that electrocardiographic alterations, such as prolonged PR and QT intervals, have been considered predictive factors for cardiovascular events and mortality in the end-stage renal disease and general populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. In dialysis patients, all of these findings were more evident and have been associated with AE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Abe et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> showed that first-degree AV block is more prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis (5.4%) than in those who were not receiving dialysis (1.4%) and in healthy controls. Hage et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> identified prolonged PR interval on conventional ECG in 15% of patients, and this was not associated with worse survival. In our study, the prevalence of first-degree AV block was 11% and it was 12 times more prevalent in patients with bradyarrhythmias. For each 10-ms increase in the PR interval duration, the likelihood of a bradyarrhythmia increased by 5% during the follow-up.</p>
      <p>Other studies have shown that the QT interval is significantly longer in dialysis patients than in healthy subjects. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the QT interval increases during dialysis and is associated with AE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. In our study, the mean QTc interval (436.4 &#177; 27.6 ms) was similar to the results reported by Suzuki et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>(432.6 &#177; 24.9 ms) and slightly lower than those observed in the study by Hage et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> (447 &#177; 35 ms). It is noteworthy that all of these measurements are within the normal range (&#8804;450 ms in men and &#8804;470 ms in women)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Despite this, there was a high prevalence of long QTc in our study (33%), and this was similar to the results obtained by Hage et al.(39%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. This is in agreement with the data in the literature, wherein the increase in the QT interval and the presence of a long QT have been associated with AE occurrence. Therefore, a careful evaluation using conventional ECG should be done routinely in this population, whereby these patients with higher risk of AE can be stratified.</p>
      <p>Another interesting finding in our study was that LV dilatation occurred in 23% of patients and almost tripled the occurrence of non-sustained VT. Parfrey et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> found that in a study of 432 patients, the prevalence of LV dilation (28%) was slightly higher than that in our study, and it was associated with CAD, hypertension, anemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Previous studies have shown that ventricular dilatation is a marker of poor prognosis in the dialysis population and is associated with LV volume overload<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. The eccentric hypertrophy induced by this mechanism causes cardiomyocyte stretching, apoptosis, and cell death, which results in myocardial fibrosis. The combination of these factors with neurohormonal hyperactivity and HF may precipitate the occurrence of AE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Thus, an echocardiographic evaluation to diagnose structural changes may help identify patients at high risk of arrhythmias in the dialysis population.</p>
      <p>Predictors of AE occurrence is a subject that is not well explored in the literature. Bozbas et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> showed a predictive relationship between hypertension, CAD, and QT dispersion with complex ventricular arrhythmias. Moreover, they observed a causal relationship between the duration of dialysis therapy and premature atrial contraction. More specifically, Nishi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> identified the age and presence of P-terminal force &gt;0.04 mm/s as predictors of new-onset AF. Distinctly, our study could not establish any independent predictors of AF occurrences, but has identified predictors of bradyarrhythmia, which affected 3% of our patients, and non-sustained VT.</p>
      <p>In summary, a conjunction of various risk factors may provide a very favorable scenario for the high occurrence of AE in the dialysis population. Moreover, taking into account the random characteristic of the occurrence of AE, and that its documentation requires absolute synchronism, it is important to emphasize that prolonged monitoring with an ILR may play a role in prospective investigations aiming to reduce cardiovascular events in this high-risk population.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Limitations</title>
        <p>Some aspects of this analysis merit further consideration. First, the study population comprised consecutive hemodialysis patients derived from an academic institute rendering routine tertiary healthcare with interdisciplinary follow-up. Therefore, caution must be exercised when extrapolating these findings to other RTCs.</p>
        <p>Second, the ILR may have some limitations related to detection properties; for example, the electrocardiographic analysis is taken from an isolated, single, subcutaneous ECG lead, and atrial depolarization is difficult to identify. The algorithm used by the device to identify AF expends 2 min in observation of RR-interval irregularity distribution in a Lorenz plot, which imposes a limit of inability to autoidentify AF episodes shorter than this duration. Another limitation of the ILR is a memory capacity limited to 30 AE recordings. When the memory was saturated, a new AE recording replaced the oldest, a feature known as loop memory recording. In patients with a high frequency of cardiac arrhythmias, this feature limits the AE recordings, and thus, results in underestimation of their real incidence. In the present study, it issue was minimized by reducing the intervals between the visits to 8 weeks. However, 40% of our patients had saturated ILR memory, which could have prevented analysis of certain types of AE.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The PRETRANSPLANT study is the first to report medium-term monitoring of AE recorded by an ILR in a high-risk population of RTCs. Most AE detected were not clinically relevant, but serious bradyarrhythmias and/or ventricular tachyarrhythmias occurred. Defining clinical characteristics that can stratify patients at higher risk of AE can help prevent complications or identify patients who require stricter monitoring. In our study, the factors independently associated with AE were the PR interval and the presence of long QTc for bradyarrhythmias and LV dilatation for non-sustained VT.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Rodrigo Tavares Silva, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Transplante Renal &#8211; Divis&#227;o de Urologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Martino Martinelli Filho</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Rua Peixoto Gomide, 1628 AP 51, Cerqueira Cesar. CEP 01409-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. Email:   <email>martino@cardiol.br</email>, <email>martino@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Lima JJG, Siqueira SF, Costa R, Gowdak LHW, Paula FJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Peixoto GL, Siqueira SF, Costa R, Gowdak LHW, Paula FJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Peixoto GL, Lima JJG, Siqueira SF, Gowdak LHW, Paula FJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Peixoto GL, Siqueira SF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Peixoto GL, Lima JJG, Siqueira SF, Costa R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva RT, Martinelli M, Peixoto GL, Lima JJG, Siqueira SF, Costa R, Gowdak LHW, Paula FJ, Kalil Filho R, Ramires JAF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A documenta&#231;&#227;o de eventos arr&#237;tmicos (EA) em candidatos a transplante renal (CTR) submetidos &#224; di&#225;lise &#233; limitada pelo registro de eletrocardiograma convencional. Um monitoramento cont&#237;nuo do ritmo card&#237;aco parece ser o procedimento mais adequado para a detec&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica de arritmia, contudo esse m&#233;todo n&#227;o foi explorado anteriormente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a incid&#234;ncia e os preditores de EA em CTR usando um gravador de eventos implant&#225;vel, do ingl&#234;s, &#8220;<italic>loop recorder implant&#225;vel</italic>&#8221; (ILR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um estudo prospectivo observacional foi conduzido entre Junho/2009 a Janeiro/2011. Cem CTR ambulatoriais consecutivos foram submetidos ao ILR e acompanhados pelo menos por um ano. Uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi aplicada para definir os preditores de EA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Durante o tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 424 &#177; 127 dias, EA foram detectados em 98% dos pacientes, sendo que 92% deles tinham mais de um tipo de arritmia, a maioria n&#227;o considerada potencialmente s&#233;ria. Taquicardia atrial sustentada e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ocorreram respectivamente em 7% e 13% dos pacientes; bradiarritmia em 25% e taquicardia ventricular (TV) n&#227;o-sustentada ou sustentada em 57%. Ocorreram 18 &#243;bitos, 7 por morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita, 3 por bradiarritmias, 1 por fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, 1 por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e 2 &#243;bitos devido &#224; causas desconhecidas. A presen&#231;a de QTc longo (Raz&#227;o de Probabilidade [RP] = 7,28; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC] 2,01-26,35; p = 0,002) e dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PR (RP = 1,05; IC 95%: 1,02-1,08; p &lt; 0,001) foram associados independentemente a bradiarritmias. A dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (DVE) foi independentemente associada &#224; TV n&#227;o-sustentada (RP = 2,83; IC 95%: 1,01-7,96; p = 0,041).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em acompanhamento de m&#233;dio prazo de CTR, o ILR detectou uma alta incid&#234;ncia de EA, a maioria sem relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. O intervalo PR e a presen&#231;a de QTc longo foram preditivos de bradiarritmias e DVE de TV n&#227;o&#8209;sustentada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Contra&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Rim</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovers&#227;o El&#233;trica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes submetidos &#224; hemodi&#225;lise cr&#244;nica, em est&#225;gio final de doen&#231;a renal, possuem um alto &#237;ndice de mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Em 2010, o registro anual do sistema de dados renais dos Estados Unidos, United States Renal Data System (USRDS), apresentou um &#237;ndice de mortalidade de 210 &#243;bitos em cada 1000 pacientes por ano, devido principalmente &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular. A maior causa de &#243;bitos entre pacientes em di&#225;lise &#233; a morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita (MCS), respons&#225;vel por 27% de todas as causas de mortalidade e est&#225; associada a mecanismos arr&#237;tmicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>A vulnerabilidade espec&#237;fica &#224; MCS de pacientes em di&#225;lise tem sido investigada. Fatores como doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, altera&#231;&#227;o eletrol&#237;tica e fun&#231;&#227;o e ultra-estrutura mioc&#225;rdica anormal tem sido implicadas no risco elevado de morte arr&#237;tmica. Ainda n&#227;o foi determinada a contribui&#231;&#227;o relativa de fatores individuais que levam ao risco de MCS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ao contr&#225;rio, foi relatado previamente que eventos arr&#237;tmicos (EA) s&#227;o muito comuns entre pacientes em di&#225;lise. At&#233; o momento, sabe-se que a incid&#234;ncia de EA est&#225; limitada &#224; sua detec&#231;&#227;o pelo eletrocardiograma convencional de repouso (ECG) e pelos sistemas de monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico ambulatorial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Entretanto, a documenta&#231;&#227;o obtida atrav&#233;s dessas ferramentas tradicionais em intervalos selecionados aleatoriamente pode ter resultado em enormes lacunas sobre a incid&#234;ncia de EA. Al&#233;m disso, a variabilidade espont&#226;nea e circadiana de arritmias card&#237;acas pode ter influenciado na detec&#231;&#227;o, e assim, a ocorr&#234;ncia de EA entre pacientes em tratamento dial&#237;tico pode ter sido subdiagnosticada. At&#233; o momento, nenhum estudo que utiliza monitoramento card&#237;aco de longo prazo para detectar EA em pacientes em tratamento dial&#237;tico foi realizado.</p>
        <p>O <italic>loop recorder</italic> implant&#225;vel (ILR), com detec&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica de arritmias, permite a detec&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua, quantifica&#231;&#227;o e documenta&#231;&#227;o de EA durante o monitoramento de ECG a longo prazo que se estende at&#233; 36 meses. O uso cl&#237;nico atual e de pesquisa com ILR tem focado principalmente em pacientes com s&#237;ncope ou com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. O estudo PRETRANSPLANT (Preditores de Eventos Arr&#237;tmicos Detectados por <italic>Loop Recorders</italic> Implant&#225;veis em Candidatos a Transplante Renal em Tratamento Hemodial&#237;tico) &#233; um estudo observacional, prospectivo conduzido para avaliar a incid&#234;ncia e os fatores preditores de ocorr&#234;ncia de EA com monitoramento de ILR a longo prazo em candidatos a transplante renal (CTR) em tratamento hemodial&#237;tico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi realizado em um coorte ambulatorial prospectivo de pacientes com doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio final (ESDR) encaminhados ao Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, para avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular pr&#233;-transplante entre mar&#231;o e dezembro de 2009. Neste per&#237;odo, um total de 383 pacientes ambulatoriais consecutivos aguardando transplante renal foram selecionados durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de rotina. Todos os pacientes que satisfizeram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para terapia hemodial&#237;tica cr&#244;nica, tendo um perfil de risco cardiol&#243;gico alto para cirurgia de transplante renal (definido por idade &gt; 50 anos ou diabetes ou doen&#231;a cardiovascular clinicamente evidente) com &lt; 2 anos de avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular basal foram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo (n = 176)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Desse coorte de pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 76 pacientes foram posteriormente exclu&#237;dos por se recusarem a participar do estudo (n = 63), outros por interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular planejada (n = 6) e o restante em consequ&#234;ncia de transplante renal pr&#233;vio (n = 3). Tr&#234;s pacientes faleceram enquanto aguardavam a implante do ILR e um paciente foi exclu&#237;do devido &#224; amplitude inadequada da onda R medida em teste de pr&#233;-implante do ILR. Um total de 100 pacientes foram submetidos ao monitoramento de ECG de longa dura&#231;&#227;o por ILR e foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>Uma investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e cardiovascular abrangente foi realizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular pr&#233;-transplante renal, incluindo ECG de repouso com 12 varia&#231;&#245;es, eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (ECGAR), cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado nos dias interdial&#237;ticos.</p>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros do ECG de superf&#237;cie inclu&#237;ram frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, intervalo PR, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e intervalo QT. Os valores do intervalo QT corrigido (QTc) foram obtidos medindo a dist&#226;ncia do intervalo QT no ECG com 12 varia&#231;&#245;es e corrigidos pela f&#243;rmula de Bazett. A dispers&#227;o do QT foi calculada pela diferen&#231;a entre o maior e o menor intervalo QT. Um intervalo PR &#8805; 200 msec, uma dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#8805; 120 msec e um intervalo QTc &gt; 450 msec (homens) ou &gt; 470 msec (mulheres) foram considerados anormais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Quatro pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises QTc devido ao bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento informado, e oComiss&#227;o de &#201;tica Institucional local aprovou o protocolo do estudo (n&#250;mero do registro: 1099/08). Todas as fases do estudo estiveram livres de interfer&#234;ncia do fabricante de ILR, incluindo o desenho do estudo, coleta de dados, an&#225;lise e descri&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. A empresa Medtronic Commercial Ltda doou os dispositivos usados durante o estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implante e programa&#231;&#227;o do ILR</title>
          <p>Este estudo utilizou o monitor card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel <italic>Reveal</italic>&#174; XT 9529 (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, EUA) para monitoramento de ECG de longo prazo, que &#233; um dispositivo implant&#225;vel subcutaneamente, de 9 cm<sup>3</sup>, 15 g, projetado para monitorar continuamente o ritmo card&#237;aco em at&#233; 3 anos. O dispositivo &#233; implantado geralmente na regi&#227;o paraesternal esquerda na &#225;rea indicada por uma ferramenta espec&#237;fica (verifica&#231;&#227;o Vetor) e sob anestesia local.</p>
          <p>O armazenamento do ECG pode ser iniciado manualmente ou automaticamente acionado quando EA preenchem os crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-programados: ass&#237;stole (pausa com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 3s); bradiarritmias (4 eventos ventriculares &lt; 40 batimentos/min), taquicardia ventricular (5 eventos ventriculares &gt; 120 batimentos/min) e taquicardia ventricular acelerada/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (9 eventos ventriculares &gt; 200 batimentos/min a partir dos &#250;ltimos 12 eventos). A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e taquicardia atrial (TA) foram detectadas automaticamente pelo dispositivo usando um algoritmo interno programado para detectar TA/ FA com par&#226;metro pr&#233;-instalado pelo fabricante. O algoritmo de detec&#231;&#227;o de FA usa irregularidade e incoer&#234;ncia dos intervalos RR para identificar e classificar padr&#245;es em condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os intervalos RR s&#227;o analisados a cada 2 minutos e a diferen&#231;a da dura&#231;&#227;o entre os intervalos RR consecutivos (VRR) &#233;, ent&#227;o, calculada. Subsequentemente, a variabilidade desses intervalos VRR &#233; calculada, tal como &#233; constru&#237;da na representa&#231;&#227;o de Lorenz. Quando os intervalos RR dentro do per&#237;odo de 2 min mostrarem um determinado padr&#227;o de irregularidade, o ritmo card&#237;aco nesse per&#237;odo &#233; classificado como FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
          <p>A mem&#243;ria do dispositivo &#233; capaz de armazenar automaticamente 28 EA com 30s de pr&#233;-ativa&#231;&#227;o e 27 s de armazenamento de ECG p&#243;s-ativa&#231;&#227;o e 3 eventos ativados pelo paciente com 6,5 min de pr&#233;-ativa&#231;&#227;o e 1 min de armazenamento de ECG p&#243;s ativa&#231;&#227;o. A sensibilidade de detec&#231;&#227;o de EA foi ajustada individualmente de acordo com o n&#250;mero de eventos falsos observados em cada visita. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por pelo menos um ano ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o de ILR, e a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o ocorreu duas semanas ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar e, posteriormente, em intervalos de 8 semanas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos analisados</title>
          <p>Os desfechos analisados foram os EA detectados pelo IRL durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento cl&#237;nico. Cada epis&#243;dio de EA armazenado foi analisado e classificado pelo investigador como bradiarritmias, arritmias supraventriculares ou ventriculares.</p>
          <p>As bradiarritmias (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 40 batimentos/min) foram classificadas como sendo pausa sinusal, bradicardia ou bloqueio atrioventricular (AV). As arritmias supraventriculares foram classificadas como sendo batimentos atriais prematuros, TA n&#227;o- sustentada (um aumento abrupto da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca [&gt; 120 batimentos/min] com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 30s) ou TA/FA sustentada (detectadas pelo dispositivo de acordo com as irregularidades nos intervalos RR como observado na representa&#231;&#227;o de Lorenz)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. As arritmias ventriculares foram divididas em batimentos ventriculares prematuros, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o- sustentada (TV), TV sustentada (dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 30s) ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O tamanho amostral foi calculado em 92 pacientes, estimando-se taxa de 40% de diagn&#243;stico de arritmias ventriculares, conforme estudo pr&#233;vio publicado por Bozbas e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Para este c&#225;lculo utilizou-se uma varia&#231;&#227;o da precis&#227;o de estimativa absoluta de 10%, considerando uma confiabilidade de 95% para a an&#225;lise dos objetivos e correla&#231;&#245;es propostas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Um paciente foi exclu&#237;do em consequ&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o local um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a implante. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de EA gravado por ILR foi realizada at&#233; a sua remo&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de EA foi descrita em n&#250;meros absolutos e relativos e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. A normalidade foi avaliada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes com e sem EA foi realizada com testes <italic>t</italic> para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, teste qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
          <p>Os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada que usam sele&#231;&#227;o   <italic>stepwise</italic> foram aplicados para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o independente das caracter&#237;sticas basais e incid&#234;ncia de EA. Um valor p de 0,05 para teste bilateral foi considerado estatisticamente significativo e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% foram apresentados para todas as raz&#245;es de probabilidade (RP). Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando um programa de software estat&#237;stico dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (SPSS15.0 para Windows).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 100 pacientes foram acompanhados durante um per&#237;odo de 424 &#177; 127 dias ap&#243;s o implante do ILR e nenhum dado foi perdido. Todos os dispositivos foram implantados durante um per&#237;odo de 8 meses. Apenas um paciente foi retirado do estudo devido a uma infec&#231;&#227;o local ap&#243;s um m&#234;s do implante, sendo necess&#225;rio a remo&#231;&#227;o do ILR e tratamento com antibi&#243;tico foi necess&#225;rio. A popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo tinha idade m&#233;dia de 59 &#177; 8,8 anos e 65% eram homens. A maioria dos pacientes era de ra&#231;a branca (73%), e a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do tratamento de hemodi&#225;lise foi de 53,8 &#177; 30 meses. A hipertens&#227;o foi a comorbidade mais comum (97%) e 84% faziam uso de beta-bloqueadores. Os achados do ECG demonstraram ritmo sinusal em 99% dos pacientes e um dos pacientes tinha FA. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia foi de 73 &#177; 15 batimentos/min e 8% dos pacientes tinham bloqueio intraventricular. A presen&#231;a de intervalo QTc prolongado e ECG alta resolu&#231;&#227;o anormais foram documentados em 33% e 3% dos pacientes, respectivamente. As caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas apresentaram m&#233;dia de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) de 59 &#177; 10% e 21% dos pacientes tiveram FEVE &#8804;50%. Cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica anormal esteve presente em 38% dos pacientes. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas basais dos pacientes est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nica, eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e funcional da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n = 100 pacientes</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade em anos, m&#233;dia &#177; DP (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 8,8 (59,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Etnia (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Caucasianos</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Afro-Brasileiros/Asi&#225;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">21 / 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo/Obesidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 / 17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina/ Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 / 34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular / Insufici&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 / 55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o de hemodi&#225;lise em meses, m&#233;dia &#177; DP (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center">53,8 &#177; 30 (48,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Terapia m&#233;dica (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor de Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina ou Bloqueadores de Receptores de Angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Beta-bloqueadores/Antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">84 / 31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido Acetilsalic&#237;lico /Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">84 / 62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Eletrocardiograma Convencional (n = 100)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (batimentos/min)</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 15,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>R&#237;tmo Sinusal / Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</td>
                <td align="center">99% / 1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo PR (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">173,2 &#177; 24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QRS (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">91,4 &#177; 17,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau</td>
                <td align="center">11%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio do Ramo Direito/Bloqueio do Ramo Esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">4% / 4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia do intervalo QTc (ms)/ QTc prolongado (%)</td>
                <td align="center">436,4 &#177; 27,6 / 33%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispers&#227;o QT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">50,7 &#177; 24,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECG alta resolu&#231;&#227;o positivo (%), n = 100</td>
                <td align="center">3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma (n = 99)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;trio Esquerdo (mm), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">40,6 &#177; 6,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Septo Interventricular /parede posterior (mm), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">11,7 &#177; 2 / 11 &#177; 1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico Ventricular Esquerdo/Di&#226;metro Sist&#243;lico Ventricular Esquerdo (mm), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">50,5 &#177; 6,1 / 34 &#177; 6,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (%), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">59,5 &#177; 10,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo &#8804; 50% (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa card&#237;aca (g/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">125,2 &#177; 29,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (n = 89)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal / Alterado / Isqu&#234;mico (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 / 27 / 11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>DP: Desvio padr&#227;o; ECG: Eletrocardiograma.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Incid&#234;ncia e fatores associados a EA</title>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de monitoramento de ILR, 98% dos pacientes apresentaram EA, com 92% deles apresentando mais de um tipo. Um total de 5.075 EA foi detectado por ILR, resultando numa taxa de 51,79 EA por paciente.</p>
          <p>As arritmias supraventriculares (94%) e ventriculares (79%) foram os EA mais frequentemente diagnosticados. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>mostra um painel descritivo de EA detectado por ILR e alguns exemplos de morfologia est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Painel descritivo de eventos arr&#237;tmicos (EA) detectados por loop recorder implant&#225;vel no estudo da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>EA  </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Incid&#234;ncia (n = 100)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>EA (n&#250;mero)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>EA &#237;ndice/pts</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Acompanhamento: 424,7 &#177; 127,1 dias</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bradiarritmias</td>
                  <td align="center">25%</td>
                  <td align="center">155</td>
                  <td align="center">6,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Assistolia</td>
                  <td align="center">4%</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">3,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bradicardia</td>
                  <td align="center">24%</td>
                  <td align="center">141</td>
                  <td align="center">5,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio Atrioventricular Avan&#231;ado</td>
                  <td align="center">1%</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">2,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmias supraventriculares</td>
                  <td align="center">94%</td>
                  <td align="center">3,702</td>
                  <td align="center">39,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extrassistoles atriais</td>
                  <td align="center">40%</td>
                  <td align="center">276</td>
                  <td align="center">6,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taquicardia Sinusal</td>
                  <td align="center">69%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,972</td>
                  <td align="center">28,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taquicardia Atrial N&#227;o-sustentada</td>
                  <td align="center">74%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,362</td>
                  <td align="center">18,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taquicardia Atrial Sustentada</td>
                  <td align="center">7%</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">7,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">13%</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">3,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmias Ventriculares</td>
                  <td align="center">79%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,218</td>
                  <td align="center">15,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extrassistoles ventriculares</td>
                  <td align="center">70%</td>
                  <td align="center">947</td>
                  <td align="center">13,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taquicardia Ventricular N&#227;o-sustentada</td>
                  <td align="center">56%</td>
                  <td align="center">270</td>
                  <td align="center">4,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taquicardia ventricular sustentada / Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">1%</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Exemplos de eventos arr&#237;tmicos registrados por loop recorder implant&#225;vel durante o acompanhamento do estudo. O tra&#231;ado em A indica a ocorr&#234;ncia de batimentos ventriculares prematuros isolados (<sup>*</sup>), o registro em B demonstra a ocorr&#234;ncia de batimentos ventriculares prematuros polim&#243;rficos (<sup>**</sup>); epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada s&#227;o demonstrados em C e D (<sup>***</sup>), e um epis&#243;dio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; notado em E.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0493-50106-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Todas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e funcionais foram avaliadas considerando a ocorr&#234;ncia de diferentes tipos de EA, e preditores foram identificados exclusivamente para bradiarritmias e TV n&#227;o-sustentada. Nenhuma vari&#225;vel foi associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou a outras arritmias supraventriculares.</p>
          <p>De acordo com os EA detectados pelo ILR, foi poss&#237;vel observar que os pacientes com bradiarritmias eram significativamente mais velhos (62,7 &#177; 6,9 anos vs 57,7 &#177; 9,1 anos, p = 0,014), apresentaram uma m&#233;dia de FC mais baixa (69,6 &#177; 8,7 batimentos/min vs. 75,5 &#177; 8,9 batimentos/min, p = 0,005) com maior preval&#234;ncia de DAC (87% vs. 56%, p = 0,026) do que aqueles sem bradiarritmias. Al&#233;m disso, o intervalo PR foi maior (190,2 &#177; 32.1ms vs. 167,5 &#177; 17.6 ms, p &lt; 0,001), houve maior preval&#234;ncia de bloqueio AV de primeiro grau (36% versus 3%, p &lt; 0,001) e intervalo QT prolongado (52% versus 28%, p = 0,028). Em contraste, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os pacientes com ou sem TV n&#227;o-sustentada, exceto que os pacientes com TV n&#227;o-sustentada eram menos obesos (9% vs. 27%, p = 0,01) e apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE (31% vs. 14 %, p = 0,04).</p>
          <p>No modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>) as bradiarritmias foram independentemente associadas &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PR (RP, 1,05 [IC 95%, 1,02-1,08], p = 0,0008) e intervalo QTc longo (PR, 7,28 [IC 95%, 2,01-26,35], p = 0,002). Quando um corte de 200 ms para o intervalo PR foi usado (bloqueio AV de primeiro grau), a probabilidade de bradiarritmias foi de 77% e 47% para pacientes com ou sem intervalo QTc longo, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise multivariada demonstrando fatores preditivos para ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos detectados por loop recorder implant&#225;vel</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>Bradiarritmias</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>Taquicardia Ventricular N&#227;o-sustentada</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>RP</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>RP</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTc prolongado</td>
                  <td align="center">7,28</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01 - 26,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PR</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 - 1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0008</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2,83</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 -7,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN04">
                <p>RP: Raz&#227;o de probabilidade; IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de bradiarritmia detectada por loop recorder implant&#225;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PR estratificado de acordo com o tipo de manifesta&#231;&#227;o de QTc (com ou sem QTc longo).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0493-50106-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE (RP, 2,83, [IC 95% = 1,01-7,96], p = 0,04) foi o &#250;nico fator independente associado &#224; TV n&#227;o-sustentada. Pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE foram 2,8 vezes mais propensos a ter TV n&#227;o-sustentada do que aqueles sem dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Achados cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>Apesar de quase todos os pacientes (98%) apresentarem algum tipo de EA, a maioria deles n&#227;o obteve implica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica significativa. Todos os pacientes com EA relataram pelo menos um epis&#243;dio de palpita&#231;&#245;es e nenhum paciente teve s&#237;ncope. Bradiarritmias e taquiarritmias ventriculares potencialmente graves ocorreram em 4 e em 1 paciente, respectivamente. Tr&#234;s pacientes morreram repentinamente em consequ&#234;ncia de bradiarritmia e um paciente com cardiomiopatia dilatada desenvolveu bloqueio AV avan&#231;ado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>), necessitando de marca-passo e tamb&#233;m remo&#231;&#227;o do ILR. Um homem de 47 anos de idade, sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, morreu por causa de uma arritmia ventricular maligna (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Registro de epis&#243;dio de bloqueio atrioventricular avan&#231;ado obtido por loop recorder implant&#225;vel. Os s&#237;mbolos (<sup>*</sup>) indicam tr&#234;s ondas P bloqueadas, indicando uma pausa de 3.1s.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0493-50106-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Epis&#243;dio fatal de taquicardia/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular registrado pelo loop recorder implant&#225;vel.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-105-05-0493-50106-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Durante o estudo de acompanhamento, 18 pacientes morreram, dos quais 7 por SCD, um de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e 10 de causas n&#227;o-card&#237;acas. Entre os casos de SCD, tr&#234;s eram decorrentes de bradiarritmias, um de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, um de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e, nos dois casos restantes, o ILR n&#227;o pode ser analisado e as causas da morte n&#227;o foram identificadas. Outros eventos cardiovasculares maiores n&#227;o fatais foram edema pulmonar agudo (9 pacientes), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (2 pacientes), doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica aguda (2 pacientes) e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (1 paciente). Al&#233;m disso, 14 pacientes foram submetidos a transplante renal.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No estudo PRETRANSPLANT, o monitoramento card&#237;aco cont&#237;nuo fornecido pelo ILR em CTR em hemodi&#225;lise, revelou uma alta incid&#234;ncia de arritmias. Esta nova tecnologia foi recentemente incorporada a este cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, proporcionando um per&#237;odo prolongado de monitoramento card&#237;aco que permitiu a determina&#231;&#227;o de correla&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas relevantes e resolveu o problema da variabilidade espont&#226;nea e circadiana em EA. Al&#233;m disso, foram identificados v&#225;rios fatores cl&#237;nicos associados de forma independente com os tipos mais prevalentes de EA na popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise. Consideravelmente, as arritmias supraventriculares n&#227;o tiveram implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas significativas; em contraste, as bradiarritmias e arritmias ventriculares foram associadas a eventos cl&#237;nicos graves e fatais.</p>
        <p>Nossos achados mostraram pelo menos algum tipo de ocorr&#234;ncia de EA em 98% dos pacientes. &#201; dif&#237;cil comparar este estudo com outros porque nenhum deles usou um ILR para diagnosticar arritmias card&#237;acas. Normalmente, o ILR tem sido utilizado para avaliar pacientes com s&#237;ncope recorrente com perfil para risco card&#237;aco menos grave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, estudos anteriores usando monitoramento com Holter por 24h para a detec&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o de EA em di&#225;lise relataram um &#237;ndice de ocorr&#234;ncia altamente vari&#225;vel. Bozbaset e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>demonstraram que 85,2% de 94 pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise tiveram EA. Resultados similares foram observados por Sforzini e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, que detectaram EA em 76% dos 127 pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise. Em contraste, D'Elia e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> detectaram EA em 26,2% de 122 pacientes, sendo que um paciente teve bloqueio AV avan&#231;ado, e a taxa foi a mesma observada em nosso estudo. Essa variabilidade na incid&#234;ncia de EA est&#225; mais relacionada &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o e dos crit&#233;rios diferentes de diagn&#243;stico utilizados em cada estudo.</p>
        <p>Muitos fatores que contribuem para o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de EA em pacientes em tratamento dial&#237;tico t&#234;m sido identificados. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m mostrado a influ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>anormalidades eletrol&#237;ticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, hipocalemia p&#243;s di&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, concentra&#231;&#245;es baixas de pot&#225;ssio e de c&#225;lcio na solu&#231;&#227;o dialisante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, isquemia silenciosa relacionada &#224; di&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, uso de digoxina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, hiperparatireoidismo e hipertens&#227;o descontrolada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>; mas nenhum estudo adotou m&#233;todos de monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico cont&#237;nuo. O presente estudo demonstrou que altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG e no ecocardiograma convencionais foram independentemente associados com EA e detectados pelo ILR.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores relataram que as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, como o intervalo PR prolongado e os intervalos QT, t&#234;m sido considerados como fatores preditivos de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade em consequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio final e da popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Todos esses achados foram mais prevalentes em pacientes em di&#225;lise e t&#234;m sido associados com EA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Abe e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> demonstraram que o bloqueio AV de primeiro grau &#233; mais prevalente em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica em tratamento hemodial&#237;tico (5,4%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; di&#225;lise (1,4%) e controle saud&#225;veis. Hage e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> identificaram um intervalo PR prolongado no ECG convencional em 15% dos pacientes, e tal intervalo n&#227;o foi associado a pior sobrevida. Em nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de bloqueio AV de primeiro grau foi de 11%, sendo 12 vezes mais prevalente em pacientes com bradiarritmias. Para cada aumento de 10ms na dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo PR, a probabilidade de bradiarritmia aumentou 5% durante o acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos demonstraram que o intervalo QT &#233; significativamente maior em pacientes em di&#225;lise do que em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, demonstrou-se que o intervalo QT aumenta durante a di&#225;lise e foi associado com EA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Em nosso estudo, a m&#233;dia do intervalo QTc (436,4 &#177; 27,6 ms) foi semelhante aos resultados encontrados por Suzuki e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>(432,6 &#177; 24,9 ms) e ligeiramente mais baixa do que no estudo de Hage e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> (447 &#177; 35 ms). &#201; importante salientar que todas essas medidas est&#227;o dentro da faixa normal (&#8804;450 ms em homens e &#8804;470 ms em mulheres)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Houve, at&#233; mesmo, uma alta preval&#234;ncia do QTc longo em nosso estudo (33%), sendo similar aos resultados encontrados por Hage e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>(39%). Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com os dados da literatura, em que o aumento do intervalo QT e a presen&#231;a de QT longo t&#234;m sido associados com ocorr&#234;ncia de EA. Portanto, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa usando ECG convencional deve ser realizada rotineiramente nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, pois assim, os pacientes com maior risco de EA podem ser estratificados.</p>
        <p>Outro achado interessante do nosso estudo refere-se &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE ocorrida em 23% dos pacientes com ocorr&#234;ncia quase triplicada de TV n&#227;o-sustentada. Parfrey<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> relatou um estudo com 432 pacientes onde a preval&#234;ncia da dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE (28%) foi ligeiramente maior do que a do nosso estudo e foi associada com DAC, hipertens&#227;o, anemia e hipoalbuminemia. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; um marcador de um progn&#243;stico pobre na popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise e est&#225; associada com a sobre carga no volume do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. A hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica induzida por esse mecanismo causa estiramento de cardiomi&#243;cito, apoptose e morte celular, resultando em fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. A combina&#231;&#227;o desses fatores com hiperatividade neuro-hormonal e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode precipitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de EA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Assim, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, a fim de diagnosticar as mudan&#231;as estruturais, pode ajudar a identificar pacientes na popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise com alto risco de arritmias.</p>
        <p>O assunto sobre preditores de ocorr&#234;ncia de EA &#233; pouco explorado na literatura. Bozbas e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> relataram uma rela&#231;&#227;o preditiva entre hipertens&#227;o, DAC e dispers&#227;o do QT com arritmias ventriculares complexas. Os autores tamb&#233;m observaram um relacionamento causal entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da terapia de di&#225;lise e a contra&#231;&#227;o prematura atrial. Mais especificamente, Nishi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> identificaram a idade e a presen&#231;a de for&#231;a terminal de onda p &gt; 0,04 mil&#237;metros/s como preditores de novos casos de FA. O nosso estudo n&#227;o foi capaz de estabelecer quaisquer preditores independentes de incid&#234;ncia de FA, mas identificamos preditores de TV n&#227;o-sustentada e de bradiarritmia que vitimou 3% dos nossos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Em resumo, uma conjun&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios fatores de risco pode fornecer um cen&#225;rio muito favor&#225;vel para a elevada ocorr&#234;ncia de EA na popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise. Al&#233;m disso, a caracter&#237;stica aleat&#243;ria de ocorr&#234;ncia de EA e a sua documenta&#231;&#227;o requerem sincronismo absoluto, portanto, &#233; importante enfatizar que o monitoramento prolongado com um ILR pode desempenhar um papel importante nas investiga&#231;&#245;es prospectivas com o objetivo de reduzir eventos cardiovasculares nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Alguns aspectos deste estudo merecem considera&#231;&#227;o: em primeiro lugar, a popula&#231;&#227;o foi constitu&#237;da de pacientes consecutivos, em hemodi&#225;lise, de alto risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para transplante renal, oriunda de hospital terci&#225;rio e com acompanhamento interdisciplinar. Portanto, a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos achados deste estudo para outros candidatos a transplante renal deve ser cautelosa.</p>
          <p>Em segundo lugar, o ILR tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224;s suas propriedades de detec&#231;&#227;o; por exemplo, a an&#225;lise de eletrocardiograma &#233; feita a partir de um ECG subcut&#226;neo de uma &#250;nica varia&#231;&#227;o e a despolariza&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; dif&#237;cil de ser identificada. O algoritmo usado pelo dispositivo para identificar FA gasta dois minutos na observa&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o da irregularidade dos intervalos RR na representa&#231;&#227;o de Lorenz, que tem a limita&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o ser capaz de auto-identificar os epis&#243;dios de FA com dura&#231;&#227;o inferior a este tempo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do ILR &#233; a capacidade de mem&#243;ria limitada a 30 grava&#231;&#245;es de EA. Quando a mem&#243;ria ficar saturada, uma nova grava&#231;&#227;o de EA substitui a grava&#231;&#227;o mais antiga, uma caracter&#237;stica conhecida como grava&#231;&#227;o de mem&#243;ria de <italic>loop</italic>. Em pacientes com elevada frequ&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas, esse recurso limita as grava&#231;&#245;es de EA, e, assim, subestima a sua incid&#234;ncia real. Em nosso estudo, essa satura&#231;&#227;o foi minimizada pela redu&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos das visitas para 8 semanas. Entretanto, 40% dos nossos pacientes tiveram a mem&#243;ria saturada o que impediu a an&#225;lise de determinados tipos de EA.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O PRETRANSPLANT &#233; o primeiro estudo a relatar o monitoramento de m&#233;dio prazo de EA gravado por um ILR em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de RTC de alto risco. A maioria dos EA detectada n&#227;o foi clinicamente relevante, mas ocorreram bradiarritmias e/ou taquiarritmias ventriculares graves. A defini&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas que podem estratificar os pacientes com maior risco de EA pode ajudar a prevenir ou identificar pacientes que necessitam de acompanhamento mais rigoroso. Em nosso estudo, os fatores independentemente associados com EA foram o intervalo PR e a presen&#231;a de QTc longo para bradiarritmias e, dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE para ocorr&#234;ncia de TV n&#227;o-sustentada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Rodrigo Tavares Silva pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
